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1. Field-scale experiments for developing solutions to subsurface energy challenges

Oldenburg, Curtis M.
Source: Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, 48, 7, Geological Society of America, 2016 annual
meeting & exposition, 2016; ISSN: 0016-7592; Conference: Geological Society of America, 2016 annual meeting
& exposition, 09/25/2016
Author affiliation: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Energy Geosciences Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
Abstract: Scale is the single most important element common to all of the crosscutting challenges facing the nation
and the world to improve the utilization of subsurface energy resources. From enhanced geothermal systems, to
unconventional oil and gas, and from geologic carbon sequestration to nuclear waste disposal, useful and practical
subsurface energy systems are large, typically on the order of kilometers or more on a side, extending to depths of
a few to several kilometers. A common configuration for carbon sequestration and oil and gas systems comprises
a reservoir rock, into which fluids can be injected and/or withdrawn through an array of deep wells spread out over
the landscape, and a cap rock or seal on top of the reservoir. When reservoir and cap-rock systems reach useful
dimensions (e.g., greater than 100 m in size), faults and possibly large variations in properties may be encountered.
These heterogeneities can make the systems behave fundamentally differently from smaller systems (e.g., less than
10 m) and may require innovative permeability control for optimal utilization. In order to reduce uncertainties and
develop robust designs and optimal procedures for operating large-scale energy systems, we need to undertake field
tests on scales greater than 100 m. Without such tests, researchers and engineers must extrapolate their laboratory
and small-scale field results to large-scales, a process known as upscaling that is fraught with uncertainty. The goal
of large-scale field testing is to (1) observe performance over similar length scales to those over which the technology
will need to be applied to be a useful solution to our energy needs, (2) validate models and concepts needed to
design and optimize the technology, (3) develop and test monitoring strategies applicable to large length scales,
and (4) develop and confirm upscaling approaches to exploit the existing knowledge base and data that have been
measured in the lab or from previous smaller scale testing. Building upon a variety of previous field tests, researchers
and innovative companies need to now expand field-scale testing to larger scales to develop crosscutting capabilities
in controlling permeability and fluid flow through carefully controlled and monitored stimulation and fluid injection/
withdrawal processes.
Database: GeoRef
GeoRef, Copyright 2018, American Geological Institute.
Data Provider: Engineering Village
2. American's energy future: An analysis of the proposed energy policy plans in presidential
election
Cheng, Ming-Hsun (1); Yang, Minliang (1); Wang, Yu (2)
Source: Energies, v 9, n 12, December 2016; E-ISSN: 19961073; DOI: 10.3390/en9121000; Article number: 1000;
Publisher: MDPI AG
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames; IA;
50010, United States (2) Department of Political Science, Iowa State University, Ames; IA; 50010, United States
Abstract: As the leader of the largest economy, President of the United States has substantive influence on
addressing climate change problems. However, a presidential election is often dominated by issues other than
energy problems. This paper focuses on the 2016 presidential election, and examines the energy plans proposed
by the leading Democrat and Republican candidates. Our data from the Iowa caucus survey in January 2016
suggests that voters were more concerned about terrorism and economic issues than environmental issues. We then
compare the Democratic and Republican candidate's view of America's energy future, and evaluate their proposed
renewable energy targets. We find that the view on renewable energy is polarized between Democratic and Republican
candidates, while candidates from both parties agree on the need for energy efficiency. Results from our ordinal least
squares regression models suggests that Democratic candidates have moderate to ambitious goals for developing
solar and other renewables. The Republican candidates favor fossil fuels and they choose not to provide any specific
target for developing renewable energy. In addition, this trend of party polarization has grown more significant when
compared with the past three presidential elections. Our observation suggests that energy policies need to be
discussed more often regarding the diversification and decarbonization of the nation's energy system. © 2016 by the
authors; licensee MDPI. (50 refs)
Main heading: Energy policy
Controlled terms: Climate change - Energy efficiency - Fossil fuels - Polarization - Regression analysis - Social
aspects
Uncontrolled terms: Economic issues - Energy future - Environmental issues - Least squares regression - President
election - Presidential election - Public opinions - Renewable energies
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Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy

Conservation - 525.6 Energy PolicyEnergy Policy - 901.4 Impact of Technology on SocietyImpact of Technology on
Society - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics
Database: Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
3. Global climate change: The quantifiable sustainability challenge

Princiotta, Frank T. (1); Loughlin, Daniel H. (1)
Source: Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, v 64, n 9, p 979-994, 2014; ISSN: 10962247, E-ISSN:
21622906; DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2014.923351; Publisher: Taylor and Francis Inc.
Author affiliation: (1) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk
Management Research Laboratory, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, Research Triangle Park, NC, United
States
Abstract: Population growth and the pressures spawned by increasing demands for energy and resource-intensive
goods, foods, and services are driving unsustainable growth in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Recent GHG
emission trends are consistent with worst-case scenarios of the previous decade. Dramatic and near-term emission
reductions likely will be needed to ameliorate the potential deleterious impacts of climate change. To achieve such
reductions, fundamental changes are required in the way that energy is generated and used. New technologies
must be developed and deployed at a rapid rate. Advances in carbon capture and storage, renewable, nuclear, and
transportation technologies are particularly important; however, global research and development efforts related to
these technologies currently appear to fall short relative to needs. Even with a proactive and international mitigation
effort, humanity will need to adapt to climate change, but the adaptation needs and damages will be far greater if
mitigation activities are not pursued in earnest. In this review, research is highlighted that indicates increasing global
and regional temperatures and ties climate changes to increasing GHG emissions. GHG mitigation targets necessary
for limiting future global temperature increases are discussed, including how factors such as population growth and
the growing energy intensity of the developing world will make these reduction targets more challenging. Potential
technological pathways for meeting emission reduction targets are examined, barriers are discussed, and global
and U.S. modeling results are presented that suggest that the necessary pathways will require radically transformed
electric and mobile sectors. While geoengineering options have been proposed to allow more time for serious emission
reductions, these measures are at the conceptual stage with many unanswered cost, environmental, and political
issues.Implications: This paper lays out the case that mitigating the potential for catastrophic climate change will be a
monumental challenge, requiring the global community to transform its energy system in an aggressive, coordinated,
and timely manner. If this challenge is to be met, new technologies will have to be developed and deployed at a rapid
rate. Advances in carbon capture and storage, renewable, nuclear, and transportation technologies are particularly
important. Even with an aggressive international mitigation effort, humanity will still need to adapt to significant climate
change. This article not subject to US copyright law. (38 refs)
Main heading: Climate change
Controlled terms: Carbon capture - Developing countries - Emission control - Energy policy - Gas emissions -
Greenhouse gases - Population statistics - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms: Emission reduction targets - Fundamental changes - Global climate changes - Global
temperatures - Research and development - Technological pathways - Transportation technology - Worst case
scenario
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 451.1 Air Pollution SourcesAir Pollution
Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control - 454 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering -
525.6 Energy PolicyEnergy Policy
Database: Compendex
4. Non-linear controller approach for an autonomous battery-assisted photovoltaic system

feeding an AC load with a non-linear component
Khayamy, Mehdy (1); Ojo, Olorunfemi (1); Sota, Eseme (1)
Source: IET Renewable Power Generation, v 8, n 8, p 838-848, November 1, 2014; ISSN: 17521416, E-ISSN:
17521424; DOI: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2013.0341; Publisher: Institution of Engineering and Technology
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laboratory for Electric Machines and
Power Electronics, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville; TN; 38505, United States

Abstract: The conventional controller design of the autonomous photovoltaic (PV) energy system feeding a load is
usually based on a dual-loop cascade controller structure. The controllers are designed based on the small signal
equations of the non-linear system. However, most of the elements comprising the energy system are non-linear in
nature such that controllers based on small signal models are not effective in all operability regions. Since the PV-
battery-assisted energy system has four inputs and five controlled outputs, it is a non-square mult-input-multi-output
system as well. To consider the non-linear behaviour of the system, the concept of feedback linearisation control
algorithm is used which provides satisfactory performance, ensures input-output decoupled control on each of the
outputs and gives the opportunity to achieve any level of dynamic performance through appropriate locations of the
closed-loop eigenvalues and zeros. Different modes of operation of the autonomous, battery-assisted PV system and
their controls are investigated and their boundaries of operation are determined. The proposed control algorithm is
programmed to operate in all the modes of operation and it is shown that for various load demands, solar irradiation
levels and the status of the battery, the control system set forth faithfully follows the reference points. These assertions
are validated with computer simulation results. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014. (27 refs)
Main heading: Controllers
Controlled terms: Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions - Electric batteries - Linear control systems - Linear systems -
Photovoltaic cells
Uncontrolled terms: Closed-loop eigenvalues - Conventional controllers - Feedback linearisation - Multi-output
systems - Non-linear controllers - Nonlinear behaviours - Photovoltaic energy - Photovoltaic systems
Classification Code: 702.1 Electric BatteriesElectric Batteries - 732.1 Control EquipmentControl Equipment - 961
Systems ScienceSystems Science
Database: Compendex
5. A Pervasive Network Control Algorithm for Multicamera Networks

Sungjin Lee (1); Inwoong Lee (1); Seonghyun Kim (1); Sanghoon Lee (1); Bovik, A.C. (2)
Source: IEEE Sensors Journal, v 14, n 4, p 1280-94, April 2014; ISSN: 1530-437X; DOI: 10.1109/
JSEN.2013.2294743; Publisher: IEEE, USA
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Yonsei Univ., Seoul, Korea, Republic of (2) Dept. of Electr. &
Comput. Eng., Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
Abstract: Owing to the increasingly large volume and complexity of captured videos, renewable energy systems
based on solar energy are of particular interest in the design of energy harvesting (EH) wireless visual sensor networks
(WVSNs). Since additional energy consumption following image capture occurs owing to image processing, mote
operation, data transmission, and reception, the capture rate significantly affects the lifetime of a node. To this end, we
explore a novel energy-efficient framework for EH-WVSN design by developing an optimal algorithm named capture
rate and pervasive network control for multicamera networks where the quality of service is maximized by obtaining
optimal values for the capture rate, allocated energy, and transmit power, based on field of view-based networking
in the presence of event and power acquisition patterns. Through simulations, we demonstrate the feasibility of
EH-WVSNs in terms of energy consumption, energy allocation, and capture rate in a realistic scenario (parking
surveillance). (32 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: energy consumption - image processing - quality of service - renewable energy sources -
wireless sensor networks
Uncontrolled terms: parking surveillance - power acquisition patterns - view-based networking - energy allocation -
quality of service - capture rate - EH-WVSN design - energy-efficient framework - data reception - data transmission -
mote operation - image processing - image capture - energy consumption - wireless visual sensor networks - energy
harvesting - solar energy - renewable energy systems - video capturing - multicamera networks - pervasive network
control algorithm
Classification Code: B6250K Wireless sensor networksWireless sensor networks - B6135 Optical, image and video
signal processingOptical, image and video signal processing
IPC Code: G06T - H04B7/00 - H04W - H04W84/18
Treatment: Practical (PRA) - Theoretical or Mathematical (THR)
Database: Inspec
Copyright 2014, The Institution of Engineering and Technology
6. A pervasive network control algorithm for multicamera networks

Lee, Sungjin (1); Lee, Inwoong (1); Kim, Seonghyun (1); Lee, Sanghoon (1); Bovik, Alan Conrad (2)

Source: IEEE Sensors Journal, v 14, n 4, p 1280-1294, April 2014; ISSN: 1530437X; DOI: 10.1109/
JSEN.2013.2294743; Article number: 6680607; Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea,
Republic of (2) Laboratory for Image and Video Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
Abstract: Owing to the increasingly large volume and complexity of captured videos, renewable energy systems
based on solar energy are of particular interest in the design of energy harvesting (EH) wireless visual sensor networks
(WVSNs). Since additional energy consumption following image capture occurs owing to image processing, mote
operation, data transmission, and reception, the capture rate significantly affects the lifetime of a node. To this end, we
explore a novel energy-efficient framework for EH-WVSN design by developing an optimal algorithm named capture
rate and pervasive network control for multicamera networks where the quality of service is maximized by obtaining
optimal values for the capture rate, allocated energy, and transmit power, based on field of view-based networking
in the presence of event and power acquisition patterns. Through simulations, we demonstrate the feasibility of
EH-WVSNs in terms of energy consumption, energy allocation, and capture rate in a realistic scenario (parking
surveillance). © 2013 IEEE. (32 refs)
Main heading: Wireless sensor networks
Controlled terms: Energy efficiency - Energy harvesting - Energy utilization - IEEE Standards - Image processing -
Quality control - Quality of service - Solar energy
Uncontrolled terms: Capture rate - Field of views - IEEE 802.15.4 - Multi-camera networks - Pervasive networks -
Renewable energy systems - Visual sensor networks - Wireless visual sensor networks
Classification Code: 525 Energy Management and ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 657.1 Solar
Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 716.3 Radio Systems and EquipmentRadio Systems and
Equipment - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control
Database: Compendex
7. Multiplicity of solutions for laminar, fully-developed natural convection in inclined,

parallel-plate channels
Piller, M. (1); Polidoro, S. (2); Stalio, E. (3)
Source: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, v 79, p 1014-26, Dec. 2014; ISSN: 0017-9310; DOI:
10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.08.072; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Dipt. di Ing. Civile e Architettura, Univ. degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy (2) Dipt. Sci. Fis.,
Informatiche, Matematiche, Univ. degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (3) Dipt. di Ing. Enzo Ferrari,
Univ. degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
Abstract: Natural convection in inclined channels is a rather common flow configuration: it occurs in solar energy
systems, ventilated roofs as well as in many industrial applications and chemical processes. Analytical solutions
for laminar, fully-developed natural convection in inclined parallel-plate channels are presented in this paper. The
Boussinesq approximation is applied and viscous energy dissipation is neglected. One specific thermal configuration
is addressed, where one wall is perfectly insulated and a constant, uniform heat flux is released to the fluid from the
other wall. The resulting set of governing equations is non-linear, as the mean velocity is not assigned a priori but
determined as part of the solution. Depending on the channel inclination angle and on the imposed heat flux conditions,
either no solution, one solution, multiple or infinite solutions exist. Under restrictive assumptions velocity profiles are
self-similar with respect to the channel inclination, while the temperature profile is independent of the inclination. The
two-dimensional, hydraulically- and thermally-developing natural convection channel flow is simulated numerically for
some combinations of channel inclination angle and heating intensity to identify the most physical between the many
solutions. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (19 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: boundary layers - channel flow - laminar flow - natural convection - nonlinear equations
Uncontrolled terms: velocity profiles - self-similar - temperature profile - two-dimensional natural convection channel
flow - hydraulically-developing natural convection channel flow - thermally-developing natural convection channel flow
- heating intensity - infinite solutions - multiple solutions - one solution - no solution - imposed heat flux conditions -
channel inclination angle - mean velocity - nonlinear equation - governing equations - uniform heat flux - perfectly
insulated wall - thermal configuration - viscous energy dissipation - Boussinesq approximation - inclined parallel-plate
channels - analytical solutions - chemical processes - industrial applications - ventilated roofs - solar energy systems -
flow configuration - fully-developed natural convection - laminar natural convection - solution multiplicity
Classification Code: A4725Q Convection and heat transferConvection and heat transfer - A0230 Function theory,
analysisFunction theory, analysis - A4710 General fluid dynamics theory, simulation and other computational
methodsGeneral fluid dynamics theory, simulation and other computational methods - A4785 Applied fluid
mechanicsApplied fluid mechanics - A4760 Flows in ducts, channels, and conduitsFlows in ducts, channels, and

conduits - A4715C Laminar boundary layersLaminar boundary layers - E2120 Heat and thermodynamic processes
(mechanical engineering)Heat and thermodynamic processes (mechanical engineering) - E0210C Mathematical
analysisMathematical analysis - E2130 Fluid mechanics and aerodynamics (mechanical engineering)Fluid mechanics
and aerodynamics (mechanical engineering)
IPC Code: F15D
Database: Inspec
8. Assessment of Energy Saving and CO2Mitigation Potential of Electric Vehicles and Plug-
in Hybrid Vehicles under Japan's Power Generation Mix
Komiyama, Ryoichi (1); Fujii, Yasumasa (1)
Source: Electrical Engineering in Japan (English translation of Denki Gakkai Ronbunshi), v 192, n 1, p 1-12, July 1,
2015; ISSN: 04247760, E-ISSN: 15206416; DOI: 10.1002/eej.22546; Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Author affiliation: (1) University of Tokyo, Japan
Abstract: SUMMARY This paper evaluates the impact of an extensive introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) and
plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) on the energy supply mix in Japan. Energy consumption in Japan's transport sector
has been dominated by petroleum, and CO2emissions in this sector account for 20% of Japan's CO2emissions.
Therefore, the deployment of clean energy vehicles, such as EV and PHEV, is expected to play a significant role
in tackling energy security and environmental concerns. In order to assess the energy and environmental benefits
of EV and PHEV, we develop an energy system model integrating an optimal power generation mix model and a
vehicle penetration model, with consideration of the optimal electricity charging profile of those advanced vehicles. The
calculated results suggest that massive EV penetration serves as an energy saving measure in Japan's whole energy
system due to significant petroleum reductions exceeding the growth of fuel input into the power generation sector
derived from significant EV and PHEV penetration. Massive EV deployment is estimated to contribute to CO2mitigation
in the energy system as well. Evaluating CO2emissions by mileage by automobile, however, carbon emissions by
mileage for EVs is almost equivalent to that of gasoline hybrid vehicles (HEVs) in the case of decommissioning
of nuclear power plants, which eventually causes a higher carbon intensity of the electricity supply. © 2015 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc. (23 refs)
Main heading: Plug-in hybrid vehicles
Controlled terms: Automobile plants - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Electric vehicles - Energy conservation - Energy
policy - Energy security - Energy utilization - Nuclear fuels - Nuclear power plants - Petroleum transportation
Uncontrolled terms: Clean energy vehicles - Electric Vehicles (EVs) - Energy-saving measures - Environmental
benefits - Environmental concerns - Optimal power generation mixes - Power generation mix - Vehicle penetration
Classification Code: 432 Highway TransportationHighway Transportation - 525 Energy Management and
ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 613 Nuclear Power PlantsNuclear Power Plants - 662 Automobiles
and Smaller VehiclesAutomobiles and Smaller Vehicles - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products
Generally - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds
Database: Compendex
9. An optimal versatile control approach for plug-in electric vehicles to integrate renewable
energy sources and smart grids
Rahbari, Omid (1); Vafaeipour, Majid (1); Omar, Noshin (1); Rosen, Marc A. (2); Hegazy, Omar (1); Timmermans,
Jean-Marc (1); Heibati, Seyedmohammadreza (3); Bossche, Peter Van Den (1)
Source: Energy, v 134, p 1053-1067, 2017; ISSN: 03605442; DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.06.007; Publisher: Elsevier
Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, MOBI Research Group and ETEC Dept., Brussel;
1050, Belgium (2) Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa;
Ontario; L1H 7K4, Canada (3) Civil Engineering Department, University of Ottawa, Ontario; Ottawa; K1N 6N5, Canada
Abstract: This study proposes a practical solution to deal with challenges of integrating renewable energy sources and
electric vehicles into the electric grid, considering generation source intermittency and energy usage inconsistency,
via a new adaptive intelligent controller. The present research describes a smart grid consisting of power plants and
distributed generation, fueled via photovoltaic panels and wind turbines, and augmented with electric vehicles as
power storage devices. Employing a parking lot to deal with challenges such as low penetration of the electric vehicles
embedded with Vehicle-to-Grid functionalities encounters two difficulties: where they should be installed, and modeling

of bi-directional power flow between electric vehicles, the grid, and the distributed generation system. In this regard, a
nonlinear multi-objective problem is designed and solved via employing the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-
II, and the forward and backward substitution method. In addition, Newton-Raphson Power Flow is adopted and
modified to calculate the power flow of the distribution network. The results related to optimal placement and sizing
of hybrid renewable energy systems show that bus 16 of the studied grid is the best place to integrate a parking lot
– equipped with 117 photovoltaic and 10 wind turbine units - to the tested IEEE-26 buses. Furthermore, this study
suggests that the aforementioned grid could employ a complex versatile control unit able to optimize the operating
point, scheduling charging and discharging for a large number of electric vehicles while considering the technical
aspects (total active power loss and voltage deviation). In this regard, a new hybrid control approach based on Particle
Swarm Optimization-Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System tuned via utilizing the optimal power flow problem is
proposed. The controller's superiority to handle grid-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-grid services is discussed and compared
to other studies. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (47 refs)
Main heading: Smart power grids
Controlled terms: Adaptive control systems - Complex networks - Controllers - Distributed power generation - Electric
load flow - Electric losses - Electric machine control - Electric power plants - Electric power system control - Electric
power transmission networks - Electric vehicles - Fuzzy inference - Fuzzy neural networks - Fuzzy systems - Genetic
algorithms - Natural resources - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Photovoltaic cells - Plug-in electric vehicles -
Renewable energy resources - Vehicles - Virtual storage - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system - Distributed generation system - Grid to vehicle and
vehicle to grids - Hybrid renewable energy systems - Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm - ii - Optimal placement
and sizings - Renewable energy source - Smart grid
Classification Code: 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy IssuesEnergy Resources and Renewable
Energy Issues - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) -
706 Electric Transmission and DistributionElectric Transmission and Distribution - 722 Computer Systems and
EquipmentComputer Systems and Equipment - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and TechniquesData Storage,
Equipment and Techniques - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data
Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control SystemsControl Systems - 731.2 Control System ApplicationsControl
System Applications - 732.1 Control EquipmentControl Equipment - 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science
Database: Compendex
10. Analysis of five switch seven-level inverter with modified SEPIC converter for fuel cell
energy conversion system
Natarajan, K. (1); Govindaraju, C. (2)
Source: Journal of Electrical Engineering, v 17, n 3, p 10 pp., 2017; ISSN: 1582-4594; Publisher: University
"Politehnica" Timisoara, Romania
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Sri Ramakrishna Inst. of Technol., Coimbatore, India (2) Dept.
of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Gov. Coll. of Eng., Salem, India
Abstract: This paper depicts a single-phase fiveswitch seven-level inverter topology with reduced number of switching
devices for Fuel Cell Energy Conversion System (FCECS). The main objective of this topology is that the number of
gate driving circuits and semiconductor devices are reduced, and further condenses the size and power consumption
making the inverter circuit less complex. An improved characteristic of robustness and efficiency is achieved using
Multi-Level Inverter (MLI) topologies with reduced switch count and passive components. This inverter is coupled with
Modified Single Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC) structure which is more suitable for extraction of DC
power from fuel cell with high voltage gain. This converter structure is also applicable to solar photovoltaic energy
system. The single-phase seven-level FCECS is simulated using MATLAB Simulink and experimental result shows the
features of the proposed inverter structure with high efficiency and low harmonic distortion. (15 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: fuel cell power plants - harmonic distortion - invertors - power conversion harmonics -
switching convertors
Uncontrolled terms: low harmonic distortion - switch count reduction - modified SEPIC converter - seven level inverter
- solar photovoltaic energy system - Modified Single Ended Primary Inductance Converter structure - MultiLevel
Inverter topologies - gate driving circuits - fuel cell energy conversion system
Classification Code: B8255 Fuel cell power plantsFuel cell power plants - B1210 Power electronics, supply
and supervisory circuitsPower electronics, supply and supervisory circuits - B8360N DC-AC power convertors
(invertors)DC-AC power convertors (invertors)
IPC Code: H02M - H02M1/12 - H02M7/00
Treatment: Practical (PRA)
Database: Inspec


11. Convexification of bad data and topology error detection and identification problems in
AC electric power systems
Yang Weng (1); Ilic´, M.D. (2); Qiao Li (3); Negi, R. (2)
Source: IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, v 9, n 16, p 2760-7, 3 Dec. 2015; ISSN: 1751-8687; DOI:
10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0191; Publisher: IET, UK
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Civil & Environ. Eng., Stanford Univ., Palo Alto, CA, United States (2) Dept. of Electr.
& Comput. Eng., Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, United States (3) Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Qualcomm
Res. New Jersey, NJ, United States
Abstract: This study is motivated by major needs for accurate bad data detection and topology identification in the
emerging electric energy systems. Due to the non-convex problem formulation, past methods usually reach a local
optimum. This deficiency may lead to wrong bus/branch modelling and inappropriate noise assumption, causing
significantly biased state estimate, incorrect system operation, and user cutoff. To overcome the local optimum issue,
the authors propose in this study how to convexify bad data detection and topology identification problems to efficiently
locate a global optimum result. To reduce relaxation error in the convexification procedure, a nuclear norm penalty is
added to better approximate the original problems. Finally, they propose a new metric to evaluate the detection and
identification results, which enables system operator to know how confidence one is for further system operations.
Simulation results performed for several IEEE test systems show promising results for the future smart grid in improved
accuracy. (36 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: smart power grids - topology
Uncontrolled terms: bad data convexification - topology error detection - topology identification problems - AC electric
power systems - bad data detection - nonconvex problem formulation - noise assumption - relaxation error reduction -
convexification procedure - IEEE test systems - smart grid
Classification Code: B8110 Power systemsPower systems
IPC Code: H02J13/00
Database: Inspec
12. Viewpoint: Nanoscale chemistry and crystallography are both the obstacle and pathway
to advanced radiation-tolerant materials
Parish, Chad M. (1); Wang, Kun (1); Edmondson, Philip D. (1)
Source: Scripta Materialia, v 143, p 169-175, January 15, 2018; ISSN: 13596462; DOI: 10.1016/
j.scriptamat.2017.05.014; Publisher: Acta Materialia Inc
Author affiliation: (1) Nuclear Materials Science and Technology Group, Materials Science and Technology Division,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge; TN, United States
Abstract: New candidate materials for GenIV or fusion nuclear energy systems, e.g., nanostructured ferritic alloys, are
distinguished from older-generation nuclear materials by much smaller feature sizes and complex local nanochemistry
and crystallography. Established and perspective nuclear materials, e.g. reactor pressure vessel steels or plasma-
facing tungsten, also form small nanoscale structures under in-reactor service. Here, we discuss recent advances in
materials characterization – high-efficiency X-ray mapping combined with datamining; transmission Kikuchi diffraction;
and atom probe tomography – that make it possible to quantitatively characterize these nanoscale structures in
unprecedented detail, which enables advances in understanding and modelling of radiation service and degradation. ©
2017 Acta Materialia Inc. (52 refs)
Main heading: Nanostructured materials
Controlled terms: Characterization - Crystallography - Diffraction - High resolution transmission electron microscopy
- Multivariant analysis - Nanotechnology - Photodegradation - Pressure vessels - Probes - Radiation damage -
Radioactive materials - Scanning electron microscopy - Transmission electron microscopy - X ray crystallography
Uncontrolled terms: Atom probe - Atom probe tomography - Materials characterization - Multivariate statistical
analysis - Nanostructured ferritic alloys - Nuclear energy systems - Reactor pressure vessel steels - Scanning
transmission electron microscopy
Database: Compendex

13. A thermo-activated wall for load reduction and supplementary cooling with free to low-
cost thermal water
Yu, Yuebin (1); Niu, Fuxin (1); Guo, Heinz-Axel (2); Woradechjumroen, Denchai (3)
Source: Energy, v 99, p 250-265, March 15, 2016; ISSN: 03605442; DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.01.051; Publisher:
Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction, College of Engineering,
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, United States (2) Sino-German College Applied Sciences of Tongji University,
Shanghai, China (3) Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Sripatum University, Thailand
Abstract: A building envelope serves as a thermal barrier and plays an important role in determining the amount of
energy used to achieve a comfortable indoor environment. Conventionally, it is constructed and treated as a passive
component in a building thermal energy system. In this article, a novel, mini-tube capillary-network embedded and
thermal-water activated building envelope is proposed to turn the passive component into active, therefore broaden the
direct utilization of low-grade thermal energy in buildings. With this proposed approach, low-grade thermal water at a
medium temperature close to the ambient environment can be potentially utilized to either counterbalance the thermal
load or indirectly heat and cool the space. With the revealing of the idea, effects of water temperature and flow rate
on the envelope's thermal performance are investigated using a transient model. The results indicate that the thermo-
activated wall can be effective in stabilizing the internal surface temperature, offsetting the heat gain, and supplying
cooling energy to the space in summer. Utilization of the innovation should take the cost of total energy, energy benefit
and efficiency into consideration. This article illustrates how low-grade energy can be actively used as a means for
achieving net-zero energy buildings. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. (28 refs)
Main heading: Zero energy buildings
Controlled terms: Energy conservation - Intelligent buildings - Solar buildings - Thermal energy - Walls (structural
partitions)
Uncontrolled terms: Building envelopes - Capillary network - Low-grade energy - Renewable energies - Thermo-
activated
Classification Code: 402 Buildings and TowersBuildings and Towers - 408.2 Structural Members and
ShapesStructural Members and Shapes - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation
Database: Compendex
14. The critical role of the industrial sector in reaching long-term emission reduction, energy
efficiency and renewable targets
Fais, Birgit (1); Sabio, Nagore (1); Strachan, Neil (1)
Source: Applied Energy, v 162, p 699-712, January 15, 2016; ISSN: 03062619; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.112;
Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) UCL Energy Institute, University College London, United Kingdom
Abstract: This paper evaluates the critical contribution of the industry sector to long-term decarbonisation, efficiency
and renewable energy policy targets. Its methodological novelty is the incorporation of a process-oriented modelling
approach based on a comprehensive technology database for the industry sector in a national energy system model
for the UK (UKTM), allowing quantification of the role of both decarbonisation of upstream energy vectors and of
mitigation options in the industrial sub-categories. This enhanced model is then applied in a comparative policy
scenario analysis that explores various target dimensions on emission mitigation, renewable energy and energy
efficiency at both a national and European level. The results show that ambitious emission cuts in the industry sector of
up to 77% until 2050 compared to 2010 can be achieved. Moreover, with a reduction in industrial energy demand of up
to 31% between 2010 and 2050, the sector is essential for achieving the overall efficiency commitments. The industry
sector also makes a moderate contribution to the expansion of renewable energies mostly through the use of biomass
for low-temperature heating services. However, additional sub-targets on renewable sources and energy efficiency
need to be assessed critically, as they can significantly distort the cost-efficiency of the long-term mitigation pathway. ©
2015 Elsevier Ltd. (68 refs)
Main heading: Energy efficiency
Controlled terms: Decarbonization - Emission control - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms: Emission reduction - Energy system analysis - Industry sectors - Policy interaction - Renewable
energies
Classification Code: 451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation
- 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions
Database: Compendex

15. Dynamic flux balance analysis of batch fermentation: Effect of genetic manipulations on
ethanol production
Lisha, K.P. (1); Sarkar, Debasis (1)
Source: Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, v 37, n 4, p 617-627, April 2014; ISSN: 16157591, E-ISSN:
16157605; DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-1027-y; Publisher: Springer Verlag
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721
302, India
Abstract: In silico optimization of bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomasses is investigated by combining
process systems engineering approach and systems biology approach. Lignocellulosic biomass is an attractive
sustainable carbon source for fermentative production of bioethanol. For enhanced ethanol production, metabolic
engineering of wild-type strains - that can metabolize both hexose and pentose sugars or microbial consortia consisting
of substrate-selective microbes - may be advantageous. This study presents a detailed in silico analysis of bioethanol
production from glucose-xylose mixtures of various compositions by batch mono-culture and co-culture fermentation
of specialized microbes. Dynamic flux balance models based on available genome-scale reconstructions of the
microorganisms have been used to analyze bioethanol production, and the maximization of ethanol productivity is
addressed by computing optimal aerobic-anaerobic switching times. Effects of ten metabolic engineering strategies
that have been suggested in the literature for ethanol overproduction, have been evaluated for their efficiency in
enhancing the ethanol productivity in the context of batch mono-culture and co-culture processes. © 2013 Springer-
Verlag. (32 refs)
Main heading: Ethanol
Controlled terms: Bacteria - Bioethanol - Fermentation - Metabolic engineering - Metabolism - Productivity -
Substrates
Uncontrolled terms: Batch fermentation - Co-cultures - Flux balance model - Mixed substrates - Mono-culture
Classification Code: 461.1 Biomedical EngineeringBiomedical Engineering - 523 Liquid FuelsLiquid Fuels - 804.1
Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
Database: Compendex
16. Provincial energy consumption and emission projection-Shanxi case study

Nan Li (1); Jingcheng Shi (1); Wenying Chen (1)
Source: Energy Procedia, v 105, p 3017-22, May 2017; ISSN: 1876-6102; DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.614;
Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Inst. of Energy, Environ. & Econ., Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China
Abstract: Climate change promotes the energy system reform. To achieve the INDC, The state as well as
provinces and municipalities needs further reform and establish a favorable system and a mechanism for low-
carbon development. This study firstly disaggregated energy consumption of Shanxi in 2010 by sector and process,
which pointed out 60% of coal was transported to other provinces and industrial sector took up 74% of final energy
consumption. Then this paper downscaled the population and GDP using the regression downscaling algorithm and
projected the energy service demand of process and sector based on the methodology of China TIMES model. The
energy service demand of building and transport would keep increasing and the industrial sector would reach a peak
value and then decreasing. With the hypothesis about energy structure, we projected the emissions of Shanxi. This
case study is a simplified method to analyze the provincial energy consumption and project energy service demand
and emission which can be applied to all the provinces in China. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (13 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution control - climate mitigation - economic indicators - energy conservation - energy
consumption - environmental economics - regression analysis
Uncontrolled terms: low-carbon development - process - provinces - industrial sector - final energy consumption -
regression downscaling algorithm - energy structure - case study - provincial energy consumption - project energy
service demand - climate change - energy system reform - favorable system
Classification Code: A9260S ClimatologyClimatology - A9385 Instrumentation and techniques for geophysical,
hydrospheric and lower atmosphere researchInstrumentation and techniques for geophysical, hydrospheric and
lower atmosphere research - B7720 Pollution detection and controlPollution detection and control - B8110B Power
system management, operation and economicsPower system management, operation and economics - B8210 Energy
resourcesEnergy resources - E0230 Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues
IPC Code: G01V
Database: Inspec

17. Techno-economic analysis of a local district heating plant under fuel flexibility and
performance
Rudra, S. (1); Rosendahl, L. (2)
Source: Energy Efficiency, v 10, n 3, p 613-24, June 2017; ISSN: 1570-646X; DOI: 10.1007/s12053-016-9475-2;
Publisher: Springer, Germany
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Eng. Sci., Univ. of Agder, Grimstad, Norway (2) Dept. of Energy Technol., Aalborg
Univ., Aalborg, Denmark
Abstract: Brovst is a small district in Denmark. This paper analyses the use of local renewable resources in the district
heating systems of Brovst. The present use of fossil fuels in the Brovst district heating plant (DHP) represents an
increasing environmental and climate-related load. Therefore, an investigation has been made to reduce the use of
fossil fuels for district heating system and make use of the local renewable resources (biogas, solar, and heat pump)
for district heating purposes. In this article, the techno-economic assessment is achieved through the development
of a suite of models that are combined to give cost and performance data for this district heating system. Local fuels
have been analyzed for different perspectives to find the way to optimize the whole integrated system in accordance
with fuel availability and cost. This paper represents the energy system analysis mode, energyPRO, which has been
used to analyze the integration of a large-scale energy system into the domestic district heating system. A model of
the current work on the basis of information from the Brovst plant (using fossil fuel) is established and named as a
reference option. Then, four other options are calculated using the same procedure according to the use of various
local renewable fuels known as “biogas option,” “solar option,” “heat pump option,” and “imported heat option.” A
comparison has been made between the reference option and other options. The greatest reduction in heat cost is
obtained from the biogas option by replacing a new engine, where 66 % of the current fuel is substituted with biogas.
(27 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: biofuel - cogeneration - district heating - fossil fuels - heat pumps - power generation
economics - renewable energy sources
Uncontrolled terms: heat cost - local district heating plant - fuel flexibility - local renewable resources - fossil fuel -
Brovst district heating plant - district heating purposes - local fuels - fuel availability - energy system analysis mode -
large-scale energy system - domestic district heating system - Brovst plant - local renewable fuels - heat pump option -
imported heat option
Classification Code: B8110B Power system management, operation and economicsPower system management,
operation and economics - B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy resources - B8230 Thermal power stations and
plantsThermal power stations and plants - E0230 Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues - E2120 Heat and
thermodynamic processes (mechanical engineering)Heat and thermodynamic processes (mechanical engineering)
IPC Code: F24D10/00 - F25B - F25B30/00 - F01L1/047
Database: Inspec
18. Closing the gap? Top-down versus bottom-up projections of China's regional energy
use and CO2emissions
Dai, Hancheng (1); Mischke, Peggy (2); Xie, Xuxuan (3); Xie, Yang (4); Masui, Toshihiko (1)
Source: Applied Energy, v 162, p 1355-1373, January 15, 2016; ISSN: 03062619; DOI: 10.1016/
j.apenergy.2015.06.069; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) The National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Japan (2) Department of Management
Engineering, Energy Systems Analysis Division, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark (3) Energy Research
Institute, National Development and Reform Commission, China (4) Department of Social Engineering, Tokyo Institute
of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo; 152-8550, Japan
Abstract: As the world's largest CO2emitter, China is a prominent case study for scenario analysis. This study
uses two newly developed global top-down and bottom-up models with a regional China focus to compare China's
future energy and CO2emission pathways toward 2050. By harmonizing the economic and demographic trends as
well as a carbon tax pathway, we explore how both models respond to these identical exogenous inputs. Then a
soft-linking methodology is applied to "narrow the gap" between the results computed by these models. We find for
example that without soft-linking, China's baseline CO2emissions might range from 15-20 Gt in 2050, while soft-linking
models results in 17 Gt. Reasons for the results gap between the models are discussed subsequently, such as model
structure and statistical inputs. At a sectoral level, the gap can be mainly traced to China's future coal use in electricity
production. The study finds that it is beneficial to soft-link complex global models under harmonized assumptions.

Although this study fails to "close the gap" between the two models completely, the experiences and insights shared
here will be beneficial for researchers and policy makers that are drawing conclusions from the results of China and
global scenario studies. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. (53 refs)
Main heading: Carbon dioxide
Controlled terms: Energy resources
Uncontrolled terms: China - Energy system analysis - Scenario analysis - TIAM - Top-down and bottom-up modeling
Energy Issues - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds
Database: Compendex
19. Techno-economic analysis of a local district heating plant under fuel flexibility and
performance
Rudra, Souman (1); Rosendahl, Lasse (2)
Source: Energy Efficiency, v 10, n 3, p 613-624, June 1, 2017; ISSN: 1570646X, E-ISSN: 15706478; DOI: 10.1007/
s12053-016-9475-2; Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, Serviceboks 509, Grimstad; 4898,
Norway (2) Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg; DK-9220, Denmark
Abstract: Brovst is a small district in Denmark. This paper analyses the use of local renewable resources in the district
heating systems of Brovst. The present use of fossil fuels in the Brovst district heating plant (DHP) represents an
increasing environmental and climate-related load. Therefore, an investigation has been made to reduce the use of
fossil fuels for district heating system and make use of the local renewable resources (biogas, solar, and heat pump)
for district heating purposes. In this article, the techno-economic assessment is achieved through the development
of a suite of models that are combined to give cost and performance data for this district heating system. Local fuels
have been analyzed for different perspectives to find the way to optimize the whole integrated system in accordance
with fuel availability and cost. This paper represents the energy system analysis mode, energyPRO, which has been
used to analyze the integration of a large-scale energy system into the domestic district heating system. A model of
the current work on the basis of information from the Brovst plant (using fossil fuel) is established and named as a
reference option. Then, four other options are calculated using the same procedure according to the use of various
local renewable fuels known as “biogas option,” “solar option,” “heat pump option,” and “imported heat option.” A
comparison has been made between the reference option and other options. The greatest reduction in heat cost is
obtained from the biogas option by replacing a new engine, where 66 % of the current fuel is substituted with biogas. ©
2016, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. (27 refs)
Main heading: District heating
Controlled terms: Biogas - Costs - Economic analysis - Fossil fuels - Heat pump systems - Heating equipment -
Space heating
Uncontrolled terms: Brovst - District heating system - District-heating plants - Energy system analysis - Fuel flexibility
- Techno- economic analysis - Techno-economic assessment - Techno-economics
Classification Code: 522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and ComponentsHeat Exchange
Equipment and Components - 643.1 Space HeatingSpace Heating - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial
EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics
Database: Compendex
20. Development of a GPU-accelerated 3D neutron dynamics code for PB-FHR

E, Yanzhi (1, 2); Zou, Yang (1); Guo, Wei (1); Dai, Ye (1); Xu, Hongjie (1)
Source: Nuclear Engineering and Design, v 320, p 88-102, August 15, 2017; ISSN: 00295493; DOI: 10.1016/
j.nucengdes.2017.04.001; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Center for Thorium Molten Salt Reactor System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Shanghai; 201800, China (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049,
China
Abstract: Pebble bed fluoride-salt cooled high temperature reactor (PB-FHR) is a kind of novel nuclear energy
systems, combining advanced techniques such as coated particle fuel and molten-salt coolant to achieve better
safety and economy performance. The compact core of a PB-FHR is geometrically complicated due to the randomly-
packed pebble bed with fuel motion in a complex core chamber, which yields a highly detailed core-modeling for
accurate neutron dynamics analysis. Three-dimensional fine mesh finite volume method is expected to achieve better

accuracy because of its strong geometry adaptability in detailed core-modeling, but is much more time-consuming
compared to other methods such as coarse mesh nodal method. A GPU-accelerated 3D fine mesh neutron dynamics
code (GAND) is developed, using conjugate gradient method (CG) to solve the time-dependent multi-group neutron
diffusion equations in r-z-θ coordinates. The GAND code is verified by a cylindrical reactor benchmark with good
agreement, and is preliminarily applied to a PB-FHR core in both static and transient analysis. Speed-up ratio and
other performance of GAND code using different equation preconditioners is studied, a best speed-up ratio of 21.65
has been achieved using Neumann polynomials-preconditioned CG. © 2017 (32 refs)
Main heading: Conjugate gradient method
Controlled terms: Codes (symbols) - Dynamics - Finite volume method - Fuel economy - Graphics processing unit
- High temperature reactors - Mesh generation - Molten salt reactor - Neutrons - Pebble bed reactors - Transient
analysis
Uncontrolled terms: Coated particle fuel - Cylindrical reactors - Fine mesh - GPU-accelerated - Molten salt coolant -
Neutron diffusion equations - Nuclear energy systems - Preconditioners
Classification Code: 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation - 621 Nuclear ReactorsNuclear Reactors -
621.1 Fission ReactorsFission Reactors - 723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image
Processing - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications - 921 MathematicsMathematics
Database: Compendex
21. Effects on greenhouse gas emissions of introducing electric vehicles into an electricity
system with large storage capacity
Garcia, R. (1); Freire, F. (1); Clift, R. (2)
Source: Journal of Industrial Ecology, v 22, n 2, p 288-99, April 2018; ISSN: 1088-1980; DOI: 10.1111/jiec.12593;
Publisher: Wiley, USA
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (2) Centre for Environ. &
Sustainability, Univ. of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
Abstract: Under some circumstances, electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce overall environmental impacts by displacing
internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and by enabling more intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) by
charging with surplus power in periods of low demand. However, the net effects on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
of adding EVs into a national or regional electricity system are complex and, for a system with significant RES, are
affected by the presence of storage capacity, such as pumped hydro storage (PHS). This article takes the Portuguese
electricity system as a specific example, characterized by relatively high capacities of wind generation and PHS. The
interactions between EVs and PHS are explored, using life cycle assessment to compare changes in GHG emissions
for different scenarios with a fleet replacement model to describe the introduction of EVs. Where there is sufficient
storage capacity to ensure that RES capacity is exploited without curtailment, as in Portugal, any additional demand,
such as introduction of EVs, must be met by the next marginal technology. Whether this represents an average
increase or decrease in GHG emissions depends on the carbon intensity of the marginal generating technology and
on the fuel efficiency of the ICEVs displaced by the EVs, so that detailed analysis is needed for any specific energy
system, allowing for future technological improvements. A simple way to represent these trade-offs is proposed as a
basis for supporting strategic policies on introduction of EVs. (43 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution control - electric vehicles - renewable energy sources
Uncontrolled terms: specific energy system - greenhouse gas emissions - electric vehicles - internal combustion
engine vehicles - intermittent renewable energy sources - net effects - national electricity system - regional electricity
system - Portuguese electricity system - relatively high capacities - GHG emissions - RES capacity - EV - RES -
storage capacity
Classification Code: B8520 TransportationTransportation
IPC Code: B60L
Database: Inspec
22. High-energy synchrotron x-ray techniques for studying irradiated materials

Park, Jun-Sang (1); Zhang, Xuan (2); Sharma, Hemant (1); Kenesei, Peter (1); Hoelzer, David (3); Li, Meimei (2);
Almer, Jonathan (1)
Source: Journal of Materials Research, v 30, n 9, p 1380-1391, January 27, 2015; ISSN: 08842914, E-ISSN:
20445326; DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2015.50; Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Author affiliation: (1) Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont; IL; 60439, United States (2)
Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont; IL; 60439, United States (3) Materials Science
and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge; TN; 37831, United States
Abstract: High performance materials that can withstand radiation, heat, multiaxial stresses, and corrosive
environment are necessary for the deployment of advanced nuclear energy systems. Nondestructive in situ
experimental techniques utilizing high energy x-rays from synchrotron sources can be an attractive set of tools
for engineers and scientists to investigate the structure-processing-property relationship systematically at smaller
length scales and help build better material models. In this study, two unique and interconnected experimental
techniques, namely, simultaneous small-angle/wide-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) and far-field high-energy
diffraction microscopy (FF-HEDM) are presented. The changes in material state as Fe-based alloys are heated to high
temperatures or subject to irradiation are examined using these techniques. Copyright © Materials Research Society
2015. (54 refs)
Main heading: Radiation effects
Controlled terms: In situ processing - Iron alloys - Professional aspects - Steel - X ray diffraction - X ray scattering
Uncontrolled terms: Corrosive environment - Diffraction microscopy - Experimental techniques - High performance
material - High-energy synchrotron X-rays - Irradiated materials - Nuclear energy systems - Processing properties
Classification Code: 545.2 Iron AlloysIron Alloys - 545.3 SteelSteel - 901.1 Engineering Professional
AspectsEngineering Professional Aspects - 932.1 High Energy PhysicsHigh Energy Physics
Database: Compendex
23. Investigating the impact and reaction pathway of toluene on a SOFC running on syngas
Doyle, Tygue S. (1); Dehouche, Zahir (1); Aravind, P.V. (2); Liu, Ming (2); Stankovic, Sinisa (3)
Source: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v 39, n 23, p 12083-12091, August 4, 2014; ISSN: 03603199; DOI:
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.05.148; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Centre for Energy and Built Environment Research, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH,
United Kingdom (2) Energy Technology Section, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 44, 2628 CA Delft,
Netherlands (3) ChapmanBDSP, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS, United Kingdom
Abstract: The integration of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with gasification systems have theoretically been shown
to have a great potential to provide highly efficient distributed generation energy systems that can be fuelled by
biomass including municipal solid waste. The syngas produced from the gasification of carbonaceous material is
rich in hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane that can fuel SOFCs. However, other constituents such as tar can
cause catalyst deactivation, and blockage of the diffusion pathways. This work examines the impact of increasing
concentrations of toluene as a model tar in a typical syngas composition fed to a NiO-GDC/TZ3Y/8YSZ/LSM-LSM
SOFC membrane electrode assembly operating at 850°C and atmospheric pressure. Results suggest that up to 20
g/Nm3of toluene and a low fuel utilisation factor (c.a. 17%) does not negatively impact cell performance and rather
acts to increase the available hydrogen by undergoing reformation. At these conditions carbon deposition does occur,
detected through EDS analysis, but serves to decrease the ASR rather than degrade the cell. Alternatively, the cell
operating with 32 g/Nm3toluene and with a fuel utilisation of 66.7% is dramatically affected through increased ASR
which is assumed to be caused by increased carbon deposition. In order to test for the presence of tar products at the
anode exhaust samples have been captured using an absorbing filter with results from HS-GC/MS analysis showing
the presence of toluene only. Copyright © 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All
rights reserved. (25 refs)
Main heading: Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
Controlled terms: Atmospheric pressure - Carbon monoxide - Catalyst deactivation - Chemical analysis - Deposition -
Electrodes - Gasification - Municipal solid waste - Nickel oxide - Synthesis gas - Tar - Toluene
Uncontrolled terms: Carbon deposition - Carbonaceous materials - Diffusion pathways - Membrane electrode
assemblies - Model tar - Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) - Syn-gas - Syngas composition
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes;
Waste Treatment and DisposalMunicipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 702.2 Fuel CellsFuel
Cells - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products
Generally
Database: Compendex
24. Comparative risk assessment of severe accidents in the energy sector

Burgherr, P. (1); Hirschberg, S. (1)

Source: Energy Policy, v 74, p S (12 pp.), 1 Dec. 2014; ISSN: 0301-4215; DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2014.01.035;
Author affiliation: (1) Lab. for Energy Syst. Anal., Paul Scherrer Inst. (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
Abstract: Comparative assessment of accident risks in the energy sector is a key aspect in a comprehensive
evaluation of sustainability and energy security concerns. Safety performance of energy systems can have important
implications on the environmental, economic and social dimensions of sustainability as well as availability, acceptability
and accessibility aspects of energy security. Therefore, this study provides a broad comparison of energy technologies
based on the objective expression of accident risks for complete energy chains. For fossil chains and hydropower the
extensive historical experience available in PSI's Energy-related Severe Accident Database (ENSAD) is used, whereas
for nuclear a simplified probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) is applied, and evaluations of new renewables are based
on a combination of available data, modeling, and expert judgment. Generally, OECD and EU 27 countries perform
better than non-OECD. Fatality rates are lowest for Western hydropower and nuclear as well as for new renewables.
In contrast, maximum consequences can be by far highest for nuclear and hydro, intermediate for fossil, and very
small for new renewables, which are less prone to severe accidents. Centralized, low-carbon technology options could
generally contribute to achieve large reductions in CO2-emissions; however, the principal challenge for both fossil
with Carbon Capture and Storage and nuclear is public acceptance. Although, external costs of severe accidents are
significantly smaller than those caused by air pollution, accidents can have disastrous and long-term impacts. Overall,
no technology performs best or worst in all respects, thus tradeoffs and priorities are needed to balance the conflicting
objectives such as energy security, sustainability and risk aversion to support rationale decision making. [All rights
reserved Elsevier]. (91 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: accidents - energy security - fossil fuels - hydroelectric power - nuclear power - probability -
risk management - sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms: accident risks - energy sector - sustainability - energy security - energy systems - energy
technologies - complete energy chains - fossil chains - PSI - energy-related severe accident database - ENSAD -
simplified probabilistic safety assessment - PSA - OECD - fatality rates - Western hydropower - new renewables - low-
carbon technology options - carbon capture and storage - public acceptance - external costs - risk aversion - rationale
decision making
Classification Code: A8660 Requirement for energy: ecological aspectsRequirement for energy: ecological aspects -
A0250 Probability theory, stochastic processes, and statisticsProbability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics -
B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy resources - B0240Z Other topics in statisticsOther topics in statistics
Treatment: Bibliography (BIB) - Practical (PRA)
Database: Inspec
25. Startup and burnup strategy for Th-U/U-Pu fuel cycles in an EM2reactor
Ma, Y.W. (1, 2, 3); Li, X.X. (1, 2); Cai, X.Z. (1, 2); Yu, C.G. (1, 2); Zou, C.Y. (1, 2); Han, J.L. (1, 2); Chen, J.G. (1, 2)
Source: Progress in Nuclear Energy, v 85, p 764-770, November 1, 2015; ISSN: 01491970; DOI: 10.1016/
j.pnucene.2015.09.010; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai; 201800, China
(2) CAS Center for Excellence in TMSR Energy System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai; 201800, China (3)
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China
Abstract: General Atomics (GA) is developing the Energy Multiplier Module (EM2) which is a compact gas-cooled
fast reactor as one of candidates of the Generation-IV nuclear energy systems. In the EM2core, low enriched uranium
is used as igniting fuel and depleted uranium is used for converting and burning. It indicates that EM2can maintain
critical operation for more than 30 years without refueling. To further study the Th-U fuel cycle performance in the EM2,
two kinds of start-up strategies with Th-U (Th +233U) and semi Th-U (Th + enriched235U) are evaluated. Neutronics
characteristics, such as the effective multiplicity factor (keff) and conversion ratio (CR) are analyzed from neutron
usage point of view. The simulated results for the two kinds of fuels are compared with the U-Pu fuel from the design
of GA. The analysis gives an insight into the pros and cons of U-Pu and Th-U fuel cycles in terms of the breeding
capability and the discharged radio-toxicity. The breeding performance of the second generation EM2is also presented
and compared with that of the first generation EM2. It indicates that the multi-generation EM2can deepen the burnup
and reduce the waste management pressure for each kind of fuel loading strategy. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved. (36 refs)
Main heading: Thorium alloys
Controlled terms: Binary alloys - Fast reactors - Fuels - Gas cooled reactors - Plutonium alloys - Toxicity - Uranium -
Waste management

Uncontrolled terms: Breeding - Breeding performance - Critical operations - EM^2 - Fuel cycle - Gas cooled fast
reactors - Generation IV nuclear energy systems - Low-enriched uranium
Classification Code: 461.7 Health CareHealth Care - 621.1 Fission ReactorsFission Reactors - 622.1 Radioactive
Materials, GeneralRadioactive Materials, General
Database: Compendex
26. A life cycle multi-objective economic and environmental assessment of distributed

generation in buildings
Safaei, A. (1); Freire, F. (2); Henggeler Antunes, C. (1)
Source: Energy Conversion and Management, v 97, p 420-7, June 2015; ISSN: 0196-8904; DOI: 10.1016/
j.enconman.2015.03.048; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) INESC Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (2) Dept. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of Coimbra, Coimbra,
Portugal
Abstract: Distributed generation, namely cogeneration and solar technologies, is expected to play an important role
in the future energy supply mix in buildings. This calls for a methodological framework to assess the economic and
environmental performance of the building sector when such technologies are employed. A life-cycle model has been
developed, combining distributed generation and conventional sources to calculate the cost and environmental impacts
of meeting the building energy demand over a defined planning period. Three type of cogeneration technologies, solar
photovoltaic and thermal, as well as conventional boilers along with the Portuguese electricity generation mix comprise
the energy systems modeled. Pareto optimal frontiers are derived, showing the trade-offs between different types of
impacts (non-renewable cumulative energy demand, greenhouse gas emissions, acidification, eutrophication) and cost
to meet the energy demand of a commercial building. Our analysis shows that according to the objective to employ
distributed generation (reducing cost or environmental impacts), a specific design and operational strategy for the
energy systems shall be adopted. The strategies to minimize each type of impact and the associated cost trade-offs by
exploring the solutions located on the Pareto optimal frontiers are discussed. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (55 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: buildings (structures) - cogeneration - distributed power generation - Pareto optimisation -
product life cycle management
Uncontrolled terms: life cycle assessment - multiobjective economic assessment - environmental assessment
- distributed generation - building sector - life-cycle model - cogeneration technology - Pareto optimal frontier -
nonrenewable cumulative energy demand - greenhouse gas emissions - acidification - eutrophication - commercial
building
Classification Code: A8620Q Buildings (energy utilisation)Buildings (energy utilisation) - B8120K Distributed power
generationDistributed power generation - B0260 Optimisation techniquesOptimisation techniques
IPC Code: H02J3/38
Database: Inspec
27. A review on common adsorbents for acid gases removal: Focus on biochar
Bamdad, Hanieh (1); Hawboldt, Kelly (1); MacQuarrie, Stephanie (2)
Source: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 81, p 1705-1720, January 2018; ISSN: 13640321, E-ISSN:
18790690; DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.261; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's; NL; A1B 3X9,
Canada (2) Department of Chemistry, Cape Breton University, Sydney; NS; B1P 6L2, Canada
Abstract: Biochar, a product of pyrolysis of biomass, represents an attractive alternative to non-renewable or
unsustainably sourced biomass as an adsorbent material for treating gaseous effluents. Biomass from residues
associated with agricultural and forestry operation, otherwise considered waste material or a storage issues,
represents a potential sustainable source of adsorbent. There are several adsorbents for removal of contaminants from
gases including carbon based, silica based, and metal oxide based adsorbents; however, availability of feedstock, low
cost, and potential high adsorption capacity distinguish biochar from other adsorbents. This review includes common
sorbents for removal of contaminants from gas, biochar production methods, and compares biochar with activated
carbon as one of the most common commercial adsorbents. Adsorption isotherms, mechanisms, and process systems
for removal of acid gases such as CO2and H2S by biochars have been comprehensively reviewed. The application of
molecular modeling to describe adsorption by activated carbons and possible extension to biochar were studied. There
is still a lack of published information in the molecular modeling of biochars, and using these models to understand

the complex adsorbent mechanisms on the very heterogeneous surfaces of biochar (relative to commercial adsorbent
materials such as activated carbons). Therefore, further research needs to fill these gaps to identify all potentials of this
promising adsorbent. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (183 refs)
Main heading: Adsorbents
Controlled terms: Activated carbon - Adsorption - Biomass - Carbon dioxide - Desulfurization - Effluents - Gaseous
effluents - Gases - Metals - Molecular modeling
Uncontrolled terms: Acid gas - Adsorbent materials - Adsorption by activated carbon - Bio chars - Forestry operations
- Gas treatment - Heterogeneous surface - High adsorption capacity
Database: Compendex
28. High-Voltage DC-DC Converter Topology for PV Energy Utilization—Investigation and

Implementation
Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar (1); Blaabjerg, Frede (2); Wheeler, Patrick (3); Ojo, Joseph Olorunfemi (4, 5); Ertas,
Ahmet H. (6)
Source: Electric Power Components and Systems, v 45, n 3, p 221-232, February 7, 2017; ISSN: 15325008, E-ISSN:
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Auckland
Park, South Africa (2) Center for Reliable Power Electronics (CORPE), Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg
University, Aalborg, Denmark (3) Power Electronics, Machines and Control (PEMC) Group, Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, Nottingham University, Nottingham, United Kingdom (4) Center for Energy System
Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tennessee Technical University, Cookeville; TN,
United States (5) Eskom Centre of Excellence in HVDC Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South
Africa (6) Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karabuk University, Demir-Celik Campus,
Karabuk, Turkey
Abstract: This paper exploited the utilization of photovoltaic (PV) energy system with high-voltage (HV) output DC-
DC converter. Classical boost converters are used for both renewable energy integration and HV applications, but
limited by reducing output/efficiency in performance. Moreover, as parasitic elements suppress the power transfer ratio,
converter needs to maximize the PV energy utilization. This investigation study focused to include additional parasitic
elements (voltage-lift technique) to a standard DC-DC buck converter and to overcome all the above drawbacks to
maximize the PV power generation. The proposed power circuitry substantially improves the output power gain transfer
ratio and a prototype hardware module is implemented using industrial standard DSP TMS 320F2812. Numerical
simulation development followed by an experimental prototype implementation is carried out in this investigation. A
set of numerical and experimental results is provided in this paper, which show close conformity with the theoretical
background. © 2017, Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. (31 refs)
Main heading: DC-DC converters
Controlled terms: DC power transmission - Electric inverters - Energy transfer - Energy utilization - Heterojunction
bipolar transistors - HVDC power transmission - Photovoltaic cells - Power converters - Pulse width modulation - Solar
energy - Voltage control
Uncontrolled terms: DC-DC boost converters - High-voltage boost converters - Photovoltaic power generation -
Power transfer efficiency - Renewable energy applications
Database: Compendex
29. Optimal sizing of a multi-source energy plant for power heat and cooling generation
Barbieri, E.S. (1); Dai, Y.J. (2); Morini, M. (1); Pinelli, M. (1); Spina, P.R. (1); Sun, P. (2); Wang, R.Z. (2)
Source: Applied Thermal Engineering, v 71, n 2, p 736-50, 22 Oct. 2014; ISSN: 1359-4311; DOI: 10.1016/
j.applthermaleng.2013.11.022; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Univ. of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (2) Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ., Shanghai, China
Abstract: Multi-source systems for the fulfilment of electric, thermal and cooling demand of a building can be based
on different technologies (e.g. solar photovoltaic, solar heating, cogeneration, heat pump, absorption chiller) which
use renewable, partially renewable and fossil energy sources. Therefore, one of the main issues of these kinds
of multi-source systems is to find the appropriate size of each technology. Moreover, building energy demands
depend on the climate in which the building is located and on the characteristics of the building envelope, which also
influence the optimal sizing.This paper presents an analysis of the effect of different climatic scenarios on the multi-
source energy plant sizing. For this purpose a model has been developed and has been implemented in the Matlab®

environment. The model takes into consideration the load profiles for electricity, heating and cooling for a whole year.
The performance of the energy systems are modelled through a systemic approach. The optimal sizing of the different
technologies composing the multi-source energy plant is investigated by using a genetic algorithm, with the goal of
minimizing the primary energy consumption only, since the cost of technologies and, in particular, the actual tariff
and incentive scenarios depend on the specific country. Moreover economic considerations may lead to inadequate
solutions in terms of primary energy consumption.As a case study, the Sino-Italian Green Energy Laboratory of the
Shanghai Jiao Tong University has been hypothetically located in five cities in different climatic zones. The load profiles
are calculated by means of a TRNSYS® model. Results show that the optimal load allocation and component sizing
are strictly related to climatic data (e.g. external air temperature and solar radiation). [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (18
refs)
Inspec controlled terms: building management systems - genetic algorithms - power consumption - renewable
energy sources - trigeneration
Uncontrolled terms: multisource energy plant sizing - power heat and cooling generation - partially renewable
energy source - fossil energy source - building energy demand - load profile - genetic algorithm - energy consumption
minimization - tariff scenario - incentive scenario - Sino-Italian green energy laboratory - Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- TRNSYS model - load allocation
Classification Code: B8230 Thermal power stations and plantsThermal power stations and plants - B0260
Optimisation techniquesOptimisation techniques
Database: Inspec
30. Small-medium scale polygeneration systems: Methanol and power production

Narvaez, A. (1); Chadwick, D. (1); Kershenbaum, L. (1)
Source: Applied Energy, v 113, p 1109-1117, 2014; ISSN: 03062619; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.08.065;
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
Abstract: The feasibility and attractiveness of the integrated production of chemicals and electrical power is dependent
upon on the nature of the products and their demands. This study focuses on the small-to-medium scale combined
production of methanol (200,000. tonnes/year) and electrical power (200. MW). The integrated system considers both
recycle (recycle ratio=5) and once-through (no recycle) modes of methanol synthesis. The results of simulations show
that, when compared to separate stand-alone plants for methanol and power production, the integrated systems show
lower consumption of total fresh synthesis gas for recycle and once-through operation of 2.8% and 3.7%, respectively.
In addition, simulations show that the advantage over stand-alone plants increases further in the face of decreasing
catalyst activity or selectivity, rising to over 10% in several scenarios. This is because the off-spec material from
methanol production in an integrated plant can be diverted to the power generation section of the plant. These savings
in operating costs are over and above the substantial capital cost savings which can be realized in the design of a
once-through integrated plant. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. (29 refs)
Main heading: Methanol
Controlled terms: Electric power generation - Electricity - Integrated control - Recycling - Synthesis gas - Synthesis
gas manufacture
Uncontrolled terms: Combined cycle - Energy systems - Integrated plants - Integrated production - Integrated
systems - Methanol production - Methanol synthesis - Polygeneration system
Classification Code: 452.3 Industrial WastesIndustrial Wastes - 522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels - 615 Thermoelectric,
Magnetohydrodynamic and Other Power GeneratorsThermoelectric, Magnetohydrodynamic and Other Power
Generators - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and PhenomenaElectricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena -
731.1 Control SystemsControl Systems - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial ChemicalsChemical Agents
and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic
CompoundsOrganic Compounds
Database: Compendex
31. Implications of Japan's 2030 target for long-term low emission pathways
Oshiro, K. (1); Kainuma, M. (2); Masui, T. (3)
Source: Energy Policy, v 110, p 581-7, Nov. 2017; ISSN: 0301-4215; DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2017.09.003; Publisher:
Elsevier B.V., Netherlands

Author affiliation: (1) Environ. & Energy Div. 1, Mizuho Inf. & Res. Inst., Inc., Tokyo, Japan (2) Inst. for Global
Environ. Strategies, Hayama, Japan (3) Center for Social & Environ. Syst. Res., Nat. Inst. for Environ. Studies,
Tsukuba, Japan
Abstract: This study assesses implications of the target reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 included in Japan's
Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) for long-term low emission pathways toward 2050, as well as
feasibility of the 2030 target itself using AIM/Enduse model. Scenario analysis by 2030 suggests that implementing
the INDC could consolidate a transition from the baseline trajectory, which is mainly derived from improved energy
efficiency and decarbonization of electricity. The 2030 target is still technically feasible even if nuclear power is
constrained or totally phased-out by 2030, based on additional deployment of renewable energies. However, these
pathways incur carbon price hikes of over 160 US$/t-CO2, and need effective policy supports. Over the long-term,
pathways that meet both 2030 and 2050 targets also appear technically feasible, provisional upon additional efforts
being made beyond the 2030 target. These pathways also require a huge and rapid transformation in the energy
system post-2030, including large-scale deployment of variable renewable energies and carbon capture and storage,
and improvement of energy efficiency and electrification. Early actions and policies before 2030, including RD&D in
innovative technologies and development of the market would be needed for commercial realization of these options.
[All rights reserved Elsevier]. (32 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution - carbon capture and storage - environmental economics - renewable energy
sources
Uncontrolled terms: GHG emissions - Japan's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution - energy efficiency -
renewable energies - energy system
Classification Code: A8610 Energy resources and fuelsEnergy resources and fuels - A9260T Air quality and air
pollutionAir quality and air pollution - A8605 Energy and environmental policy, economics and legislationEnergy and
environmental policy, economics and legislation - A8675M Carbon storage/sequestration (environmental science
technology)Carbon storage/sequestration (environmental science technology) - B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy
resources - B0140 Administration and managementAdministration and management - B0170Q Environmental
factorsEnvironmental factors - B7720 Pollution detection and controlPollution detection and control
Database: Inspec
32. Feasible region method based integrated heat and electricity dispatch considering
building thermal inertia
Pan, Zhaoguang (1); Guo, Qinglai (1); Sun, Hongbin (1)
Source: Applied Energy, v 192, p 395-407, 2017; ISSN: 03062619; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.016; Publisher:
Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Electricity Systems, Tsinghua
University, Beijing; 100084, China
Abstract: Integrated heat and electricity dispatch is crucial to exploit synergistic benefits from integrated energy
systems. However, this requires information from both electricity systems and district heating systems (DHSs), which
are managed by an electricity control center (ECC) and district heating control centers (DHCCs), respectively. For
reasons pertaining to privacy, communication, dimension, and compatibility, it is not practical for DHCCs to send
detailed models to the ECC. Therefore, a new feasible region method is proposed for formulation of new DHS models,
which exploit the flexibility of DHSs with consideration of building thermal inertia. A greedy method is developed to
solve the new modified feasible region models by calculating a series of linear programming problems efficiently.
Then the new models are sent to the ECC to be used in central dispatch considering DHS operation constraints,
i.e. integrated heat and electricity dispatch. The modified models are similar to conventional power plants and
storages, and are thus compatible with current dispatch programs. Case studies verify the effectiveness of the method.
Although some conservativeness exists, the total cost and wind energy curtailment are both decreased compared to
conventional decoupled dispatch. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd (47 refs)
Main heading: Electric load dispatching
Controlled terms: District heating - Linear programming - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Dispatch - Feasible regions - Integrated heat - Renewable energy integrations - Thermal inertia
Database: Compendex

33. Analysis of the contribution of CCS to achieve the objectives of Mexico to reduce GHG
emissions
Castrejón, David (1); Zavala, Alan M. (1); Flores, Jesús A. (1); Flores, Marco Polo (1); Barrón, Diana (2)
Source: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, v 71, p 184-193, April 2018; ISSN: 17505836; DOI:
10.1016/j.ijggc.2018.02.019; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Instituto Nacional de Electricidad y Energías Limpias (INEEL), Reforma 113 Col. Palmira,
Cuernavaca; Morelos; 62490, Mexico (2) Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP), Centro
Interdisciplinario de Posgrados (CIP), 21 Sur 1103 Col. Santiago, Puebla; 72160, Mexico
Abstract: Mexico has a strong commitment to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The electrical and
the industrial sectors have been the second and third largest contributors to GHG emissions–excluding fugitive
emissions-. This paper analyzes the potential contributions of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) systems on the
electrical sector, as well as the participation of the cement, metal and chemical industries. This study was carried
out using a computational mathematical model, the MEM70, which is a partial equilibrium model that represents the
Mexican energy system. It was found that, even considering energy efficiency measures, a high penetration of electric
vehicles and the electrical sector with high participation of low carbon emission technologies such as renewable and
nuclear sources. Further, it is necessary to implement CCS to achieve the goal for reducing national greenhouse gas
emissions. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd (38 refs)
Main heading: Greenhouse gases
Controlled terms: Carbon capture - Cement industry - Chemical industry - Climate change - Energy efficiency - Gas
emissions - Industrial emissions
Uncontrolled terms: Capture system - Carbon capture and storages (CCS) - Efficiency measure - Energy scenarios -
Fugitive emissions - GHG emission - Low-carbon emissions - Partial equilibrium model
Classification Code: 412.1 CementCement - 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 451.1 Air
Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources - 454 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering - 525.2 Energy
ConservationEnergy Conservation - 805 Chemical Engineering, GeneralChemical Engineering, General
Database: Compendex
34. On the effect of roof added photovoltaics on building's energy demand

Kapsalis, V. (1); Karamanis, D. (1)
Source: Energy and Buildings, v 108, p 195-204, 1 Dec. 2015; ISSN: 0378-7788; DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.09.016;
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Environ. & Natural Resources Manage., Univ. of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
Abstract: The effect of a building added PV array on building's energy demand is analyzed during different seasons. A
methodology based on in house and modified components of TRNSYS is developed by temperatures measurements
in a pilot University building in Western Greece. Two roofs, one conventional and one underneath an 9.6 kW
polycrystalline PV array system, are explored as part of a detailed building energy system, taking into account
the microclimate external flow patterns, the geometry of the canopy architecture and the electricity production.
The complex air flow underneath the canopy is also analyzed and its effect on heat transfer revealed. The vertical
temperature distribution is validated by measured data at a roof surface of 0.55 absorptance value. In addition to
electricity production, applying the simulation results, seasonal heating loads increase of 6.7% and cooling loads
decrease of 17.8% are determined, in the top floor, under typical energy management dwelling considerations. The
results indicate that the effect of the roof added PV on buildings energy performance should be taken into account for
seasonal strategies towards an efficient design and enhanced net zero energy operation. [All rights reserved Elsevier].
(35 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: building integrated photovoltaics - building management systems - energy management
systems - solar cell arrays - temperature distribution - temperature measurement
Uncontrolled terms: cooling loads - net zero energy operation - energy management dwelling - seasonal heating
- vertical temperature distribution - heat transfer - air flow - electricity production - canopy architecture geometry -
microclimate external flow pattern - polycrystalline PV array system - temperatures measurement - Western Greece -
pilot university building - TRNSYS - building added PV array - building energy demand - roof added photovoltaics
Classification Code: A8630J Photoelectric conversion; solar cells and arraysPhotoelectric conversion; solar cells and
arrays - A8620Q Buildings (energy utilisation)Buildings (energy utilisation) - B8420 Solar cells and arraysSolar cells
and arrays
IPC Code: H01L27/142 - H01L31/042 - H02S
Database: Inspec

35. Effectiveness of smart charging of electric vehicles under power limitations

Lindgren, Juuso (1); Niemi, Rami (1); Lund, Peter D. (1)
Source: International Journal of Energy Research, v 38, n 3, p 404-414, March 10, 2014; ISSN: 0363907X, E-ISSN:
1099114X; DOI: 10.1002/er.3130; Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) New Energy Technologies Group, Aalto University, School of Science, P.O. Box14100,
FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
Abstract: SUMMARY: This article investigates charging strategies for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) as part
of the energy system. The objective was to increase the combined all-electric mileage (total distance driven using only
the traction batteries in each PHEV) when the total charging power at each workplace is subject to severe limitations
imposed by the energy system. In order to allocate this power optimally, different input variables, such as state-of-
charge, battery size, travel distance, and parking time, were considered. The required vehicle mobility was generated
using a novel agent-based model that describes the spatiotemporal movement of individual PHEVs. The results show
that, in the case of Helsinki (Finland), smart control strategies could lead to an increase of over 5% in the all-electric
mileage compared to a no-control strategy. With a high prediction error, or with a particularly small or large battery,
the benefits of smart charging fade off. Smart PHEV charging strategies, when applied to the optimal allocation of
limited charging power between the cars of a vehicle fleet, seem counterintuitively to provide only a modest increase
in the all-electric mileage. A simple charging strategy based on allocating power to PHEVs equally could thus perform
sufficiently well. This finding may be important for the future planning of smart grids as limiting the charging power of
larger PHEV fleets will sometimes be necessary as a result of grid restrictions. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (40
refs)
Main heading: Plug-in hybrid vehicles
Controlled terms: Autonomous agents - Battery management systems - Charging (batteries) - Computational
methods - Electric machine control - Electric power system control - Electric power transmission networks - Electric
traction - Electric vehicles - Fleet operations - Secondary batteries - Smart power grids - Solar cells
Uncontrolled terms: Charging strategies - Control strategies - Optimal allocation - Plug in hybrid electric vehicles -
Power grids - Smart control - Smart control strategies - Smart grid
Classification Code: 432 Highway TransportationHighway Transportation - 702.1.2 Secondary BatteriesSecondary
Batteries - 702.3 Solar CellsSolar Cells - 706.1 Electric Power SystemsElectric Power Systems - 706.1.1 Electric
Power TransmissionElectric Power Transmission - 731.2 Control System ApplicationsControl System Applications
Database: Compendex
36. Renewable micro-generation of heat and electricity - Review on common and missing
socio-technical configurations
Juntunen, Jouni K. (1); Hyysalo, Sampsa (2)
Source: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 49, p 857-870, May 22, 2015; ISSN: 13640321, E-ISSN:
Author affiliation: (1) Aalto University School of Business, PO Box 21230, Aalto; 00076, Finland (2) Aalto University,
School of Arts, Design and Architecture, PO Box 31000, Aalto; 00076, Finland
Abstract: A widespread adoption of distributed generation (DG) technologies in energy systems can play a key role
in creating clean, reliable energy and support the targets of emission reduction. A transition from current modes of
production to a significant deployment of renewable energy technologies can fundamentally affect the structure of
the industry and change the way energy is produced, transmitted and sold. The current paper provides an extended
review of the socio-technical configurations of micro-generation based on journal publications and reports during
the 21st century. The paper analyses currently existing and missing configurations and discusses technology and
policy implications to support proliferation of micro-generation technology and local energy production from renewable
sources. The potential for new configurations can be found particularly in heat producing micro-generation with
solar heat, heat pumps, and biomass. Developing further the operations and maintenance of distributed generation
technologies and business models appears an area that calls for further innovation, and corresponding innovation
policy measures. Third party service and community-driven deployment models can aide the proliferation of distributed
generation and further innovation therein, justifying the introduction of feed-in-tariffs to attract such models during their
early diffusion. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. (101 refs)
Main heading: Renewable energy resources
Controlled terms: Distributed power generation - Emission control - Public policy

Uncontrolled terms: Business modeling - Community energy - Decentralized energy - Microgeneration - Renewable
energies - Sociotechnical
Classification Code: 451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable
Energy IssuesEnergy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 706.1.2 Electric Power DistributionElectric Power
Distribution - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
Database: Compendex
37. Strategic responses to CO2emission reduction targets drive shift in U.S. electric sector
water use
Cameron, Colin (1); Yelverton, William (2); Dodder, Rebecca (2); West, J. Jason (1)
Source: Energy Strategy Reviews, v 4, p 16-27, August 01, 2014; ISSN: 2211467X; DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2014.07.003;
Author affiliation: (1) University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Environmental Sciences and
Engineering, 146B Rosenau Hall, CB#7431, Chapel Hill; NC; 27599-7431, United States (2) U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, 109 T.W.
Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park; NC; 27711, United States
Abstract: The U.S. electric sector's reliance on water makes it vulnerable to climate variability and change. Here we
investigate whether carbon mitigation policies would improve or exacerbate electric sector water reliance. We use
EPAUS9r MARKAL to model changes in U.S. electric sector water withdrawal and consumption through 2055 resulting
from energy system-wide CO2emissions reduction targets of 10%, 25%, and 50%, as well as nine sensitivity analysis
scenarios. CO2reduction strategies accelerate the deployment of more water-efficient thermoelectric generation
technologies and increase the use of renewables, nuclear, and carbon capture. The 50% CO2reduction scenario also
prompts electrification in end-use demand sectors, most notably transportation, increasing electricity demand 36%
by 2055. In aggregate, CO2reduction strategies decrease national electric sector water withdrawal in all scenarios
(-31% to-46% by 2055), but have a varied impact on water consumption (-4% to+42% by 2055). These changes in
electricity generation technology and the resulting change in water use would likely reduce electric sector vulnerability
to droughts and heat waves. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. (43 refs)
Controlled terms: Carbon dioxide - Emission control - Gas emissions - Sensitivity analysis - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms: Carbon mitigation policies - Climate variability and change - CO2 emission reduction - Electricity
demands - Electricity-generation technology - Energy model - Thermoelectric generation - Water energy
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 446.1 Water Supply SystemsWater
Supply Systems - 451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds -
921 MathematicsMathematics
Database: Compendex
38. Strategic responses to CO2emission reduction targets drive shift in U.S. electric sector
water use
Cameron, Colin (1); Yelverton, William (2); Dodder, Rebecca (2); West, J. Jason (1)
Source: Energy Strategy Reviews, v 4, p 16-27, August 2014; ISSN: 2211467X; DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2014.07.003;
Author affiliation: (1) University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Environmental Sciences and
Engineering, 146B Rosenau Hall, CB#7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, United States (2) U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, 109 T.W.
Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
Abstract: The U.S. electric sector's reliance on water makes it vulnerable to climate variability and change. Here we
investigate whether carbon mitigation policies would improve or exacerbate electric sector water reliance. We use
EPAUS9r MARKAL to model changes in U.S. electric sector water withdrawal and consumption through 2055 resulting
from energy system-wide CO2emissions reduction targets of 10%, 25%, and 50%, as well as nine sensitivity analysis
scenarios. CO2reduction strategies accelerate the deployment of more water-efficient thermoelectric generation
technologies and increase the use of renewables, nuclear, and carbon capture. The 50% CO2reduction scenario also
prompts electrification in end-use demand sectors, most notably transportation, increasing electricity demand 36%
by 2055. In aggregate, CO2reduction strategies decrease national electric sector water withdrawal in all scenarios
(-31% to-46% by 2055), but have a varied impact on water consumption (-4% to+42% by 2055). These changes in

electricity generation technology and the resulting change in water use would likely reduce electric sector vulnerability
to droughts and heat waves. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. (43 refs)
Controlled terms: Carbon dioxide - Emission control - Gas emissions - Sensitivity analysis - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms: Carbon mitigation policies - Climate variability and change - CO2 emission reduction - Electricity
demands - Electricity-generation technology - Energy model - Thermoelectric generation - Water energy
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 446.1 Water Supply SystemsWater
Supply Systems - 451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds -
Database: Compendex
39. Viability assessment of a combined hybrid electricity and heat system for remote
household applications
Sagani, Angeliki (1); Vrettakos, George (1); Dedoussis, Vassilis (1)
Source: Solar Energy, v 151, p 33-47, 2017; ISSN: 0038092X; DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2017.05.011; Publisher:
Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Industrial Management & Technology, University of Piraeus, Piraeus; 18534,
Greece
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to address the problem of satisfying the energy needs in electricity and heat of
a typical remote household in an integrated autonomous manner, employing environmental friendly and sustainable
power systems. A hybrid PV/diesel/battery power system is designed to satisfy reliably the electric needs, using the
HOMER simulation software. The present work showed that a PV/diesel/battery power system with 1 kW of PV arrays,
1.8 kW sized diesel generator, 2 battery units each of 1 kW h and 1 kW sized power converter is the optimal system
for a representative off-grid remote house located in Metsovo, Greece, with the cost of energy rising to 0.553 €/kW h.
The optimal hybrid power system presents a cost-effective alternative to conventional electricity grid-extension. The
paper also investigates the installation of a 14.8 kW wood biomass burning thermodynamic fireplace alongside a diesel
oil burner to cover space heating and hot water requirements, employing the renewables assessment software tool
‘RETScreen’. The proposed heating system is viable with Internal Rate of Return of 24.8%. The initial investment of
the combined hybrid electricity and heat autonomous system is about 13,600 €. The mitigation of GHG emissions to
be achieved is estimated to 13.5 tons CO2-eq/yr, presenting a major improvement of the environmental footprint of the
town. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (39 refs)
Main heading: Electric power system economics
Controlled terms: Chimneys - Computer aided software engineering - Computer software - Cost effectiveness -
Diesel fuels - Earnings - Economic analysis - Electric power systems - Electric power transmission networks - Emission
control - Greenhouse gases - Heating - Investments - Photovoltaic cells
Uncontrolled terms: Energy systems - GHG emission - Optimal energy - Pine woods - Remote household
Classification Code: 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural BuildingsIndustrial and Agricultural Buildings - 451.1 Air
Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control - 523 Liquid FuelsLiquid
Fuels - 706.1 Electric Power SystemsElectric Power Systems - 706.1.1 Electric Power TransmissionElectric Power
Transmission - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and
Applications - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics
Database: Compendex
40. Passive house analysis in terms of energy performance

Mihai, M. (1); Tanasiev, V. (1); Dinca, C. (1); Badea, A. (1); Vidu, R. (2)
Source: Energy and Buildings, v 144, p 74-86, 1 June 2017; ISSN: 0378-7788; DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.03.025;
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Energy Production & Use, Univ. Politeh. of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania (2) Dept. of
Chem. Eng. & Mater. Sci., Univ. of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
Abstract: Passive Houses are buildings with low energy demand for heating (below 15 kW h/m2 year), but provide
comfortable indoor conditions. This paper presents the performance of an energy system designed for such a house
located in Bucharest. Building system combines the earth-air heat exchange (EAHX) technology with photovoltaic
panels. The photovoltaic panels were analyzed in terms of energy production and economic investment. The energy
demand of the house was simulated using the EnergyPlus software in order to understand the house performance

during cold and hot seasons using various occupancy scenarios. The results showed that the energy demand for a
passive house is 14 kW h/m2 year. Finally, the actual data measurement indicated that the passive house, has a good
thermal comfort with a minimum energy consumption close to 13 kW h/m2 year. The electricity generated from PV
system during one year was 1556.5 kW h/year, the rest of necessary energy for consumption being supplied by the
grid. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (33 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: buildings (structures) - energy conservation - energy consumption - heat exchangers -
photovoltaic power systems - power generation economics - solar cell arrays - space cooling - space heating
Uncontrolled terms: passive house analysis - comfortable indoor conditions - energy system - building system -
earth-air heat exchange technology - photovoltaic panels - energy production - energy demand - energy consumption -
Bucharest - economic investment
Classification Code: A8620Q Buildings (energy utilisation)Buildings (energy utilisation) - A8620H Heating (energy
utilisation)Heating (energy utilisation) - A8620K Refrigeration and cooling (energy utilisation)Refrigeration and cooling
(energy utilisation) - A8630J Photoelectric conversion; solar cells and arraysPhotoelectric conversion; solar cells and
arrays - A8630R Thermal energy conversion (heat engines and heat pumps)Thermal energy conversion (heat engines
and heat pumps) - B8250 Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systemsSolar power stations and photovoltaic
power systems - B8420 Solar cells and arraysSolar cells and arrays - B8550 Air conditioningAir conditioning - B8110B
Power system management, operation and economicsPower system management, operation and economics
IPC Code: F24D - F24F - F28C - F28D - F28F - H01L27/142 - H01L31/042 - H02S
Database: Inspec
41. Sustainability impact assessment for local energy supplies' development - The case of
the alpine area of Lake Como, Italy
Martire, Salvatore (1, 2); Tuomasjukka, Diana (1); Lindner, Marcus (1); Fitzgerald, Joanne (1); Castellani, Valentina (2)
Source: Biomass and Bioenergy, v 83, p 60-76, December 01, 2015; ISSN: 09619534, E-ISSN: 18732909; DOI:
10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.08.020; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) European Forest Institute, Yliopistokatu, 6, Joensuu; 80100, Finland (2) Department of Earth
and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, Milano; 20126, Italy
Abstract: The development of distributed energy systems has important environmental, social and economic
implications. Local decision-making processes must be guided by a careful evaluation of the sustainability of
production chains and alternative choices. The aim of this study is to explore if and how an integrated assessment can
quantify the extent to which bioenergy supply chain development contributes to rural development and energy policy
objectives. We applied a Sustainability Impact Assessment (SIA) for local bioenergy development in the alpine area of
Lake Como (Italy). We modeled the local bioenergy chain in 2008 and eleven scenarios considering different biomass
utilizations, mechanization levels, combustion technologies, and subsidies schemes at 2020. We calculated economic,
social and environmental indicators. We interpret and discuss the scenario analysis in order to support the bioenergy
planning under the light of its implications for the different policy aims and concerns. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. (108 refs)
Main heading: Sustainable development
Controlled terms: Biomass - Decision making - Lakes - Machinery - Regional planning - Supply chains
Uncontrolled terms: Energy planning - Mountain forests - Rural development - Sustainability assessment - Woody
chips
Classification Code: 403.2 Regional Planning and DevelopmentRegional Planning and Development - 912 Industrial
Engineering and ManagementIndustrial Engineering and Management - 912.2 ManagementManagement - 913
Production Planning and Control; ManufacturingProduction Planning and Control; Manufacturing
Database: Compendex
42. Effects of district heating networks on optimal energy flow of multi-carrier systems
Shabanpour-Haghighi, Amin (1); Seifi, Ali Reza (1)
Source: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 59, p 379-387, June 1, 2016; ISSN: 13640321, E-ISSN:
Author affiliation: (1) School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
Abstract: A multi-carrier energy network is a system consists of several energy carriers such as electricity, natural
gas, heat, etc. Generally, each transmission network is optimized separately but it could overshadow the actual optimal
operation of the whole energy network. An integrated viewpoint opens a new window on optimization analysis. Among

various networks, district heating networks are very promising for energy saving and carbon emission reduction.
In this paper, effects of utilizing this network on optimization of a multi-carrier energy system are shown. However,
such a problem has a considerable number of variables that makes a non-linear, non-convex, non-smooth, and high-
dimension optimization problem and the optimal solution cannot be achieved by conventional mathematical techniques.
Therefore, it is better to use evolutionary algorithms instead. In this paper, the well-known modified teaching-learning
based optimization algorithm is used to solve the problem. Various simulations on a typical system show the impacts of
a district heating network in the multi-carrier energy system. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (50 refs)
Controlled terms: Emission control - Energy conservation - Evolutionary algorithms - Heating equipment -
Optimization - Problem solving
Uncontrolled terms: Carbon emission reductions - District heating networks - Energy hubs - Energy networks -
High-dimension optimization problems - Modified teaching-learning-based optimizations - Multi carrier systems -
Optimization analysis
- 643.1 Space HeatingSpace Heating - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques
Database: Compendex
43. Multiplicity of solutions for laminar, fully-developed natural convection in inclined,

parallel-plate channels
Piller, Marzio (1); Polidoro, Sergio (2); Stalio, Enrico (3)
Source: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, v 79, p 1014-1026, December 2014; ISSN: 00179310; DOI:
10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.08.072; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Architettura, Università Degli Studi di Trieste, Via A.
Valerio 6/1, Trieste; 34127, Italy (2) Dipartimento Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche, Matematiche, Università Degli Studi
di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 213/A, Modena; 41125, Italy (3) Dipartimento di Ingegneria Enzo Ferrari,
Università Degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Strada Vignolese, 905/B, Modena; 41125, Italy
Abstract: Natural convection in inclined channels is a rather common flow configuration: it occurs in solar energy
systems, ventilated roofs as well as in many industrial applications and chemical processes. Analytical solutions
for laminar, fully-developed natural convection in inclined parallel-plate channels are presented in this paper. The
Boussinesq approximation is applied and viscous energy dissipation is neglected. One specific thermal configuration
is addressed, where one wall is perfectly insulated and a constant, uniform heat flux is released to the fluid from the
other wall. The resulting set of governing equations is non-linear, as the mean velocity is not assigned a priori but
determined as part of the solution. Depending on the channel inclination angle and on the imposed heat flux conditions,
either no solution, one solution, multiple or infinite solutions exist. Under restrictive assumptions velocity profiles are
self-similar with respect to the channel inclination, while the temperature profile is independent of the inclination. The
two-dimensional, hydraulically- and thermally-developing natural convection channel flow is simulated numerically for
some combinations of channel inclination angle and heating intensity to identify the most physical between the many
solutions. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (19 refs)
Main heading: Heat flux
Controlled terms: Channel flow - Energy dissipation - Natural convection - Solar energy
Uncontrolled terms: Boussinesq approximations - Channel inclination angles - Fully developed - Inclined channels -
Iso fluxes - Multiple solutions - Multiplicity of solutions - Parallel-plate channels
Classification Code: 525.4 Energy Losses (industrial and residential)Energy Losses (industrial and residential)
- 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General - 641.2 Heat TransferHeat Transfer - 657.1 Solar Energy and
PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena
Database: Compendex
44. Community-based hybrid electricity supply system: A practical and comparative

approach
Akinyele, D.O. (1); Rayudu, R.K. (1)
Source: Applied Energy, v 171, p 608-628, June 01, 2016; ISSN: 03062619; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.031;
Author affiliation: (1) Smart Power and Renewable Energy Systems Group, School of Engineering and Computer
Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington; 6140, New Zealand

Abstract: This paper discusses the development of hybrid electricity supply system (HESS) for a remote community,
which takes our previous study some steps further. Previously, we have proposed a PV-based system to electrify 24
houses during the dry and wet seasons. While this system can support the users' demand during the dry season due to
high solar irradiance, load reduction is inevitable during the rainy season to manage the available electricity. The users
will be constrained to limit the operation of certain appliances, especially the fridges during such a period. Therefore,
this new study introduces a diesel generator to the existing PV model to create the HESS, which is expected to
address the load reduction issue, thus, meeting the users' worst-case demand at all the seasons. The HESS is
modeled in DIgSILENT environment; the design methodologies and analyses are based on the global engineering
standards and practical experience. Its techno-economic and environmental performances are then compared with
those of PV-only and diesel-only systems for decision-making. Results reveal that the HESS is a better option in
terms of ensuring the maximum comfort of the users during the two seasons, with relatively higher reliability. Though
it has the highest initial capital cost, its life cycle cost, fuel consumption and carbon footprint are lower than the values
obtained for the diesel-only option. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. (65 refs)
Main heading: Life cycle
Controlled terms: Carbon footprint - Costs - Decision making - Diesel power plants - Energy policy - Environmental
management - Hybrid systems - Safety factor
Uncontrolled terms: Clean energy systems - Comparative approach - Design safety factors - Dry and wet seasons -
Global engineerings - Lifecycle costs - Practical experience - Renewable energies
Classification Code: 454 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering - 525.6 Energy PolicyEnergy
Policy - 612.2 Diesel EnginesDiesel Engines - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and
Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 912.2 ManagementManagement - 914.1 Accidents and Accident
PreventionAccidents and Accident Prevention - 921 MathematicsMathematics
Database: Compendex
45. Development of free cooling based ventilation technology for buildings: Thermal energy
storage (TES) unit, performance enhancement techniques and design considerations - A
review
Alizadeh, M. (1); Sadrameli, S.M. (1)
Source: Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 58, p 619-45, May 2016; ISSN: 1364-0321; DOI: 10.1016/
j.rser.2015.12.168; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Chem. Eng. Dept., Tarbiat Modares Univ., Tehran, Iran
Abstract: Nowadays, one of the major challenges for administrations and governments is energy demand to satisfy
thermal comfort in the buildings. In energy systems where a temporal difference exists between the supply of energy
and its utilization, thermal energy storage is necessary to ensure the continuity of a thermal process. The development
of thermal energy storage systems has been under consideration for a variety of applications such as solar thermal
energy storage, waste heat recovery, free cooling, etc. Free cooling night ventilation is the process of storing the
coolness in the night time and releasing this coolness in hot day time. Free cooling has attracted considerable
attention in the last few years. Supreme efforts have been put into finding new powerful free cooling systems and
quantifying their economic and technical feasibility for thermal comfort in buildings. This paper presents a review of
studies focused on the free cooling application in the residential and commercial buildings. Many considerations have
been highlighted in this review including the merits, demerits and limitations of the free cooling systems for buildings
application. The application of phase change materials (PCMs) in the free cooling, thermal enhancement techniques,
technical, geographical and economical aspects and their performance evaluation criteria have also been reviewed. A
few studies that reported in the literature for the numerical modeling of PCMs have also been discussed and therefore
this overview stresses the need to discuss numerical modeling of free cooling deeply. [All rights reserved Elsevier].
(127 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: buildings (structures) - heat recovery - indoor environment - numerical analysis - phase
change materials - thermal energy storage - ventilation - waste heat - waste recovery
Uncontrolled terms: free cooling night ventilation - ventilation technology - residential buildings - thermal energy
storage unit - TES unit - performance enhancement techniques - energy demand - thermal comfort - energy supply -
solar thermal energy storage - waste heat recovery - commercial buildings - phase change materials - PCM numerical
modeling - thermal enhancement techniques
Classification Code: A8620Q Buildings (energy utilisation)Buildings (energy utilisation) - A8620K Refrigeration
and cooling (energy utilisation)Refrigeration and cooling (energy utilisation) - A8670H Indoor environmentIndoor
environment - A8640F Storage in thermal energyStorage in thermal energy - A0260 Numerical approximation and
analysisNumerical approximation and analysis - B8550 Air conditioningAir conditioning - B0290Z Other numerical
methodsOther numerical methods - E2110B Building structuresBuilding structures - E2120 Heat and thermodynamic

processes (mechanical engineering)Heat and thermodynamic processes (mechanical engineering) - E0210L Numerical
analysisNumerical analysis
IPC Code: B09B3/00 - F24F7/00 - F28D20/00
Database: Inspec
46. A review on common adsorbents for acid gases removal: Focus on biochar
Bamdad, H. (1); Hawboldt, K. (1); MacQuarrie, S. (2)
Source: Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 81, p 1705-20, Jan. 2018; ISSN: 1364-0321; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Eng. & Appl. Sci., Memorial Univ., St. John's, NL, Canada (2) Dept. of Chem., Cape
Breton Univ., Sydney, NS, Canada
Abstract: Biochar, a product of pyrolysis of biomass, represents an attractive alternative to non-renewable or
unsustainably sourced biomass as an adsorbent material for treating gaseous effluents. Biomass from residues
associated with agricultural and forestry operation, otherwise considered waste material or a storage issues,
represents a potential sustainable source of adsorbent. There are several adsorbents for removal of contaminants from
gases including carbon based, silica based, and metal oxide based adsorbents; however, availability of feedstock, low
cost, and potential high adsorption capacity distinguish biochar from other adsorbents. This review includes common
sorbents for removal of contaminants from gas, biochar production methods, and compares biochar with activated
carbon as one of the most common commercial adsorbents. Adsorption isotherms, mechanisms, and process systems
for removal of acid gases such as CO2 and H2S by biochars have been comprehensively reviewed. The application of
molecular modeling to describe adsorption by activated carbons and possible extension to biochar were studied. There
is still a lack of published information in the molecular modeling of biochars, and using these models to understand
the complex adsorbent mechanisms on the very heterogeneous surfaces of biochar (relative to commercial adsorbent
materials such as activated carbons). Therefore, further research needs to fill these gaps to identify all potentials of this
promising adsorbent. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (183 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: activated carbon - adsorption - biofuel - contamination - effluents - pyrolysis - renewable
materials
Uncontrolled terms: biochar production methods - activated carbon - complex adsorbent mechanisms - commercial
adsorbent materials - acid gases removal - biomass - pyrolysis
Classification Code: E3628 Biotechnology industryBiotechnology industry - E3624 Fuel processing
industryFuel processing industry - E1780 Products and commoditiesProducts and commodities - E0230
Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues - E1525 Industrial processesIndustrial processes - E1710 Engineering
materialsEngineering materials
Database: Inspec
47. Designing radiation resistance in materials for fusion energy

Zinkle, S.J. (1, 2); Snead, L.L. (2)
Source: Annual Review of Materials Research, v 44, p 241-267, July 2014; ISSN: 15317331; DOI: 10.1146/annurev-
matsci-070813-113627; Publisher: Annual Reviews Inc.
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United
States (2) Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
Abstract: Proposed fusion and advanced (Generation IV) fission energy systems require high-performance materials
capable of satisfactory operation up to neutron damage levels approaching 200 atomic displacements per atom with
large amounts of transmutant hydrogen and helium isotopes. After a brief overview of fusion reactor concepts and
radiation effects phenomena in structural and functional (nonstructural) materials, three fundamental options for
designing radiation resistance are outlined: Utilize matrix phases with inherent radiation tolerance, select materials
in which vacancies are immobile at the design operating temperatures, or engineer materials with high sink densities
for point defect recombination. Environmental and safety considerations impose several additional restrictions on
potential materials systems, but reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steels (including thermomechanically treated and
oxide dispersion-strengthened options) and silicon carbide ceramic composites emerge as robust structural materials
options. Materials modeling (including computational thermodynamics) and advanced manufacturing methods are
poised to exert a major impact in the next ten years. (158 refs)

Main heading: Neutron irradiation

Controlled terms: Building materials - Dispersions - Fission reactions - Fusion reactors - Nuclear reactors - Point
defects - Radiation effects - Silicon carbide - Thermodynamics
Uncontrolled terms: Advanced manufacturing - Computational thermodynamics - Displacement damages - Fission
energy systems - High performance material - Oxide dispersion strengthened - Reduced activation ferritic/martensitic
steel - Silicon carbide ceramic
Classification Code: 621.2 Fusion ReactorsFusion Reactors - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics - 804.2
Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds - 932.2.1 Fission and Fusion ReactionsFission and Fusion Reactions -
933.1.1 Crystal LatticeCrystal Lattice - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science
Database: Compendex
48. Design method for a local energy cooperative network using distributed energy
technologies
Shimizu, Teruyuki (1); Kikuchi, Yasunori (1, 2, 3); Sugiyama, Hirokazu (1); Hirao, Masahiko (1)
Source: Applied Energy, v 154, p 781-793, September 05, 2015; ISSN: 03062619; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-
ku, Tokyo; 113-8656, Japan (2) Presidential Endowed Chair for Platinum Society, The University of Tokyo, Ito
International Research Center, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo; 113-0033, Japan (3) International Institute for Carbon-
Neutral Energy Research, Kyusyu University, Japan
Abstract: We propose a method for designing a local energy cooperative network (EneCoN) that uses new
technologies for heating and power in a combined way. The method comprises six steps, including the generation
of different technology options, energy balance modeling of the demand and supply, and multiobjective evaluation
and optimization. As a decision-support tool, ternary diagrams are applied to analyze the effect of the mix of energy
consumers in an EneCoN (i.e., residents, offices, or hospitals) on the objective function. The overall outcome of
applying the method is a suggestion for the technology mix in the EneCoN that minimizes design objectives such as
cost and environmental impacts with consideration of the mix of energy consumers as a design parameter. A case
study was conducted on the installation of photovoltaic power generators, solar heat collectors, and fuel cells as new
energy technologies in the target cities Tokyo, Sapporo, and Naha. Differences in the climate and energy demand
profile were well reflected in the calculation, and different suggestions for the technology mix were obtained. The
method also allowed good visualization of various complex design options (e.g., consumers, technology types, and the
degree of combination) and can serve as a solid basis for designing energy systems. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. (32 refs)
Main heading: Design
Controlled terms: Decision support systems - Environmental impact - Environmental technology - Fuel cells -
Photovoltaic cells - Sensitivity analysis - Solar power generation
Uncontrolled terms: Cooperative networks - Decision support tools - Decision supports - Energy balance models -
Multi-objective evaluations - New energy technologies - Photovoltaic power generators - Site specific characteristics
Classification Code: 454 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering - 454.2 Environmental Impact
and ProtectionEnvironmental Impact and Protection - 615.2 Solar PowerSolar Power - 702.2 Fuel CellsFuel Cells -
723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 921
MathematicsMathematics
Database: Compendex
49. The critical role of the industrial sector in reaching long-term emission reduction, energy
efficiency and renewable targets
Fais, B. (1); Sabio, N. (1); Strachan, N. (1)
Source: Applied Energy, v 162, p 699-712, 15 Jan. 2016; ISSN: 0306-2619; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.112;
Author affiliation: (1) Energy Inst., Univ. Coll. London, London, United Kingdom
Abstract: This paper evaluates the critical contribution of the industry sector to long-term decarbonisation, efficiency
and renewable energy policy targets. Its methodological novelty is the incorporation of a process-oriented modelling
approach based on a comprehensive technology database for the industry sector in a national energy system model
for the UK (UKTM), allowing quantification of the role of both decarbonisation of upstream energy vectors and of
mitigation options in the industrial sub-categories. This enhanced model is then applied in a comparative policy

scenario analysis that explores various target dimensions on emission mitigation, renewable energy and energy
efficiency at both a national and European level. The results show that ambitious emission cuts in the industry sector of
up to 77% until 2050 compared to 2010 can be achieved. Moreover, with a reduction in industrial energy demand of up
to 31% between 2010 and 2050, the sector is essential for achieving the overall efficiency commitments. The industry
sector also makes a moderate contribution to the expansion of renewable energies mostly through the use of biomass
for low-temperature heating services. However, additional sub-targets on renewable sources and energy efficiency
need to be assessed critically, as they can significantly distort the cost-efficiency of the long-term mitigation pathway.
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution control - energy conservation - government policies - renewable energy sources
Uncontrolled terms: industrial energy demand reduction - renewable energy - emission mitigation - upstream energy
vectors - process-oriented modelling approach - renewable energy policy targets - long-term decarbonisation - energy
efficiency - long-term emission reduction - industrial sector
Classification Code: A8610 Energy resources and fuelsEnergy resources and fuels - A8605 Energy and
environmental policy, economics and legislationEnergy and environmental policy, economics and legislation - A8670G
Atmosphere (environmental science)Atmosphere (environmental science) - B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy resources
- B7720 Pollution detection and controlPollution detection and control
Database: Inspec
50. Life cycle environmental implications of CO2capture and sequestration with ionic liquid
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate
Farahipour, Reza (1); Karunanithi, Arunprakash T. (1)
Source: ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, v 2, n 11, p 2495-2500, November 3, 2014; E-ISSN: 21680485;
DOI: 10.1021/sc400274b; Publisher: American Chemical Society
Author affiliation: (1) Center for Sustainable Infrastructure Systems, University of Colorado Denver, Denver; CO;
80217, United States
Abstract: In this paper, for the first time, we present findings on the life cycle environmental implications of an ionic
liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, [bmim]+[Ac]-)-based carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) process
retrofitted to a coal-fired power plant. Ionic liquids are considered as promising alternative solvents to currently proven
technology based on monoethanolamine (MEA). The results indicate that a CCS process with 90% CO2capture
efficiency based on [bmim]+[Ac]-reduces life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by only 50%. This does not
compare favorably with 75% life cycle GHG reductions offered by the MEA-based CCS process. In depth analysis
reveals that despite lower total energy requirements for the ionic liquid process the increased need for electricity results
in poor environmental performance. The insights gained from the results of the ionic liquid [bmim]+[Ac]-CCS process is
used to explore critical life cycle environmental performance parameters and trade-offs in the context of future design
of functionalized ionic liquids for CO2capture. This work will aid energy system and policy analysts to understand the
full implications of future ionic liquid-based CCS systems. © 2014 American Chemical Society. (32 refs)
Main heading: Ionic liquids
Controlled terms: Carbon capture - Carbon dioxide - Coal - Economic and social effects - Environmental
management - Ethanolamines - Fossil fuel power plants - Gas emissions - Greenhouse gases - Life cycle
Uncontrolled terms: Carbon capture and sequestrations - Climate mitigations - Environmental evaluation -
Environmental implications - Environmental performance - Functionalized ionic liquids - Process simulations - Total
energy requirement
Classification Code: 451.1 Air Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources - 454 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental
Engineering - 524 Solid FuelsSolid Fuels - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally - 971 Social
SciencesSocial Sciences
Database: Compendex
51. Possible energy futures for Brazil and Latin America in conservative and stringent
mitigation pathways up to 2050
Herreras Martińez, S. (1); Koberle, A. (2); Rochedo, P. (2); Schaeffer, R. (2); Lucena, A. (2); Szklo, A. (2); Ashina, S.
(3); van Vuuren, D.P. (1)
Source: Technological Forecasting and Social Change, v 98, p 186-210, Sept. 2015; ISSN: 0040-1625; DOI: 10.1016/
j.techfore.2015.05.006; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands

Author affiliation: (1) Copernicus Inst. of Sustainable Dev., Utrecht Univ., Utrecht, Netherlands (2) Centro de Tecnol.,
Univ. Fed. do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (3) Nat. Inst. for Environ. Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
Abstract: Latin America has a unique position to address climate change impacts due to its many mitigation
opportunities and its growing economy. This paper applied two global and one regional integrated assessment models
to assess the energy and emissions trends in Brazil and the rest of the Latin American region up to 2050 based on
a set of scenarios consistent with current trends and with the 2 °C global mitigation target. The models show that
to achieve this target, deep CO2 emission reductions are needed. The power sector offers the greatest mitigation
opportunities. The implementation of CCS, in combination with fossil fuels and bioenergy, and hydro, biomass
and wind energy are identified in this study as the most promising low-carbon options for the region. The realistic
implementation of these options will depend, however, on their capability to overcome the present technical, economic,
environmental and social challenges. Besides, an appropriate policy framework to stimulate the transformation of the
energy system is also important. Brazil is the first country in Latin America to adopt a national voluntary mitigation goal
by law. However, the assessment of the effectiveness of this goal up to now becomes difficult due to the vague targets
established. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (87 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution control - climate mitigation - energy security - environmental economics -
government policies
Uncontrolled terms: energy futures - Brazil - Latin America - AD 2050 - climate mitigation - carbon dioxide emission
reductions - carbon sequestration - fossil fuels - technical challenge - economic challenge - environmental challenge -
social challenge
Classification Code: A8605 Energy and environmental policy, economics and legislationEnergy and environmental
policy, economics and legislation - A8660 Requirement for energy: ecological aspectsRequirement for
energy: ecological aspects - B0170Q Environmental factorsEnvironmental factors - B0140 Administration and
managementAdministration and management - B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy resources
Database: Inspec
52. Assessment of the potential use of demand response in DHW systems on isolated
microgrids
Neves, Diana (1); Pina, André (1); Silva, Carlos A. (1)
Source: Renewable Energy, v 115, p 989-998, 2018; ISSN: 09601481, E-ISSN: 18790682; DOI: 10.1016/
j.renene.2017.09.027; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) IN+, Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research, Instituto Superior Técnico,
Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
Abstract: This work assesses the potential of demand response on isolated hybrid renewable energy systems, in
order to optimize the systems' dispatch by minimizing the operation costs and the peak demand. The developed
methodology models the implementation of solar thermal systems to replace non-renewable systems for the domestic
hot water supply, and a demand response strategy to manage the electric backup required from the grid, in days of
low solar radiation. The implementation of this system is compared between 10 isolated islands with different scales
and energy systems in order to identify the potential energy savings introduced by solar thermal systems with demand
response capabilities under different conditions. The results show larger savings for small islands, where the load
pattern is essentially residential, especially for those with more than 25% share of renewable electricity. Regarding
bigger islands, where the services and industry sectors dominate the load pattern, this implementation shows little
technical and economic impact. In terms of environmental impact, this methodology shows that the combination of
solar thermal systems with demand response programs may result, on average, in less 88% CO2emissions than using
non-renewable DHW systems. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (43 refs)
Main heading: Environmental impact
Controlled terms: Energy conservation - Heat storage - Potential energy - Renewable energy resources - Solar
heating - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms: Demand response - Islands - Isolated systems - Renewable energies - Thermal storage
Classification Code: 446.1 Water Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems - 454.2 Environmental Impact and
ProtectionEnvironmental Impact and Protection - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy IssuesEnergy
Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation - 657.1 Solar Energy and
PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena
Database: Compendex

53. A comprehensive review of photovoltaic systems

Rajesh, R. (1); Carolin Mabel, M. (1)
Source: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 51, p 231-248, June 25, 2015; ISSN: 13640321, E-ISSN:
18790690; DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.006; Article number: 4542; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, St. Xavier's Catholic College of
Engineering, Chunkankadai, Nagercoil; Tamilnadu; 629003, India
Abstract: Abstract Renewable energy sources are considered as the alternative energy sources because of
rising environmental concerns and depleting conventional energy resources. Solar energy has a significant role
for meeting the increased requirement of electricity with the reduced environmental impact. The power generation
from a Photovoltaic (PV) system gets affected as the optimum operating point changes due to the variation in the
environmental factors such as temperature, solar insolation, etc. In spite of the fluctuations, to achieve maximum
power from solar energy system, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is essential. In this paper, a
comprehensive review of PV system is presented consisting of modelling of PV cell, DC-DC converter topology and
maximum power point tracking methods. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. (183 refs)
Controlled terms: Electric inverters - Environmental impact - Maximum power point trackers - Photovoltaic cells -
Solar energy - Solar power generation
Uncontrolled terms: Alternative energy source - Environmental concerns - Environmental factors - Maximum Power
Point Tracking - Photovoltaic systems - PV system - Renewable energy source - Tracking method
Classification Code: 454.2 Environmental Impact and ProtectionEnvironmental Impact and Protection - 615.2
Solar PowerSolar Power - 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 704.1 Electric
ComponentsElectric Components - 704.2 Electric EquipmentElectric Equipment
Database: Compendex
54. Energy–water nexus analysis in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region: Case of electricity

sector
Sun, Li (1); Pan, Bolin (1); Gu, Alun (1); Lu, Hui (2); Wang, Wei (2)
Source: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 93, p 27-34, October 2018; ISSN: 13640321, E-ISSN:
Author affiliation: (1) Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Beijing; 100084, China (2)
Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing; 100084, China
Abstract: Water shortage can constrain energy development and use, and climate change partially caused by energy
consumption can profoundly affect the quantity and distribution of water resources worldwide. The chronic water
shortage in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region of China is likely to worsen under the impact of global climate change.
The coal-dominated electricity sector will continuously have a high water demand. This reality will intensify the dilemma
between water supply and power generation. This paper presents an adaptability analysis of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei
region in 2013–2030 based on the current situation. Water evaluation and planning and long-range energy alternative
planning systems are used to simulate changes in water and energy systems, respectively, and the impacts on the
electricity sector under two climate scenarios and three development scenarios. On this basis, this study explores
the potential of power structure adjustment and technological advancement in easing baseline water stress and
promoting sustainable development in the region. Findings show that the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region is under high
water stress, which will be aggravated under global climate change. In representative concentration pathway (RCP)
4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, the baseline water stress of the region in 2017–2030 averages 259% and 494%, and the
annual unmet water demand reaches 15.3 and 21.1 billion m3, respectively. In the renewable energy and advanced
technology scenarios, the regional water savings are expected to reach 200–250 million m3by 2030. The unmet water
demand of power generation can be alleviated to some extent, but the water shortage trend cannot be reversed.
Therefore, the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region should develop an overall plan and layout of energy and water resources
and adopt a combination of policy instruments to support the expansion of renewable energy or promote advanced
power generation technologies. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd (31 refs)
Main heading: Water resources
Controlled terms: Climate change - Climate models - Electric industry - Energy policy - Energy utilization -
Sustainable development - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms: Advanced technology - Development scenarios - Distribution of water - Electricity sector - Global
climate changes - Power generation technology - Technological advancement - Tianjin
Classification Code: 443 MeteorologyMeteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties -
444 Water ResourcesWater Resources - 446.1 Water Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems - 525.3 Energy
UtilizationEnergy Utilization - 525.6 Energy PolicyEnergy Policy - 921 MathematicsMathematics

Database: Compendex
55. Finite element modeling of a double-diffusive mixed convection flow of a chemically-

reacting magneto-micropolar fluid with convective boundary condition
Swapna, G. (1); Kumar, Lokendra (1); Rana, Puneet (1); Singh, Bani (1)
Source: Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, v 47, p 18-27, February 1, 2015; ISSN: 18761070;
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2014.10.005; Publisher: Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Mathematics, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector-62,
Noida, Uttar Pradesh; 201307, India
Abstract: In this paper, the steady, two-dimensional, heat and mass transfer flow of a chemically reacting mixed
convection magneto-micropolar fluid over a wedge with a convective surface boundary condition is investigated. Using
similarity transformations found by Falkner and Skan, the governing transport equations are reduced to a system
of non-linear ordinary differential equations which are solved by employing the extensively-validated, finite element
method. The results are depicted graphically to illustrate the influence of the various pertinent parameters on velocity,
micro-rotation, temperature and concentration functions. Additionally, skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number and
local Sherwood number are also computed and presented graphically for the flow regime. The numerical solutions are
compared with earlier studies for special cases of the wedge angle parameter and found to be in excellent agreement,
thereby validating the accuracy of the present numerical code. The study finds applications in chemical reaction
engineering processes, magnetic materials processing, solar collector energy systems, etc. © 2014 Taiwan Institute of
Chemical Engineers. (48 refs)
Main heading: Magnetohydrodynamics
Controlled terms: Boundary conditions - Chemical reactions - Finite element method - Friction - Linear
transformations - Magnetic materials - Mass transfer - Mathematical transformations - Mixed convection - Nusselt
number - Ordinary differential equations
Uncontrolled terms: Chemical reaction engineering - Convective boundary conditions - Heat-mass transfer -
Magneto-micropolar fluids - Micro-polar fluids - Nonlinear ordinary differential equation - Similarity transformation - Skin
friction coefficient
Classification Code: 615.3 Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Power GenerationMagnetohydrodynamics (MHD)
Power Generation - 641.2 Heat TransferHeat Transfer - 641.3 Mass TransferMass Transfer - 708.4 Magnetic
MaterialsMagnetic Materials - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions - 921 MathematicsMathematics
Database: Compendex
56. Thermo-ecological evaluation of an integrated MILD oxy-fuel combustion power plant

with CO2capture, utilisation, and storage – A case study in Poland
Gladysz, Pawel (1); Stanek, Wojciech (1); Czarnowska, Lucyna (1); Sladek, Slawomir (1); Szlk, Andrzej (1)
Source: Energy, v 144, p 379-392, February 1, 2018; ISSN: 03605442; DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.133;
Author affiliation: (1) Institute of Thermal Technology, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Abstract: This study investigated the environmental benefits of a new boiler design for a fossil fuel-based power
plant with CO2capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) through thermo-ecological cost (TEC) analysis. MILD oxy-fuel
combustion (MOFC) combines the advantages of the moderate and intense low-oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion
and oxy-fuel combustion (OFC) to achieve efficient and environmentally justified CO2capture from fossil fuel-based
power generation. The advantages of MOFC application are: (i) it increases the efficiency of the coal-fired boiler, (ii)
it increases the purity of the CO2in the flue gases, (iii) it reduces the oxygen consumption of the boiler by using lower
oxidiser excess, and (iv) it reduces the energy consumption associated with CO2recirculation. Therefore, using MOFC
decreases the penalty of the overall net energy efficiency associated with the CO2capture from coal-fired power plants.
The environmental analysis in this study considered the TEC, which measures the depletion of non-renewable natural
resources by estimating the cumulative exergy consumed by the production processes. Moreover, the additional
exergy consumption that compensates for the negative impact of harmful emissions has also been considered. The
data for the new boiler design were obtained by CFD modelling, while the other technological modules of the integrated
MOFC power plant were modelled by process modelling software. The data concerning the CO2transport, utilisation,
and storage were obtained from the available databases and literature. Three configurations of the power plant
were modelled and analysed from the environmental point of view. The first two were the reference coal-fired power
plants (the conventional power plant and the oxy-fuel combustion power plant with CO2capture), while the third case

used the same power plant configuration but with an MOFC boiler. The results were compared to other CO2capture
options, such as post-combustion, using the electro-energy system in Poland as the reference. The results emphasised
the importance of the emissions and energy consumption occurring upstream (e.g. coal extraction and transport)
and downstream (e.g. CO2transport and storage) of the project when assessing the environmental impact factors.
Additionally, two industrial options for CO2utilisation were proposed, because CO2storage is generally opposed by the
public. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (52 refs)
Main heading: Fossil fuel power plants
Controlled terms: Boilers - Carbon - Carbon capture - Carbon dioxide - Coal - Coal combustion - Coal fired boilers -
Coal fueled furnaces - Coal storage - Combustion - Cost benefit analysis - Digital storage - Ecology - Energy efficiency
- Energy utilization - Environmental impact - Exergy - Fossil fuels - Fuel storage - Fuels - Natural resources
Uncontrolled terms: Ecological costs - Environmental impact factors - Fossil fuel-based power generation - Input
output analysis - MILD combustion - Moderate and intense low-oxygen dilution (MILD) combustions - Non-renewable
natural resources - Oxyfuel combustion
Classification Code: 454 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering - 524 Solid FuelsSolid Fuels - 525.2
Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation - 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization - 614 Steam Power PlantsSteam
Power Plants - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics - 694.4 StorageStorage - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and
TechniquesData Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally
- 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and
Value Engineering; Industrial Economics
Database: Compendex
57. Assessment of national greenhouse gas mitigation targets for 2030 through meta-
analysis of bottom-up energy and emission scenarios: A case of Japan
Kuramochi, Takeshi (1); Wakiyama, Takako (2); Kuriyama, Akihisa (2)
Source: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 77, p 924-944, 2017; ISSN: 13640321, E-ISSN: 18790690;
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.093; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) NewClimate Institute, Am Hof 20-26, Cologne; 50667, Germany (2) Climate and Energy Area,
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), 2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama, Kanagawa; 240-0115, Japan
Abstract: This study conducted a comparative assessment and a meta-analysis of 48 greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions reduction scenarios based on bottom-up energy system analyses for 2030 reported in seven studies
published between 2011 and 2015 to obtain insights into the ambition level of Japan's official mitigation target for
2030. First, the scenarios were categorised into four mitigation effort levels and assessed the GHG emissions range
(excluding land use, land use change and forestry: LULUCF) as well as key underlying energy-related indicators for
each effort level category. Second, a multiple regression equation was derived and applied to project GHG emissions
with selected energy-related explanatory variables. Using the derived regression equation, we calculated the levels
of low-carbon energy supply and end-use energy savings required to achieve different levels of GHG mitigation. In
the first analysis, GHG emissions levels ranged between 16% and 39% below 1990 levels for scenarios that are
categorised to have the highest level of mitigation efforts including those consistent with the 2 °C target, with the
nuclear power share ranging at 0–29%. The second analysis indicated that regardless of the future nuclear share,
GHG emissions reductions of more than 25% from 1990 levels may be considered a minimum effort required in the
global efforts towards the 2 °C target. In this view, Japan's official 2030 target (15% below 1990 levels excluding
LULUCF) is suggested to be insufficient, especially in light of the UNFCCC Paris Agreement. Strengthened pre-2020
targets and efforts to reduce energy end-use are essential to achieve such mitigation targets. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd (68
refs)
Main heading: Greenhouse gases
Controlled terms: Carbon - Climate change - Emission control - Energy conservation - Forestry - Gas emissions -
Land use - Models - Nuclear fuels
Uncontrolled terms: Climate change mitigation - Climate policy - Energy and emissions - Energy mix - Intended
nationally determined contribution (INDC) - Japan - Renewable energies - UNFCCC
Database: Compendex
58. Impact of different South African demand sectors on grid-connected PV systems’

optimal energy dispatch under time of use tariff
Kusakana, Kanzumba (1)

Source: Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, v 27, p 150-158, June 2018; ISSN: 22131388; DOI:
10.1016/j.seta.2018.04.009; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Central University of
Technology, Free State Bloemfontein, South Africa
Abstract: For the past few years, the South African government has been promoting the use of solar energy system
which can be of benefit to the development of small power producers dispersed throughout the local grid. This support
from the government usually comes with an obligation for the main electricity supplier to purchase the excessive power
produced by small independent generators. In this paper the impact brought by different demand sector profiles on
the daily operational cost and optimal scheduling of grid connected photovoltaic systems with bidirectional power
flow is analysed for the specific case of Bloemfontein in South Africa. For this purpose, residential, commercial and
industrial daily load curves are used to estimate daily load demands. For comparison purposes, three load profiles
representing the demands from the residential, commercial and industrial sectors, have been used and normalized
to display the same daily energy consumption level with different demand patterns. The results of the simulations,
obtained using Matlab 2016, have revealed that for the same energy consumption and renewable resources, the
running expenses of any proposed scheme are mainly dependent on the demand sector. Consequently, it can be
recommended that in Bloemfontein and South Africa in general more focus should be on implementing grid-connected
renewable technologies with storage systems on the commercial and industrial sector instead of on the residential
sector. © 2018 (22 refs)
Controlled terms: Distributed power generation - Electric load flow - Electric power transmission networks - Electric
utilities - Energy utilization - Housing - MATLAB - Photovoltaic cells - Scheduling - Solar energy
Uncontrolled terms: Bi-directional power flows - Demand sectors - Energy consumption levels - Grid-connected -
Grid-connected photovoltaic system - Optimal scheduling - South African government - Time of used
Classification Code: 403.1 Urban Planning and DevelopmentUrban Planning and Development - 525.3 Energy
UtilizationEnergy Utilization - 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 706 Electric
Transmission and DistributionElectric Transmission and Distribution - 912.2 ManagementManagement - 921
Database: Compendex
59. A review of photovoltaic water pumping system designing methods, control strategies
and field performance
Muhsen, Dhiaa Halboot (1, 2); Khatib, Tamer (3); Nagi, Farrukh (4)
Source: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 68, p 70-86, February 1, 2017; ISSN: 13640321, E-ISSN:
Author affiliation: (1) Department of EC Engineering, University of Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia (2) Department of
Computer and Software Engineering, University of Al, Mustansiriyah, Iraq (3) Department of Energy Engineering and
Environment, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine (4) Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia
Abstract: Photovoltaic water pumping system (PVPS) is an important and promising application of solar energy
systems especially in remote areas. In this review paper, research work on PVPS modeling, reliability, feasibility, field
performance, design procedures and control strategies is analyzed and reported. In addition, technical challenges
to this science are concluded in this review. According to the results, the numerical method is recommended for
sizing PVPS. In the meanwhile, incremental conductance and artificial intelligent (AI) based maximum power point
tracking algorithms are the most recommended control strategies for PVPS. On the other hand, According to reported
PVPS performance, the average overall system's efficiency is about 3.4% with average annual productivity rate of
6580.611 m3/kWp. In general PVPS have a number of challenges related to design procedure, modeling method,
control strategy, availability of data and site obstacles such as shadow effects. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd (161 refs)
Main heading: Maximum power point trackers
Controlled terms: Artificial intelligence - Design - Numerical methods - Photovoltaic cells - Pumping plants - Pumps -
Solar energy - Solar power generation
Uncontrolled terms: Artificial intelligent - Field performance - Incremental conductance - Load matching - Maximum
Power Point Tracking algorithms - Photovoltaic systems - Photovoltaic water pumping - Water pumping systems
Classification Code: 446 WaterworksWaterworks - 615.2 Solar PowerSolar Power - 618.2 PumpsPumps - 657.1
Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 704.2 Electric EquipmentElectric Equipment - 723.4
Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods
Database: Compendex

60. The influence of output variability from renewable electricity generation on net energy
calculations
Kunz, Hannes (1); Hagens, Nathan John (2); Balogh, Stephen B. (3)
Source: Energies, v 7, n 1, p 150-172, January 2014; E-ISSN: 19961073; DOI: 10.3390/en7010150; Publisher: MDPI
AG
Author affiliation: (1) Institute for Integrated Economic Research, P.O. Box 506, Meilen CH-8706, Switzerland
(2) Institute for Integrated Economic Research, P.O. Box 44, Bay City, WI 54723, United States (3) College of
Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 301 Illick Hall, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY
Abstract: One key approach to analyzing the feasibility of energy extraction and generation technologies is to
understand the net energy they contribute to society. These analyses most commonly focus on a simple comparison of
a source's expected energy outputs to the required energy inputs, measured in the form of energy return on investment
(EROI). What is not typically factored into net energy analysis is the influence of output variability. This omission
ignores a key attribute of biological organisms and societies alike: the preference for stable returns with low dispersion
versus equivalent returns that are intermittent or variable. This biologic predilection for stability, observed and refined in
academic financial literature, has a direct relationship to many new energy technologies whose outputs are much more
variable than traditional energy sources. We investigate the impact of variability on net energy metrics and develop
a theoretical framework to evaluate energy systems based on existing financial and biological risk models. We then
illustrate the impact of variability on nominal energy return using representative technologies in electricity generation,
with a more detailed analysis on wind power, where intermittence and stochastic availability of hard-to-store electricity
will be factored into theoretical returns. © 2014 by the authors. (47 refs)
Main heading: Investments
Controlled terms: Electric power generation - Electricity - Risk assessment - Risks - Stochastic systems - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Energy return on investments - EROI - Expected energy outputs - Generation technologies - Net
energy - New energy technologies - Renewable energies - Variability
Classification Code: 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) -
701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and PhenomenaElectricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 914.1 Accidents and
Accident PreventionAccidents and Accident Prevention - 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science
Database: Compendex
61. Design and Implementation of an Amorphous High-Frequency Transformer Coupling

Multiple Converters in a Smart Microgrid
Jafari, M. (1); Malekjamshidi, Z. (1); Gang Lei (1); Tianshi Wang (1); Platt, G. (2); Jianguo Zhu (1)
Source: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, v 64, n 2, p 1028-37, Feb. 2017; ISSN: 0278-0046; DOI:
10.1109/TIE.2016.2583401; Publisher: IEEE, USA
Author affiliation: (1) Sch. of Electr., Univ. of Technol. Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (2) Commonwealth Sci. &
Ind. Res. Organ., Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Abstract: Recent improvements in magnetic material characteristics and switching devices have generated a
possibility to replace the electrical buses with high-frequency magnetic links in microgrids. Multiwinding transformers
(MWTs) as magnetic links can effectively reduce the number of conversion stages of renewable energy system
by adjusting turn ratio of windings according to the source voltage level. Other advantages are galvanic isolation,
bidirectional power flow capability, and simultaneous power transfer between multiple ports. Despite the benefits,
design, and characterization of MWTs are relatively complex due to their structural complexity and cross-coupling
effects. This paper presents all stages of numerical design, prototyping, and characterization of an MWT for microgrid
application. To design the transformer for certain value of parameters, the reluctance network method is employed.
Due to the iterative nature of transformer design, it presented less computation time and reasonable accuracy. A
prototype of designed transformer is implemented using amorphous magnetic materials. A set of experimental tests are
conducted to measure the magnetic characteristics of the core and series coupling and open-circuit tests are applied
to measure the transformer parameters. A comparison between the simulation and experimental test results under
different loads within the medium-frequency range validated both design and modeling procedures. (33 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: distributed power generation - high-frequency transformers - smart power grids
Uncontrolled terms: amorphous high-frequency transformer - smart microgrid - MWT - multiwinding transformers -
reluctance network method - amorphous magnetic materials - open-circuit tests

Classification Code: B8120K Distributed power generationDistributed power generation - B8350 Transformers and
reactorsTransformers and reactors
IPC Code: H01F27/00 - H02J3/38 - H02J13/00
Database: Inspec
62. Defining climate change scenario characteristics with a phase space of cumulative
primary energy and carbon intensity
Ritchie, Justin (1); Dowlatabadi, Hadi (1)
Source: Environmental Research Letters, v 13, n 2, February 2018; ISSN: 17489318, E-ISSN: 17489326; DOI:
10.1088/1748-9326/aaa494; Article number: 024012; Publisher: Institute of Physics Publishing
Author affiliation: (1) University of British Columbia, Institute for Resources Environment and Sustainability, 429-2202
Main Mall, Vancouver; BC; V6T 1Z4, Canada
Abstract: Climate change modeling relies on projections of future greenhouse gas emissions and other phenomena
leading to changes in planetary radiative forcing. Scenarios of socio-technical development consistent with end-of-
century forcing levels are commonly produced by integrated assessment models. However, outlooks for forcing from
fossil energy combustion can also be presented and defined in terms of two essential components: total energy use
this century and the carbon intensity of that energy. This formulation allows a phase space diagram to succinctly
describe a broad range of possible outcomes for carbon emissions from the future energy system. In the following
paper, we demonstrate this phase space method with the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) as used
in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). The resulting RCP phase
space is applied to map IPCC Working Group III (WGIII) reference case 'no policy' scenarios. Once these scenarios
are described as coordinates in the phase space, data mining techniques can readily distill their core features.
Accordingly, we conduct a k-means cluster analysis to distinguish the shared outlooks of these scenarios for oil, gas
and coal resource use. As a whole, the AR5 database depicts a transition toward re-carbonization, where a world
without climate policy inevitably leads to an energy supply with increasing carbon intensity. This orientation runs
counter to the experienced 'dynamics as usual' of gradual decarbonization, suggesting climate change targets outlined
in the Paris Accord are more readily achievable than projected to date. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by IOP
Publishing Ltd. (38 refs)
Controlled terms: Atmospheric radiation - Carbon - Carbonization - Cluster analysis - Coal combustion - Coal
deposits - Data mining - Decarbonization - Energy policy - Fossil fuels - Gas emissions - Greenhouse gases - Phase
space methods
Uncontrolled terms: Climate change scenarios - Energy transitions - Fossil fuel resources - representative
concentration pathways (RCPs) - shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs)
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 451.1 Air Pollution SourcesAir Pollution
Sources - 503 Mines and Mining, CoalMines and Mining, Coal - 521 Fuel Combustion and Flame ResearchFuel
Combustion and Flame Research - 524 Solid FuelsSolid Fuels - 525.6 Energy PolicyEnergy Policy - 723 Computer
Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing
and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image Processing - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions - 804
Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally - 921 MathematicsMathematics
Database: Compendex
63. Optimal electricity dispatch on isolated mini-grids using a demand response strategy for
thermal storage backup with genetic algorithms
Neves, D. (1); Silva, C.A. (2)
Source: Energy, v 82, p 436-45, 15 March 2015; ISSN: 0360-5442; DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.01.054; Publisher:
Author affiliation: (1) Fac. de Cienc., Univ. de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (2) Inst. Super. Tec., IN+, Univ. de Lisboa,
Lisbon, Portugal
Abstract: The present study uses the DHW (domestic hot water) electric backup from solar thermal systems to
optimize the total electricity dispatch of an isolated mini-grid. The proposed approach estimates the hourly DHW load,
and proposes and simulates different DR (demand response) strategies, from the supply side, to minimize the dispatch
costs of an energy system. The case study consists on optimizing the electricity load, in a representative day with

low solar radiation, in Corvo Island, Azores. The DHW backup is induced by three different demand patterns. The
study compares different DR strategies: backup at demand (no strategy), pre-scheduled backup using two different
imposed schedules, a strategy based on linear programming, and finally two strategies using genetic algorithms,
with different formulations for DHW backup - one that assigns number of systems and another that assigns energy
demand. It is concluded that pre-determined DR strategies may increase the generation costs, but DR strategies based
on optimization algorithms are able to decrease generation costs. In particular, linear programming is the strategy
that presents the lowest increase on dispatch costs, but the strategy based on genetic algorithms is the one that best
minimizes both daily operation costs and total energy demand, of the system. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (24 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: genetic algorithms - linear programming - power generation dispatch - power generation
economics - power grids - thermal energy storage
Uncontrolled terms: optimization algorithms - DR strategies - generation costs - genetic algorithms - linear
programming - Azores - Corvo Island - solar radiation - electricity load - demand response strategies - hourly DHW
load - electricity dispatch - solar thermal systems - domestic hot water - genetic algorithms - thermal storage backup -
demand response strategy - mini-grids isolation - optimal electricity dispatch
Classification Code: A8640F Storage in thermal energyStorage in thermal energy - B8110B Power system
management, operation and economicsPower system management, operation and economics - B0260 Optimisation
techniquesOptimisation techniques
IPC Code: F28D20/00
Database: Inspec
64. Grid-price-dependent energy management of a building supplied by a multisource

system integrated with hydrogen
Rouholamini, M. (1); Mohammadian, M. (1)
Source: International Journal of Engineering, Transactions A: Basics, v 29, n 1, p 40-48, January 2016; ISSN:
17281431; DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ije.2016.29.01a.06; Publisher: Materials and Energy Research Center
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
Abstract: This paper studies power management in a grid-tied hybrid energy system consisting of photovoltaic array,
wind turbine, fuel cell, electrolyzer, hydrogen storage tank and a combinational heating system to supply the thermal
and electrical demand of a building. Moreover, the hybrid system is capable of exchanging power with local grid.
Thus, variable daily buying and selling tariffs are also taken into account so as to cover a wide range of operational
conditions. The thermal demand is supplied by both electric heating system and the fuel cell exhaust heat. The paper
formulates the matter in the form of a nonlinear constrained optimization problem and then evaluates several well-
known heuristic optimization techniques. The performance of each of these algorithms is discussed in detail and the
elite algorithm is introduced. Furthermore, the effect of the initial charge of the hydrogen storage tank on total operation
cost and also charge remained are fully discussed. In order to fulfill this intention, a novel criterion is presented to
determine the optimal initial charge. The validation of the results will be implemented based on simulations. (20 refs)
Main heading: Energy management systems
Controlled terms: Constrained optimization - Electric power measurement - Electric power transmission networks
- Electrolytic cells - Fuel cells - Heating equipment - Hybrid systems - Hydrogen storage - Photovoltaic cells - Power
management - Tanks (containers) - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: Electric heating systems - Electrolyzers - Heuristic optimization technique - Hydrogen storage
tank - Nonlinear constrained optimization problems - Operational conditions - Photovoltaic arrays - Search Algorithms
Classification Code: 522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels - 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization - 615.8 Wind Power
(Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 619.2 TanksTanks - 702.2 Fuel
CellsFuel Cells - 706 Electric Transmission and DistributionElectric Transmission and Distribution - 706.1.1 Electric
Power TransmissionElectric Power Transmission - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 942.2 Electric Variables
MeasurementsElectric Variables Measurements - 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science
Database: Compendex
65. Optimal electricity dispatch on isolated mini-grids using a demand response strategy for
thermal storage backup with genetic algorithms
Neves, Diana (1); Silva, Carlos A. (2)

Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) SESUL, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal (2) WS Energia Chair, IN+,
Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
Abstract: The present study uses the DHW (domestic hot water) electric backup from solar thermal systems to
optimize the total electricity dispatch of an isolated mini-grid. The proposed approach estimates the hourly DHW load,
and proposes and simulates different DR (demand response) strategies, from the supply side, to minimize the dispatch
costs of an energy system. The case study consists on optimizing the electricity load, in a representative day with
low solar radiation, in Corvo Island, Azores. The DHW backup is induced by three different demand patterns. The
study compares different DR strategies: backup at demand (no strategy), pre-scheduled backup using two different
imposed schedules, a strategy based on linear programming, and finally two strategies using genetic algorithms,
with different formulations for DHW backup - one that assigns number of systems and another that assigns energy
demand. It is concluded that pre-determined DR strategies may increase the generation costs, but DR strategies based
on optimization algorithms are able to decrease generation costs. In particular, linear programming is the strategy
that presents the lowest increase on dispatch costs, but the strategy based on genetic algorithms is the one that best
minimizes both daily operation costs and total energy demand, of the system. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. (24 refs)
Controlled terms: Cost benefit analysis - Costs - Electric power transmission networks - Energy management -
Genetic algorithms - Heat storage - Hot water distribution systems - Linear programming - Water
Uncontrolled terms: Demand response - Domestic hot water - DR (demand response) - Electricity load - Optimization
algorithms - Renewable energies - Solar thermal systems - Thermal storage
Classification Code: 525 Energy Management and ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 706.1.1
Electric Power TransmissionElectric Power Transmission - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost
and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics
Database: Compendex
66. Medium and long-term perspectives of international bioenergy trade

Kranzl, Lukas (1); Daioglou, Vassilis (2); Faaij, Andre (2); Junginger, Martin (2); Keramidas, Kimon (3); Matzenberger,
Julian (1); Tromborg, Erik (4)
Source: Lecture Notes in Energy, v 17, n 1, p 173-189, 2014; ISSN: 21951284, E-ISSN: 21951292; DOI:
10.1007/978-94-007-6982-3_8; Publisher: Springer Verlag
Author affiliation: (1) Institute of Energy Systems and Electrical Drives, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna,
Austria (2) Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands (3) Enerdata, Paris, France (4) Department of
Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
Abstract: In the coming decades, huge challenges in the global energy system are expected. Scenarios indicate that
bioenergy will play a substantial role in this process. However, up to now there is very limited insight regarding the
implication this may have on bioenergy trade in the long term. The objectives of this chapter are: (1) to assess how
bioenergy trade is included in different energy sector models and (2) to discuss the implications and perspectives
of bioenergy trade in different energy scenarios. We grouped scenarios from the models IMAGE/TIMER, POLES
and GFPM according to their policy targets and increase of bioenergy use in "ambitious" and "moderate" bioenergy
scenarios and compared results regarding bioenergy trade for solid and liquid biomass. Trade balances for various
world regions vary significantly in the different models and scenarios. Nevertheless, a few robust trends and results can
be derived up to the year 2050: Russia and former USSR countries could turn into strong biomass exporting countries.
Moreover, Canada, South-America, Central and Rest-Africa as well as Oceania could cover another substantial part
of the bioenergy supply. As importing countries, India, Western Europe and China might play a key role. The results
show (1) the high relevance of the topic, (2) the high uncertainties, (3) the need to better integrate social, ecological,
economic and logistical barriers and restrictions into the models and (4) the need to better understand the potential role
of bioenergy trade for a sustainable, low-carbon future energy system. © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
2014. (28 refs)
Main heading: Biomass
Controlled terms: Commerce
Uncontrolled terms: Bioenergy supplies - Energy scenarios - Energy sector - Long-term perspective - Low-carbon
futures - South America - Trade balance - Western Europe
Classification Code: 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally
Database: Compendex

67. American's Energy Future: An Analysis of the Proposed Energy Policy Plans in
Presidential Election
Ming-Hsun Cheng (1); Minliang Yang (1); Yu Wang (2)
Source: Energies, v 9, n 12, p 1000 (17 pp.), Dec. 2016; ISSN: 1996-1073; DOI: 10.3390/en9121000; Publisher:
MDPI AG, Switzerland
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Agric. & Biosyst. Eng., Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, United States (2) Dept. of Political
Sci., Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, United States
Abstract: As the leader of the largest economy, President of the United States has substantive influence on
addressing climate change problems. However, a presidential election is often dominated by issues other than
energy problems. This paper focuses on the 2016 presidential election, and examines the energy plans proposed
by the leading Democrat and Republican candidates. Our data from the Iowa caucus survey in January 2016
suggests that voters were more concerned about terrorism and economic issues than environmental issues. We then
compare the Democratic and Republican candidate's view of America's energy future, and evaluate their proposed
renewable energy targets. We find that the view on renewable energy is polarized between Democratic and Republican
candidates, while candidates from both parties agree on the need for energy efficiency. Results from our ordinal least
squares regression models suggests that Democratic candidates have moderate to ambitious goals for developing
solar and other renewables. The Republican candidates favor fossil fuels and they choose not to provide any specific
target for developing renewable energy. In addition, this trend of party polarization has grown more significant when
compared with the past three presidential elections. Our observation suggests that energy policies need to be
discussed more often regarding the diversification and decarbonization of the nation's energy system. (50 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: energy conservation - government policies - least squares approximations - regression
analysis - renewable energy sources
Uncontrolled terms: energy system - decarbonization - energy policies - party polarization - fossil fuels - ordinal least
squares regression models - energy efficiency - Republican candidates - Democratic candidates - renewable energy
targets - energy future - economic issues - terrorism issues - Iowa caucus survey - energy plans - presidential election -
climate change problems
Classification Code: A8620 Energy utilisationEnergy utilisation - A0250 Probability theory, stochastic processes,
and statisticsProbability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics - A0260 Numerical approximation and
analysisNumerical approximation and analysis - A8610 Energy resources and fuelsEnergy resources and fuels -
A8605 Energy and environmental policy, economics and legislationEnergy and environmental policy, economics and
legislation
Treatment: Bibliography (BIB) - Practical (PRA) - Theoretical or Mathematical (THR) - Experimental (EXP)
Database: Inspec
68. A Unified Approach to the Sizing and Control of Energy Storage Systems
Sudha, Gayathri Nair (1); Senroy, Nilanjan (1)
Source: Electric Power Components and Systems, v 45, n 7, p 693-704, April 21, 2017; ISSN: 15325008, E-ISSN:
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
Abstract: Grid operation and planning challenges arising out of large-scale integration of renewable power can to a
large extent be solved by the use of energy storage systems (ESSs). The type and size of storage to be used may be
decided by the amount of fluctuating power the storage charges or discharges to attain its objective. Storage systems
can be used as single devices or as hybrid systems where two or more devices complement the working of each other.
The objective of this paper is to find an accurate power and energy sizing methodology for storage devices working
in a single or hybrid arrangement such that the power fed to the grid from a wind turbine generator is regulated to a
constant value. A strategy for sizing of a hybrid ESS is proposed by choosing the long-term storage to be a battery
energy system and the short-term device to be a flywheel and using frequency analysis techniques. In the case of
flywheel energy storage system, the inertia and the gain of an integral controller applied to an induction-machine-based
flywheel are obtained. The simulations are done in MATLAB. © 2017, Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. (33
refs)
Main heading: Electric power transmission networks
Controlled terms: Energy storage - Flywheels - Hybrid systems - MATLAB - Structural analysis - Turbogenerators -
Virtual storage - Wheels - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: Control of energies - Energy storage systems - Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) - Flywheel
energy storage system - frequency-based analysis - Induction machines - Integral controllers - power and energy sizing
Database: Compendex


69. Seabed characterization for the development of marine renewable energy on the Pacific
margin of Canada
Barrie, J. Vaughn; Conway, Kim W.
Editors: Barrie, J. Vaughn; Todd, Brian J.; Heap, Andrew D.; Greene, H. Gary; Cotterill, Carol; Stewart, Heather;
Pearce, Bryony
Source: Continental Shelf Research, 83, 45-52, Geoscience and habitat mapping for marine renewable energy, 2014;
ISSN: 0278-4343; DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2013.10.016
Author affiliation: Geological Survey of Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada
Abstract: An inventory of Canada's marine renewable energy resources based on numerical modeling of the potential
tidal, wave and wind energy has been published that identifies areas with maximum resource potential. However,
the inventory does not consider the seabed geological conditions that will control the safe development of seabed
installations and cable corridors. The Geological Survey of Canada (Natural Resources Canada) has therefore
undertaken an assessment of seafloor geological characteristics and physical environmental parameters that will be
encountered during any extensive deployment of marine renewable energy systems for the Pacific offshore of Canada.
Here we present an overview of seabed characterization for key sites for each of the three energy types. Narrow
passages exiting the Salish Sea near the Canadian boundary with the United States and northwards out of the Strait
of Georgia provide very promising sites for tidal generation. Here, elliptical fields of very large subaqueous dunes,
from 12 to 28m in height, present a significant challenge to site development. Along the exposed continental shelf of
Vancouver Island focused wave-energy close to shore (40-60m water depth) offers significant energy potential, but any
engineering systems would have to be founded on a seafloor made up of a mobile gravel lag and an extensive boulder
pavement. A large wind farm proposed for the Pacific North Coast would be built on an extensive shallow bank that
has active sediment transport and a large field of sand ridges that have developed within a macrotidal environment.
A significant challenge is providing for a safe seafloor cable corridor of over 100 km that crosses a large subaqueous
dune field to connect to the electrical grid on the mainland. These examples show how geoscience has and will provide
critical information to project proponents and regulators for the safe development of marine renewable energy. Abstract
Copyright (2014) Elsevier, B.V.
Index terms: acoustical methods - acoustical profiles - bathymetry - bedforms - British Columbia - Canada -
continental shelf - dunes - geophysical methods - geophysical profiles - geophysical surveys - marine sediments
- North Pacific - Northwest Pacific - ocean floors - ocean waves - Pacific Ocean - sediments - submarine dunes -
surveys - tidal energy - West Pacific - Western Canada - wind energy
Uncontrolled terms: renewable energy - southwestern British Columbia
Coordinates: 480000N 540000N 1230000W 1350000W
Database: GeoRef
70. Energy storage in the energy transition context: a technology review

Gallo, A.B. (1); Simo˜es-Moreira, J.R. (1); Costa, H.K.M. (1); Santos, M.M. (1); Moutinho dos Santos, E. (1)
Source: Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 65, p 800-22, Nov. 2016; ISSN: 1364-0321; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Inst. of Energy & Environ., Univ. of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Abstract: Concerns about climate change as well as fossil fuel usage restrictions motivate the energy transition to
a sustainable energy sector requiring very high penetration level of renewable energy sources in the World energy
matrix, including those heavily hydrocarbon-based as fuel for transportation. Some of these renewable sources
have an uncontrollable output and managing the variability is challenging. The current upward trend in renewables
participation will demand even more flexibility from the energy systems. Among several options for increasing flexibility,
energy storage (ES) is a promising one considering the variability of many renewable sources. The purpose of this
study is to present a comprehensive updated review of ES technologies, briefly address their applications and discuss
the barriers to ES deployment. Methodology involves the description and the analysis of ES many existing and
developing technologies. ES applications are discussed briefly using logistic and parametric classification logics. As
result of this study, it will be pointed out that no ES technology outstands simultaneously in all technical characteristics
and consequently, selection should be driven on a case base analysis. Economic feasibility of ES business models and
establishment of a well-suited regulatory environment are major issues to unlock ES deployment. Regarding energy
transition, Power-to-Gas, Power-to-Liquids and Solar-to-Fuel technologies are very promising and further studies

about these technologies are required to better understand their possibilities and how to overcome the barriers to their
practical usage. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (201 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: energy storage - logistics - renewable energy sources - sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms: energy storage - energy transition context - climate change - fossil fuel usage restriction -
sustainable energy sector - renewable energy source - world energy matrix - ES - logistic - parametric classification
logic - power-to-gas technology - power-to-liquid technology - solar-to-fuel technology
Classification Code: A8610 Energy resources and fuelsEnergy resources and fuels - A8640 Energy storageEnergy
storage - B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy resources - B8470 Other energy storageOther energy storage
IPC Code: H02J15/00
Database: Inspec
71. Simplified Method of Optimal Sizing of a Renewable Energy Hybrid System for Schools
Jiyeon Kim (1); Eui-Jong Kim (2)
Source: Sustainability, v 8, n 11, p 1134 (16 pp.), Nov. 2016; ISSN: 2071-1050; DOI: 10.3390/su8111134; Publisher:
Author affiliation: (1) Green Building Center, Korea Appraisal Board, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (2) Dept. of Archit.
Eng., Inha Univ., Incheon, Korea, Republic of
Abstract: Schools are a suitable public building for renewable energy systems. Renewable energy hybrid systems
(REHSs) have recently been introduced in schools following a new national regulation that mandates renewable
energy utilization. An REHS combines the common renewable-energy sources such as geothermal heat pumps,
solar collectors for water heating, and photovoltaic systems with conventional energy systems (i.e., boilers and air-
source heat pumps). Optimal design of an REHS by adequate sizing is not a trivial task because it usually requires
intensive work including detailed simulation and demand/supply analysis. This type of simulation-based approach
for optimization is difficult to implement in practice. To address this, this paper proposes simplified sizing equations
for renewable-energy systems of REHSs. A conventional optimization process is used to calculate the optimal
combinations of an REHS for cases of different numbers of classrooms and budgets. On the basis of the results,
simplified sizing equations that use only the number of classrooms as the input are proposed by regression analysis. A
verification test was carried out using an initial conventional optimization process. The results show that the simplified
sizing equations predict similar sizing results to the initial process, consequently showing similar capital costs within a
2% error. (24 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: buildings (structures) - hybrid power systems - optimisation - regression analysis -
renewable energy sources - supply and demand
Uncontrolled terms: Schools - public building - renewable energy hybrid system - REHS optimal sizing - renewable
energy utilization - demand-supply analysis - optimization process - regression analysis
Classification Code: B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy resources - B0240Z Other topics in statisticsOther topics in
statistics - B0260 Optimisation techniquesOptimisation techniques
Database: Inspec
72. Pathways to deep decarbonization in the United States

Torn, Margaret S.; Williams, Jim
Source: American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, 2015, AGU 2015 fall meeting, 2015; Conference: American
Geophysical Union 2015 fall meeting, 12/14/2015
Author affiliation: Energy + Environmental Economics, San Francisco, CA, United States
Abstract: Limiting anthropogenic warming to less than 2 degrees C will require a reduction in global net greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions on the order of 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. Thus, there is a growing need to understand
what would be required to achieve deep decarbonization (DD) in different economies. We examined the technical and
economic feasibility of such a transition in the United States, evaluating the infrastructure and technology changes
required to reduce U.S. GHG emissions in 2050 by 80% below 1990 levels. Using the PATHWAYS and GCAM
models, we found that this level of decarbonization in the U.S. can be accomplished with existing commercial or near-
commercial technologies, while providing the same level of energy services and economic growth as a reference case
based on the U.S. DOE Annual Energy Outlook. Reductions are achieved through high levels of energy efficiency,
decarbonization of electric generation, electrification of most end uses, and switching the remaining end uses to

lower carbon fuels. Incremental energy system cost would be equivalent to roughly 1% of gross domestic product, not
including potential non-energy benefits such as avoided human and infrastructure costs of climate change. Starting
now on the deep decarbonization path would allow infrastructure stock turnover to follow natural replacement rates,
which reduces costs, eases demand on manufacturing, and allows gradual consumer adoption. Energy system
changes must be accompanied by reductions in non-energy and non-CO (sub 2) GHG emissions.
Database: GeoRef
73. Qualitative cost-conscious control of combined energy sources in a residential building

Taebnia, Mehdi (1); Pakanen, Jouko (1)
Source: Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, v 10, n 2, March 1, 2018; E-ISSN: 19417012; DOI:
10.1063/1.5001923; Article number: 024102; Publisher: American Institute of Physics Inc.
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo; FI-00076,
Finland
Abstract: Nowadays, heating power for buildings is often produced by on-site renewable energy sources. However,
such sources typically cover only part of the energy demand of the building. Thus, electricity supply from the grid
is necessary although it is usually the only necessary external energy source. Cost-effective utilization of electricity
requires not only reduction in the share of electricity from the grid but also comprehensive control of all on-site energy
systems. In this paper, such a control method is presented. The control procedure takes into consideration fluctuations
in the price of electricity, environmental conditions, the thermal mass of the building, and energy storage. The study
aims to reduce energy costs by flattening the electricity load's profile and switching the energy systems on and off at
predetermined times according to a qualitative control procedure. Thermal and electricity loads are either forwarded
or delayed in response to variations in the electricity price but maintain a comfortable indoor temperature. The control
method is verified in a simulated residential building using weather data from Helsinki, Finland. The building includes
a geothermal heat pump, a solar collector, and an electric heater as energy sources and a hot water tank for thermal
storage. The main thermal loads consist of space heating and domestic hot water. The results of a full-year simulation
are compared with those of a conventional method with no price-responsive features. The results indicate that load
shifting is successful, especially during the cold season. The control method adapts correctly to large and abrupt
scheduled loads. Although this method reduces electricity consumption by only 2%, the yearly cost of electricity is
decreased by 11.6%. © 2018 Author(s). (29 refs)
Controlled terms: Cost effectiveness - Cost reduction - Digital storage - Electric energy storage - Energy policy
- Geothermal energy - Geothermal heat pumps - Heat storage - Hot water distribution systems - Housing - Space
heating - Water - Water tanks
Uncontrolled terms: Comprehensive controls - Conventional methods - Cost of electricity - Electricity-consumption -
Environmental conditions - External energy sources - Renewable energy source - Residential building
Classification Code: 403.1 Urban Planning and DevelopmentUrban Planning and Development - 446.1 Water
Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems - 481.3.1 Geothermal PhenomenaGeothermal Phenomena - 525.6 Energy
PolicyEnergy Policy - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and ComponentsHeat Exchange Equipment and Components
- 643.1 Space HeatingSpace Heating - 706.1.1 Electric Power TransmissionElectric Power Transmission - 722.1 Data
Storage, Equipment and TechniquesData Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial
Economics
Database: Compendex
74. The assessment technology of energy critical infrastructure

Augutis, Juozas (1, 2); Jokas, Benas (1, 2); Kriktolaitis, Riardas (1, 2); Urbonas, Rolandas (1)
Author affiliation: (1) Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos str. 3, Kaunas; LT-44403, Lithuania (2) Vytautas Magnus
University, Vileikos str. 8, Kaunas; LT-44404, Lithuania
Abstract: In order to keep state's economical development and national security, it is necessary to secure integrity and
functionality of energy infrastructure.Developed new criticality assessment method for the critical energy infrastructures
is applicable to the assessment of mixed energy system infrastructures, taking into account functional relations
between infrastructures and their elements. Component criticality assessment of critical energy infrastructures is
performed taking into account the entire energy sector operation. Such assessment enables better quantitatively

defining criticality of these components in terms of final energy consumers. The optimization methods were used
to simulate a real system (to implement allocation of demands of district heating and electricity for generation
technologies). © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. (25 refs)
Main heading: Critical infrastructures
Controlled terms: Criticality (nuclear fission) - National security - Optimization - Public works
Uncontrolled terms: Component criticality - Criticality assessment - Economical development - Electricity system -
Functional relation - Generation technologies - Heat systems - Network systems
Classification Code: 403 Urban and Regional Planning and DevelopmentUrban and Regional Planning and
Development - 404.1 Military EngineeringMilitary Engineering - 621 Nuclear ReactorsNuclear Reactors - 921.5
Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
Database: Compendex
75. Impacts of valuing resilience on cost-optimal PV and storage systems for commercial
buildings
Laws, Nicholas D. (1); Anderson, Kate (1); DiOrio, Nicholas A. (1); Li, Xiangkun (1); McLaren, Joyce (1)
Source: Renewable Energy, v 127, p 896-909, November 2018; ISSN: 09601481, E-ISSN: 18790682; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden; CO; 80401,
United States
Abstract: Decreasing electric grid reliability in the US, along with increasing severe weather events, have greatly
increased interest in resilient energy systems. Few studies have included the value of resilience when sizing PV and
Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), and none have included the cost to island a PV and BESS, grid-connected
costs and benefits, and the value of resilience. This work presents a novel method for incorporating the value of
resilience provided by a PV and BESS into a techno-economic optimization model. Including the value of resilience
in the design of a cost-optimal PV and BESS generally increases the system capacities, and in some cases makes a
system economical where it was not before. For example, for a large hotel in Anaheim, CA no system is economical
without resilience valued; however, with a $5317/hr value of resilience a 363 kW and 60 kWh solar and BESS provides
a net present value of $50,000. Lastly, we discuss the effect of the ”islandable premium” which must be balanced
against the benefits from serving critical loads during outages. Case studies show that the islandable premium can vary
widely, which highlights the necessity for case-by-case solutions in a rapidly developing market. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
(24 refs)
Main heading: Costs
Controlled terms: Energy storage - Office buildings
Uncontrolled terms: Battery energy storage system (BESS) - Commercial building - Developing markets - Micro grid -
Renewable energies - Resilience - Severe weather events - Value of lost load
Classification Code: 402.2 Public BuildingsPublic Buildings - 525.7 Energy StorageEnergy Storage - 911 Cost and
Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics
Database: Compendex
76. Operating performance in cooling mode of a ground source heat pump of a nearly-zero
energy building in the cold region of China
Shicong Zhang (1); Yiqiang Jiang (1); Wei Xu (2); Huai Li (2); Zhen Yu (2)
Source: Renewable Energy, v 87, p 1045-52, March 2016; ISSN: 0960-1481; DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2015.09.033;
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Building Thermal Energy Eng., Harbin Inst. of Technol., Harbin, China (2) China Acad.
of Building Res., Beijing, China
Abstract: A hybrid ground source heat pump system is utilized to meet the energy demands of the first nearly-zero
energy office building located in the cold region of China. The simulation result shows that the heating, cooling and
lighting demands of the building could be reduced to 25 kWh/m2 yr with the utilization of high-performance envelopes
and the hybrid renewable energy system. A ground loop consisting of two rectangular fields of 70 borehole heat
exchangers is utilized together with the solar energy system to meet the building's energy demand. During the system
commissioning phase, from 1 July to 15 August 2014, the inlet and outlet water temperatures of the heat pump unit
and boreholes were collected and analysed. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump unit could reach

5.0 in cooling operation strategy, which satisfies the energy reduction requirement and meets the room temperature
standard. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (27 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: buildings (structures) - energy conservation - ground source heat pumps - indoor
environment - space cooling
Uncontrolled terms: cooling mode - ground source heat pump - nearly zero energy building - China - ground loop -
borehole heat exchangers - coefficient of performance - heat pump unit - room temperature standard
Classification Code: A8620K Refrigeration and cooling (energy utilisation)Refrigeration and cooling (energy
utilisation) - A8620Q Buildings (energy utilisation)Buildings (energy utilisation) - A8630R Thermal energy conversion
(heat engines and heat pumps)Thermal energy conversion (heat engines and heat pumps) - A8610H Geothermal
energyGeothermal energy - A8670H Indoor environmentIndoor environment - E2120 Heat and thermodynamic
processes (mechanical engineering)Heat and thermodynamic processes (mechanical engineering)
IPC Code: F24D - F24F - F25B30/00 - F27D11/02
Database: Inspec
77. Break-even analysis for the storage of PV in power distribution grids

Nykamp, Stefan (1); Bakker, Vincent (2); Molderink, Albert (2); Hurink, Johann L. (2); Smit, Gerard J.M. (2)
Source: International Journal of Energy Research, v 38, n 9, p 1112-1128, July 1, 2014; ISSN: 0363907X, E-ISSN:
1099114X; DOI: 10.1002/er.3106; Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) University Twente/Westnetz, Nordhorn; 0049 162 3232160, Germany (2) Faculty of Computer
Science, Mathematics and Electrical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
Abstract: The integration of renewable energy systems poses major challenges on distribution grid operators.
Because of the strong growth rates of the installation of photovoltaic (PV) and wind generators, huge needs for
reinforcements in grids are expected. Next to conventional reinforcements (with additional and/or bigger dimensioned
cables and transformers) also the introduction of decentralized storage systems seems to be promising.In this
paper, an economical approach is presented enabling the calculation of break-even points for storage systems as a
substitute to conventional grid reinforcements. The dynamic profitability calculation considers main influencing cost
drivers for both alternatives, including operational and capital expenditures. Furthermore, the calculation of benefits
of decentralized storage systems for upstream grid levels is also integrated. To enable these calculations, a storage
model is derived oriented on battery characteristics to determine main requirements of a storage system to be able
to integrate renewable energy systems. These elaborations are reflected on a real-world distribution grid faced with
reinforcement needs due to the integration of PV. For this, measured data for the PV generator are integrated as
well.The analysis reveal break-even points for the storage asset ranging between 100 and 500 € per kWh of installed
capacity, depending on the lifetime of the storage asset and the costs for the substitute. Furthermore, main influencing
parameters are evaluated using a sensitivity analysis. It is shown that the profitability can be increased significantly
if not all peaks of PV generation need to be stored. Furthermore, the analysis of the operation for 1year indicates
that a combined operation of the storage asset (not only oriented on grid objectives such as peak shaving, but
considering also the objectives of further stakeholders such as energy traders) seems to be reasonable for increasing
the profitability and incentivizing a larger market penetration of storage assets. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (54
refs)
Main heading: Digital storage
Controlled terms: Commerce - Cost accounting - Cost benefit analysis - Economic and social effects - Industrial
management - Photovoltaic cells - Profitability - Reinforcement - Renewable energy resources - Sensitivity analysis
Uncontrolled terms: Battery - Break-even analysis - Capital recoveries - Distribution grid - Photovoltaic - Renewable
energy generation - Storage systems
Energy Issues - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and TechniquesData Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 911.1
Cost AccountingCost Accounting - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics - 912.2 ManagementManagement -
921 MathematicsMathematics - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
Database: Compendex
78. Assessing the impact of micro-generation technologies on local sustainability

Brandoni, Caterina (1); Arteconi, Alessia (2); Ciriachi, Giovanni (3); Polonara, Fabio (3)

Source: Energy Conversion and Management, v 87, p 1281-1290, November 2014; ISSN: 01968904; DOI: 10.1016/
j.enconman.2014.04.070; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Centre for Sustainable Technologies, School of the Built Environment, University of Ulster,
Newtownabbey, Co Antrim; BT370QB, United Kingdom (2) Università Degli Studi E-Campus, Via Isimbardi 10,
Novedrate, CO; 22060, Italy (3) Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e
Ingegneria Industriale, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona; 60131, Italy
Abstract: The work addresses the role of local energy planning for the introduction of low carbon policies to achieve
challenging climate targets. Taking as reference case an urban area that aims to become Sustainable Community,
several initiatives have been assessed. Two target years, 2020 and 2050, have been analysed with the aid of
EnergyPlan, an integrated energy system model based on the hourly energy demand and supply able to consider
constraints deriving from grid stability. The effects of climate change, defined by a regional climate model, have been
analysed in the long-term scenario. The work focuses on the impact of a high share of micro-generation technologies
for satisfying the energy demand of the building sector, following an original comprehensive approach that helps a
better understanding of the implication of such low carbon policy. Both solar devices and micro-combined heat and
power systems have been taken into account, the latter covering different technologies (i.e. internal combustion
engines, Stirling engines, microturbines and fuel cells). Results show that the use of a high share of micro-generation
technologies can help to reduce CO2emissions and enable an increase in large-scale intermittent renewable
production, only if a coordinated local energy plan combined with an optimal operation strategy is pursued. Moreover
the work outlines the importance of developing an integrated energy system for introducing such technologies that
can help to: (i) decarbonise the building sector, (ii) increase energy security and iii) postpone the investments in new
network capacity. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. (51 refs)
Main heading: Climate models
Controlled terms: Carbon - Climate change - Cogeneration plants - Electric power generation - Energy management
- Energy policy - Energy security - Fuel cells - Internal combustion engines - Investments - Stirling engines - Urban
planning
Uncontrolled terms: Energy planning - Energy scenarios - Micro-CHP - Microgeneration - Renewable sources
Classification Code: 403.1 Urban Planning and DevelopmentUrban Planning and Development - 443
MeteorologyMeteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 525 Energy Management and
ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 525.6 Energy PolicyEnergy Policy - 612.1 Internal Combustion
Engines, GeneralInternal Combustion Engines, General - 614 Steam Power PlantsSteam Power Plants - 702.2 Fuel
CellsFuel Cells - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally - 921 MathematicsMathematics
Database: Compendex
79. Evaluation of ejector performance for an organic Rankine cycle combined power and
cooling system
Kun Zhang (1); Xue Chen (2); Markides, C.N. (3); Yong Yang (2); Shengqiang Shen (2)
Source: Applied Energy, v 184, p 404-12, 15 Dec. 2016; ISSN: 0306-2619; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.10.017;
Author affiliation: (1) Sch. of Ocean & Civil Eng., Dalian Ocean Univ., Dalian, China (2) Sch. of Energy & Power Eng.,
Dalian Univ. of Technol., Dalian, China (3) Dept. of Chem. Eng., Imperial Coll. London, London, United Kingdom
Abstract: Power-generation systems based on organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) are well suited and increasingly
employed in the conversion of thermal energy from low temperature heat sources to power. These systems can
be driven by waste heat, for example from various industrial processes, as well as solar or geothermal energy. A
useful extension of such systems involves a combined ORC and ejector-refrigeration cycle (EORC) that is capable,
at low cost and complexity, of producing useful power while having a simultaneous capacity for cooling that is highly
desirable in many applications. A significant thermodynamic loss in such a combined energy system takes place in
the ejector due to unavoidable losses caused by irreversible mixing in this component. This paper focuses on the flow
and transport processes in an ejector, in order to understand and quantify the underlying reasons for these losses,
as well as their sensitivity to important design parameters and operational variables. Specifically, the study considers,
beyond variations to the geometric design of the ejector, also the role of changing the external conditions across this
component and how these affect its performance; this is not only important in helping develop ejector designs in the
first instance, but also in evaluating how the performance may shift (in fact, deteriorate) quantitatively when the device
(and wider energy system within which it functions) are operated at part load, away from their design/operating points.
An appreciation of the loss mechanisms and how these vary can be harnessed to propose new and improved designs
leading to more efficient EROC systems, which would greatly enhance this technology's economic and environmental
potential. It is found that some operating conditions, such as a high pressure of the secondary and discharge fluid,
lead to higher energy losses inside the ejector and limit the performance of the entire system. Based on the ejector

model, an optimal design featuring a smoothed nozzle edge and an improved nozzle position is found to achieve
an improved entrainment ratio, significantly better performance and reduced energy losses in the ejector. [All rights
Inspec controlled terms: cogeneration - direct energy conversion - Rankine cycle - refrigeration - waste heat
Uncontrolled terms: ejector performance - organic Rankine cycle combined power and cooling system - thermal
energy - waste heat - ejector-refrigeration cycle - thermodynamic loss - smoothed nozzle edge - nozzle position -
energy losses
Classification Code: A8630R Thermal energy conversion (heat engines and heat pumps)Thermal energy conversion
(heat engines and heat pumps) - B8230E Steam power stations and plantsSteam power stations and plants
IPC Code: F25B
Treatment: Experimental (EXP)
Database: Inspec
80. Dynamic controls on shallow clinoform geometry; Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Eidam, Emily F.; Nittrouer, Charles A.; Ogston, Andrea S.; DeMaster, David J.; Liu, J. P.; Nguyen, T. T.; Nguyen, T. N.
Editors: Ogston, Andrea S.; Allison, Mead A.; Mullarney, Julia C.; Nittrouer, Charles A.
Source: Continental Shelf Research, 147, 165-181, Sediment- and hydro-dynamics of the Mekong Delta; from tidal
river to continental shelf, 2017; ISSN: 0278-4343; DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2017.06.001
Author affiliation: University of Washington, School of Oceanography, Seattle, WA, United States
Abstract: Compound deltas, composed of a subaerial delta plain and subaqueous clinoform, are common termini of
large rivers. The transition between clinoform topset and foreset, or subaqueous rollover point, is located at 25-40-
m water depth for many large tide-dominated deltas; this depth is controlled by removal of sediment from the topset
by waves, currents, and gravity flows. However, the Mekong Delta, which has been classified as a mixed-energy
system, has a relatively shallow subaqueous rollover at 4-6-m depth. This study evaluates dynamical measurements
and seabed cores collected in Sep 2014 and Mar 2015 to understand processes of sediment transfer across the
subaqueous delta, and evaluate possible linkages to geometry. During the southwest rainy monsoon (Sep 2014), high
river discharge, landward return flow under the river plume, and regional circulation patterns facilitated limited sediment
flux to the topset and foreset, and promoted alongshore flux to the northeast. Net observed sediment fluxes in Sep
2014 were landward, however, consistent with hypotheses about seasonal storage on the topset. During the northeast
rainy monsoon, low river discharge and wind-driven currents facilitated intense landward and southwestward fluxes of
sediment. In both seasons, bed shear velocities frequently exceeded the 0.01-0.02 m/s threshold of motion for sand,
even in the absence of strong wave energy. Most sediment transport occurred at water depths 4 cm/yr at <10 m depth,
and 3-8 cm/yr at approximately 10-20 m depth) and lowest on the bottomset beds. Physically laminated sediments
transitioned into mottled sediments between the upper foreset and bottomset regions. Application of a simple wave-
stress model to the Mekong and several other clinoforms illustrates that shallow systems are not necessarily energy-
limited, and thus rollover depths cannot be predicted solely by bed-stress distributions. In systems like the subaqueous
Mekong Delta, direction of transport may have a key impact on morphology.
Index terms: acoustic Doppler current profiler data - Asia - concentration - continental margin - cores - currents
- Far East - grain size - hydrodynamics - marine sediments - marine transport - Mekong Delta - North Pacific -
Northwest Pacific - ocean circulation - ocean floors - Pacific Ocean - salinity - seasonal variations - sediment transport
- sedimentation rates - sediments - South China Sea - stream transport - suspended materials - temperature - tides -
transport - Vietnam - waves - West Pacific
Coordinates: 090000N 095000N 1065000E 1054000E
Database: GeoRef
81. Comparative risk assessment of severe accidents in the energy sector

Burgherr, Peter (1); Hirschberg, Stefan (1)
Source: Energy Policy, v 74, n S1, p S45-S56, December 1, 2014; ISSN: 03014215; DOI: 10.1016/
j.enpol.2014.01.035; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Laboratory for Energy Systems Analysis, Villigen PSI; CH-5232,
Switzerland
Abstract: Comparative assessment of accident risks in the energy sector is a key aspect in a comprehensive
evaluation of sustainability and energy security concerns. Safety performance of energy systems can have important
implications on the environmental, economic and social dimensions of sustainability as well as availability, acceptability

and accessibility aspects of energy security. Therefore, this study provides a broad comparison of energy technologies
based on the objective expression of accident risks for complete energy chains. For fossil chains and hydropower the
extensive historical experience available in PSI's Energy-related Severe Accident Database (ENSAD) is used, whereas
for nuclear a simplified probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) is applied, and evaluations of new renewables are based
on a combination of available data, modeling, and expert judgment. Generally, OECD and EU 27 countries perform
better than non-OECD. Fatality rates are lowest for Western hydropower and nuclear as well as for new renewables.
In contrast, maximum consequences can be by far highest for nuclear and hydro, intermediate for fossil, and very
small for new renewables, which are less prone to severe accidents. Centralized, low-carbon technology options could
generally contribute to achieve large reductions in CO2-emissions; however, the principal challenge for both fossil
with Carbon Capture and Storage and nuclear is public acceptance. Although, external costs of severe accidents
are significantly smaller than those caused by air pollution, accidents can have disastrous and long-term impacts.
Overall, no technology performs best or worst in all respects, thus tradeoffs and priorities are needed to balance the
conflicting objectives such as energy security, sustainability and risk aversion to support rationale decision making. ©
2014 International Atomic Energy Agency. (91 refs)
Main heading: Risk assessment
Controlled terms: Carbon capture - Chains - Decision making - Digital storage - Energy policy - Energy security -
Hydroelectric power - Nuclear reactor accidents - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms: Comparative assessment - Comparative risk assessments - Comprehensive evaluation -
Conflicting objectives - Historical experience - Low-carbon technologies - Probabilistic safety assessment - Severe
accident
Classification Code: 454 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering - 525.6 Energy PolicyEnergy Policy -
602.1 Mechanical DrivesMechanical Drives - 611.1 Hydroelectric Power PlantsHydroelectric Power Plants - 722.1 Data
Storage, Equipment and TechniquesData Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 912.2 ManagementManagement -
914.1 Accidents and Accident PreventionAccidents and Accident Prevention
Database: Compendex
82. Estimating high-resolution top of atmosphere albedo from Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer data
Wang, Dongdong (1); Liang, Shunlin (1, 2)
Source: Remote Sensing of Environment, v 178, p 93-103, June 01, 2016; ISSN: 00344257; DOI: 10.1016/
j.rse.2016.03.008; Publisher: Elsevier Inc.
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park; MD; 20742, United
States (2) State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing;
100875, China
Abstract: High spatial resolution top-of-atmosphere (TOA) albedo data is needed to study the radiative forcing of
natural or anthropogenic events at regional scales. However, existing products are typically estimated using broadband
sensors with coarse spatial resolutions. This paper presents a hybrid method to retrieve TOA albedo over land
from multispectral data collected by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) at its native spatial
resolution. The approach is based on extensive atmospheric radiative transfer (RT) simulations using representative
surface and atmospheric conditions as inputs. The clear-sky algorithm explicitly takes surface reflectance anisotropy
into account using the POLDER3/PARASOL bidirectional reflectance distribution function database as the boundary
condition of RT simulations to first generate TOA spectral albedos and then convert them to broadband albedo. In the
cloudy-sky method, surfaces are assumed to be Lambertian and surface spectra over the shortwave spectrum are
used to directly obtain TOA broadband albedo. The TOA albedo retrieved from MODIS was compared with the Clouds
and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) TOA flux products, using twelve days of global data (one day each
month) in 2007. The two data sets are in good agreement, with a root mean square difference (RMSD) of 0.036 (8.6%)
for all Terra instantaneous data and 0.039 (9.1%) for all Aqua instantaneous data. Further analysis revealed that larger
discrepancies mainly occurred at pixels of large solar or view zenith angles. RMSD between the two data sets was
reduced to ~. 0.02 when the solar zenith angles were limited to 60° and the view zenith angles were limited to 30°. ©
2016 Elsevier Inc.. (45 refs)
Main heading: Solar radiation
Controlled terms: Atmospheric radiation - Budget control - Distribution functions - Image resolution - Radiometers -
Reflection - Satellite imagery - Spectrometers
Uncontrolled terms: CERES - MODIS - Planetary albedo - Radiation budget - Radiative fluxes - TOA albedo
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 655.2 SatellitesSatellites - 657.1 Solar
Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 741.3 Optical Devices and SystemsOptical Devices and

Systems - 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory - 944.7 Radiation Measuring InstrumentsRadiation Measuring
Instruments
Database: Compendex
83. Effect of consolidation and oxide dispersoid addition on phase formation and
mechanical properties of WTi ODS alloy
Chun-Liang Chen (1); Yong Zeng (1)
Source: International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, v 60, p 11-16, Nov. 2016; ISSN: 0263-4368;
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2016.06.012; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Mater. Sci. & Eng., Nat. Dong Hwa Univ., Hualien, Taiwan
Abstract: WTi alloys are presently considered promising candidates for plasma facing components in advanced
nuclear energy systems. The mechanically alloyed WTi model alloys consolidated by different techniques were
investigated. The effect of different amounts of the dispersed oxide particles on characteristics and properties of
the WTi materials was also discussed. The results show that a homogeneous fine grain structure without formation
of Ti-rich oxides is obtained in the model alloy sintered by spark plasma sintering. The (W,Ti)C solid solution and
#"-Ti martensite phase are also found in the alloy confirmed by TEM investigation, which can be contributed to the
effect of the carbon contamination and cooling rate during the process. In this work, it is clear to demonstrate that the
presence of different carbides and Ti phases plays an important role in determining hardness and elastic modulus of
the materials. The microstructure homogeneity and mechanical properties of the alloys can be further improved by
increasing numbers of oxide dispersoids. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (25 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: crystal microstructure - elastic moduli - hardness - mechanical alloying - plasma materials
processing - sintering - solid solutions - titanium alloys - transmission electron microscopy - tungsten alloys
Uncontrolled terms: oxide dispersoid addition - phase formation - mechanical properties - mechanical alloying -
dispersed oxide particles - homogeneous fine grain structure - spark plasma sintering - solid solution - martensite
phase - TEM - cooling rate - hardness - elastic modulus - microstructure - WTi
Classification Code: A8140N Fatigue, embrittlement, and fractureFatigue, embrittlement, and fracture - A5275R
Plasma applications in manufacturing and materials processingPlasma applications in manufacturing and materials
processing - A6220D Elasticity, elastic constantsElasticity, elastic constants - A6220M Fatigue, brittleness, fracture,
and cracksFatigue, brittleness, fracture, and cracks - A6480G MicrostructureMicrostructure - A8120E Powder
techniques, compaction and sinteringPowder techniques, compaction and sintering - A8140J Elasticity and
anelasticityElasticity and anelasticity
IPC Code: C22C14/00
Database: Inspec
84. How CO (sub 2) leakage may impact the role of geologic carbon storage in climate
mitigation
Peters, C. A.; Deng, Hang; Bielicki, J. M.; Fitts, J. P.; Oppenheimer, Michael
Source: American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, 2014, AGU 2014 fall meeting, 2014; Conference: American
Geophysical Union 2014 fall meeting, 12/15/2014
Author affiliation: Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
Abstract: Among CCUS technologies (Carbon Capture Utilization and Sequestration), geological storage of CO (sub
2) has a large potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, but confidence in its deployment is often clouded by
the possibility and cost of leakage. In this study, we took the Michigan sedimentary basin as an example to investigate
the monetized risks associated with leakage, using the Risk Interference of Subsurface CO (sub 2) Storage (RISCS)
model. The model accounts for spatial heterogeneity and variability of hydraulic properties of the subsurface system
and permeability of potential leaking wells. In terms of costs, the model quantifies the financial consequences of CO
(sub 2) escaping back to the atmosphere as well as the costs incurred if CO (sub 2) or brine leaks into overlying
formations and interferes with other subsurface activities or resources. The monetized leakage risks derived from the
RISCS model were then used to modify existing cost curves by shifting them upwards and changing their curvatures.
The modified cost curves were used in the integrated assessment model--GCAM (Global Change Assessment Model),
which provides policy-relevant results to help inform the potential role of CCUS in future energy systems when carbon
mitigation targets and incentives are in place. The results showed that the extent of leakage risks has a significant
effect on the extent of CCUS deployment. Under more stringent carbon mitigation policies such as a high carbon tax,

higher leakage risks can be afforded and incorporating leakage risks will have a smaller impact on CCUS deployment.
Alternatively, if the leakage risks were accounted for by charging a fixed premium, similar to how the risk of nuclear
waste disposal is treated, the contribution of CCUS in mitigating climate change varies, depending on the value of the
premium.
Database: GeoRef
85. Consumer preferences for electricity tariffs: does proximity matter?

Kalkbrenner, B.J. (1); Yonezawa, K. (2); Roosen, J. (1)
Source: Energy Policy, v 107, p 413-24, Aug. 2017; ISSN: 0301-4215; DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2017.04.009; Publisher:
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Marketing & Consumer Res., Tech. Univ. of Munich, Munich, Germany (2) Charles H.
Dyson Sch. of Appl. Econ. & Manage., Cornell Univ., New York, NY, United States
Abstract: The introduction of renewable energy sources fosters the transformation to an energy system with
distributed generation. This alters the relation between consumers and power generation sites, as generation and
consumption spatially converge. It allows for new configurations within the energy sector and provides opportunities for
marketing regional energy. We empirically investigate consumer preferences for electricity generation in proximity to
end-users, focusing on the proximity of generation and providers, and present representative data for Germany. In a
discrete choice experiment, a sample of 780 consumer households and 173 adopters of a renewable energy system
(prosumers) chose from a range of different electricity tariffs. We estimate the willingness to pay for the following
attributes: shares of regional generation, power providers, and electricity mixes. We find evidence in favor of regional
production, but in spite of positive attitudes towards local generation from renewable sources, willingness to pay is
not responsive to higher shares of regional generation. In addition, a preference for regional providers exists. The
results show that renewable energy mixes are preferred, particularly a solar and hydro mix. Adopters state slightly
more distinct preferences as compared to consumer households. Thus, we find there is potential for business models
offering regionally generated electricity. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (115 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: consumer behaviour - distributed power generation - energy consumption - power markets -
renewable energy sources - tariffs
Uncontrolled terms: electricity tariffs - regionally generated electricity - renewable energy mixes - regional providers
- local generation - regional production - power providers - regional generation - renewable energy system - electricity
generation - consumer preferences - regional energy - energy sector - power generation sites - distributed generation -
renewable energy sources
Classification Code: B8120K Distributed power generationDistributed power generation - B8110B Power system
management, operation and economicsPower system management, operation and economics - B8210 Energy
resourcesEnergy resources
IPC Code: H02J3/38
Treatment: Bibliography (BIB) - Practical (PRA) - Theoretical or Mathematical (THR)
Database: Inspec
86. Optimisation of stand-alone hybrid CHP systems meeting electric and heating loads
Das, B.K. (1); Al-Abdeli, Y.M. (1)
Source: Energy Conversion and Management, v 153, p 391-408, 1 Dec. 2017; ISSN: 0196-8904; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Sch. of Eng., Edith Cowan Univ., Joondalup, WA, Australia
Abstract: Most research published into stand-alone energy systems, hybridised by supplementing PV with
combustion-based prime movers, considers meeting an electric load demand. This paper goes further by studying
the role of both electric and heating loads on the optimisation of hybridised stand-alone Combined Heating and
Power (CHP) systems. The role of both the load following strategy in these systems (electric only FEL, versus
electric and thermal FEL/FTL) as well as the relative magnitude of the heating load is analysed on system cost
and performance. The conceptual CHP systems modelled also consider waste system derived from either multiple
Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) or Micro Gas Turbines (MGTs). The research uses MATLAB-based Genetic
Algorithm (GA) optimisation throughout and features detailed hardware characteristics as well as temporally fluctuating
meteorological (solar irradiance, temperature) and load (electric, heating) data. The outcomes are also tested in
relation to CHP systems sized whilst optimising either single (Cost of Energy-COE, $/kW h) or multiple functions (COE
and overall system efficiency, #CHP,%). Results indicate that whilst the power management strategy used in CHP

systems (FEL or FEL/FTL) has minimal effects on the COE, it can appreciably affect other performance indicators. For
example, in CHP systems sized based on FEL/FTL, whilst COE = ~0.20 $/kW h the resulting #CHP is 66% for PV/Bat/
ICE and 44% for PV/Bat/MGT. This is compared to using a PMS of the FEL type which results in similar COE = ~0.21
$/kW h but with #CHP = 50% in PV/Bat/ICE systems and 34% in PV/Bat/MGT. In relation to overall environmental
impact expressed though Life Cycle Emission-LCE (kg CO2-eq/yr) when heating demand is around 50% of the electric
(Electric to Thermal Load Ratio = 60:40), a PMS of the FEL/FTL results in up to 30% lower LCE compared to those
with FEL in some CHP systems. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (103 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: cogeneration - gas turbines - genetic algorithms - internal combustion engines - load
management - photovoltaic power systems - power generation economics
Uncontrolled terms: heating demand - stand-alone hybrid CHP systems - stand-alone energy systems - electric load
demand - load following strategy - thermal FEL/FTL - heating load - system cost - conceptual CHP systems - waste
system - COE - system efficiency - thermal load ratio - MATLAB-based genetic algorithm optimisation - PV system -
combustion-based prime movers - hybridised stand-alone combined heating-and-power systems - multiple internal
combustion engines - micro gas turbines - ICE system - MGT - cost-of-energy - power management strategy
operation and economics - B8230F Gas-turbine power stations and plantsGas-turbine power stations and plants -
B8250 Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systemsSolar power stations and photovoltaic power systems -
B0260 Optimisation techniquesOptimisation techniques
IPC Code: F02B - F02C - F02K3/00 - H02S
Database: Inspec
87. Integration of solid oxide electrolyser, entrained gasification, and Fischer-Tropsch

process for synthetic diesel production: Thermodynamic analysis
Samavati, Mahrokh (1, 2); Martin, Andrew (2); Nemanova, Vera (2); Santarelli, Massimo (1, 2)
Source: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v 43, n 10, p 4785-4803, March 8, 2018; ISSN: 03603199; DOI:
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Energy, Polytechnic University of Turin (POLITO), Corso Duca degli Abruzzi
24, Turin; 10129, Italy (2) Department of Energy Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Brinellvägen 68,
Stockholm; SE-100 44, Sweden
Abstract: A novel integrated renewable-based energy system for production of synthetic diesel is proposed and
simulated in this study. This system merges solid oxide electrolyser (SOE), entrained gasification (EG) and Fischer-
Tropsch (FT) technologies. Two case scenarios are considered here. In the first case, the electrolyser unite produce
syngas through co-electrolysis of steam and carbon dioxide, while in the second case only steam is electrolyzed.
The effects of SOEC and EG operating pressure and temperatures on the system performance in each case are
investigated and compared. It is shown that the operating condition of electrolyser subsystem has a more considerable
effect on the performance of the integrated system as compared to the gasification subsystem. Also waste heat
recovery results in about 43 and 2 percentage point increase in energy and exergy efficiency, respectively. It is also
shown that internal recovering of oxygen has the best effect on the system performance. © 2018 Hydrogen Energy
Publications LLC (45 refs)
Main heading: Regenerative fuel cells
Controlled terms: Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Carbon monoxide - Coal liquefaction - Electrolysis - Exergy - Fischer-
Tropsch synthesis - Gasification - Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) - Synthetic fuels - Thermoanalysis - Waste heat -
Waste heat utilization
Uncontrolled terms: Electrolysers - Energy analysis - Exergy Analysis - Fischer Tropsch - Synthetic fuel productions
Database: Compendex
88. Energy storage in the energy transition context: A technology review

Gallo, A.B. (1); Simões-Moreira, J.R. (1, 2); Costa, H.K.M. (1); Santos, M.M. (1); Moutinho dos Santos, E. (1)
Source: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 65, p 800-822, November 1, 2016; ISSN: 13640321, E-ISSN:
Author affiliation: (1) Institute of Energy and Environment of the University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto,
1289, São Paulo; SP CEP; 05508-900, Brazil (2) SISEA - Alternative Energy Systems Laboratory, Mechanical

Engineering Dept., Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 2231, São Paulo; SP CEP;
05508-900, Brazil
Abstract: Concerns about climate change as well as fossil fuel usage restrictions motivate the energy transition to
a sustainable energy sector requiring very high penetration level of renewable energy sources in the World energy
matrix, including those heavily hydrocarbon-based as fuel for transportation. Some of these renewable sources
have an uncontrollable output and managing the variability is challenging. The current upward trend in renewables
participation will demand even more flexibility from the energy systems. Among several options for increasing flexibility,
energy storage (ES) is a promising one considering the variability of many renewable sources. The purpose of this
study is to present a comprehensive updated review of ES technologies, briefly address their applications and discuss
the barriers to ES deployment. Methodology involves the description and the analysis of ES many existing and
developing technologies. ES applications are discussed briefly using logistic and parametric classification logics. As
result of this study, it will be pointed out that no ES technology outstands simultaneously in all technical characteristics
and consequently, selection should be driven on a case base analysis. Economic feasibility of ES business models and
establishment of a well-suited regulatory environment are major issues to unlock ES deployment. Regarding energy
transition, Power-to-Gas, Power-to-Liquids and Solar-to-Fuel technologies are very promising and further studies
about these technologies are required to better understand their possibilities and how to overcome the barriers to their
practical usage. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd (201 refs)
Main heading: Electric energy storage
Controlled terms: Climate change - Energy conservation - Energy policy - Fossil fuels - Renewable energy resources
Uncontrolled terms: Economic feasibilities - Electricity storages - Energy transitions - Parametric classification -
Regulatory environment - Renewable energy integrations - Renewable energy source - Sustainable energy systems
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 525 Energy Management and
ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion
Database: Compendex
89. Absorption and compression heat pump systems for space heating and DHW in
European buildings: Energy, environmental and economic analysis
Scoccia, Rossano (1); Toppi, Tommaso (1); Aprile, Marcello (1); Motta, Mario (1)
Source: Journal of Building Engineering, v 16, p 94-105, March 2018; E-ISSN: 23527102; DOI: 10.1016/
j.jobe.2017.12.006; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Milano; 20156, Italy
Abstract: The selection of the proper device for space heating and domestic hot water for a building is crucial to
achieve good energy and economic performances. For a single-family house, the most common heating device is
the condensing boiler. Solar systems, electric heat pumps and gas driven sorption heat pumps represent suitable
alternatives for improving the efficiency. Although the performances of each technology are well known, their ability to
operate efficiently in bivalent heating plants depends on several variables and the choice of the most suitable heating
system for a specific building is not straight-forward. The aim of this paper is to compare, under conditions typical
of the European region, the seasonal performances of six system configurations that are obtained by combining the
most commonly used heating technologies. The comparison is carried out in terms of primary energy consumption for
three climatic conditions, changing the quality of the building envelope and the emission system typology. Although
the results are sensitive to the primary energy factor for electricity, electric heat pumps generally result the most
promising technology for conditions with low thermal lift, while gas heat pumps have the higher performances at high
lift. Additionally, the systems are compared in terms of yearly CO2emissions and economic feasibility, finding scattered
results among countries, due to large differences in the local energy mix and energy prices. © 2017 The Authors (41
refs)
Main heading: Heating
Controlled terms: Buildings - Carbon dioxide - Economic analysis - Electric heating - Energy conservation - Energy
utilization - Heat pump systems - Heating equipment - Numerical models - Space heating
Uncontrolled terms: Building heating - CO2 savings - Cost analysis - Energy systems - Heat pumps - Primary energy
savings - Seasonal performance
Classification Code: 402 Buildings and TowersBuildings and Towers - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy
Conservation - 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and ComponentsHeat
Exchange Equipment and Components - 642.1 Process HeatingProcess Heating - 643.1 Space HeatingSpace
Heating - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics - 921
Database: Compendex

90. Planning renewable energy in electric power system for sustainable development under
uncertainty - a case study of Beijing
Nie, S. (1); Huang, C.Z. (2); Huang, G.H. (3); Li, Y.P. (3); Chen, J.P. (4); Fan, Y.R. (4); Cheng, G.H. (4)
Source: Applied Energy, v 162, p 772-86, 15 Jan. 2016; ISSN: 0306-2619; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.158;
Author affiliation: (1) Fac. of Appl. Sci. & Eng., Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (2) Dept. of Civil Eng., Univ.
of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada (3) Sino-Canada Resources & Environ. Res. Acad., North China Electr.
Power Univ., Beijing, China (4) Inst. for Energy, Environ. & Sustainable Communities, Univ. of Regina, Regina, SK,
Canada
Abstract: An interval type-2 fuzzy fractional programming (IT2FFP) method is developed for planning the renewable
energy in electric power system for supporting sustainable development under uncertainty. IT2FFP can tackle output/
input ratio problems where complex uncertainties are expressed as type-2 fuzzy intervals (T2FI) with uncertain
membership functions. The IT2FFP method is then applied to planning Beijing electric power system, where issues
of renewable energy utilization, electricity supply security, and pollutant/greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions mitigation
are incorporated within the modeling formulation. The obtained results suggest that the coal-fired power would
continue to decrease and the share of renewable energy in gross electricity supply would maintain an increasing trend.
Results also reveal that imported electricity plays a significant role in the city's energy supply. A number of decision
alternatives are also analyzed based on the interval solutions as well as the projected applicable conditions, which
represent multiple options with sustainable and economic considerations. The optimal alternative that can give rise
to the desirable sustainable option under the maximization of the share of renewable power generation has been
suggested. The findings can help decision makers identify desired alternatives for managing such a mixed energy
system in association with sustainable development. Compared with the conventional optimization methods that
optimize single criterion, it is proved that IT2FFP is advantageous in balancing conflicting objectives and reflecting
complicated relationships among multiple system factors as well as in tackling various subjective judgments of decision
makers with different interests and preferences. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (41 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution control - decision making - electricity supply industry - mathematical
programming - power generation planning - power system security - renewable energy sources - sustainable
development
Uncontrolled terms: renewable energy planning - sustainable development - interval type-2 fuzzy fractional
programming method - IT2FFP method - type-2 fuzzy intervals - T2FI - membership functions - Beijing electric power
system - renewable energy utilization - electricity supply security - pollutant-greenhouse gas emissions mitigation -
gross electricity supply - energy supply - sustainable considerations - economic considerations - renewable power
generation - decision makers - mixed energy system - multiple system factors
Classification Code: A8660 Requirement for energy: ecological aspectsRequirement for energy: ecological
aspects - B8110D Power system planning and layoutPower system planning and layout - B8110B Power system
management, operation and economicsPower system management, operation and economics - B7720 Pollution
detection and controlPollution detection and control - B0260 Optimisation techniquesOptimisation techniques - B0170Q
Environmental factorsEnvironmental factors - B8140 Power system protectionPower system protection
Database: Inspec
91. The optimal share of wave power in a highly renewable power system on the Iberian
Peninsula
Kies, Alexander (1, 2); Schyska, Bruno U. (1, 2); von Bremen, Lueder (1, 2)
Source: Energy Reports, v 2, p 221-228, November 1, 2016; E-ISSN: 23524847; DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2016.09.002;
Author affiliation: (1) ForWind - Center for Wind Energy Research, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114, Oldenburg; 26129,
Germany (2) Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 126, Oldenburg; 26129, Germany
Abstract: In a highly renewable future pan-European power system, wave power might complement the renewable
generation mix in a beneficial way. The potential of wave energy is estimated to be highest at Western European
coastlines. Thus, the Iberian Peninsula is characterized by high wind, photovoltaic and wave resources. Five years of
data on generation and load were used to identify the optimal share of wave power in a fully renewable power system
on the Iberian Peninsula. This optimal share is defined by the minimization of needed backup energy from dispatchable
sources in the system. First, the properties of the mix are investigated for the case of an isolated Iberian power system.

Second, the mix is investigated when the Iberian Peninsula is connected to a fully renewable pan-European power
system. The optimal share of wave power on the isolated Iberian Peninsula with respect to the need for additional
backup is found to be 25% (wind 52%, photovoltaics 23%). This optimum does not change significantly, if hydro power
is added to the generation mix. If compared to a system without wave power, the benefit from wave power equals an
reduction of 6–8% of the backup energy need. For a fully connected European power system, the optimal mix on the
Iberian Peninsula is determined to be 21% wave, 4% PV and 75% wind. © 2016 The Authors (43 refs)
Main heading: Wave energy conversion
Controlled terms: Wave power
Uncontrolled terms: Energy modelling - Pelamis - Power System - Renewable energies - Renewable energy systems
- Wave energy
Classification Code: 615.6 Wave EnergyWave Energy
Database: Compendex
92. Transients in ultra-high-speed generators of micro-sized gas turbines

Ismagilov, Flur R. (1); Vavilov, Vyacheslav E. (1); Yamalov, Ilnar I. (1); Ayguzina, Valentina V. (1)
Source: Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, v 59, p 123-133, 2017; ISSN: 19378726, E-ISSN: 10988963;
Publisher: Electromagnetics Academy
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electromechanics, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 12 K. Marx Street,
Ufa; 450008, Russia
Abstract: The article presents a research of the effect of different types of short circuits (SC) on the performance
of the gas turbine and ultra-high-speed microgenerator (MG) in a wide rotational speed range (from 200,000 rpm to
1,000,000 rpm) at a power from 10W to 1 kW. The studies are carried out on a specific two-pole 100W 500,000 rpm
microgenerator with permanent magnets with a toroidal winding. The research is carried out by finite element method
using Ansys Maxwell software. Numerical study by the finite element method is performed at the rated operation mode
and various types of short circuits: single-phase, two-phase, three-phase circuits coil inside MG. By the results of
these studies, we estimate a negative impact of different types of faults on the parameters of MG and the mechanical
characteristics of the gas turbine. Also various options MG with SC for various types of bearings were considered.
Then, using the full-sized 100W sample we carried out experimental studies of the MG operation in nominal operation
mode at the 500,000 rpm. That allows to verify the developed computer model and confirm the results of our practice
research. The obtained results can be used in the aerospace industry for design the high reliability complexes such
as new energy systems for satellite power supply, unmanned aerial vehicles and microturbines. In addition, it can be
used to design the ultra-high-voltage electric machines with a high fault tolerance for the compressor plants, air supply
systems of hydrogen fuel cells, new medical tools and machine tools. © 2017, Electromagnetics Academy. All rights
reserved. (23 refs)
Main heading: Finite element method
Controlled terms: Aerospace industry - Electric generators - Electric network analysis - Electric power systems -
Electric tools - Electric windings - Fault tolerance - Fuel cells - Gas turbines - Machine tools - Numerical methods
Uncontrolled terms: Compressor plants - Computer modeling - High fault tolerances - Mechanical characteristics -
Nominal operations - Practice researches - Three phase circuits - Ultra high voltage
Classification Code: 603.1 Machine Tools, GeneralMachine Tools, General - 612.3 Gas Turbines and EnginesGas
Turbines and Engines - 702.2 Fuel CellsFuel Cells - 703.1.1 Electric Network AnalysisElectric Network Analysis -
704.2 Electric EquipmentElectric Equipment - 705.2 Electric GeneratorsElectric Generators - 706.1 Electric Power
SystemsElectric Power Systems - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods
Database: Compendex
93. A cost optimized fully sustainable power system for Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rim
Gulagi, Ashish (1); Bogdanov, Dmitrii (1); Breyer, Christian (1)
Source: Energies, v 10, n 5, May 2017; E-ISSN: 19961073; DOI: 10.3390/en10050583; Article number: 583;
Publisher: MDPI AG
Author affiliation: (1) School of Energy Systems, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Skinnarilankatu 34,
Lappeenranta; 53850, Finland
Abstract: In this paper, a cost optimal 100% renewable energy based system is obtained for Southeast Asia and the
Pacific Rim region for the year 2030 on an hourly resolution for the whole year. For the optimization, the region was
divided into 15 sub-regions and three different scenarios were set up based on the level of high voltage direct current

grid connections. The results obtained for a total system levelized cost of electricity showed a decrease from 66.7 €/
MWh in a decentralized scenario to 63.5 €/MWh for a centralized grid connected scenario. An integrated scenario
was simulated to show the benefit of integrating additional demand of industrial gas and desalinated water which
provided the system the required flexibility and increased the efficiency of the usage of storage technologies. This was
reflected in the decrease of system cost by 9.5% and the total electricity generation by 5.1%. According to the results,
grid integration on a larger scale decreases the total system cost and levelized cost of electricity by reducing the need
for storage technologies due to seasonal variations in weather and demand profiles. The intermittency of renewable
technologies can be effectively stabilized to satisfy hourly demand at a low cost level. A 100% renewable energy based
system could be a reality economically and technically in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rim with the cost assumptions
used in this research and it may be more cost competitive than the nuclear and fossil carbon capture and storage
(CCS) alternatives. © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. (79 refs)
Main heading: Costs
Controlled terms: Carbon - Carbon capture - DC power transmission - Economics - Electric power transmission
networks - Energy storage - HVDC power transmission - Renewable energy resources - Water filtration
Uncontrolled terms: Australia - Energy system optimizations - Grid integration - Renewable energies - Southeast Asia
Classification Code: 445.1 Water Treatment TechniquesWater Treatment Techniques - 454 Environmental
EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy IssuesEnergy Resources
and Renewable Energy Issues - 525.7 Energy StorageEnergy Storage - 706.1.1 Electric Power TransmissionElectric
Power Transmission - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally - 911 Cost and Value
Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 971 Social SciencesSocial
Sciences
Database: Compendex
94. The impact of increased stability and efficiency through automatic control system for a
steam power plant
Ion Marian, P. (1)
Source: Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Technical Series, v 67, n 1, p 80-5, Sept. 2015; ISSN: 1583-7149; DOI:
10.1515/aucts-2015-0068; Publisher: De Gruyter Open, Romania
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Autom. & Electron., Univ. of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
Abstract: This paper shows necessity for a new dynamic evolution of a energy group in the context of, in the energy
system, the wind and photovoltaic energy have priority. The actual automatic control systems, already implemented,
allow analysis of more than 5,000 measuring points in real time, but also very consistent evolutionary history. In
this context it is proposed and analysis solution, based on closed loop modeling, which can lead to knowledge of
this complex process. Knowing with a high degree of accuracy of this process can lead to redesigning the control
algorithms in the direction of increasing the stability and efficiency. (6 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: closed loop systems - steam power stations
Uncontrolled terms: automatic control system - steam power plant - dynamic evolution - photovoltaic energy - closed
loop modeling - increased stability
Classification Code: B8230E Steam power stations and plantsSteam power stations and plants - C3340 Control of
power systems and devicesControl of power systems and devices
Database: Inspec
95. Viewpoint: nanoscale chemistry and crystallography are both the obstacle and pathway
to advanced radiation-tolerant materials
Parish, C.M. (1); Kun Wang (1); Edmondson, P.D. (1)
Source: Scripta Materialia, v 143, p 169-75, 15 Jan. 2018; ISSN: 1359-6462; DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.05.014;
Author affiliation: (1) Nucl. Mater. Sci. & Technol. Group, Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, United States
Abstract: New candidate materials for GenIV or fusion nuclear energy systems, e.g., nanostructured ferritic alloys, are
distinguished from older-generation nuclear materials by much smaller feature sizes and complex local nanochemistry
and crystallography. Established and perspective nuclear materials, e.g. reactor pressure vessel steels or plasma-
facing tungsten, also form small nanoscale structures under in-reactor service. Here, we discuss recent advances in
materials characterization - high-efficiency X-ray mapping combined with datamining; transmission Kikuchi diffraction;

and atom probe tomography - that make it possible to quantitatively characterize these nanoscale structures in
unprecedented detail, which enables advances in understanding and modelling of radiation service and degradation.
Inspec controlled terms: atom probe field ion microscopy - crystallography - data mining - electron diffraction - fusion
reactor materials - ion beam effects - nanostructured materials - scanning-transmission electron microscopy - X-ray
chemical analysis
Uncontrolled terms: plasma-facing tungsten - reactor pressure vessel steels - complex local nanochemistry -
nanostructured ferritic alloys - nanoscale structures - atom probe tomography - transmission Kikuchi diffraction - data
mining - high-efficiency X-ray mapping - advanced radiation-tolerant materials - crystallography - nanoscale chemistry
Classification Code: A6146 Structure of solid clusters, nanoparticles, nanotubes and nanostructured
materialsStructure of solid clusters, nanoparticles, nanotubes and nanostructured materials - A6180J Ion beam
effectsIon beam effects - A8280D Electromagnetic radiation spectrometry (chemical analysis)Electromagnetic radiation
spectrometry (chemical analysis) - A2852F Fusion reactor materialsFusion reactor materials
IPC Code: B82B1/00 - G21B1/00
Treatment: General or Review (GEN)
Database: Inspec
96. Consumer preferences for electricity tariffs: Does proximity matter?

Kalkbrenner, Bernhard J. (1); Yonezawa, Koichi (2); Roosen, Jutta (1)
Source: Energy Policy, v 107, p 413-424, 2017; ISSN: 03014215; DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2017.04.009; Publisher:
Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Chair of Marketing and Consumer Research, TUM School of Management, Technical University
of Munich, Germany (2) Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, New
York, United States
Abstract: The introduction of renewable energy sources fosters the transformation to an energy system with
distributed generation. This alters the relation between consumers and power generation sites, as generation and
consumption spatially converge. It allows for new configurations within the energy sector and provides opportunities for
marketing regional energy. We empirically investigate consumer preferences for electricity generation in proximity to
end-users, focusing on the proximity of generation and providers, and present representative data for Germany. In a
discrete choice experiment, a sample of 780 consumer households and 173 adopters of a renewable energy system
(prosumers) chose from a range of different electricity tariffs. We estimate the willingness to pay for the following
attributes: shares of regional generation, power providers, and electricity mixes. We find evidence in favor of regional
production, but in spite of positive attitudes towards local generation from renewable sources, willingness to pay is
not responsive to higher shares of regional generation. In addition, a preference for regional providers exists. The
results show that renewable energy mixes are preferred, particularly a solar and hydro mix. Adopters state slightly
more distinct preferences as compared to consumer households. Thus, we find there is potential for business models
offering regionally generated electricity. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (115 refs)
Main heading: Space power generation
Controlled terms: Electric power generation - Electric power system interconnection - Energy policy - Renewable
energy resources
Uncontrolled terms: Discrete choice experiments - Distributed energies - Electricity supply - Renewable energies -
Willingness to pay
Energy Issues - 525.6 Energy PolicyEnergy Policy - 615 Thermoelectric, Magnetohydrodynamic and Other
Power GeneratorsThermoelectric, Magnetohydrodynamic and Other Power Generators - 706.1 Electric Power
SystemsElectric Power Systems
Database: Compendex
97. Systematic approach for recognizing limiting factors for growth of biomethane use in
transportation sector - A case study in Finland
Uusitalo, V. (1); Havukainen, J. (1); Soukka, R. (1); Väisänen, S. (1); Havukainen, M. (1); Luoranen, M. (1)
Source: Renewable Energy, v 80, p 479-488, August 01, 2015; ISSN: 09601481, E-ISSN: 18790682; DOI: 10.1016/

Author affiliation: (1) Lappeenranta University of Technology, Environmental Technology, P.O. Box 20,
Lappeenranta; 53851, Finland
Abstract: In this paper, limiting factors for increased use of biomethane as a transportation fuel are studied. The
aim of this research is to recognize and estimate the limiting factors for biomethane utilization in the transportation
sector. The limiting factors are studied by using calculation models from Life cycle perspective and literature reviews.
According to the results, the main limiting factors can be classified into the following categories: production potential,
technology, economy or policy. For biomethane utilization in Finland, the main limiting factors seem to be the lack
of distribution infrastructure in northern parts of the country and the uncertain economical feasibility for agricultural
biomass producers and for vehicle owners. From the political perspective, the external costs for petrol operated
vehicles are higher than for biomethane operated vehicles. Reductions from the external costs could be used by
political decisions as a base to support the growth of biomethane in the transportation sector which could lead to GHG
emission reductions. A similar systematic approach can also be used to study limiting factors for other transportation
energy systems. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. (59 refs)
Main heading: Motor transportation
Controlled terms: Costs - Emission control - Greenhouse gases - Public policy - Transportation - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms: Biomethane - Economical feasibility - Economy - External costs - Life cycle perspectives -
Limitations - Political perspective - Transportation sector
Classification Code: 451.1 Air Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control
- 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 971 Social
Database: Compendex
98. Modern Hybrid Systems for Critical Needs

Moore, Gregory J. (1); Puglia, Frank (1); Myron, Lawrence (2); Lasher, Stephen (3); Doane, Bob (3); Gnanaraj, Joe (1);
Cohen, Seth (1); Dobley, Arthur (1); Lawrence, Ryan (1); Yan, Rong (4)
Source: SAE International Journal of Aerospace, v 7, n 2, December 1, 2014; ISSN: 19463855, E-ISSN: 19463901;
DOI: 10.4271/2014-01-2204; Publisher: SAE International
Author affiliation: (1) Yardney Technical Products, Inc., United States (2) JSR Micro Inc., United States (3) eNow
Energy, United States (4) Maxwell Technologies, Inc., United States
Abstract: For 70 years Yardney has been a leader in specialty battery and energy systems for military, space,
avionics, weapon systems and undersea vehicles. In addition to battery systems, Yardney also delivers hybrid systems
for ground, space, undersea and avionic applications. The beauty of hybrid systems, combining energy sources such
as batteries, capacitors, fuel cells and solar, is that they can be used to optimize energy and power density, and
with proper design, the systems can also lead to longevity of components and an overall cost savings. For ground
applications, utilization of hybrid systems can assist in conservation of fuel by making vehicle applications more
efficient. For space applications, satisfying pulses can be improved by a capacitor and battery hybrid energy storage
system. To optimize aircraft performance and decrease operating costs, avionics are beginning to move towards more
electric aircrafts (MEA). This embraces the concept of utilizing electrical power for driving aircraft subsystems currently
powered by mechanical means. An important part of this concept is the development and demonstration of a hybrid
(battery-capacitor) system of appropriate size and mass that can be shown to stabilize the bus, enhance reliability,
fault-tolerance, and power density. For these needs, Yardney has developed models, delivered systems and continues
working on new applications. Copyright © 2014 SAE International. (6 refs)
Main heading: Secondary batteries
Controlled terms: Avionics - Fault tolerance - Fighter aircraft - Fuel cells - Hybrid systems - Military vehicles -
Operating costs - Space applications - Submersibles
Uncontrolled terms: Aircraft performance - Aircraft subsystems - Electrical power - Hybrid energy storage systems -
More electric aircraft - New applications - Power densities - Vehicle applications
Classification Code: 404.1 Military EngineeringMilitary Engineering - 652.1.2 Military AircraftMilitary Aircraft - 656
Space FlightSpace Flight - 674.1 Small Marine CraftSmall Marine Craft - 702.1.2 Secondary BatteriesSecondary
Batteries - 702.2 Fuel CellsFuel Cells - 715 Electronic Equipment, General Purpose and IndustrialElectronic
Equipment, General Purpose and Industrial - 911.1 Cost AccountingCost Accounting - 921 MathematicsMathematics
Database: Compendex
99. Dynamical and thermodynamical impacts of high- and low-frequency atmospheric

eddies on the initial melt of Arctic Sea Ice

Hegyi, Bradley M. (1); Deng, Yi (1)

Source: Journal of Climate, v 30, n 3, p 865-883, 2017; ISSN: 08948755; DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0366.1; Publisher:
American Meteorological Society
Author affiliation: (1) School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; GA, United
States
Abstract: The role of high-frequency and low-frequency eddies in the melt onset of Arctic sea ice is investigated
through an examination of eddy effects on lower-tropospheric (1000-500 hPa) meridional heat transport into the Arctic
and local surface downwelling shortwave and longwave radiation. Total and eddy components of the meridional heat
transport into the Arctic from 1979 to 2012 are calculated from reanalysis data, and surface radiation data are acquired
from the NASA Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) project dataset. There is a significant
positive correlation between the mean initial melt date and the September sea ice minimum extent, with each quantity
characterized by a negative trend. Spatially, the earlier mean melt onset date is primarily found in a region bounded
by 90°E and 130°W. The decline in this region is steplike and not associated with an increase in meridional heat
transport but with an earlier appearance of above-freezing temperatures in the troposphere. In most years, discrete
short-duration episodes of melt onset over a large area occur. In an investigation of two of these melt episodes, a
positive total meridional heat transport is associated with the peak melt, with the product of high-frequency eddy wind
and mean temperature fields being the most important contributor. Additionally, there is a key positive anomaly in
surface downwelling longwave radiation immediately preceding the peak melt that is associated with increased cloud
cover and precipitable water. These results suggest the importance of carefully considering and properly representing
atmospheric eddies when modeling the melt onset of Arctic sea ice. (39 refs)
Main heading: Ice
Controlled terms: Heat transfer - NASA - Radiation effects - Sea ice - Troposphere
Uncontrolled terms: Climate variability - Cloud cover - Eddies - Energy transport - Snowmelt
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 471.1 Oceanography,
GeneralOceanography, General - 641.2 Heat TransferHeat Transfer
Database: Compendex
100. Response to ‘Burden of proof: A comprehensive review of the feasibility of 100%

renewable-electricity systems’
Brown, T.W. (1, 2); Bischof-Niemz, T. (3); Blok, K. (4); Breyer, C. (5); Lund, H. (6); Mathiesen, B.V. (7)
Source: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 92, p 834-847, September 2018; ISSN: 13640321, E-ISSN:
Author affiliation: (1) Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-
von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen; 76344, Germany (2) Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies,
Ruth-Moufang-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (3) Energy Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research, Meiring Naude Road, Pretoria, South Africa (4) Delft University of Technology, Chair of Energy Systems
Analysis, Faculty Technology, Policy and Management, Jaffalaan 5, Delft; BX; 2628, Netherlands (5) Lappeenranta
University of Technology, School of Energy Systems, Skinnarilankatu 34, Lappeenranta; 53850, Finland (6)
Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, Rendsburggade 14, Aalborg; 9000, Denmark (7)
Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, Copenhagen SV; 2450,
Denmark
Abstract: A recent article ‘Burden of proof: A comprehensive review of the feasibility of 100% renewable-electricity
systems’ claims that many studies of 100% renewable electricity systems do not demonstrate sufficient technical
feasibility, according to the criteria of the article's authors (henceforth ‘the authors’). Here we analyse the authors’
methodology and find it problematic. The feasibility criteria chosen by the authors are important, but are also easily
addressed at low economic cost, while not affecting the main conclusions of the reviewed studies and certainly not
affecting their technical feasibility. A more thorough review reveals that all of the issues have already been addressed
in the engineering and modelling literature. Nuclear power, which the authors have evaluated positively elsewhere,
faces other, genuine feasibility problems, such as the finiteness of uranium resources and a reliance on unproven
technologies in the medium- to long-term. Energy systems based on renewables, on the other hand, are not only
feasible, but already economically viable and decreasing in cost every year. © 2018 The Authors (230 refs)
Database: Compendex
101. The future of global mapping for energy and mineral resources

Calvin, W. M.
Source: International Geological Congress, Abstracts = Congres Geologique International, Resumes, 35, 35th
international geological congress; abstracts, 2016; Conference: 35th international geological congress, 08/27/2016
Author affiliation: University of Nevada at Reno, Department of Geological Sciences and Engineering, Reno, NV,
United States
Abstract: Geologic exploration has used multi-spectral satellite sensors such as Landsat and the Advanced
Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer (ASTER) to map lithology, soil and surface alteration of
rocks for many decades. To date, detailed mineral mapping has only occurred from airborne imaging spectrometer
systems such as the Advanced Visible/Infrared Imaging Specrometer (AVIRIS) and HyMap. Several efforts are
currently underway to develop and launch the next generation of imaging spectrometer systems on satellite platforms
for a wide range of Earth Observation goals. Many of these systems will include the full reflected solar wavelength
range up to 2.5 ?m and will be useful for geologic exploration. Sensors under development include EnMAP (Germany),
HISUI (Japan), PRISMA (Italy), HERO (Canada), and HyspIRI (USA) [1-5]. Scientists, policy makers, and other
stakeholders rely on accurate assessments of resource availability, location and quantity in order to make predictions
of economic growth, energy supplies, and sustainable societies. Natural resources, including minerals for the built
environment, fossil and renewable energy, are critical to the world economy. Exploration for and development of
strategic mineral resources requires detailed mapping of surface cover over large areas in order to target high priority
prospects or areas of interest. As compared to modern imaging spectrometer sensors, multi-channel satellite sensors
such as Landsat and ASTER lack the ability to discriminate mineral types, mineral chemical compositions, and
vegetation species type. Additionally, development of natural mineral and energy resources may have unintended
consequences with impacts on soil and water quality. Historical mining has left many watersheds vulnerable to
mobilization of mine waste through annual snowmelt, cataclysmic events such as fire, storms, or retaining pond
breaches. Airborne remote sensing applications have been used to identify mineralogy and soil chemistry that are
associated with contaminated soils and changes in pH, and can help identify watershed regions that should be
prioritized for remediation. The launch of future imaging spectrometer sensors will allow for these types of assessments
worldwide. The Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI) is a proposed NASA satellite mission that would acquire
visible to short wave infrared (VSWIR) imaging data in 10 nm contiguous spectral bands from 380 to 2500 nm with 30m
ground sampling and seven moderately broad band multispectral thermal infrared (TIR) images between 8 and 12 mu
m with 60m ground sampling [5]. As part of a series of preparatory data collects, large regions of California, USA were
observed using the AVIRIS and MODIS/ASTER (MASTER) airborne simulator instruments. Using these data, we have
established the utility of HyspIRI in exploration for renewable energy and critical mineral resources, determining the
landscape impacts of the development of large scale renewable and traditional fossil energy systems, and assessment
of natural hazards associated with geologically recent volcanic activity. The presentation will summarize the use of
HyspIRI prototype data to address surface compositions relevant to modern energy and mineral resource development
and their impacts.
Index terms: energy sources - global - mapping - mineral resources - remote sensing - satellite methods
Uncontrolled terms: Hyperspectral Infrared Imager
Database: GeoRef
102. Energy decisions in an uncertain climate and technology outlook: How stochastic and
robust methodologies can assist policy-makers
Labriet, Maryse (1); Nicolas, Claire (2); Tchung-Ming, Stéphane (3); Kanudia, Amit (4); Loulou, Richard (5)
Source: Lecture Notes in Energy, v 30, p 69-91, 2015; ISSN: 21951284, E-ISSN: 21951292; DOI:
10.1007/978-3-319-16540-0_4; Publisher: Springer Verlag
Author affiliation: (1) Eneris Environment Energy Consultants, Madrid, Spain (2) UPOND and IFPEN, Rueil-
Malmaison, France (3) IFPEN, Rueil-Malmaison, France (4) KanORS–EMR, Noida, India (5) McGill University,
Montreal, Canada
Abstract: Uncertain conditions may deeply affect the relevance of deterministic solutions proposed by optimization or
equilibrium models as well as leave the decision maker in a quandary at the moment of defining policy. This chapter
presents two applications of stochastic programming and robust optimization to climate and energy decisions using
respectively TIAM-WORLD at the global level and MIRET in the case of France. At the global level, stochastic analysis
demonstrates that the hedging strategy usually presents a smoother technology transition and is not equivalent to
an average of deterministic solutions. Combined with a parametric analysis of the probability of the future outlooks,
the approach produces a hedging strategy where the energy system prepares early for high mitigation even in the
case of a low probability for such an outcome. Moreover, some technologies appear to be particularly appealing since
they penetrate more in the hedging than in deterministic strategies; the penetration of gas power without carbon
capture and sequestration in China, coal power plants with carbon capture in India, renewable electricity in Central and

South America are examples of these “super-hedging” choices. In the case of the French transportation sector, robust
optimization illustrates the crucial role of biofuels as a robust mitigation strategy in both moderate and severe emission
reduction cases. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015. (30 refs)
Main heading: Stochastic systems
Controlled terms: Carbon capture - Decision making - Emission control - Gas plants - Investments - Plants (botany) -
Stochastic programming
Uncontrolled terms: Carbon capture and sequestrations - Parametric -analysis - Renewable electricity - Robust
optimization - Stochastic analysis - Technology transition - Transportation sector - Uncertain condition
Classification Code: 451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control - 454 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental
Engineering - 522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels - 912.2 ManagementManagement - 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science
Database: Compendex
103. Planning renewable energy in electric power system for sustainable development
under uncertainty - A case study of Beijing
Nie, S. (1); Huang, Charley Z. (2); Huang, G.H. (3, 4); Li, Y.P. (3, 4); Chen, J.P. (4); Fan, Y.R. (4); Cheng, G.H. (4)
Author affiliation: (1) Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto; ON; M5S 1A4,
Canada (2) Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; BC; V6T 1Z4, Canada (3)
Sino-Canada Resources and Environmental Research Academy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing;
102206, China (4) Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina; SK;
S4S 0A2, Canada
Abstract: An interval type-2 fuzzy fractional programming (IT2FFP) method is developed for planning the renewable
energy in electric power system for supporting sustainable development under uncertainty. IT2FFP can tackle output/
input ratio problems where complex uncertainties are expressed as type-2 fuzzy intervals (T2FI) with uncertain
membership functions. The IT2FFP method is then applied to planning Beijing electric power system, where issues
of renewable energy utilization, electricity supply security, and pollutant/greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions mitigation
are incorporated within the modeling formulation. The obtained results suggest that the coal-fired power would
continue to decrease and the share of renewable energy in gross electricity supply would maintain an increasing trend.
Results also reveal that imported electricity plays a significant role in the city's energy supply. A number of decision
alternatives are also analyzed based on the interval solutions as well as the projected applicable conditions, which
represent multiple options with sustainable and economic considerations. The optimal alternative that can give rise
to the desirable sustainable option under the maximization of the share of renewable power generation has been
suggested. The findings can help decision makers identify desired alternatives for managing such a mixed energy
system in association with sustainable development. Compared with the conventional optimization methods that
optimize single criterion, it is proved that IT2FFP is advantageous in balancing conflicting objectives and reflecting
complicated relationships among multiple system factors as well as in tackling various subjective judgments of decision
makers with different interests and preferences. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. (41 refs)
Main heading: Electric power system planning
Controlled terms: Decision making - Electric power systems - Energy policy - Energy utilization - Gas emissions -
Greenhouse gases - Mathematical programming - Membership functions - Optimization - Planning - Renewable energy
resources - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms: Applicable conditions - Conflicting objectives - Conventional optimization - Economic
considerations - Fractional programming - Renewable energies - Renewable power generation - Type-2 fuzzy
Classification Code: 451.1 Air Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources - 525 Energy Management and
ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 706.1 Electric Power SystemsElectric Power Systems - 912.2
ManagementManagement - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques
Database: Compendex
104. Multi-criteria decision analysis for renewable energy integration: A southern India
focus
Vishnupriyan, J. (1); Manoharan, P.S. (1)
Source: Renewable Energy, v 121, p 474-488, 2018; ISSN: 09601481, E-ISSN: 18790682; DOI: 10.1016/

Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering,
Madurai; Tamil Nadu; 625 015, India
Abstract: In recent days, sustainability is considered as an important mechanism due to contemporary increase
in demands and worldwide limited resources. This paper presents the possibility of integrating a renewable energy
system with an existing grid to meet electrical energy demand of institutional buildings located in Indian state of Tamil
Nadu. Currently, the Tamil Nadu state electric-grid power is not surplus and experiencing 40% short fall in generation.
In this present paper a modern approach for the optimum planning of electric power system (EPS) is proposed based
on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). An intertwined analysis on energy management and techno-economic
optimization of grid connected renewable energy system is proposed. The prospects of different fixed tilt solar panels
and peak load shifting based energy management are performed through HOMER Energy®simulation. The AHP
multi-criteria decision analysis reveals that annual optimum tilt grid connected photovoltaic system is the optimum
configuration for study location. The effectiveness of the AHP approach is evaluated with best-worst method and
stochastic multi-criteria acceptability analysis for prioritizing the renewable energy system options in order to select
best EPS. In addition, the optimum configuration is implemented in the institutional buildings and performance is
analyzed under varying climatic conditions. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd (35 refs)
Controlled terms: Analytic hierarchy process - Decision making - Demand side management - Electric power systems
- Electric power transmission networks - Electric utilities - Energy management - Energy management systems -
Hierarchical systems - Photovoltaic cells - Renewable energy resources - Stochastic systems
Uncontrolled terms: Analytic hierarchy process (ahp) - Electric power systems (EPS) - Electrical energy demand
- Grid-connected photovoltaic system - HOMER - Multi-criteria decision analysis - Renewable energy integrations -
Renewable energy systems
Classification Code: 525 Energy Management and ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 525.1
Energy Resources and Renewable Energy IssuesEnergy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 706 Electric
Transmission and DistributionElectric Transmission and Distribution - 912.2 ManagementManagement - 961 Systems
ScienceSystems Science
Database: Compendex
105. Conceptual Design Improvement of a Toroidal Field Coil for EU DEMO Using High-
Temperature Superconductors
Heller, R. (1); Gade, P.V. (1); Fietz, W.H. (1); Vogel, T. (1); Weiss, K.-P. (1)
Source: IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, v 26, n 4, June 2016; ISSN: 10518223; DOI: 10.1109/
TASC.2016.2520662; Article number: 7390030; Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Author affiliation: (1) Institute for Technical Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen;
76344, Germany
Abstract: In the frame of the preconceptual design of the next-generation fusion power plant (EU DEMO), the
PROCESS systems code is used for nearly 20 years, in which the main reactor components (e.g., plasma, blanket,
and magnets) are integrated in a unique computational algorithm and simulated by means of rather simplified
mathematical models (e.g., steady-state and zero-dimensional models). In this paper, the boundaries given by the
PROCESS code for the toroidal field coil (TFC) of EU DEMO are used as a starting point for the design of a TFC
winding pack, using the high-temperature superconductor (HTS) material REBCO as alternative to Nb3Sn. As the
DEMO system code parameters are under continuous adjustment, the PROCESS outcome of the July 2012 version is
used. This defines the cable space area, the winding pack current density, and the total current in one TFC to generate
the required magnetic field on the plasma axis. Based on this and as an extension of the work, the electromagnetic,
structural mechanics, cooling, and thermohydraulic properties of an HTS-TFC are presented, and parameters such
as operation current, magnetic field and Lorentz forces, operation temperature, structural requirements, cooling, and
quench performance are calculated. It is shown that HTS material can be used for the TFC of EU DEMO. At present,
the design is made at an operation temperature Top= 4.5 K, allowing adaptation to higher temperatures if the material
properties shall improve in the future. © 2015 IEEE. (24 refs)
Main heading: High temperature superconductors
Controlled terms: Codes (symbols) - Conceptual design - Fusion reactions - Magnetic fields - Magnetoplasma -
Superconducting coils - Winding
Uncontrolled terms: Computational algorithm - High temperature superconductor (HTS) - Operation temperature -
REBCO - Simplified mathematical model - Structural requirements - Toroidal Field coils - Zero-dimensional models
Classification Code: 691.2 Materials Handling MethodsMaterials Handling Methods - 701.2 Magnetism: Basic
Concepts and PhenomenaMagnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 708.3.1 High Temperature Superconducting

MaterialsHigh Temperature Superconducting Materials - 723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData
Processing and Image Processing - 932.2.1 Fission and Fusion ReactionsFission and Fusion Reactions
Database: Compendex
106. Demand side management for city districts

Müller, Dirk (1); Monti, Antonello (2); Stinner, Sebastian (1); Schlösser, Tim (2); Schütz, Thomas (1); Matthes, Peter
(1); Wolisz, Henryk (1); Molitor, Christoph (2); Harb, Hassan (1); Streblow, Rita (1)
Source: Building and Environment, v 91, p 283-293, September 01, 2015; ISSN: 03601323; DOI: 10.1016/
j.buildenv.2015.03.026; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Energy Efficient Buildings and Indoor Climate,
Mathieustr. 10, Aachen; 52074, Germany (2) RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Automation of Complex Power
Systems, Mathieustr. 10, Aachen; 52074, Germany
Abstract: The increasing installation of volatile renewable energy sources like photovoltaics and wind enforces the
need for flexibility options to match the renewable generation with the demand. One of these options is Demand Side
Management (DSM) in the context of building energy systems combined with thermal storage systems. This paper
discusses such concepts for DSM. A method for analyzing the flexibility that is needed to maintain the stability of the
electrical grid is presented followed by the restrictions that are caused by meeting the heat demand and satisfying
the comfort criteria of the residents. Approaches for simultaneously fulfilling these constraints as well as matching the
flexibility needs of the electrical grid and the flexibility provided by the local building energy systems are discussed. To
enhance the analysis options for the shown systems, a simulation platform that covers the electrical grid simulation,
the building systems' simulation and the control strategies is presented. This platform can be used to analyze different
scenarios of building energy systems with different penetrations of renewable energy sources and different building
types. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. (56 refs)
Controlled terms: Buildings - Demand side management - Electric power transmission networks - Electric utilities -
Heat storage - Natural resources - Optimization - Stability criteria - Storage management
Uncontrolled terms: Building energy systems - City district simulation - Demand Side Management (DSM) -
Renewable energies - Renewable energy source - Renewable generation - Thermal storage - Thermal storage system
Classification Code: 402 Buildings and TowersBuildings and Towers - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable
Energy IssuesEnergy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 706.1.1 Electric Power TransmissionElectric Power
Transmission - 723.3 Database SystemsDatabase Systems - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques -
961 Systems ScienceSystems Science
Database: Compendex
107. Ideal sinks are not always ideal: Radiation damage accumulation in nanocomposites
Uberuaga, Blas Pedro (1); Choudhury, Samrat (1); Caro, Alfredo (1)
Source: Journal of Nuclear Materials, v 462, p 402-408, June 14, 2015; ISSN: 00223115; DOI: 10.1016/
j.jnucmat.2014.11.073; Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Author affiliation: (1) Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos; NM;
Abstract: Designing radiation tolerant materials is one of the primary challenges associated with advanced nuclear
energy systems. One attractive route that has received much attention world-wide is to introduce a high density of
sinks, often in the form of interfaces or secondary phases. Here, we develop a simple model of such nanocomposites
and examine the ramifications of various factors on the overall radiation stability of the material. In particular, we
determine how the distribution of secondary phases, the relative sink strength of those phases, and the irradiation
temperature influence the radiation tolerance of the matrix. We find that the best scenario is one in which the sinks
have intermediate strength, transiently trapping defects before releasing them back into the matrix. Neither perfect
sinks nor the complete absence of sinks perform as well. This provides new insight into the optimal properties of
nanocomposites for radiation damage environments. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved. (30 refs)
Main heading: Nanocomposites
Controlled terms: Radiation damage
Uncontrolled terms: Damage accumulation - Irradiation temperature - Nuclear energy systems - Optimal properties -
Radiation stability - Radiation tolerances - Radiation tolerant - Secondary phasis
Classification Code: 761 NanotechnologyNanotechnology - 933 Solid State PhysicsSolid State Physics

Database: Compendex
108. Effect of consolidation and oxide dispersoid addition on phase formation and
mechanical properties of [Formula presented] ODS alloy
Chen, Chun-Liang (1); Zeng, Yong (1)
Source: International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, v 60, p 11-16, November 1, 2016; ISSN:
02634368, E-ISSN: 22133917; DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2016.06.012; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien;
97401, Taiwan
Abstract: WTi alloys are presently considered promising candidates for plasma facing components in advanced
nuclear energy systems. The mechanically alloyed [Formula presented] model alloys consolidated by different
techniques were investigated. The effect of different amounts of the dispersed oxide particles on characteristics and
properties of the [Formula presented] materials was also discussed. The results show that a homogeneous fine grain
structure without formation of Ti-rich oxides is obtained in the model alloy sintered by spark plasma sintering. The
(W,Ti)C solid solution and α″−Ti martensite phase are also found in the alloy confirmed by TEM investigation, which
can be contributed to the effect of the carbon contamination and cooling rate during the process. In this work, it is clear
to demonstrate that the presence of different carbides and Ti phases plays an important role in determining hardness
and elastic modulus of the materials. The microstructure homogeneity and mechanical properties of the alloys can be
further improved by increasing numbers of oxide dispersoids. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd (25 refs)
Main heading: Tungsten alloys
Controlled terms: Binary alloys - Carbides - Colloids - Mechanical alloying - Mechanical properties - Spark plasma
sintering - Titanium alloys - Titanium oxides
Uncontrolled terms: Carbon contamination - Fine grain structure - Hardness and elastic modulus - Mechanically
alloyed - Microstructure homogeneity - Nuclear energy systems - Oxide dispersion strengthened alloys - Plasma-facing
components
Classification Code: 531 Metallurgy and MetallographyMetallurgy and Metallography - 542.3 Titanium and
AlloysTitanium and Alloys - 543.5 Tungsten and AlloysTungsten and Alloys - 801.3 Colloid ChemistryColloid Chemistry
- 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science
Database: Compendex
109. Design method for a local energy cooperative network using distributed energy
technologies
Shimizu, T. (1); Kikuchi, Y. (1); Sugiyama, H. (1); Hirao, M. (1)
Source: Applied Energy, v 154, p 781-93, 15 Sept. 2015; ISSN: 0306-2619; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.05.032;
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Chem. Syst. Eng., Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Abstract: We propose a method for designing a local energy cooperative network (EneCoN) that uses new
technologies for heating and power in a combined way. The method comprises six steps, including the generation
of different technology options, energy balance modeling of the demand and supply, and multiobjective evaluation
and optimization. As a decision-support tool, ternary diagrams are applied to analyze the effect of the mix of energy
consumers in an EneCoN (i.e., residents, offices, or hospitals) on the objective function. The overall outcome of
applying the method is a suggestion for the technology mix in the EneCoN that minimizes design objectives such as
cost and environmental impacts with consideration of the mix of energy consumers as a design parameter. A case
study was conducted on the installation of photovoltaic power generators, solar heat collectors, and fuel cells as new
energy technologies in the target cities Tokyo, Sapporo, and Naha. Differences in the climate and energy demand
profile were well reflected in the calculation, and different suggestions for the technology mix were obtained. The
method also allowed good visualization of various complex design options (e.g., consumers, technology types, and the
degree of combination) and can serve as a solid basis for designing energy systems. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (32
refs)
Inspec controlled terms: decision support systems - fuel cells - photovoltaic power systems - solar absorber-
convertors
Uncontrolled terms: local energy cooperative network - distributed energy technologies - energy balance modeling
- demand and supply - multiobjective evaluation and optimization - decision-support tool - ternary diagrams -
photovoltaic power generators - solar heat collectors - fuel cells

Classification Code: A8630S Photothermal conversionPhotothermal conversion - A8630G Fuel cellsFuel cells -
B8250 Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systemsSolar power stations and photovoltaic power systems -
B8460 Other direct energy conversionOther direct energy conversion - B8410G Fuel cellsFuel cells
IPC Code: F24J2/00 - H01M8/00 - H02S
Database: Inspec
110. Convexification of bad data and topology error detection and identification problems in
AC electric power systems
Weng, Yang (1); Ili, Marija D. (2); Li, Qiao (3); Negi, Rohit (2)
Source: IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, v 9, n 16, p 2760-2767, December 3, 2015; ISSN: 17518687;
DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0191; Publisher: Institution of Engineering and Technology
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto; CA; 94305,
United States (2) Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh; PA;
15213, United States (3) Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Qualcomm Research New Jersey, NJ;
Abstract: This study is motivated by major needs for accurate bad data detection and topology identification in the
emerging electric energy systems. Due to the non-convex problem formulation, past methods usually reach a local
optimum. This deficiency may lead to wrong bus/branch modelling and inappropriate noise assumption, causing
significantly biased state estimate, incorrect system operation, and user cutoff. To overcome the local optimum issue,
the authors propose in this study how to convexify bad data detection and topology identification problems to efficiently
locate a global optimum result. To reduce relaxation error in the convexification procedure, a nuclear norm penalty is
added to better approximate the original problems. Finally, they propose a new metric to evaluate the detection and
identification results, which enables system operator to know how confidence one is for further system operations.
Simulation results performed for several IEEE test systems show promising results for the future smart grid in improved
accuracy. © 2015. The Institution of Engineering and Technology. (36 refs)
Main heading: Topology
Controlled terms: Electric power systems - Technology transfer
Uncontrolled terms: Bad data detections - Detection and identifications - Electric energy systems - IEEE test systems
- Nonconvex problem - System operation - System operator - Topology identification
Classification Code: 706.1 Electric Power SystemsElectric Power Systems - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics,
Includes Graph Theory, Set TheoryCombinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory
Database: Compendex
111. An efficient improved photovoltaic irrigation system with artificial neural network
based modeling of soil moisture distribution - A case study in Turkey
Dursun, Mahir (1); Ozden, Semih (2)
Source: Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, v 102, p 120-126, March 2014; ISSN: 01681699; DOI: 10.1016/
j.compag.2014.01.008; Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Gazi University,
Teknikokullar, 06500 Ankara, Turkey (2) Department of Electrical and Energy, OSTIM Vocational School, Gazi
University, OSTIM, 06374 Ankara, Turkey
Abstract: Although recent years have witnessed excellent technological improvements, the initial setup costs of solar
energy systems remain very high. It is for this reason that solar systems have not become sufficiently widespread.
Optimum selection of panel power increases the applicability of these systems while at the same time decreasing
their cost. The choice of which panel power is to be installed in a solar powered irrigation system will vary in direct
proportion to the power of the pump supplying the water. In this study a reduction in pump power, and thus a reduction
in the energy demand of the pump, is achieved by ensuring that the solar-powered drip irrigation system in an orchard
is using water efficiently. To determine which areas needed to be irrigated, the authors used a soil moisture distribution
map obtained via the artificial neural networks method. Using the system and software they developed to determine
the soil moisture distribution, they were able to obtain an even distribution of water. Thus by preventing unnecessary
irrigation, not only was instantaneous water demand reduced, but it was also possible to ensure the protection of
freshwater resources. The system developed by the authors was observed to reduce the orchard's daily water and
energy consumption by 38%. Thus, using the method applied, it was possible to reduce the amount of pump power,

depending on the instantaneous water demand, the total power of the solar panels, the current values of the electrical
motor, the battery and power control units, and all other costs. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. (28 refs)
Main heading: Soil moisture
Controlled terms: Costs - Electric machine control - Energy utilization - Irrigation - Moisture control - Moisture meters -
Neural networks - Orchards - Power control - Pumps - Solar concentrators - Solar energy
Uncontrolled terms: Artificial neural-network based modeling - Distribution of water - Drip irrigation - Drip irrigation
systems - Fresh water resources - Irrigation systems - Soil moisture distribution - Technological improvements
Classification Code: 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics - 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy
Utilization - 618.2 PumpsPumps - 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 731.2 Control
System ApplicationsControl System Applications - 731.3 Specific Variables ControlSpecific Variables Control - 821.3
Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value
Engineering; Industrial Economics - 944.1 Moisture Measuring InstrumentsMoisture Measuring Instruments
Database: Compendex
112. An efficient improved photovoltaic irrigation system with artificial neural network
based modeling of soil moisture distribution - a case study in Turkey
Dursun, M. (1); O¨zden, S. (2)
Source: Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, v 102, p 120-6, March 2014; ISSN: 0168-1699; DOI: 10.1016/
j.compag.2014.01.008; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Gazi Univ., Ankara, Turkey (2) Dept. of Electr. & Energy, Gazi
Univ., Ankara, Turkey
Abstract: Although recent years have witnessed excellent technological improvements, the initial setup costs of solar
energy systems remain very high. It is for this reason that solar systems have not become sufficiently widespread.
Optimum selection of panel power increases the applicability of these systems while at the same time decreasing
their cost. The choice of which panel power is to be installed in a solar powered irrigation system will vary in direct
proportion to the power of the pump supplying the water. In this study a reduction in pump power, and thus a reduction
in the energy demand of the pump, is achieved by ensuring that the solar-powered drip irrigation system in an orchard
is using water efficiently. To determine which areas needed to be irrigated, the authors used a soil moisture distribution
map obtained via the artificial neural networks method. Using the system and software they developed to determine
the soil moisture distribution, they were able to obtain an even distribution of water. Thus by preventing unnecessary
irrigation, not only was instantaneous water demand reduced, but it was also possible to ensure the protection of
freshwater resources. The system developed by the authors was observed to reduce the orchard's daily water and
energy consumption by 38%. Thus, using the method applied, it was possible to reduce the amount of pump power,
depending on the instantaneous water demand, the total power of the solar panels, the current values of the electrical
motor, the battery and power control units, and all other costs. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (28 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: irrigation - neural nets - photovoltaic power systems - soil
Uncontrolled terms: improved photovoltaic irrigation system - artificial neural network based modeling - soil moisture
distribution - Turkey - solar-powered drip irrigation system - instantaneous water demand
Classification Code: B8250 Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systemsSolar power stations and
photovoltaic power systems - C7860 Agriculture, forestry and fisheries computingAgriculture, forestry and fisheries
computing - C5290 Neural computing techniquesNeural computing techniques - E3010 AgricultureAgriculture
IPC Code: A01 - A01G25/00 - E02B13/00 - H02S
Database: Inspec
113. Grain growth of nanocrystalline 3C-SiC under Au ion irradiation at elevated

temperatures
Zhang, Limin (1); Jiang, Weilin (2); Dissanayake, Amila (2); Varga, Tamas (2); Zhang, Jiandong (1); Zhu, Zihua (2); Hu,
Dehong (2); Wang, Haiyan (3); Henager, Charles H (2); Wang, Tieshan (1)
Source: Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, v 49, n 3, December 9, 2015; ISSN: 00223727, E-ISSN: 13616463;
DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/49/3/035304; Article number: 035304; Publisher: Institute of Physics Publishing
Author affiliation: (1) School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu; 730000,
China (2) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland; WA; 99352, United States (3) Texas AandM University,
College Station; TX; 77843, United States

Abstract: Nanocrystalline silicon carbide (SiC) represents an excellent model system for a fundamental study of
interfacial (grain boundary) processes under nuclear radiation, which are critical to the understanding of the response
of nanostructured materials to high-dose irradiation. This study reports on a comparison of irradiation effects in
cubic phase SiC (3C-SiC) grains of a few nanometres in size and single-crystal 3C-SiC films under identical Au ion
irradiation to a range of doses at 700 K. In contrast to the latter, in which the lattice disorder is accumulated to a
saturation level without full amorphization, the average grain size of the former increases with dose following a power-
law trend. In addition to coalescence, the grain grows through atomic jumps and mass transport, where irradiation-
induced vacancies at grain boundaries assist the processes. It is found that a higher irradiation temperature leads to
slower grain growth and a faster approach to a saturation size of SiC nanograins. This unusual behaviour could be
associated with irradiation-induced grain nucleation and growth in amorphous SiC matrix in which the 3C-SiC grains
are embedded. The results could potentially have a positive impact on structural components of advanced nuclear
energy systems. © 2016 IOP Publishing Ltd. (37 refs)
Main heading: Grain growth
Controlled terms: Epitaxial growth - Gold - Grain boundaries - Ion bombardment - Ions - Nanocrystalline silicon -
Nanocrystals - Radiation - Silicon carbide - Single crystals
Uncontrolled terms: Average grain size - Elevated temperature - Fundamental studies - Irradiation effect - Irradiation
temperature - Nanocrystallines - Nuclear energy systems - Structural component
Classification Code: 547.1 Precious MetalsPrecious Metals - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds
- 932.1 High Energy PhysicsHigh Energy Physics - 933.1 Crystalline SolidsCrystalline Solids - 933.1.2 Crystal
GrowthCrystal Growth
Database: Compendex
114. Grain growth of nanocrystalline 3C-SiC under Au ion irradiation at elevated

temperatures
Limin Zhang (1); Weilin Jiang (2); Dissanayake, A. (2); Varga, T. (2); Jiandong Zhang (1); Zihua Zhu (2); Dehong Hu
(2); Haiyan Wang (3); Henager, C.H., Jr. (2); Tieshan Wang (1)
Source: Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, v 49, n 3, p 035304 (7 pp.), 27 Jan. 2016; ISSN: 0022-3727; DOI:
10.1088/0022-3727/49/3/035304; Publisher: IOP Publishing, UK
Author affiliation: (1) Sch. of Nucl. Sci. & Technol., Lanzhou Univ., Lanzhou, China (2) Pacific Northwest Nat. Lab.,
Richland, WA, United States (3) Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, United States
Abstract: Nanocrystalline silicon carbide (SiC) represents an excellent model system for a fundamental study of
interfacial (grain boundary) processes under nuclear radiation, which are critical to the understanding of the response
of nanostructured materials to high-dose irradiation. This study reports on a comparison of irradiation effects in
cubic phase SiC (3C-SiC) grains of a few nanometres in size and single-crystal 3C-SiC films under identical Au ion
irradiation to a range of doses at 700 K. In contrast to the latter, in which the lattice disorder is accumulated to a
saturation level without full amorphization, the average grain size of the former increases with dose following a power-
law trend. In addition to coalescence, the grain grows through atomic jumps and mass transport, where irradiation-
induced vacancies at grain boundaries assist the processes. It is found that a higher irradiation temperature leads to
slower grain growth and a faster approach to a saturation size of SiC nanograins. This unusual behaviour could be
associated with irradiation-induced grain nucleation and growth in amorphous SiC matrix in which the 3C-SiC grains
are embedded. The results could potentially have a positive impact on structural components of advanced nuclear
energy systems. (37 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: grain boundaries - grain growth - grain size - ion beam effects - nanostructured materials -
silicon compounds - vacancies (crystal) - wide band gap semiconductors
Uncontrolled terms: nanocrystalline silicon carbide - Au ion irradiation - irradiation effects - cubic phase silicon
carbide grain - grain size - power-law trend - atomic jumps - mass transport - irradiation-induced vacancies - grain
boundaries - irradiation temperature - nanograin saturation size - irradiation-induced grain nucleation - irradiation-
induced grain growth - amorphous silicon carbide matrix - structural components - nuclear energy systems -
temperature 700 K - SiC
Classification Code: A6180J Ion beam effectsIon beam effects - A6146 Structure of solid clusters, nanoparticles,
nanotubes and nanostructured materialsStructure of solid clusters, nanoparticles, nanotubes and nanostructured
materials - A6170N Grain and twin boundariesGrain and twin boundaries - A6480G MicrostructureMicrostructure -
B2520M Other semiconductor materialsOther semiconductor materials - B2550R Radiation effects (semiconductor
technology)Radiation effects (semiconductor technology)
IPC Code: B82B1/00 - H01L21/02 - H01L21/70
Database: Inspec


115. Research on the fuel loading patterns of the initial core in Chinese pebble-bed reactor
HTR-PM
Zhang, Jingyu (1); Guo, Jiong (2, 3); Li, Fu (3); Sun, Yuliang (3)
Source: Annals of Nuclear Energy, v 118, p 235-240, August 2018; ISSN: 03064549, E-ISSN: 18732100; DOI:
10.1016/j.anucene.2018.04.019; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing;
102206, China (2) Key Laboratory of Advanced Reactor Engineering and Safety, Ministry of Education, Beijing;
100084, China (3) Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing; 100084, China
Abstract: Modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) is a kind of safe and advanced nuclear energy
system, which can provide electric power and high-temperature process-heat efficiently. At present, a 200
MWedemonstration plant, named high-temperature gas-cooled reactor – pebble-bed module (HTR-PM), is being
built in China and is planned to be critical in one or two years. In this paper, the physical consideration on the fuel
loading patterns of the initial core of HTR-PM is given, and the initial core of HTR-PM is proposed to be made up of
low-enrichment fuel spheres and graphite spheres. Then several representative schemes are simulated using VSOP
code. The relationship between the key physical parameters (fuel enrichment, flux distribution, temperature coefficient,
power per fuel sphere, charging rate) and the volume fraction of fuel spheres in the initial core is analyzed. As a result,
the feasible region of the volume fraction of fuel spheres in the initial core is determined as [5/15, 11/15]. The work of
this paper can provide support for the fuel management of HTR-PM in the future. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd (12 refs)
Main heading: Loading
Controlled terms: Fuels - Gas cooled reactors - High temperature gas reactors - High temperature reactors - Pebble
bed modular reactors - Pebble bed reactors - Spheres - Temperature - Volume fraction
Uncontrolled terms: Demonstration plants - Fuel loading - High temperature process - Modular high temperature gas
cooled reactor - Nuclear energy systems - Physical parameters - Temperature coefficient - The initial core
Classification Code: 621 Nuclear ReactorsNuclear Reactors - 621.1 Fission ReactorsFission Reactors - 641.1
ThermodynamicsThermodynamics - 691.2 Materials Handling MethodsMaterials Handling Methods
Database: Compendex
116. Multi-objective optimization methodology for net zero energy buildings

Harkouss, Fatima (1, 2); Fardoun, Farouk (1); Biwole, Pascal Henry (3, 4)
Source: Journal of Building Engineering, v 16, p 57-71, March 2018; E-ISSN: 23527102; DOI: 10.1016/
j.jobe.2017.12.003; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) University Institute of Technology, Department GIM, Lebanese University, Saida, Lebanon
(2) Université Cote d'Azur, J.A. Dieudonné Laboratory, UMR CNRS 7351, Parc Valrose, Nice; 06108, France (3)
Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Clermont–Ferrand; F-63000, France (4)
MINES Paris Tech, PSL Research University, PERSEE - Center for Processes, Renewable Energies and Energy
Systems, CS 10207, Sophia Antipolis; 06 904, France
Abstract: The challenge in Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) design is to find the best combination of design
strategies that will face the energy performance problems of a particular building. This paper presents a methodology
for the simulation-based multi-criteria optimization of NZEBs. Its main features include four steps: building simulation,
optimization process, multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) and testing solution's robustness. The methodology is
applied to investigate the cost-effectiveness potential for optimizing the design of NZEBs in different case studies taken
as diverse climatic zones in Lebanon and France. The investigated design parameters include: external walls and
roof insulation thickness, windows glazing type, cooling and heating set points, and window to wall ratio. Furthermore,
the inspected RE systems include: solar domestic hot water (SDHW) and photovoltaic (PV) array. The proposed
methodology is a useful tool to enhance NZEBs design and to facilitate decision making in early phases of building
design. Specifically, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is chosen in order to minimize thermal,
electrical demands and life cycle cost (LCC) while reaching the net zero energy balance; thus getting the Pareto-front.
A ranking decision making technique Elimination and Choice Expressing the Reality (ELECTRE III) is applied to the
Pareto-front so as to obtain one optimal solution. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (120 refs)
Main heading: Architectural design
Controlled terms: Buildings - Cost effectiveness - Costs - Decision making - Genetic algorithms - Intelligent buildings
- Life cycle - Multiobjective optimization - Optimization - Photovoltaic cells - Renewable energy resources - Solar power
generation - Walls (structural partitions)

Uncontrolled terms: Climate - Lifecycle costs - Net-zero energy buildings - Passive measures - Renewable energy
systems
Classification Code: 402 Buildings and TowersBuildings and Towers - 408.2 Structural Members and
ShapesStructural Members and Shapes - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy IssuesEnergy Resources
and Renewable Energy Issues - 615.2 Solar PowerSolar Power - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial
EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics - 912.2
ManagementManagement - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques
Database: Compendex
117. A review of fractional-order techniques applied to lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid

batteries, and supercapacitors
Zou, Changfu (1); Zhang, Lei (2); Hu, Xiaosong (3); Wang, Zhenpo (2); Wik, Torsten (1); Pecht, Michael (4)
Source: Journal of Power Sources, v 390, p 286-296, 30 June 2018; ISSN: 03787753; DOI: 10.1016/
j.jpowsour.2018.04.033; Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg; 41296,
Sweden (2) National Engineering Laboratory for Electric Vehicles, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing; 100081,
China (3) State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing; 400044, China (4)
Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD; 20742, United States
Abstract: Electrochemical energy storage systems play an important role in diverse applications, such as electrified
transportation and integration of renewable energy with the electrical grid. To facilitate model-based management
for extracting full system potentials, proper mathematical models are imperative. Due to extra degrees of freedom
brought by differentiation derivatives, fractional-order models may be able to better describe the dynamic behaviors of
electrochemical systems. This paper provides a critical overview of fractional-order techniques for managing lithium-
ion batteries, lead-acid batteries, and supercapacitors. Starting with the basic concepts and technical tools from
fractional-order calculus, the modeling principles for these energy systems are presented by identifying disperse
dynamic processes and using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Available battery/supercapacitor models are
comprehensively reviewed, and the advantages of fractional types are discussed. Two case studies demonstrate the
accuracy and computational efficiency of fractional-order models. These models offer 15–30% higher accuracy than
their integer-order analogues, but have reasonable complexity. Consequently, fractional-order models can be good
candidates for the development of advanced battery/supercapacitor management systems. Finally, the main technical
challenges facing electrochemical energy storage system modeling, state estimation, and control in the fractional-order
domain, as well as future research directions, are highlighted. © 2018 Elsevier B.V. (119 refs)
Main heading: Lead acid batteries
Controlled terms: Battery management systems - Calculations - Computational efficiency - Degrees of freedom
(mechanics) - Differentiation (calculus) - Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy - Energy management - Energy
storage - Lithium-ion batteries - Solar cells - Supercapacitor
Uncontrolled terms: Electrochemical energy storage - Electrochemical systems - Fractional order models - Fractional-
order calculus - Future research directions - Integration of renewable energies - Model-based management - Technical
challenges
Classification Code: 525 Energy Management and ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 525.7 Energy
StorageEnergy Storage - 702.1.2 Secondary BatteriesSecondary Batteries - 702.3 Solar CellsSolar Cells - 801
ChemistryChemistry - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.2 CalculusCalculus - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics
Database: Compendex
118. A perspective on the potential role of renewable gas in a smart energy island system
Ahern, Eoin P. (1, 2, 3); Deane, Paul (1, 3); Persson, Tobias (4); Ó Gallachóir, Brian (1, 3); Murphy, Jerry D. (1, 2, 3)
Source: Renewable Energy, v 78, p 648-656, June 01, 2015; ISSN: 09601481, E-ISSN: 18790682; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland (2) Science Foundation
Ireland (SFI), Marine Renewable Energy Ireland (MaREI) Centre, Ireland (3) School of Engineering, University College
Cork, Ireland (4) Energiforsk AB - Swedish Energy Research Centre, Sweden
Abstract: This paper examines the potential role for Power to Gas (P2G) as applied to an island energy system with
high levels of renewable electricity penetration. P2G systems require both a supply of green electricity and a source of
CO2. Cheap electricity is essential for a financially sustainable P2G system. Using a PLEXOS model it was determined

that deploying 50MWeof P2G capacity on the 2030 Irish electrical grid may reduce absolute levels of curtailed wind by
5% compared to the base case. CO2capture is expensive. The cheapest method of sourcing CO2for a P2G system
is to employ a methanation process whereby biogas from anaerobic digestion is mixed with hydrogen from surplus
electricity. Anaerobic digestion in Ireland has a potential to produce biomethane to a level of 10.2% of energy in
transport (19.2PJ/a). The potential CO2resource from anaerobic digestion could allow for a further 8.9% of energy in
transport (16.6PJ/a) from P2G production. An optimal model is proposed including for co-location of a biogas system
with a P2G system. The model includes for demand-driven biogas concepts allowing electrical grid balancing and the
supply of gaseous transportation fuel. Biofuel obligation certificates allows for a financially viable industry. © 2015
Elsevier Ltd. (31 refs)
Main heading: Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms: Biofuels - Biogas - Carbon capture - Carbon dioxide - Electric energy storage - Electric power
transmission networks
Uncontrolled terms: Demand-driven - Electrical grids - Electricity storages - Energy systems - Green electricity -
Power to gas - Renewable electricity - Transportation fuels
Classification Code: 454 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering - 522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels - 706.1.1
Electric Power TransmissionElectric Power Transmission - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds
Database: Compendex
119. A robust optimization technique based on first order sliding mode approach for
photovoltaic power systems
Garraoui, Radhia (1, 2); Ben Hamed, Mouna (1, 2); Sbita, Lassaâd (1, 2)
Source: International Journal of Automation and Computing, v 12, n 6, p 620-629, December 1, 2015; ISSN:
14768186, E-ISSN: 17518520; DOI: 10.1007/s11633-015-0902-1; Publisher: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Author affiliation: (1) National Engineering School of Gabes, Gabes; 6000, Tunisia (2) Photovoltaic, Wind and
Geothermal Systems Research Unit, Gabes; 6000, Tunisia
Abstract: This paper deals with the problem of the energy system optimization for photovoltaic generators. A great
necessity of optimizing the output energy appears as a result of the nonlinearity of the photovoltaic generator operation
besides its variable output characteristic under different climatic conditions. As a consequence for the big need to
extract maximum energy, many solutions have been proposed in order to have a good operation at the optimum power
for photovoltaic systems. In this paper, we further extend this work by using a robust optimization technique based on
the first order sliding mode approach to cope with the uncertainty in photovoltaic power generation caused by weather
variability and load change. Indeed, we examine by using this control approach the effectiveness of this method
and we note the different performance that affects to the system operation. The first order sliding mode maximum
power point tracking controller is presented in detail in this paper. Then, a detailed study of algorithm stability has
been carried out. The robustness and stability of the proposed sliding mode controller are investigated against load
variations and weather changes. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness, the good and improved performance
of the proposed sliding mode method in the presence of load variations and environment changes for direct current/
direct current (DC/DC) boost converter. © 2015, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Springer-
Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. (20 refs)
Controlled terms: Maximum power point trackers - Optimization - Photovoltaic cells - Sliding mode control - Solar
energy
Uncontrolled terms: BOOST converter - Energy system optimizations - Maximum Power Point Tracking - Photovoltaic
power generation - Photovoltaic power systems - Photovoltaic systems - Sliding mode controller - Sliding modes
Classification Code: 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 704.1 Electric
ComponentsElectric Components - 704.2 Electric EquipmentElectric Equipment - 731.1 Control SystemsControl
Systems - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques
Database: Compendex
120. Network design and technology management for waste to energy production: An
integrated optimization framework under the principles of circular economy
Yilmaz Balaman, Sebnem (1); Wright, Daniel G. (2); Scott, James (2); Matopoulos, Aristides (3)
Source: Energy, v 143, p 911-933, January 15, 2018; ISSN: 03605442; DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.058;

Author affiliation: (1) Department of Industrial Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, Tinaztepe Campus, zmir; 35160,
Turkey (2) European Bioenergy Research Institute (EBRI), Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham; B4 7ET,
United Kingdom (3) Aston Logistics & Systems Institute (ALSI), School of Engineering & Applied Science, Aston
University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham; B4 7ET, United Kingdom
Abstract: The design of waste to bioenergy supply chains (W-BESC) is critically important for meeting the circular
economy (CE) goals, whilst also ensuring environmental sustainability in the planning and operation of energy
systems. This study develops a novel optimization methodology to aid sustainable design and planning of W-BESC
that comprise multiple technologies as well as multiple product and feedstock types. The methodology identifies the
optimum supply chain configuration and plans the logistics operations in a given region to meet the energy demand
of specified nodes. A scenario based fuzzy multi objective modelling approach is proposed and utilized to capture the
economic and environmental sustainability aspects in the same framework. We test the proposed model using the
entire West Midlands (WM) region from the United Kingdom (UK) as a case study. In this scope, a comprehensive
regional supply chain is designed to meet the energy and biofertilizer demand of specific nodes considering available
waste and crop type biomass in the region. Further analysis is conducted to reveal the impacts of main economic and
technological parameters on the supply chain performance indicators. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (64 refs)
Main heading: Decision making
Controlled terms: Biomass - Industrial management - Mathematical models - Product design - Supply chain
management - Supply chains - Sustainable development - Waste management
Uncontrolled terms: Environmental sustainability - Multi objective decision making - Network design - Optimization
methodology - Supply chain configuration - Supply chain performance - Technology managements - Waste to energy
Classification Code: 912 Industrial Engineering and ManagementIndustrial Engineering and Management - 912.2
ManagementManagement - 913 Production Planning and Control; ManufacturingProduction Planning and Control;
Manufacturing - 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering
Database: Compendex
121. The role of capital costs in decarbonizing the electricity sector

Hirth, L. (1); Steckel, J.C. (2)
Source: Environmental Research Letters, v 11, n 11, p 114010 (8 pp.), Nov. 2016; ISSN: 1748-9326; DOI:
10.1088/1748-9326/11/11/114010; Publisher: IOP Publishing, UK
Author affiliation: (1) Neon Neue Energieokonomik GmbH, Neon, Germany (2) Mercator Res. Inst. on Global
Commons & Climate Change, Germany
Abstract: Low-carbon electricity generation, i.e. renewable energy, nuclear power and carbon capture and storage,
is more capital intensive than electricity generation through carbon emitting fossil fuel power stations. High capital
costs, expressed as high weighted average cost of capital (WACC), thus tend to encourage the use of fossil fuels. To
achieve the same degree of decarbonization, countries with high capital costs therefore need to impose a higher price
on carbon emissions than countries with low capital costs. This is particularly relevant for developing and emerging
economies, where capital costs tend to be higher than in rich countries. In this paper we quantitatively evaluate how
high capital costs impact the transformation of the energy system under climate policy, applying a numerical techno-
economic model of the power system. We find that high capital costs can significantly reduce the effectiveness of
carbon prices: if carbon emissions are priced at USD 50 per ton and the WACC is 3%, the cost-optimal electricity mix
comprises 40% renewable energy. At the same carbon price and a WACC of 15%, the cost-optimal mix comprises
almost no renewable energy. At 15% WACC, there is no significant emission mitigation with carbon pricing up to USD
50 per ton, but at 3% WACC and the same carbon price, emissions are reduced by almost half. These results have
implications for climate policy; carbon pricing might need to be combined with policies to reduce capital costs of low-
carbon options in order to decarbonize power systems. (40 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: costing - environmental economics - power system economics
Uncontrolled terms: capital costs - electricity sector - decarbonization - low-carbon electricity generation - nuclear
power - carbon capture and storage - renewable energy - electricity generation - weighted average cost of capital -
fossil fuel power stations - carbon emissions - power system - climate policy - numerical technoeconomic model - cost-
optimal mix comprises - carbon pricing - capital cost reduction
operation and economics
Database: Inspec

122. A comparison of climate signal trend detection uncertainty analysis methods

Phojanamongkolkij, Nipa (1); Kato, Seiji (2); Wielicki, Bruce A. (2); Taylor, Patrick C. (2); Mlynczak, Martin G. (2)
Source: Journal of Climate, v 27, n 9, p 3363-3376, May 2014; ISSN: 08948755; DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00400.1;
Publisher: American Meteorological Society
Author affiliation: (1) Systems Engineering and Engineering Methods Branch, NASA Langley Research Center,
Hampton, VA, United States (2) Climate Science Branch, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United
States
Abstract: Two climate signal trend analysis methods are the focus of this paper. The uncertainty of trend estimate
from these two methods is investigated using Monte Carlo simulation. Several theoretically and randomly generated
series of white noise, first-order autoregressive and second-order autoregressive, are explored. The choice of method
that is most appropriate for the time series of interest depends upon the autocorrelation structure of the series. If the
structure has its autocorrelation coefficients decreased with increasing lags (i.e., an exponential decay pattern), then
the method of Weatherhead et al. is adequate. If the structure exhibits a decreasing sinusoid pattern of coefficient with
lags (or a damped sinusoid pattern) or a mixture of both exponential decay and damped sinusoid patterns, then the
method of Leroy et al. is recommended. The two methods are then applied to the time series of monthly and globally
averaged top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) irradiances for the reflected solar shortwave and emitted longwave regions,
using radiance observations made by Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instruments during
March 2000 through June 2011. Examination of the autocorrelation structures indicates that the reflected shortwave
region has an exponential decay pattern, while the longwave region has a mixture of exponential decay and damped
sinusoid patterns. Therefore, it is recommended that the method ofWeatherhead et al. is used for the series of reflected
shortwave irradiances and that the method of Leroy et al. is used for the series of emitted longwave irradiances. (18
refs)
Main heading: Uncertainty analysis
Controlled terms: Autocorrelation - Earth atmosphere - Intelligent systems - Mixtures - Monte Carlo methods - Time
series - White noise
Uncontrolled terms: Auto-regressive - Autocorrelation coefficient - Autocorrelation structures - Clouds and the
Earth's radiant energy systems - Damped sinusoids - Exponential decays - First order autoregressive - Top of the
atmospheres
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 723.4 Artificial IntelligenceArtificial
Intelligence - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical
StatisticsMathematical Statistics
Database: Compendex
123. Exergy analysis of a novel CHP-GSHP coupling system

Kang, Shushuo (1); Li, Hongqiang (1); Liu, Lifang (1); Lei, Jing (2); Zhang, Guoqiang (1)
Source: Applied Thermal Engineering, v 93, p 308-314, January 25, 2016; ISSN: 13594311; DOI: 10.1016/
j.applthermaleng.2015.09.039; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) College of Civil Engineering, National Center for International Research Collaboration in
Building Safety and Environment, Hunan University, Changsha; Hunan; 410082, China (2) School of Energy, Power
and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Changping District; Beijing; 102206, China
Abstract: A novel natural gas based combined heating and power (CHP) and ground source heat pump (GSHP)
coupling system has been suggested and analyzed in terms of first law of thermodynamics. In this paper, the
performance of the novel system is investigated from the perspective of second law of thermodynamics, and the
calculations are completed by the combination of Aspen plus simulation and theoretical derivation. The research
results show that, the novel system can obtain total exergy efficiency 22.58%, about 3.7% higher than the reference
system. So as to reveal the essential energy saving character about the novel system, the exergy loss distribution
differences between the novel and reference system are discussed. Moreover, the key operation parameter which
will affect the performance of the novel system is also investigated. The final research results show that, the novel
integration approach will provide a good reference for the other similar high-efficiency energy system. © 2015
Published by Elsevier Ltd. (26 refs)
Main heading: Geothermal heat pumps
Controlled terms: Computer software - Energy conservation - Exergy - Waste heat - Waste heat utilization
Uncontrolled terms: Combined heating and power - Exergy Analysis - Exergy loss distributions - First law of
thermodynamics - Groundsource heat pump (GSHP) - Heat pumps - Second Law of Thermodynamics - System
integrating

ThermodynamicsThermodynamics - 641.2 Heat TransferHeat Transfer - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and
ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications
Database: Compendex
124. Analysis of off-grid electricity system at isle of eigg (Scotland): Lessons for developing
countries
Chmiel, Zbigniew (1); Bhattacharyya, Subhes C. (1)
Source: Renewable Energy, v 81, p 578-588, September 01, 2015; ISSN: 09601481, E-ISSN: 18790682; DOI:
10.1016/j.renene.2015.03.061; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) De Montfort University, Leicester; LE1 9BH, United Kingdom
Abstract: Off-Grid energy systems are growing in popularity as an independent source of energy to satisfy electricity
needs of individual households or smaller communities, mainly in developing countries where the main grid is either
not developed or the grid is uneconomical to extend due to remoteness of the location. The Isle of Eigg in Scotland
has been successfully using a hybrid off-grid system for several years to provide a reliable 24-h electricity supply to
the islanders. This ex-post analysis of the Isle of Eigg system investigates its performance and explores possible
alternative configurations which could work more effectively and efficiently. Simulations were carried out using HOMER
software for the existing system and for alternative configurations of energy generation. It is found that the existing
overcapacity has been instrumental in ensuring a reliable supply but continued reliance on diesel generators adds
to the cost. More wind power capacity addition can reduce reliance on fossil fuels and modular sizing of generators
instead of adding large capacities could have reduced the idle capacity. This experience suggests that providing
reliable off-grid electricity supply is possible but is costly without suitable capital subsidies. Appropriate system design
suited to the local condition is important for developing a viable system. © 2015 The Authors. (25 refs)
Controlled terms: Developing countries - Fossil fuels - Hybrid systems - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Alternative configurations - Electricity supply - Energy generations - Independent sources - Isle of
eigg - Off-grids - Reliable supply - Wind power capacity
706.1.1 Electric Power TransmissionElectric Power Transmission - 921 MathematicsMathematics
Database: Compendex
125. Optimal power flow management for distributed energy resources with batteries
Tazvinga, Henerica (1); Zhu, Bing (1); Xia, Xiaohua (1)
Source: Energy Conversion and Management, v 102, p 104-110, 15 September 2015; ISSN: 01968904; DOI:
10.1016/j.enconman.2015.01.015; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Center of New Energy Systems, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer
Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria; 0002, South Africa
Abstract: This paper presents an optimal energy management model of a solar photovoltaic-diesel-battery hybrid
power supply system for off-grid applications. The aim is to meet the load demand completely while satisfying the
system constraints. The proposed model minimizes fuel and battery wear costs and finds the optimal power flow,
taking into account photovoltaic power availability, battery bank state of charge and load power demand. The optimal
solutions are compared for cases when the objectives are weighted equally and when a larger weight is assigned to
battery wear. A considerable increase in system operational cost is observed in the latter case owing to the increased
usage of the diesel generator. The results are important for decision makers, as they depict the optimal decisions
considered in the presence of trade-offs between conflicting objectives. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd (32 refs)
Controlled terms: Acoustic generators - Battery management systems - Charging (batteries) - Decision making -
Economic and social effects - Electric load flow - Electric power systems - Energy management - Energy management
systems - Photovoltaic cells - Secondary batteries - Solar power generation
Uncontrolled terms: Conflicting - Conflicting objectives - Dispatch strategy - Distributed Energy Resources - Hybrid
energy system - Hybrid power supply systems - Optimal power flows - Variable nature
Solar PowerSolar Power - 702.1.2 Secondary BatteriesSecondary Batteries - 706 Electric Transmission and

DistributionElectric Transmission and Distribution - 752.4 Acoustic GeneratorsAcoustic Generators - 912.2

ManagementManagement - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
Database: Compendex
126. Startup and burnup strategy for Th-U/U-Pu fuel cycles in an EM2 reactor
Ma, Y.W. (1); Li, X.X. (1); Cai, X.Z. (1); Yu, C.G. (1); Zou, C.Y. (1); Han, J.L. (1); Chen, J.G. (1)
Source: Progress in Nuclear Energy, v 85, p 764-70, Nov. 2015; ISSN: 0149-1970; DOI: 10.1016/
j.pnucene.2015.09.010; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Shanghai Inst. of Appl. Phys., Shanghai, China
Abstract: General Atomics (GA) is developing the Energy Multiplier Module (EM2) which is a compact gas-cooled fast
reactor as one of candidates of the Generation-IV nuclear energy systems. In the EM2 core, low enriched uranium
is used as igniting fuel and depleted uranium is used for converting and burning. It indicates that EM2 can maintain
critical operation for more than 30 years without refueling. To further study the Th-U fuel cycle performance in the EM2,
two kinds of start-up strategies with Th-U (Th + 233U) and semi Th-U (Th + enriched 235U) are evaluated. Neutronics
characteristics, such as the effective multiplicity factor (keff) and conversion ratio (CR) are analyzed from neutron
usage point of view. The simulated results for the two kinds of fuels are compared with the U-Pu fuel from the design
of GA. The analysis gives an insight into the pros and cons of U-Pu and Th-U fuel cycles in terms of the breeding
capability and the discharged radio-toxicity. The breeding performance of the second generation EM2 is also presented
and compared with that of the first generation EM2. It indicates that the multi-generation EM2 can deepen the burnup
and reduce the waste management pressure for each kind of fuel loading strategy. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (36
refs)
Inspec controlled terms: fission reactor fuel - gas cooled reactors - plutonium - thorium - uranium
Uncontrolled terms: Th-U-U-Pu fuel cycle startup strategy - Th-U-U-Pu fuel cycle burnup strategy - EM2 reactor
core - General Atomics design - energy multiplier module - compact gas-cooled fast reactor - generation-IV nuclear
energy system - uranium enrichment - fuel ignition - uranium burning - neutronic characteristic - effective multiplicity
factor - conversion ratio - neutron usage - breeding capability - discharged radio-toxicity - multigeneration EM2 - waste
management pressure - fuel loading strategy
Classification Code: A2842D Fission reactor fuel elementsFission reactor fuel elements - A2850F Fast reactorsFast
reactors - A2850I Gas cooled reactorsGas cooled reactors - B8220B Nuclear reactorsNuclear reactors
IPC Code: G21C1/00 - G21C3/00 - G21C3/02 - G21D - G21C1/03
Database: Inspec
127. Alternative energy supply system to a rural village in Ethiopia

Tucho, Gudina Terefe (1); Nonhebel, Sanderine (2)
Source: Energy, Sustainability and Society, v 7, n 1, December 1, 2017; E-ISSN: 21920567; DOI: 10.1186/
s13705-017-0136-x; Article number: 33; Publisher: Springer Verlag
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma,
Ethiopia (2) Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen; 9747 AG, Netherlands
Abstract: Background: Most households in rural developing countries do not have access to modern energy
supply. Household level biogas energy was considered as an option but failed due to lack of sufficient resources
for its installation and operation. A community energy system can be an option, but most studies focused on off-
grid electricity. This energy system cannot be a realistic option particularly for cooking demand. An efficient and
suitable system matching local resources and demand expectation needs to be developed which this study focuses
on assessing. Biogas and solar energy technologies are viable to establish such kind of a system since they can
be converted to different forms of energy. Therefore, this study aims to determine efficient biogas and solar energy
production and utilization options for small scale village energy application in rural Ethiopia. Methods: The efficiencies
of the production and utilization options are determined based on the system configurations involving resource,
conversion, and utilization combination models. We used local resources, data, and relevant literature information for
the system analysis. Results: The analysis shows that most energy is needed in the form of heat for cooking and a
smaller part in the form of electricity (about 10%). The community waste stream converted to biogas will be enough for
cooking, but not enough biogas is left to produce enough electricity. Co-digesting altogether provides biogas that can
meet only about 75% of the electricity demand. Concentrated solar cookers can be an alternative for cooking in areas
where installation of biogas is not possible. About 2-m2size solar concentrator is sufficient to meet each household’s

cooking energy demand. The lighting and appliance energy demand can be met with photovoltaic (PV) energy
produced with reasonably sized panels. However, the use of electrical energy for cooking produced with PV cannot be
an economic option with the available technologies. Conclusions: The community energy system involving anaerobic
co-digestion (biogas) and/or solar energy technologies is viable to meet the demand when efficient production and
conversion is made based on specific local resource supply and demand. © 2017, The Author(s). (72 refs)
Controlled terms: Anaerobic digestion - Biogas - Developing countries - Economics - Energy management - Energy
resources - Heating - Rural areas - Solar energy
Uncontrolled terms: Alternative energy supplies - Anaerobic co-digestion - Combination models - Electricity demands
- Energy applications - Photovoltaic energy - Solar energy technologies - System configurations
Classification Code: 522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels - 525 Energy Management and ConversionEnergy Management and
Conversion - 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
Database: Compendex
128. Techno-economic evaluation of grid connected PV system for households with feed in
tariff and time of day tariff regulation in New Delhi – A sustainable approach
Tomar, Vivek (1); Tiwari, G.N. (1)
Author affiliation: (1) Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauzkhas, New Delhi;
110016, India
Abstract: With growing demand of electricity and continuously receding the natural resource have made inevitable
look toward renewable energy resource. Moreover, the photovoltaic technology is advance and emerging technology.
This paper discuss the feasibility of grid connected Roof-top/Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system for
the electrification of consumption wise three different residential households with incorporating feed in tariffs/ net
metering process along with Tariff of day (ToD) tariff regulation in the New Delhi, India. HOMER has been used to
carry out the techno-economic evaluation of grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system. The simulation indicates that
the cost of energy (COE)) and Net Present Cost (NPC) become 0 at around 1.8 kW and 3.4 kW for low and middle
slab household. Moreover, high slab demand households required large infrastructure and greater capital to obtain
effective results. The results clearly identify that feed in tariff/net metering and time of day (ToD) tariff regulation are
majorly impact on low and middle slab households rather than high slab households. It has been observed that COE
is continuously decreased with capacity addition as well as linearly increase with battery storage independent of
power consumption. It concluded that grid connected solar PV system without battery storage is both technically and
economically viable option for decentralized roof-top/BIPV application. This study also takes into account the possible
scenario of carbon emission reduction. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd (90 refs)
Controlled terms: Economic analysis - Electric batteries - Emission control - Energy resources - Housing -
Photovoltaic cells - Roofs
Uncontrolled terms: Battery - Carbon emissions - Decentralized power system - Feed-in tariff - PV modules -
Renewable energy systems - Residential loads - Solar irradiances - Time of day
Database: Compendex
129. Optimization of a flexible multi-generation system based on wood chip gasification and
methanol production
Lythcke-Jørgensen, Christoffer (1); Clausen, Lasse Røngaard (1); Algren, Loui (2); Hansen, Anders Bavnhøj (2);
Münster, Marie (3); Gadsbøll, Rasmus Østergaard (4); Haglind, Fredrik (1)
Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Technical University of Denmark, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Denmark (2)
Energinet.dk, Section for Energy Analysis, Denmark (3) Technical University of Denmark, Department of Management
Engineering, Denmark (4) Technical University of Denmark, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering,
Denmark
Abstract: Flexible multi-generation systems (FMGs) consist of integrated and flexibly operated facilities that provide
multiple links between the different sectors of the energy system. The present study treated the design optimization

of a conceptual FMG which integrated a methanol-producing biorefinery with an existing combined heat and
power (CHP) unit and industrial energy utility supply in the Danish city of Horsens. The objective was to optimize
economic performance and minimize total CO2emission of the FMG while it was required to meet the local district
heating demand plus the thermal utility demand of the butchery. The design optimization considered: Selection,
dimensioning, location and integration of processes; operation optimization with respect to both hourly variations
in operating conditions over the year as well as expected long term energy system development; and uncertainty
analysis considering both investment costs and operating conditions. Applying a previously developed FMG design
methodology, scalable models of the considered processes were developed and the system design was optimized
with respect to hourly operation over the period 2015–2035. The optimal design with respect to both economic
and environmental performance involved a maximum-sized biorefinery located next to local industry rather than in
connection with the existing CHP unit. As the local industry energy demands were limited when compared to the
biorefinery dimensions considered, process integration synergies were found to be marginal when compared to the
economic and environmental impact of the biorefinery for the present case. Assessing the impact of uncertainties on
the estimated FMG performances, the net present value (NPV) of the optimal design was estimated to vary within
the range 252.5–1471.6 M in response to changes of #x00B1;25% in investment costs and methanol price, and
considering two different electricity price scenarios. In addition, a change in the interest rate from 5% to 20% was
found to reduce the lower bound of the NPV to 181.3 M for reference operating conditions. The results suggest that the
applied interest rate and operating conditions, in particular the methanol price, would have a much higher impact on
the economic performance of the designs than corresponding uncertainties in investment costs. In addition, the study
outcomes emphasize the importance of including systematic uncertainty analysis in the design optimization of FMG
concepts. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd (52 refs)
Main heading: Industrial economics
Controlled terms: Bioconversion - Carbon dioxide - Cost benefit analysis - Costs - Economic and social effects -
Environmental impact - Environmental management - Gas generators - Gasification - Investments - Methanol - Optimal
systems - Refining - Uncertainty analysis - Wood products
Uncontrolled terms: Biomass Gasification - Design optimization - Multi generations - Poly-generation - Process
integration - Smart energy systems
Database: Compendex
130. Multi-layer Artificial Neural Networks Based MPPT-pitch Angle Control of a Tidal
Stream Generator
Ghefiri, K. (1); Bouallegue, S. (1); Garrido, I. (2); Garrido, A.J. (2); Haggege, J. (1)
Source: Sensors, v 18, n 5, p 1317 (22 pp.), May 2018; ISSN: 1424-8220; DOI: 10.3390/s18051317; Publisher:
MDPI, Switzerland
Author affiliation: (1) Lab. of Res. in Autom. Control, Univ. of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia (2) Dept. of Autom.
Control & Syst. Eng., Univ. of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
Abstract: Artificial intelligence technologies are widely investigated as a promising technique for tackling complex
and ill-defined problems. In this context, artificial neural networks methodology has been considered as an effective
tool to handle renewable energy systems. Thereby, the use of Tidal Stream Generator (TSG) systems aim to provide
clean and reliable electrical power. However, the power captured from tidal currents is highly disturbed due to the swell
effect and the periodicity of the tidal current phenomenon. In order to improve the quality of the generated power, this
paper focuses on the power smoothing control. For this purpose, a novel Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is investigated
and implemented to provide the proper rotational speed reference and the blade pitch angle. The ANN supervisor
adequately switches the system in variable speed and power limitation modes. In order to recover the maximum power
from the tides, a rotational speed control is applied to the rotor side converter following the Maximum Power Point
Tracking (MPPT) generated from the ANN block. In case of strong tidal currents, a pitch angle control is set based
on the ANN approach to keep the system operating within safe limits. Two study cases were performed to test the
performance of the output power. Simulation results demonstrate that the implemented control strategies achieve a
smoothed generated power in the case of swell disturbances. (62 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: angular velocity control - artificial intelligence - maximum power point trackers - neural nets -
photovoltaic power systems - power engineering computing - power generation control - velocity control - wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: multilayer Artificial Neural networks - MPPT-pitch angle control - Artificial intelligence
technologies - promising technique - artificial neural networks methodology - effective tool - renewable energy systems
- Tidal Stream Generator systems - clean power - reliable electrical power - swell effect - tidal current phenomenon -
generated power - power smoothing control - novel Artificial Neural Network - proper rotational speed reference - blade
pitch angle - ANN supervisor - variable speed - power limitation modes - rotational speed control - Maximum Power

Point Tracking - ANN block - strong tidal currents - ANN approach - system operating - output power - implemented
control strategies - swell disturbances
Classification Code: B0170N ReliabilityReliability - B8360 Power convertors and power supplies to apparatusPower
convertors and power supplies to apparatus - C3340H Control of electric power systemsControl of electric power
systems - C5290 Neural computing techniquesNeural computing techniques
IPC Code: F03D - H02M - H02M3/00 - G05F1/67 - H02S
Database: Inspec
131. Bioenergy and the city - What can urban forests contribute?
Kraxner, F. (1); Aoki, K. (1, 2); Kindermann, G. (1, 3); Leduc, S. (1); Albrecht, F. (4); Liu, J. (1, 5); Yamagata, Y. (1, 6)
Source: Applied Energy, v 165, p 990-1003, March 01, 2016; ISSN: 03062619; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.12.121;
Author affiliation: (1) International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Ecosystems Services and
Management Program, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg; A-2361, Austria (2) Shinshu University, Cooperative Research
Center, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano; 380-8553, Japan (3) Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural
Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, Vienna; A-1131, Austria (4) GeoVille Information
Systems GmbH, Sparkassenplatz 2, Innsbruck; A-6020, Austria (5) Beijing Forestry University, School of Nature
Conservation, Qinghua East Road 35, Haidian District, Beijing; 100083, China (6) National Institute for Environmental
Studies (NIES), Center for Global Environmental Research (CGER), Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki; 305-8506,
Japan
Abstract: Bioenergy plays an important role in mitigating dangerous climate change and will therefore most likely have
to further expand substantially. With 50% of the global population living in urban areas, cities are transforming into
hotspots for future sustainable energy systems in the context of a low-carbon society. Bioenergy feedstock from urban
forests could contribute substantially to low-carbon energy supply, yet urban ecosystems also provide other services
that have to be balanced against future energy needs. This study conducts a geo-spatial analysis of urban forests with
respect to its potential of increasing feedstock production for urban bioenergy generation. At the same time, social
and environmental constraints are considered and co-benefits discussed. In order to test the wider applicability of the
methodology, the Vienna Woods Biosphere Reserve is chosen as a case study to determine the feedstock potential
for local bioenergy provided to Viennese households. The theoretical biomass potential is modeled using biophysical
growth and yield tables for individual tree species and then compared to the existing production area using GIS tools.
Results show that the biomass use within the biosphere reserve can be increased by about 60% without violating any
national or international law that protects multiple ecosystem services provided by the reserve, nor sustainability criteria
of forest management. This indicates a high potential of peri-urban forest ecosystems to contribute to urban resilience
- i.e. with respect to energy security and emissions reduction. The study concludes that urban forests require sensible
management in order to minimize conflicts of multiple environmental, economic and social uses of the area. © 2016
Main heading: Forestry
Controlled terms: Biomass - Biospherics - Carbon - Climate change - Ecosystems - Emission control - Energy
security - Environmental management - Feedstocks - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms: Bio-energy - Biomass potential - GIS analysis - Sustainable forest management - Urban energy -
Urban forests
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution
Control - 454 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering - 525.6 Energy PolicyEnergy Policy - 804
Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally
Database: Compendex
132. Ranking of Sites for Installation of Hydropower Plant Using MLP Neural Network
Trained with GA: A MADM Approach
Shimray, Benjamin A. (1); Singh, Kh. Manglem (2); Khelchandra, Thongam (2); Mehta, R.K. (3)
Source: Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, v 2017, 2017; ISSN: 16875265, E-ISSN: 16875273; DOI:
10.1155/2017/4152140; Article number: 4152140; Publisher: Hindawi Limited

Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Manipur, India
(2) Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Manipur, India (3)
Department of Electrical Engineering, NERIST, Nirjuli, India
Abstract: Every energy system which we consider is an entity by itself, defined by parameters which are interrelated
according to some physical laws. In recent year tremendous importance is given in research on site selection in an
imprecise environment. In this context, decision making for the suitable location of power plant installation site is
an issue of relevance. Environmental impact assessment is often used as a legislative requirement in site selection
for decades. The purpose of this current work is to develop a model for decision makers to rank or classify various
power plant projects according to multiple criteria attributes such as air quality, water quality, cost of energy delivery,
ecological impact, natural hazard, and project duration. The case study in the paper relates to the application of
multilayer perceptron trained by genetic algorithm for ranking various power plant locations in India. © 2017 Benjamin
A. Shimray et al. (20 refs)
Controlled terms: Air quality - Decision making - Environmental impact assessments - Genetic algorithms - Site
selection - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms: Cost of energies - Ecological impacts - Hydropower plants - Legislative requirements - MLP
neural networks - Multiple criteria - Plant installations - Power plant projects
Classification Code: 445.2 Water AnalysisWater Analysis - 451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control - 454.2
Environmental Impact and ProtectionEnvironmental Impact and Protection - 912.2 ManagementManagement
Database: Compendex
133. A Unified Approach to the Sizing and Control of Energy Storage Systems
Sudha, G.N. (1); Senroy, N. (1)
Source: Electric Power Components and Systems, v 45, n 7, p 693-704, 2017; ISSN: 1532-5008; DOI:
10.1080/15325008.2017.1292568; Publisher: Taylor & Francis, UK
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Electr. Eng., Indian Inst. of Technol. Delhi, New Delhi, India
Abstract: Grid operation and planning challenges arising out of large-scale integration of renewable power can to a
large extent be solved by the use of energy storage systems (ESSs). The type and size of storage to be used may be
decided by the amount of fluctuating power the storage charges or discharges to attain its objective. Storage systems
can be used as single devices or as hybrid systems where two or more devices complement the working of each other.
The objective of this paper is to find an accurate power and energy sizing methodology for storage devices working
in a single or hybrid arrangement such that the power fed to the grid from a wind turbine generator is regulated to a
constant value. A strategy for sizing of a hybrid ESS is proposed by choosing the long-term storage to be a battery
energy system and the short-term device to be a flywheel and using frequency analysis techniques. In the case of
flywheel energy storage system, the inertia and the gain of an integral controller applied to an induction-machine-based
flywheel are obtained. The simulations are done in MATLAB. (33 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: energy storage - flywheels - wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: energy storage systems - planning challenges - renewable power - storage charges - discharges
- single devices - hybrid systems - devices complement - accurate power - energy sizing methodology - storage
devices working - single arrangement - hybrid arrangement - long-term storage - battery energy system - short-term
device - flywheel energy storage system
Classification Code: B8470 Other energy storageOther energy storage - B8520 TransportationTransportation -
B8110C Power system controlPower system control - B8245 Wind power plantsWind power plants - C3340H Control of
electric power systemsControl of electric power systems
IPC Code: F03D - F16C15/00 - H02J15/00
Database: Inspec
134. The impact of coordinated policies on air pollution emissions from road transportation
in China
Kishimoto, P.N. (1); Karplus, V.J. (2); Min Zhong (3); Saikawa, E. (3); Xu Zhang (4); Xiliang Zhang (4)
Source: Transportation Research, Part D: Transport and Environment, v 54, p 30-49, July 2017; ISSN: 1361-9209;
DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2017.02.012; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands

Author affiliation: (1) Joint Program on the Sci. & Policy of Global Change, Massachusetts Inst. of Technol.,
Cambridge, MA, United States (2) Sloan Sch. of Manage., Massachusetts Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, MA, United
States (3) Dept. of Environ. Sci., Emory Univ., Atlanta, GA, United States (4) Inst. of Energy, Environ. & Econ.,
Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China
Abstract: Improving air quality across mainland China is an urgent policy challenge. While much of the problem is
linked to China's broader reliance on coal and other fossil fuels across the energy system, road transportation is an
important and growing source of air pollution. Here we use an energy-economic model, embedded in a Regional
Emissions Air Quality Climate and Health (REACH) integrated assessment framework, to analyze the impacts of
implementing vehicle emissions standards (ES) together with a broader economy-wide climate policy on total air
pollution in five species and 30 Chinese provinces. We find that full and immediate implementation of existing vehicle
ES at China 3/III level or tighter will significantly reduce the contribution of transportation to degraded air quality by
2030. We further show that road transport ES function as an important complement to an economy-wide price on CO2,
which delivers significant co-benefits for air pollution reduction that are concentrated primarily in non-transportation
sectors. Going forward, vehicle emissions standards and an economy-wide carbon price form a highly effective
coordinated policy package that supports China's air quality and climate change mitigation goals. [All rights reserved
Elsevier]. (38 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution control - carbon compounds - climate mitigation - energy conservation -
environmental economics - fossil fuels - government policies - transportation
Uncontrolled terms: coordinated policies - air pollution emissions - road transportation - mainland China - fossil fuels
- energy system - energy-economic model - Regional Emissions Air Quality Climate - Health integrated assessment
framework - vehicle emissions standards - broader economy-wide climate policy - total air pollution - vehicle ES -
degraded air quality - road transport ES - economy-wide price - air pollution reduction - nontransportation sectors -
climate change mitigation goals - carbon price - CO2
Classification Code: A8670G Atmosphere (environmental science)Atmosphere (environmental science) - A9260T
Air quality and air pollutionAir quality and air pollution - A8605 Energy and environmental policy, economics and
legislationEnergy and environmental policy, economics and legislation - B7720 Pollution detection and controlPollution
detection and control - B8110B Power system management, operation and economicsPower system management,
operation and economics - B0170Q Environmental factorsEnvironmental factors
Database: Inspec
135. Artificial photosynthesis on tree trunk derived alkaline tantalates with hierarchical
anatomy: towards CO2 photo-fixation into CO and CH4
Han Zhou (1); Peng Li (1); Jianjun Guo (1); Runyu Yan (2); Tongxiang Fan (2); Di Zhang (2); Jinhua Ye (1)
Source: Nanoscale, v 7, n 1, p 113-20, 7 Jan. 2015; ISSN: 2040-3364; DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03019b; Publisher: Royal
Society of Chemistry, UK
Author affiliation: (1) Int. Center for Mater. Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA) & Environ. Remediation Mater.Unit, Nat.
Inst. for Mater. Sci. (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan (2) State Key Lab. of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiaotong Univ.,
Shanghai, China
Abstract: Artificial photosynthesis, the photochemical fixation and recycling of CO2 back to hydrocarbon fuels using
sunlight and water, is both a significant challenge and an opportunity that, if realized, could have a revolutionary impact
on our energy system. Herein, we demonstrate one of the first examples using biomass derived hierarchical porous
photocatalysts for CO2 photo-fixation into sustainable hydrocarbon fuels. A generic method is proposed to build a
series of alkaline tantalates MTaO3 (M = Li, Na, K) with hierarchical anatomy from macroto nanoscales using activated
carbonized tree trunks as templates. Artificial photosynthesis is carried out on MTaO3 series using only artificial
sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide as inputs to produce carbon monoxide and methane as the main outputs. The CO2
photo-fixation performance can be enhanced by introducing a macropore network, which mainly enhances light transfer
and accelerates gas diffusion. The research provides prototype models that integrate individual nanoscale components
into higher level macroscopic artificial photosynthetic systems for better solar-to-fuel conversion efficiencies. This
work would have potential significance for the ultimate construction of “artificial trees” and provide envisions creating
“forests” of these CO2-capturing artificial trees to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it into
sustainable fuels. (52 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: catalysis - diffusion - lithium compounds - photosynthesis - porous materials - potassium
compounds - sodium compounds
Uncontrolled terms: gas diffusion - macropore network - activated carbonized tree trunks - biomass derived
hierarchical porous photocatalysts - photochemical fixation - CO2 photofixation - tree trunk derived alkaline tantalates -
artificial photosynthesis - LiTaO3 - NaTaO3 - KTaO3

Classification Code: A8250 Photochemistry and radiation chemistryPhotochemistry and radiation chemistry - A8630P
Photosynthesis and bioenergy conversionPhotosynthesis and bioenergy conversion - A8265J Heterogeneous catalysis
at surfaces and other surface reactionsHeterogeneous catalysis at surfaces and other surface reactions
IPC Code: B01J
Database: Inspec
136. Development of free cooling based ventilation technology for buildings: Thermal
energy storage (TES) unit, performance enhancement techniques and design
considerations - A review
Alizadeh, M. (1); Sadrameli, S.M. (1)
Source: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 58, p 619-645, May 2016; ISSN: 13640321, E-ISSN:
Author affiliation: (1) Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract: Nowadays, one of the major challenges for administrations and governments is energy demand to satisfy
thermal comfort in the buildings. In energy systems where a temporal difference exists between the supply of energy
and its utilization, thermal energy storage is necessary to ensure the continuity of a thermal process. The development
of thermal energy storage systems has been under consideration for a variety of applications such as solar thermal
energy storage, waste heat recovery, free cooling, etc. Free cooling night ventilation is the process of storing the
coolness in the night time and releasing this coolness in hot day time. Free cooling has attracted considerable
attention in the last few years. Supreme efforts have been put into finding new powerful free cooling systems and
quantifying their economic and technical feasibility for thermal comfort in buildings. This paper presents a review of
studies focused on the free cooling application in the residential and commercial buildings. Many considerations have
been highlighted in this review including the merits, demerits and limitations of the free cooling systems for buildings
application. The application of phase change materials (PCMs) in the free cooling, thermal enhancement techniques,
technical, geographical and economical aspects and their performance evaluation criteria have also been reviewed. A
few studies that reported in the literature for the numerical modeling of PCMs have also been discussed and therefore
this overview stresses the need to discuss numerical modeling of free cooling deeply. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved. (127 refs)
Main heading: Cooling systems
Controlled terms: Cooling - Energy storage - Heat storage - Numerical models - Office buildings - Phase change
materials - Solar energy - Storage (materials) - Thermal comfort - Thermal energy - Thermoelectric equipment -
Ventilation - Waste heat - Waste heat utilization
Uncontrolled terms: Design considerations - Free cooling - Night ventilation - Performance enhancements -
Performance evaluation criteria - Solar thermal energy - Temporal differences - Thermal energy storage systems
Classification Code: 402.2 Public BuildingsPublic Buildings - 525 Energy Management and ConversionEnergy
Management and Conversion - 615.4 Thermoelectric EnergyThermoelectric Energy - 641.2 Heat TransferHeat
Transfer - 643 Space Heating, Ventilation and Air ConditioningSpace Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning - 643.5
VentilationVentilation - 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 694.4 StorageStorage -
Database: Compendex
137. Electrification of residential space heating considering coincidental weather events and
building thermal inertia: a system-wide planning analysis
Heinen, S. (1); Turner, W. (1); Cradden, L. (2); McDermott, F. (2); O'Malley, M. (1)
Source: Energy, v 127, p 136-54, 15 May 2017; ISSN: 0360-5442; DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.102; Publisher:
Author affiliation: (1) Electr. Res. Centre, Univ. Coll. Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (2) Sch. of Earth Sci., Univ. Coll. Dublin,
Dublin, Ireland
Abstract: The increasing deployment of variable renewables and parallel residential space heat electrification using
heat pumps poses two significant challenges for electricity systems: First, coincidence of certain weather events can
stress the power system due to the increasing weather-dependence on both supply and demand side; Secondly,
increased net load demand requires large capacity expansion unless heat and electricity can be partially decoupled.
This paper proposes a planning methodology to explore these challenges by integrating a `Resistance-Capacitance'

representation of building thermodynamics into an integrated planning model. This enables analysis of coincidental
weather effects which drive system adequacy and of the potential to utilise building thermal inertia to pre-heat the
building and effectively store electricity in the form of heat according to system conditions. The model was tested
with a case study for the Irish energy system in 2030. It was found that different weather patterns considerably
influence investment and planning choices. Also, coincidental effects of different weather variables - in this case, low
temperatures and low wind speed - define the most critical situations in terms of adequacy. By utilising building thermal
inertia, total system costs of residential heat electrification can be reduced to the level of the benchmark technology,
gas boilers. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (81 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: boilers - building management systems - energy conservation - heat pumps - investment -
space heating
Uncontrolled terms: Irish energy system - investment - planning choices - total system costs - residential space
heating - coincidental weather events - system-wide planning analysis - variable renewables - parallel residential space
heat electrification - heat pumps - electricity systems - power system - capacity expansion - planning methodology -
Resistance-Capacitance representation - building thermodynamics - integrated planning model - coincidental weather
effects - weather patterns - weather variables - net load demand - system conditions - building thermal inertia
Classification Code: A8620H Heating (energy utilisation)Heating (energy utilisation) - A8620Q Buildings (energy
utilisation)Buildings (energy utilisation) - A8630R Thermal energy conversion (heat engines and heat pumps)Thermal
energy conversion (heat engines and heat pumps) - B8540E Space heatingSpace heating
IPC Code: F22B - F24D - F25B - F25B30/00 - H05B1/00
Database: Inspec
138. Electromagnetic and mechanical analysis of a toroidal field coil winding pack for EU
DEMO
Gade, P.V. (1); Bayer, C. (1); Fietz, W.H. (1); Heller, R. (1); Weiss, K.P. (1)
Source: Fusion Engineering and Design, v 98-99, p 1068-1071, October 1, 2015; ISSN: 09203796; DOI: 10.1016/
j.fusengdes.2015.06.165; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Institute for Technical Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
Abstract: As a part of European Union (EU) DEMO studies, the result of the so-called PROCESS system code has
been taken as the basis to design a toroidal field coil (TFC) winding pack with high temperature superconductors
(HTS). Rare-Earth-barium-copper-oxide (REBCO) coated superconductor is a promising candidate for high magnetic
field applications. This paper gives an overview of the studies performed and results obtained of the mechanical design
calculations of a TFC conductor and its winding pack. With this model the in-plane Lorentz forces on the conductors
have been calculated by making a 3-D electromagnetic analysis with EFFI codes. To obtain information about the
stresses in the stainless steel jacket and turn insulation, a detailed model of the TFC inboard leg cross section has
been developed and analyzed. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. (7 refs)
Main heading: Electric windings
Controlled terms: Barium compounds - Copper oxides - Fusion reactions - High temperature superconductors -
Lorentz force - Rare earths - Stresses - Superconducting coils - Winding
Uncontrolled terms: Coated superconductor - DEMO - Electromagnetic analysis - High magnetic fields - High
temperature superconductor (HTS) - Mechanical analysis - Mechanical design - Toroidal Field coils
Classification Code: 691.2 Materials Handling MethodsMaterials Handling Methods - 701 Electricity and
MagnetismElectricity and Magnetism - 708.3.1 High Temperature Superconducting MaterialsHigh Temperature
Superconducting Materials - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds - 932.2.1 Fission and Fusion
ReactionsFission and Fusion Reactions
Database: Compendex
139. Energy, economic and environmental assessment of the utilization of heat pumps for
buildings heating in the Italian residential sector
Bianco, Vincenzo (1); Piazza, Giorgio (1); Scarpa, Federico (1); Tagliafico, Luca A. (1)
Source: International Journal of Heat and Technology, v 35, p S117-S122, September 2017; ISSN: 03928764; DOI:
10.18280/ijht.35Sp0116; Publisher: International Information and Engineering Technology Association
Author affiliation: (1) Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Energetica, Gestionale e dei Trasporti, Universitàdegli
Studi di Genova, Via All’Opera Pia 15/A, Genoa; 16145, Italy

Abstract: Buildings heating is one of the main source of primary energy consumption, therefore there is a high
pressure for finding solution able to reduce the consumption with consequent positive impacts on the environment. In
the last years, it has been detected all around Europe an aggressive development of renewable energy sources in the
electricity sector. Thus, an increasing share of electricity is now generated from renewables, which can be seen as a
clean and sustainable source of energy. On the contrary, most of the heating systems available in buildings are based
on fossil fuels boilers, usually fueled with fuel oil or natural gas. These fuel sources are characterized by pollutant
emissions, namely CO2, NOx, SOx, soot, especially in the case of fuel oil. By developing an energy system model,
the present paper shows that the switching from fossil fuel to electricity of buildings heating systems can support the
reduction of primary energy consumption thus guaranteeing better economic and environmental performances. If an
increasing amount of electricity is generated by using renewables energies, therefore the carbon intensity of electricity
generation substantially decreases. The paper demonstrates that if the 20% of heating demand is covered by heat
pumps a saving of 4% (27 TWht) in primary energy and 4% (% Mt) of carbon emissions can be achieved. (10 refs)
Main heading: Energy utilization
Controlled terms: Electric power generation - Energy conservation - Energy management - Energy policy -
Environmental impact - Environmental management - Fossil fuels - Fuel oils - Fuels - Heat pump systems - Heating -
Heating equipment - Pumps - Renewable energy resources
Uncontrolled terms: Economic and environmental assessments - Economic and environmental performance -
Electricity generation - Energy planning - Energy strategy - Heat pumps - Primary energy consumption - Renewable
energy source
Classification Code: 454.2 Environmental Impact and ProtectionEnvironmental Impact and Protection - 523 Liquid
FuelsLiquid Fuels - 525 Energy Management and ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 616.1 Heat
Exchange Equipment and ComponentsHeat Exchange Equipment and Components - 618.2 PumpsPumps
Database: Compendex
140. Multi-objective optimization of the renewable energy mix for a building

Ascione, F. (1); Bianco, N. (1); De Masi, R.F. (2); De Stasio, C. (1); Mauro, G.M. (1); Vanoli, G.P. (2)
Source: Applied Thermal Engineering, v 101, p 612-21, 25 May 2016; ISSN: 1359-4311; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Univ. of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (2) Univ. of Sannio in Benevento, Benevento, Italy
Abstract: According to the increasing worldwide attention to energy and environmental performances of the
building sector, the exploitation of renewable energy sources (RESs) represents a key strategy toward sustainable
buildings. However, which is the `best' mix of RES systems in new or existing buildings? This paper proposes a novel
methodology, aimed to optimize the design of the mix of renewable energy systems for the integration of building
energy demand in terms of energy uses for space heating/cooling, domestic hot water and electric devices. More in
detail, a multi-objective optimization is performed by considering two contrasting objectives to be minimized: primary
energy demand and investment cost. The global cost is investigated too, as further criterion, in order to detect the cost-
optimal solution. Moreover, the fulfillment of the minimum levels of RES integration - as provided by Italian regulations -
is taken into account as constraint. The optimization procedure is based on a genetic algorithm, which is performed by
employing EnergyPlus and MATLAB®. As case study, the methodology is applied in order to optimize the renewable
energy mix for a typical new Italian residential building, located in Naples (Mediterranean area). Thermal solar systems,
photovoltaic panels and efficient heat pumps are investigated as RES systems. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (38 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: building simulation - buildings (structures) - costing - demand side management - genetic
algorithms - renewable energy sources
Uncontrolled terms: building simulation - Italian residential building - genetic algorithm - cost-optimal solution -
investment cost - building energy demand - RES systems mix - sustainable buildings - renewable energy sources -
multiobjective optimization
Classification Code: A8620Q Buildings (energy utilisation)Buildings (energy utilisation) - A8610 Energy
resources and fuelsEnergy resources and fuels - B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy resources - B0260 Optimisation
Treatment: Economic (ECO) - Theoretical or Mathematical (THR)
Database: Inspec
141. Ringkøbing-Skjern energy atlas for analysis of heat saving potentials in building stock
Petrovi, Stefan (1); Karlsson, Kenneth (1)

Source: Energy, v 110, p 166-177, September 1, 2016; ISSN: 03605442; DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.04.046;
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet,
Building 426, Kongens Lyngby; 2800, Denmark
Abstract: Ringkøbing-Skjern municipality aims to be 100% self-sufficient in renewable energy supply starting from
2020. It is expected that the building sector will contribute by reducing energy demand by 25–50%. Technical,
economic, environmental and geographical aspects need to be considered when analysing such drastic change of
municipality's energy system. For that purpose, GIS-based Ringkøbing-Skjern Energy Atlas has been developed.
The present paper utilises Ringkøbing-Skjern Energy Atlas together with the Heating Model to calculate potentials
and costs of heat saving measures. The results show that the reduction of heating demand by 25% and 35% can be
achieved at the annuitized full cost lower than 1.7 and 2 DKK/kWh, respectively. The results also show that significant
heat saving potential lies in farmhouses and detached houses as well as in buildings built before 1950. Over 75% of
very cheap heat saving potential can be harvested by insulating floors, while majority of heat saving potential cheaper
than 2 DKK/kWh can be utilised by insulating floors and installing mechanical ventilation systems. After heat savings
and heat supply options are compared from a private-economic perspective, it is concluded that heat savings should
be directed towards buildings supplied by oil boilers, natural gas boilers and ground-source heat pumps. © 2016
Elsevier Ltd (36 refs)
Main heading: Geothermal heat pumps
Controlled terms: Boilers - Energy conservation - Floors - Geographic information systems - Heating - Ventilation
Uncontrolled terms: Economic perspective - Energy atlas - Energy planning - Heat demands - Heat saving - Heat
supply options - Mechanical ventilation system - Renewable energies
Classification Code: 402 Buildings and TowersBuildings and Towers - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy
Conservation - 614 Steam Power PlantsSteam Power Plants - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and ComponentsHeat
Exchange Equipment and Components - 643.5 VentilationVentilation - 903.3 Information Retrieval and UseInformation
Retrieval and Use
Database: Compendex
142. Multi-objective optimal design of renewable energy integrated CCHP system using
PICEA-g
Li, Guozheng (1); Wang, Rui (1); Zhang, Tao (1); Ming, Mengjun (1)
Source: Energies, v 11, n 4, April 2018; E-ISSN: 19961073; DOI: 10.3390/en11040743; Article number: 743;
Publisher: MDPI AG
Author affiliation: (1) College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha;
410073, China
Abstract: The integration of renewable energies into combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems
has become increasingly popular in recent years. However, the optimization of renewable energies integrated
CCHP (RECCHP) systems (i.e., optimal component configurations) is far from being well addressed, especially
in isolated mode. This study aims to fill this research gap. A multi-objective optimization model characterizing the
system reliability, system cost, and environmental sustainability is constructed. In this model, the objectives include
minimization of annual total cost (ATC), carbon dioxide emission (CDE), and loss of energy supply probability (LESP).
The decision variables representing the configuration of the RECCHP system include the number of photovoltaic
(PV) panels and wind turbines (WTs), the tilt angle of PV panels, the height of WTs, the maximum fuel consumption,
and the capacity of battery and heat storage tanks (HSTs). The multi-objective model is solved by a multi-objective
evolutionary algorithm, namely, the preference-inspired coevolutionary algorithm (PICEA-g), resulting in a set of
Pareto optimal (trade-off) solutions. Then, a decision-making process is demonstrated, selecting a preferred solution
amongst those trade-off solutions by further considering the decision-maker preferences. Furthermore, on the
optimization of the RECCHP system, operational strategies (i.e., following electric load, FEL, and following thermal
load, FTL) are considered, respectively. Experimental results show that the FEL and FTL strategies lead to different
optimal configurations. In general, the FTL is recommended in summer and winter, while the FEL is more suitable
for spring and autumn. Compared with traditional energy systems, RECCHP has better economic and environmental
advantages. © 2018 by the authors. (62 refs)
Main heading: Multiobjective optimization
Controlled terms: Carbon dioxide - Cooling systems - Decision making - Economic and social effects - Evolutionary
algorithms - Free electron lasers - Fuel storage - Global warming - Heat storage - Pareto principle - Photovoltaic cells -
Sustainable development - Wind turbines

Uncontrolled terms: CCHP - Decision maker preferences - Environmental sustainability - Integration of renewable
energies - Isolated modes - Multi objective evolutionary algorithms - Multi-objective optimization models - Renewable
energies
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use
code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 694.4 StorageStorage - 744.5 Free Electron LasersFree
Electron Lasers - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds - 912.2 ManagementManagement - 921.5
Database: Compendex
143. Energy, economic and environmental assessment of the utilization of heat pumps for
buildings heating in the Italian residential sector
Bianco, Vincenzo (1); Piazza, Giorgio (1); Scarpa, Federico (1); Tagliafico, Luca A. (1)
Source: International Journal of Heat and Technology, v 35, n Special Issue 1, p S117-S122, September 2017;
ISSN: 03928764; DOI: 10.18280/ijht.35Sp0116; Publisher: International Information and Engineering Technology
Association
Author affiliation: (1) Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Energetica, Gestionale e dei Trasporti, Universitàdegli
Studi di Genova, Via All’Opera Pia 15/A, Genoa; 16145, Italy
Abstract: Buildings heating is one of the main source of primary energy consumption, therefore there is a high
pressure for finding solution able to reduce the consumption with consequent positive impacts on the environment. In
the last years, it has been detected all around Europe an aggressive development of renewable energy sources in the
electricity sector. Thus, an increasing share of electricity is now generated from renewables, which can be seen as a
clean and sustainable source of energy. On the contrary, most of the heating systems available in buildings are based
on fossil fuels boilers, usually fueled with fuel oil or natural gas. These fuel sources are characterized by pollutant
emissions, namely CO2, NOx, SOx, soot, especially in the case of fuel oil. By developing an energy system model,
the present paper shows that the switching from fossil fuel to electricity of buildings heating systems can support the
reduction of primary energy consumption thus guaranteeing better economic and environmental performances. If an
increasing amount of electricity is generated by using renewables energies, therefore the carbon intensity of electricity
generation substantially decreases. The paper demonstrates that if the 20% of heating demand is covered by heat
pumps a saving of 4% (27 TWht) in primary energy and 4% (% Mt) of carbon emissions can be achieved. (10 refs)
Controlled terms: Electric power generation - Energy conservation - Energy management - Energy policy -
Environmental impact - Environmental management - Fossil fuels - Fuel oils - Fuels - Heat pump systems - Heating -
Heating equipment - Pumps - Renewable energy resources
Uncontrolled terms: Economic and environmental assessments - Economic and environmental performance -
Electricity generation - Energy planning - Energy strategy - Heat pumps - Primary energy consumption - Renewable
energy source
Classification Code: 454.2 Environmental Impact and ProtectionEnvironmental Impact and Protection - 523 Liquid
FuelsLiquid Fuels - 525 Energy Management and ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 616.1 Heat
Exchange Equipment and ComponentsHeat Exchange Equipment and Components - 618.2 PumpsPumps
Database: Compendex
144. Electrification of residential space heating considering coincidental weather events and
building thermal inertia: A system-wide planning analysis
Heinen, Steve (1); Turner, William (1); Cradden, Lucy (2); McDermott, Frank (2); O'Malley, Mark (1)
Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Electricity Research Centre, School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University College
Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (2) School of Earth Sciences, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin
4, Ireland
Abstract: The increasing deployment of variable renewables and parallel residential space heat electrification using
heat pumps poses two significant challenges for electricity systems: First, coincidence of certain weather events can
stress the power system due to the increasing weather-dependence on both supply and demand side; Secondly,
increased net load demand requires large capacity expansion unless heat and electricity can be partially decoupled.
This paper proposes a planning methodology to explore these challenges by integrating a ‘Resistance-Capacitance’

representation of building thermodynamics into an integrated planning model. This enables analysis of coincidental
weather effects which drive system adequacy and of the potential to utilise building thermal inertia to pre-heat the
building and effectively store electricity in the form of heat according to system conditions. The model was tested
with a case study for the Irish energy system in 2030. It was found that different weather patterns considerably
influence investment and planning choices. Also, coincidental effects of different weather variables – in this case, low
temperatures and low wind speed - define the most critical situations in terms of adequacy. By utilising building thermal
inertia, total system costs of residential heat electrification can be reduced to the level of the benchmark technology,
gas boilers. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (81 refs)
Controlled terms: Buildings - Economics - Electric utilities - Housing - Space heating - Thermodynamics - Weather
information services - Wind
Uncontrolled terms: Demand response - Energy planning - Heat and electricity - Integrated planning models -
Planning methodology - Resistance capacitance - Thermal inertia - Weather impact
Classification Code: 402 Buildings and TowersBuildings and Towers - 403.1 Urban Planning and DevelopmentUrban
Planning and Development - 443 MeteorologyMeteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties -
641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics - 643.1 Space HeatingSpace Heating - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
Database: Compendex
145. Modeling and control of a doubly fed induction generator with a disturbance observer:
A stator voltage oriented approach
Özsoy, Esref Emre (1); Golubovic, Edin (2); Sabanovic, Asf (2); Bogosyan, Seta (1); Gökaan, Metin (1)
Source: Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, v 24, n 3, p 961-972, 2016; ISSN:
13000632, E-ISSN: 13036203; DOI: 10.3906/elk-1312-104; Publisher: Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences
Author affiliation: (1) Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey (2) Faculty of
Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanc University, Istanbul, Turkey
Abstract: The popularity of renewable energy conversion systems, and especially of wind energy, has been growing in
recent years. Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind energy systems are extensively used due to their wide
range of active and reactive power controllability. Conventional DFIG control structures consist of decoupled PI rotor
current controllers with stator flux orientation and machine parameter-dependent compensating terms. The accuracy of
stator flux calculations is dependent on how accurately the stator resistance is known. Integration problems also exist
and additional low-pass fiters are implemented to accurately calculate the stator flux. In the current study, machine-
dependent compensating terms are estimated with a first-order low-pass filter disturbance observer. Therefore, a
single proportional (P) controller is sufficient to control decoupled rotor currents. The proposed controller structure
is implemented on a MATLAB/Simulink platform with the parameters of 500 kW DFIG used in the MILRES (Turkish
National Wind Energy) project. The proposed controller is also experimentally validated in an experimental setup. ©
TÜBTAK. (18 refs)
Main heading: Asynchronous generators
Controlled terms: Controllers - Electric fault currents - Electric generators - Electric machine control - Energy
conversion - Low pass filters - Stators - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Active and Reactive Power - Disturbance observer - Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) -
Doubly Fed Induction generators (DFIG) - Proportional controller - Renewable energy conversion systems - Rotor
current controller - Stator-flux orientation
Classification Code: 525.5 Energy Conversion IssuesEnergy Conversion Issues - 615.8 Wind Power (Before
1993, use code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and
PhenomenaElectricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 703.2 Electric FiltersElectric Filters - 705 Electric Generators
and MotorsElectric Generators and Motors - 731.2 Control System ApplicationsControl System Applications - 732.1
Control EquipmentControl Equipment
Database: Compendex
146. Trade-offs between mitigation costs and temperature change

Blanford, Geoffrey (1); Merrick, James (1); Richels, Richard (1); Rose, Steven (1)
Source: Climatic Change, v 123, n 3-4, p 527-541, April 2014; ISSN: 01650009; DOI: 10.1007/s10584-013-0869-2;
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
Author affiliation: (1) Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, United States

Abstract: This paper uses the MERGE integrated assessment model to identify the least-cost mitigation strategy
for achieving a range of climate policies. Mitigation is measured in terms of GDP foregone. This is not a benefit-cost
analysis. No attempt is made to calculate the reduction in damages brought about by a particular policy. Assumptions
are varied regarding the availability of energy-producing and energy-using technologies. We find pathways with
substantial reductions in temperature change, with the cost of reductions varying significantly, depending on policy
and technology assumptions. The set of scenarios elucidates the potential energy system transformation demands
that could be placed on society. We find that policy that allows for "overshoot" of a radiative forcing target during the
century results in lower costs, but also a higher temperature at the end of the century. We explore the implications
of the costs and availability of key mitigation technologies, including carbon capture and storage (CCS), bioenergy,
and their combination, known as BECS, as well as nuclear and energy efficiency. The role of "negative emissions" via
BECS in particular is examined. Finally, we demonstrate the implications of nationally adopted emissions timetables
based on articulated goals as a counterpoint to a global stabilization approach. © 2013 The Author(s). (12 refs)
Main heading: Cost benefit analysis
Controlled terms: Atmospheric radiation - Carbon capture - Climate models - Costs - Economic and social effects -
Energy efficiency - Potential energy
Uncontrolled terms: Benefit-cost analysis - Carbon capture and storages (CCS) - Energy system transformation
- Global stabilization - Integrated assessment models - Mitigation strategy - Substantial reduction - Temperature
changes
Classification Code: 443 MeteorologyMeteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties -
454 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation -
911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 921
MathematicsMathematics - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
Database: Compendex
147. Heat Transfer to Supercritical Water in Advanced Power Engineering Applications: An

Industrial Scale Test Rig
Schatte, Gerrit A. (1); Kohlhepp, Andreas (1); Gschnaidtner, Tobias (1); Wieland, Christoph (1); Spliethoff, Hartmut (1,
2)
Source: Journal of Energy Resources Technology, Transactions of the ASME, v 140, n 6, June 1, 2018; ISSN:
01950738, E-ISSN: 15288994; DOI: 10.1115/1.4039610; Article number: 062002; Publisher: American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Author affiliation: (1) Institute for Energy Systems, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, Garching;
85748, Germany (2) Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern), Walther-Meissner-Str. 6, Garching;
85748, Germany
Abstract: Heat transfer to supercritical water in heated tubes and channels is relevant for steam generators in
conventional power plants and future concepts for supercritical nuclear and solar-thermal power plants. A new
experimental facility, the high pressure evaporation rig, setup at the Institute for Energy Systems (Technische
Universität München) aims to provide heat transfer data to fill the existing knowledge gaps at these conditions. The
test rig consists of a closed-loop high pressure cycle, in which de-ionized water is fed to an instrumented test section
heated by the application of direct electrical current. It is designed to withstand a maximum pressure of 380 bar at
580 °C in the test section. The maximum power rating of the system is 1 MW. The test section is a vertical tube
(material: AISI A213/P91) with a 7000 mm heated length, a 15.7 mm internal diameter, and a wall thickness of 5.6
mm. It is equipped with 70 thermocouples distributed evenly along its length. It enables the determination of heat
transfer coefficients in the supercritical region at various steady-state or transient conditions. In a first series of tests,
experiments are conducted to investigate normal and deteriorated heat transfer (DHT) under vertical upward flow
conditions. The newly generated data and literature data are used to evaluate different correlations available for
modeling heat transfer coefficients at supercritical pressures. © 2018 by ASME. (21 refs)
Main heading: Testing
Controlled terms: Experiments - Heat transfer - Heat transfer coefficients - Power plants - Steam generators - Steam
power plants - Thermocouples - Thermoelectric power plants
Uncontrolled terms: Conventional power plants - Experimental facilities - Flexible operation - Industrial scale tests -
Solar thermal power plants - Super-critical pressures - Super-critical regions - Supercritical water
Classification Code: 614 Steam Power PlantsSteam Power Plants - 614.2 Steam Power Plant Equipment and
OperationSteam Power Plant Equipment and Operation - 615.4 Thermoelectric EnergyThermoelectric Energy - 641.2
Heat TransferHeat Transfer - 901.3 Engineering ResearchEngineering Research - 944.5 Temperature Measuring
InstrumentsTemperature Measuring Instruments
Database: Compendex


148. Effects of district heating networks on optimal energy flow of multi-carrier systems
Shabanpour-Haghighi, A. (1); Seifi, A.R. (1)
Source: Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 59, p 379-87, June 2016; ISSN: 1364-0321; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Sch. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Shiraz Univ., Shiraz, Iran
Abstract: A multi-carrier energy network is a system consists of several energy carriers such as electricity, natural
gas, heat, etc. Generally, each transmission network is optimized separately but it could overshadow the actual optimal
operation of the whole energy network. An integrated viewpoint opens a new window on optimization analysis. Among
various networks, district heating networks are very promising for energy saving and carbon emission reduction.
In this paper, effects of utilizing this network on optimization of a multi-carrier energy system are shown. However,
such a problem has a considerable number of variables that makes a non-linear, non-convex, non-smooth, and high-
dimension optimization problem and the optimal solution cannot be achieved by conventional mathematical techniques.
Therefore, it is better to use evolutionary algorithms instead. In this paper, the well-known modified teaching-learning
based optimization algorithm is used to solve the problem. Various simulations on a typical system show the impacts of
a district heating network in the multi-carrier energy system. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (50 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution - concave programming - district heating - energy conservation - evolutionary
computation - nonlinear programming - transmission networks
Uncontrolled terms: district heating networks - optimal energy flow - multicarrier energy network - transmission
network - energy saving - carbon emission reduction - multicarrier energy system - evolutionary algorithms - teaching-
learning based optimization algorithm
Classification Code: B8230 Thermal power stations and plantsThermal power stations and plants - B8120
Power transmission, distribution and supplyPower transmission, distribution and supply - B0170Q Environmental
factorsEnvironmental factors - B0260 Optimisation techniquesOptimisation techniques
IPC Code: F24D10/00 - H02J3/00 - F01L1/047
Database: Inspec
149. Optimal dispatch of large multi-carrier energy networks considering energy conversion
functions
Hohmann, M. (1); Evins, R. (2); Lygeros, J. (3)
Source: Energy Procedia, v 122, p 80-5, Sept. 2017; ISSN: 1876-6102; DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.311;
Author affiliation: (1) Urban Energy Syst. Group, Swiss Fed. Labs. for Mater. Sci. & Technol., Dubendorf, Switzerland
(2) Energy Syst. & Sustainable Cities Group, Univ. of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada (3) Autom. Control Lab., ETH
Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Abstract: An integrated coordination of multi-carrier energy networks including gas, heating, cooling and electricity
can increase the flexibility, efficiency and sustainability of energy systems. The optimal dispatch of such systems
is complicated by the non-convex nature of their energy conversion processes. Although these processes can be
represented in mixed-integer linear programmes, real-time constraints of an online dispatcher may not be satisfied. In
this paper, two approaches for alleviating this problem are developed and compared: one is based on a relaxed mixed-
integer linear formulation and the other on mathematical optimization with complementarity constraints. Simulation
results on realistic systems demonstrate that both approaches solve large multi-carrier dispatch problems efficiently.
The mathematical optimization with complementarity constraints is computationally less intensive but the relaxed
mixed-integer linear formulation is numerically more robust. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (13 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: integer programming - linear programming - optimisation - power generation dispatch
Uncontrolled terms: integrated coordination - electricity - efficiency - sustainability - energy systems - optimal dispatch
- nonconvex nature - energy conversion processes - mixed-integer linear programmes - real-time constraints - online
dispatcher - mixed-integer linear formulation - mathematical optimization - complementarity constraints - realistic
systems - multicarrier dispatch problems - multicarrier energy networks - energy conversion functions
Classification Code: B0260 Optimisation techniquesOptimisation techniques - B8110B Power system
management, operation and economicsPower system management, operation and economics - C1180 Optimisation
Treatment: Theoretical or Mathematical (THR)

Database: Inspec
150. Cost-optimal energy performance renovation measures of educational buildings in cold

climate
Niemelä, Tuomo (1, 2); Kosonen, Risto (2); Jokisalo, Juha (2)
Source: Applied Energy, v 183, p 1005-1020, December 1, 2016; ISSN: 03062619; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Granlund Consulting Oy, Malminkaari 21 FI-00701, Helsinki, Finland (2) Aalto University, School
of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
Abstract: The paper discusses cost-efficient energy performance renovation measures for typical educational
buildings built in the 1960s and 1970s in cold climate regions. The study analyzes the impact of different energy
renovation measures on the energy efficiency and economic viability in a Finnish case study educational building
located in Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT) campus area. The main objective of the study was to
determine the cost-optimal energy performance renovation measures to meet the proposed national nearly zero-
energy building (nZEB) requirements, which are defined according to the primary energy consumption of buildings. The
main research method of the study was simulation-based optimization (SBO) analysis, which was used to determine
the cost-optimal renovation solutions. The results of the study indicate that the minimum national energy performance
requirement of new educational buildings (Eprimary 170 kWh/(m2,a)) can be cost-effectively achieved in deep
renovations of educational buildings. In addition, the proposed national nZEB-targets are also well achievable, while
improving the indoor climate (thermal comfort and indoor air quality) conditions significantly at the same time. Cost-
effective solutions included renovation of the original ventilation system, a ground source heat pump system with
relatively small dimensioning power output, new energy efficient windows and a relatively large area of PV-panels for
solar-based electricity production. The results and conclusions of this study can be generalized to similar climates and
techno-economic environments. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd (53 refs)
Controlled terms: Air quality - Cost benefit analysis - Cost effectiveness - Costs - Economic analysis - Energy
utilization - Geothermal heat pumps - Heat pump systems - Indoor air pollution - Optimization - Photovoltaic cells -
Renewable energy resources - School buildings - Ventilation - Zero energy buildings
Uncontrolled terms: Cost-effective solutions - Educational buildings - Electricity production - Primary energy
consumption - Renewable energy systems - Simulation-based optimizations - University of technologies - Ventilation
systems
Classification Code: 402.2 Public BuildingsPublic Buildings - 451 Air PollutionAir Pollution - 451.2 Air Pollution
ControlAir Pollution Control - 525 Energy Management and ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 616.1
Heat Exchange Equipment and ComponentsHeat Exchange Equipment and Components - 643.5 VentilationVentilation
- 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.2
Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques
Database: Compendex
151. Review of the cultivation program within the National Alliance for Advanced Biofuels
and Bioproducts
Lammers, P.J. (1); Huesemann, M. (2); Boeing, W. (1); Anderson, D.B. (2); Arnold, R.G. (3); Xuemei Bai (4); Bhole,
M. (5); Brhanavan, Y. (1); Brown, L. (6); Brown, J. (6); Brown, J.K. (3); Chisholm, S. (7); Meghan Downes, C. (1);
Fulbright, S. (7); Yufeng Ge (6); Holladay, J.E. (2); Ketheesan, B. (1); Khopkar, A. (5); Koushik, A. (1); Laur, P. (8);
Marrone, B.L. (9); Mott, J.B. (9); Nirmalakhandan, N. (1); Ogden, K.L. (3); Parsons, R.L. (10); Polle, J. (11); Ryan, R.D.
(3); Samocha, T. (6); Sayre, R.T. (9); Seger, M. (1); Selvaratnam, T. (1); Ruixiu Sui (6); Thomasson, A. (6); Unc, A. (1);
Van Voorhies, W. (1); Waller, P. (3); Yao Yao (6); Olivares, J.A. (9)
Source: Algal Research, v 22, p 166-86, March 2017; ISSN: 2211-9264; DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.11.021; Publisher:
Author affiliation: (1) New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces, NM, United States (2) Pacific Northwest Nat. Lab.,
Richland, WA, United States (3) Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States (4) Cellana Inc., Kailua-Kona, HI, United
States (5) Reliance Ind. Ltd., India (6) Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, United States (7) Colorado State Univ.,
Fort Collins, CO, United States (8) Eldorado Biofuels, LLC, United States (9) Los Alamos Nat. Lab., Los Alamos, NM,
United States (10) Solix Biosyst. Inc., United States (11) Brooklyn Coll., City Univ. of New York, New York, NY, United
States

Abstract: The cultivation efforts within the National Alliance for Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts (NAABB) were
developed to provide four major goals for the consortium, which included biomass production for downstream
experimentation, development of new assessment tools for cultivation, development of new cultivation reactor
technologies, and development of methods for robust cultivation. The NAABB consortium testbeds produced over
1500 kg of biomass for downstream processing. The biomass production included a number of model production
strains, but also took into production some of the more promising strains found through the prospecting efforts
of the consortium. Cultivation efforts at large scale are intensive and costly, therefore the consortium developed
tools and models to assess the productivity of strains under various environmental conditions, at lab scale, and
validated these against scaled outdoor production systems. Two new pond-based bioreactor designs were tested
for their ability to minimize energy consumption while maintaining, and even exceeding, the productivity of algae
cultivation compared to traditional systems. Also, molecular markers were developed for quality control and to facilitate
detection of bacterial communities associated with cultivated algal species, including the Chlorella spp. pathogen,
Vampirovibriochlorellavorus, which was identified in at least two test site locations in Arizona and New Mexico. Finally,
the consortium worked on understanding methods to utilize compromised municipal wastewater streams for cultivation.
This review provides an overview of the cultivation methods and tools developed by the NAABB consortium to produce
algae biomass, in robust low energy systems, for biofuel production. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (69 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: bioenergy conversion - biofuel - bioreactors - energy consumption - microorganisms - quality
control - renewable energy sources - renewable materials
Uncontrolled terms: cultivation program - biomass production - downstream experimentation - cultivation reactor
technologies - downstream processing - algae biomass - biofuel production - National Alliance for Advanced Biofuels
and Bioproducts - NAABB - quality control - chlorella spp. pathogen - vampirovibriochlorellavorus
Classification Code: E3628 Biotechnology industryBiotechnology industry - E1610 Inspection and quality
controlInspection and quality control - E1710 Engineering materialsEngineering materials - E0230 Environmental
issuesEnvironmental issues - E1525 Industrial processesIndustrial processes - E3624 Fuel processing industryFuel
processing industry
Database: Inspec
152. Defining climate change scenario characteristics with a phase space of cumulative
primary energy and carbon intensity
Ritchie, J. (1); Dowlatabadi, H. (1)
Source: Environmental Research Letters, v 13, n 2, p 024012 (10 pp.), Feb. 2018; ISSN: 1748-9326; DOI:
10.1088/1748-9326/aaa494; Publisher: IOP Publishing, UK
Author affiliation: (1) Inst. for Resources, Environ. & Sustainability, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Abstract: Climate change modeling relies on projections of future greenhouse gas emissions and other phenomena
leading to changes in planetary radiative forcing. Scenarios of socio-technical development consistent with end-of-
century forcing levels are commonly produced by integrated assessment models. However, outlooks for forcing from
fossil energy combustion can also be presented and defined in terms of two essential components: total energy use
this century and the carbon intensity of that energy. This formulation allows a phase space diagram to succinctly
describe a broad range of possible outcomes for carbon emissions from the future energy system. In the following
paper, we demonstrate this phase space method with the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) as used
in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). The resulting RCP phase
space is applied to map IPCC Working Group III (WGIII) reference case `no policy' scenarios. Once these scenarios
are described as coordinates in the phase space, data mining techniques can readily distill their core features.
Accordingly, we conduct a k-means cluster analysis to distinguish the shared outlooks of these scenarios for oil, gas
and coal resource use. As a whole, the AR5 database depicts a transition toward re-carbonization, where a world
without climate policy inevitably leads to an energy supply with increasing carbon intensity. This orientation runs
counter to the experienced `dynamics as usual' of gradual decarbonization, suggesting climate change targets outlined
in the Paris Accord are more readily achievable than projected to date. (38 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: atmospheric temperature - climate mitigation - climatology - data mining
Uncontrolled terms: climate change scenario characteristics - cumulative primary energy - carbon intensity - Climate
change modeling - future greenhouse gas emissions - planetary radiative forcing - socio-technical development - end-
of-century forcing levels - integrated assessment models - fossil energy combustion - phase space diagram - carbon
emissions - phase space method - Representative Concentration Pathways - Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report
- shared outlooks - coal resource use - climate policy - energy supply - data mining techniques - coal resource - climate
change targets - RCP phase space - IPCC Working Group III reference case no policy scenarios - energy system

Classification Code: A9260S ClimatologyClimatology - A9260K Temperature of the lower atmosphereTemperature of

the lower atmosphere
Database: Inspec
153. A review of photovoltaic water pumping system designing methods, control strategies
and field performance
Muhsen, D.H. (1); Khatib, T. (2); Nagi, F. (3)
Source: Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 68, p 70-86, Feb. 2017; ISSN: 1364-0321; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of EC Eng., Univ. Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia (2) Dept. of Energy Eng. & Environ.,
An-Najah Nat. Univ., Nablus, Palestinian Authority (3) Dept. of Mech. Eng., Univ. Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia
Abstract: Photovoltaic water pumping system (PVPS) is an important and promising application of solar energy
systems especially in remote areas. In this review paper, research work on PVPS modeling, reliability, feasibility, field
performance, design procedures and control strategies is analyzed and reported. In addition, technical challenges
to this science are concluded in this review. According to the results, the numerical method is recommended for
sizing PVPS. In the meanwhile, incremental conductance and artificial intelligent (AI) based maximum power point
tracking algorithms are the most recommended control strategies for PVPS. On the other hand, According to reported
PVPS performance, the average overall system's efficiency is about 3.4% with average annual productivity rate of
6580.611 m3/kWp. In general PVPS have a number of challenges related to design procedure, modeling method,
control strategy, availability of data and site obstacles such as shadow effects. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (161 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: maximum power point trackers - photovoltaic power systems - power control - power system
reliability - pumps - reviews - water supply
Uncontrolled terms: artificial intelligent algorithms - PVPS modeling - solar energy systems - field performance -
control strategies - photovoltaic water pumping system designing methods - control strategy - maximum power point
tracking algorithms
Classification Code: B8695 Power applications in water treatment and supplyPower applications in water treatment
and supply - B8360D DC-DC power convertorsDC-DC power convertors - B0170N ReliabilityReliability - B8250 Solar
power stations and photovoltaic power systemsSolar power stations and photovoltaic power systems - C3340H Control
of electric power systemsControl of electric power systems - C3110E Power and energy controlPower and energy
control
IPC Code: E03 - F04 - G05F - H02M3/00 - G06F7/08 - H02S
Database: Inspec
154. Heat roadmap china: New heat strategy to reduce energy consumption towards 2030
Xiong, Weiming (1); Wang, Yu (1); Mathiesen, Brian Vad (2); Lund, Henrik (3); Zhang, Xiliang (1)
Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Sino-Italian Energy Saving
Building, Beijing; 100084, China (2) Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers
Vænge 15, Copenhagen SV; 2450, Denmark (3) Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, Vestre
Havnepromenade 9, Aalborg; 9000, Denmark
Abstract: District heating is regarded as a key element of energy saving actions in the Chinese national energy
strategy, while space heating in China is currently still dominated by coal boilers. However, there is no existing
quantitative study to analyse the future heat strategy for China. Therefore, it is critical to formulate a development
strategy to decrease energy consumption and carbon emissions. In this paper, the following three heat strategies are
simulated with the energy modelling tool EnergyPLAN: the current heat strategy, an individual heat strategy and a
new district heating strategy. These are compared to each other from the national energy system perspective. The
comparison of the three strategies indicates that the new district heating strategy which introduces surplus heat from
industry and generation plants is more economically and technically optimal than the individual heat strategy and the
current heat strategy. The results show that district heating could contribute to a decrease in energy consumption for
building heating by about 60% with 15% lower heating cost compared with the current, implemented heat strategy. ©
2014 Elsevier Ltd. (46 refs)


Controlled terms: District heating - Energy conservation
Uncontrolled terms: Building heating - Carbon emissions - China - Development strategies - Energy modelling -
EnergyPLAN - Quantitative study - Reduce energy consumption
Classification Code: 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation - 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization -
643.1 Space HeatingSpace Heating
Database: Compendex
155. Energy planning and development in Malaysian Borneo: Assessing the benefits of
distributed technologies versus large scale energy mega-projects
Shirley, Rebekah (1); Kammen, Daniel (1, 2)
Source: Energy Strategy Reviews, v 8, p 15-29, July 01, 2015; ISSN: 2211467X; DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2015.07.001;
Author affiliation: (1) Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley; CA, United States (2) Goldman
School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley; CA, United States
Abstract: A contentious debate is taking place over plans for a series of mega-dams under development in Malaysian
Borneo. There is little quantitative analysis of the energy options or cost and benefit trade-offs in the public discussion
or the literature. To fill this gap we developed a model of the proposed energy system and alternative scenarios using
the commercial energy market software PLEXOS. We prepared a 15 year long-term capacity energy expansion
model for the state of Sarawak which includes existing generation, resource and operability constraints, direct and
indirect costs. We explore a range of demand growth and policy assumptions and model the resulting generation mixes
and economic trade-offs. Our central finding is that a diversified generation mix including solar and biomass waste
resources can meet future demand at lower cost than additional dam construction. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. (107 refs)
Controlled terms: Commerce - Costs - Economic and social effects
Uncontrolled terms: Borneo - Commercial energy - Cost and benefits - Development Tradeoffs - Direct and indirect
costs - Distributed technologies - Energy planning - Renewable energies
Classification Code: 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial
Economics - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
Database: Compendex
156. Long-term record of top-of-atmosphere albedo over land generated from AVHRR data
Song, Zhen (1, 2, 3); Liang, Shunlin (3); Wang, Dongdong (3); Zhou, Yuan (3); Jia, Aolin (1, 2)
Source: Remote Sensing of Environment, v 211, p 71-88, 15 June 2018; ISSN: 00344257; DOI: 10.1016/
j.rse.2018.03.044; Publisher: Elsevier Inc.
Author affiliation: (1) State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal
University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100875, China
(2) Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing
Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing; 100875, China (3)
Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park; MD; 20742, United States
Abstract: Top-of-atmosphere (TOA) albedo is a fundamental component of Earth's energy budget. To date, long-
term global land TOA albedo products with spatial resolution higher than 20-km are not available. In this study, we
propose a novel algorithm to retrieve TOA albedo from multispectral imager observations acquired by Advanced Very
High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), which provides the longest continuous record of global satellite observations
since 1981. Direct estimation models were established first to derive instantaneous TOA broadband albedo under
various atmospheric and surface conditions, including cloudy-sky, clear-sky (snow-free) and snow-cover conditions.
To perform long-term series analysis, the instantaneous TOA albedo were then converted to daily/monthly mean
values based on the diurnal curves from multi-year Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) 3-
hourly flux dataset. Calibration differences between sequential AVHRR sensors were further mitigated by invariant
targets normalization. The retrieved TOA albedo at 0.05° × 0.05° was validated against two TOA albedo datasets,
CM SAF (Climate Monitoring Satellite Application Facility) flux data and CERES flux data, at spatial resolutions of
0.05° × 0.05° 20 km × 20 km and 1° × 1°. The instantaneous TOA albedo had an overall Root-Mean-Square-Error
(RMSE) of 0.047 when compared with 20-km CERES fluxes, whereas the 1° by 1° monthly mean TOA albedo showed
closer agreements with both CM SAF and CERES, with RMSE ranging from 0.029 to 0.040 and from 0.022 to 0.031,

respectively. Moreover, our product was found to be highly consistent with both CERES and CM SAF at long-term
trend detection. The extensive validation indicated the robustness of our algorithm and subsequently, comparable
data quality with existing datasets. With global coverage and long time series (1981–2017), our product is expected to
provide valuable information for climate change studies. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. (71 refs)
Main heading: Solar radiation
Controlled terms: Advanced very high resolution radiometers (AVHRR) - Budget control - Climate change - Earth
atmosphere - Mean square error - Snow
Uncontrolled terms: AVHRR - CERES - Clouds and the Earth's radiant energy systems - Earth's energies - Root
mean square errors - Satellite application facilities - Satellite observations - TOA albedo
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 443.3 PrecipitationPrecipitation - 657.1
Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics -
944.7 Radiation Measuring InstrumentsRadiation Measuring Instruments
Database: Compendex
157. Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of the Increased Electricity Demand Associated
with the Penetration of Electric Vehicles in Spain
Navas-Anguita, Z. (1); Garcia-Gusano, D. (1); Iribarren, D. (1)
Source: Energies, v 11, n 5, p 1185 (13 pp.), May 2018; ISSN: 1996-1073; DOI: 10.3390/en11051185; Publisher:
MDPI, Switzerland
Author affiliation: (1) Syst. Anal. Unit, IMDEA Energy, Mostoles, Spain
Abstract: The penetration of electric vehicles (EV) seems to be a forthcoming reality in the transport sector worldwide,
involving significant increases in electricity demand. However, many countries such as Spain have not yet set binding
policy targets in this regard. When compared to a business-as-usual situation, this work evaluates the life-cycle
consequences of the increased electricity demand of the Spanish road transport technology mix until 2050. This is
done by combining Life Cycle Assessment and Energy Systems Modelling under three alternative scenarios based
on the low, medium, or high penetration rate of EV. In all cases, EV deployment is found to involve a relatively
small percentage (2 eq, 0.25 kDALY, and 30.34 PJ in terms of climate change, human health, and resources,
respectively. Overall, EV penetration is concluded to slightly affect the national power generation sector, whereas it
could dramatically reduce the life-cycle impacts associated with conventional transport. (26 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: electric vehicles - energy consumption - power generation economics
Uncontrolled terms: electricity demand - Spanish road transport technology - AD 2050 - Life Cycle Assessment and
Energy Systems Modelling - waste-to-energy plants - wind power plants - life-cycle impacts - EV penetration - EV
deployment - transport sector worldwide - Spain - electric vehicles
Classification Code: A8620B Automotive transportation (energy utilisation)Automotive transportation (energy
utilisation) - A9330G EuropeEurope
IPC Code: B60L
Database: Inspec
158. Emerging energy transitions: PV uptake beyond subsidies

Ford, R. (1); Walton, S. (2); Stephenson, J. (1); Rees, D. (3); Scott, M. (1); King, G. (1); Williams, J. (2); Wooliscroft, B.
(1)
Source: Technological Forecasting and Social Change, v 117, p 138-50, April 2017; ISSN: 0040-1625; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Centre for Sustainability, Univ. of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (2) Dept. of Manage., Univ. of
Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (3) Synergia, Auckland, New Zealand
Abstract: In the past decade there has been a substantial increase in the uptake of residential solar photovoltaic
(PV) systems globally, which is starting to impact upon traditional electricity systems. An emerging energy transition
is being driven by actions taken by actors at the grassroots level, and enabled by declining technology costs and
new niche business models. However, to date, most work exploring change in energy systems has tended to focus
on technological innovation and economic processes, leaving social aspects and daily activities under-addressed.
Similarly, most theories that consider individual behaviour have tended to neglect the wider system of change. This
paper presents an approach for simultaneously exploring behavioural and systemic change and demonstrates its
use in a case study of PV uptake in New Zealand. The Energy Cultures framework is used alongside the Multi-Level

Perspective of socio-technical transitions to examine the broad range of factors driving, shaping, and constraining PV
uptake, and the interactions between global and national landscapes, the socio-technical regime within which users
are taking action, and the niche opportunities emerging. Taking an integrating approach allows these perspectives
to be brought together, providing valuable insights as to how adoption might be promoted or constrained, and the
implications this may have for the future management of electricity grids. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (73 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: photovoltaic power systems - power generation economics
Uncontrolled terms: electricity systems - sociotechnical transitions - New Zealand - electricity grids - Energy Cultures
framework - energy systems - niche business models - technology costs - residential solar photovoltaic systems - PV
uptake - energy transitions
photovoltaic power systems - B8110B Power system management, operation and economicsPower system
management, operation and economics
IPC Code: H02S
Database: Inspec
159. Control Strategy of Energy Storage for Smoothing Photovoltaic Power Fluctuations
Liu, Haoming (1); Peng, Jianyu (1); Zang, Qiyue (1); Yang, Kelin (1)
Source: IFAC-PapersOnLine, v 48, n 28, p 162-165, 2015; E-ISSN: 24058963; DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.12.118;
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Author affiliation: (1) College of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing; 211100, China
Abstract: Taking the photovoltaic power generation with battery energy storage system (BESS) as research object,
a charge-discharge control strategy considering charge-discharge depth and state of charge (SOC) of battery is
proposed based on the low-pass filter principle. Simulation results show that the proposed control strategy not only can
smooth the photovoltaic power fluctuations in real time, but also prolong the service life of the battery. © 2015 (8 refs)
Main heading: Battery management systems
Controlled terms: Charging (batteries) - Energy storage - Low pass filters - Photovoltaic cells - Power control -
Secondary batteries - Solar energy
Uncontrolled terms: Battery energy storage system (BESS) - Charge and discharge - Control strategies - Feedback
signal - Photovoltaic power fluctuations - Photovoltaic power generation - Renewable energy systems - State of charge
Classification Code: 525.7 Energy StorageEnergy Storage - 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and
Phenomena - 702.1.2 Secondary BatteriesSecondary Batteries - 703.2 Electric FiltersElectric Filters - 731.3 Specific
Variables ControlSpecific Variables Control
Database: Compendex
160. Optimal sizing of a multi-source energy plant for power heat and cooling generation
Barbieri, E.S. (1); Dai, Y.J. (2); Morini, M. (1); Pinelli, M. (1); Spina, P.R. (1); Sun, P. (2); Wang, R.Z. (2)
Source: Applied Thermal Engineering, v 71, n 2, p 736-750, October 22, 2014; ISSN: 13594311; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) University of Ferrara, via Saragat 1, Ferrara; 44122, Italy (2) Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai; 200240, China
Abstract: Multi-source systems for the fulfilment of electric, thermal and cooling demand of a building can be based
on different technologies (e.g. solar photovoltaic, solar heating, cogeneration, heat pump, absorption chiller) which
use renewable, partially renewable and fossil energy sources. Therefore, one of the main issues of these kinds
of multi-source systems is to find the appropriate size of each technology. Moreover, building energy demands
depend on the climate in which the building is located and on the characteristics of the building envelope, which
also influence the optimal sizing. This paper presents an analysis of the effect of different climatic scenarios on the
multi-source energy plant sizing. For this purpose a model has been developed and has been implemented in the
Matlab®environment. The model takes into consideration the load profiles for electricity, heating and cooling for a
whole year. The performance of the energy systems are modelled through a systemic approach. The optimal sizing
of the different technologies composing the multi-source energy plant is investigated by using a genetic algorithm,
with the goal of minimizing the primary energy consumption only, since the cost of technologies and, in particular,
the actual tariff and incentive scenarios depend on the specific country. Moreover economic considerations may lead
to inadequate solutions in terms of primary energy consumption. As a case study, the Sino-Italian Green Energy

Laboratory of the Shanghai Jiao Tong University has been hypothetically located in five cities in different climatic
zones. The load profiles are calculated by means of a TRNSYS®model. Results show that the optimal load allocation
and component sizing are strictly related to climatic data (e.g. external air temperature and solar radiation). © 2013
Main heading: Absorption cooling
Controlled terms: Cogeneration plants - Cooling systems - Energy utilization - Genetic algorithms - Solar power
generation
Uncontrolled terms: Building energy demands - Different climatic zones - Economic considerations - Energy plant -
Fossil energy sources - GA optimization - Primary energies - Primary energy consumption
Classification Code: 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization - 614 Steam Power PlantsSteam Power Plants - 615.2
Solar PowerSolar Power - 641.2 Heat TransferHeat Transfer
Database: Compendex
161. Technical feasibility comparison of off-grid PV-EDR and PV-RO desalination systems
via their energy consumption
Karimi, Leila (1); Abkar, Leili (1); Aghajani, Masoud (1); Ghassemi, Abbas (1)
Source: Separation and Purification Technology, v 151, p 82-94, July 22, 2015; ISSN: 13835866, E-ISSN: 18733794;
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.07.023; Article number: 12442; Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Author affiliation: (1) Institute for Energy and the Environment (IEE), New Mexico State University, Las Cruces; NM,
United States
Abstract: Abstract To explore the techno-economic feasibility of powering remote, rural desalination systems with
renewable energies, this study conducted pilot-scale experimental work and software modeling to identify the energy
consumptions of two common brackish water desalination technologies - electrodialysis reversal (EDR) and reverse
osmosis (RO) - when operated with different water salinities, flow rates, and temperatures. The pilot-scale experiments
were conducted in parallel at the Brackish Groundwater National Desalination Research Facility in Alamogordo, New
Mexico; for the software modeling, WATSYS software was used for EDR, and WinFlows software was used for RO.
The experimental results showed that product flow rate and the salinity of feed water significantly affected the specific
energy consumptions (SECs) of EDR and RO. The SEC of EDR is more sensitive to feed water salinity variations, as
compared to the SEC of RO. The SEC sensitivities of EDR and RO to product flow rate were slightly different. The
SEC of EDR was not significantly influenced by temperature variations, while the SEC of RO was affected significantly
by temperature variations. With the energy requirements for these systems identified under a range of operating
conditions, HOMER software was used to identify optimal renewable energy systems for powering the desalination
technologies under each combination of operating conditions. Lastly, the total net present cost of each renewable
energy system was calculated, and the most economical systems were identified. As determined by measured energy
consumption and modeled energy production, solar energy can feasibly power off-grid ED/EDR and RO systems in
regions with meteorological conditions similar to Alamogordo, New Mexico. For low-salinity water with solar power,
EDR was far more efficient than solar-powered RO, with a total net present cost difference of 48-159%, if the blending
is not an option for RO. For higher-salinity water, solar-powered RO was more efficient than solar-powered EDR, with a
lower total net present cost. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. (29 refs)
Controlled terms: Blending - Boilers - Costs - Desalination - Electrodialysis - Groundwater - Reverse osmosis - Solar
energy - Temperature distribution - Water filtration
Uncontrolled terms: Brackish water desalinations - Desalination technologies - Electrodialysis reversal - Measured
energy consumption - Meteorological condition - Photovoltaic - Specific energy consumption - Techno-economic
feasibility
Classification Code: 444.2 GroundwaterGroundwater - 445.1 Water Treatment TechniquesWater Treatment
Techniques - 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization - 614 Steam Power PlantsSteam Power Plants - 641.1
ThermodynamicsThermodynamics - 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 802.3
Chemical OperationsChemical Operations - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value
Engineering; Industrial Economics
Database: Compendex
162. Improvement of grey prediction models and their usage for energy demand forecasting
Ervural, Beyzanur Cayir (1); Ervural, Bilal (1)

Source: Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, v 34, n 4, p 2679-2688, 2018; ISSN: 10641246, E-ISSN: 18758967;
DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-17794; Publisher: IOS Press
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Industrial Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Macka, Istanbul; 34367,
Turkey
Abstract: Optimal energy planning is one of the most significant issues for all over the world, in short, medium
and long term strategic projections of countries due to the vagueness and concerns about energy reliability and
sustainability in limited resources. The dynamic and chaotic nature of the energy systems requires a well-constructed
and multidimensional prediction model to create an urgent energy requirement planning. In this study, grey prediction
models based on genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are proposed to provide more realistic
and quick energy demand forecasting with high accuracy. The grey modelling is a popular approach that can be used
to construct a model with the limited sample of historical data. GA and PSO are used for the tuning of an optimal set
of structural parameters of classical grey prediction model to obtain more robust and efficient solutions with minimum
prediction errors. A case study using the data of Turkey is presented. Results confirm that the proposed methods
demonstrate superior forecasting performance, compared with alternative models. © 2018 - IOS Press and the authors.
All rights reserved. (45 refs)
Main heading: Forecasting
Controlled terms: Energy management - Genetic algorithms - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Structural
optimization - System theory
Uncontrolled terms: Energy demand forecasting - Energy planning - Energy requirements - Forecasting performance
- Grey prediction model - Prediction errors - Prediction model - Structural parameter
Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques - 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science
Database: Compendex
163. Development of an integrated optimization method for analyzing effect of energy

conversion efficiency under uncertainty - A case study of Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous
Prefecture, China
Jin, S.W. (1); Li, Y.P. (1); Huang, G.H. (1); Hao, Q. (1); Nie, S. (2)
Source: Energy Conversion and Management, v 106, p 687-702, Dec. 2015; ISSN: 0196-8904; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Key Lab. of Regional Energy Syst. Optimization, North China Electr. Power Univ., Beijing, China
(2) Fac. of Appl. Sci. & Eng., Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Abstract: In this study, a superiority-inferiority full-infinite mixed-integer programming (SFMP) method is developed
for analyzing the effect of energy conversion efficiency under uncertainty. SFMP can effectively tackle uncertainties
expressed as fuzzy sets, crisp intervals and functional intervals, it also can directly reflect relationships among multiple
fuzzy sets through varying superiority and inferiority degrees with a high computational efficiency. Then the developed
SFMP is applied to a real case of planning energy system for Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, where
multiple scenarios related to different energy-conversion efficiency are concerned. Results for energy processing,
energy conversion, capacity expansion, pollutant emission and system cost have been generated. It is proved
that SFMP is an effective approach to deal with the uncertainties in energy systems with interactive and uncertain
characteristics. A variety of uncertainties existed in energy conversion processes and impact factors could affect the
modeling result. Results show that improvement of energy-conversion efficiency can effectively facilitate reducing
energy resources consumption, optimizing energy generation pattern, decreasing capacity expansion, as well as
mitigating pollutant emissions. Results also reveal that, for the study area, electric power has a highest energy saving
potential among heating, oil processing, coal washing and refining. Results can help decision makers to generate
desired alternatives that can facilitate policy enactment of conversion efficiency improvement and adjustment of
regional energy structure under uncertainty. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (37 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: direct energy conversion - fuzzy set theory - integer programming - power system planning
Uncontrolled terms: conversion efficiency - policy enactment - decision makers - coal washing - oil processing -
heating - electric power - pollutant emissions - energy generation - energy resources consumption - system cost -
capacity expansion - energy processing - functional intervals - crisp intervals - fuzzy sets - superiority-inferiority full-
infinite mixed-integer programming - China - Bayingolin Mongol autonomous prefecture - energy conversion
Classification Code: A8630 Energy conversionEnergy conversion - A0210 Algebra, set theory, and graph
theoryAlgebra, set theory, and graph theory - B8460 Other direct energy conversionOther direct energy
conversion - B8110D Power system planning and layoutPower system planning and layout - B0250 Combinatorial
mathematicsCombinatorial mathematics

Database: Inspec
164. Increasing energy efficiency of displacement ventilation integrated with an evaporative-

cooled ceiling for operation in hot humid climate
Itani, Mariam (1); Ghali, Kamel (1); Ghaddar, Nesreen (1)
Source: Energy and Buildings, v 105, p 26-36, August 11, 2015; ISSN: 03787788; DOI: 10.1016/
j.enbuild.2015.07.055; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut;
1107-2020, Lebanon
Abstract: The study investigates the optimized and enhanced performance of combined displacement ventilation
(DV) and evaporative-cooled ceiling (ECC) using Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle). The DV/ECC system efficiency is
expected to improve by dehumidifying the supply air using solid desiccant (SD) dehumidification system regenerated
by parabolic solar concentrator thermal source. Predictive mathematical models of the conditioned space, SD and
DV/ECC are integrated to study the performance of the proposed system while utilizing an optimized control strategy
for typical offices in moderate humid climate. The developed model was validated with experiments in a climatic
chamber at certain supply conditions and fixed load. Good agreement was found between measured and predicted
temperatures and loads removed, with a maximum percentage error less than 6%. A control strategy is adopted to
determine optimal values of supply air flow rate and temperature and SD regeneration temperature while meeting
space load, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. The system performance is optimized to get minimal energy
cost for a typical office case study in Beirut climate and compared to the cost of using chilled ceiling displacement
ventilation (CC/DV) system. The use of the proposed system attained 28.1% savings in operational cost and electric
power consumption over the cooling season. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. (33 refs)
Controlled terms: Air quality - Ceilings - Costs - Diffusers (optical) - Driers (materials) - Electric utilities - Energy
efficiency - Evaporation - Humidity control - Indoor air pollution - Quality control - Ventilation
Uncontrolled terms: Control strategies - Cooled ceilings - Dehumidification system - Displacement ventilation -
Electric power consumption - Energy system model - Optimized operations - Regeneration temperature
Classification Code: 402 Buildings and TowersBuildings and Towers - 443 MeteorologyMeteorology - 451
Air PollutionAir Pollution - 451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy
Conservation - 643.5 VentilationVentilation - 741.3 Optical Devices and SystemsOptical Devices and Systems -
802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial ChemicalsChemical
Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value
Engineering; Industrial Economics - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control - 921
Database: Compendex
165. Rev-changes in primary energy use and CO2emissions - An impact assessment for a
building with focus on the swedish proposal for nearly zero energy buildings
Gustafsson, Mattias (1); Thygesen, Richard (1); Karlsson, Björn (1); Ödlund, Louise (2)
Source: Energies, v 10, n 7, July 2017; E-ISSN: 19961073; DOI: 10.3390/en10070978; Article number: 978;
Publisher: MDPI AG
Author affiliation: (1) Division of Building, Energy and Environment Technology, Department of Technology and
Environment, University of Gävle, Gävle; 802 67, Sweden (2) Division of Energy Systems, Department of Management
and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping; 581 83, Sweden
Abstract: In the European Union's Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, the energy efficiency goal for buildings
is set in terms of primary energy use. In the proposal from the National Board of Housing, Building, and Planning,
for nearly zero energy buildings in Sweden, the use of primary energy is expressed as a primary energy number
calculated with given primary energy factors. In this article, a multi-dwelling building is simulated and the difference
in the primary energy number is investigated when the building uses heat from district heating systems or from heat
pumps, alone or combined with solar thermal or solar photovoltaic systems. It is also investigated how the global
CO2emissions are influenced by the different energy system combinations and with different fuels used. It is concluded
that the calculated primary energy number is lower for heat pump systems, but the global CO2emissions are lowest
when district heating uses mostly biofuels and is combined with solar PV systems. The difference is up to 140 tonnes/
year. If the aim with the Swedish building code is to decrease the global CO2emissions then the ratio between the

primary energy factors for electricity and heat should be larger than three and considerably higher than today. © 2017
by the authors. (39 refs)
Main heading: Zero energy buildings
Controlled terms: Building codes - Buildings - Carbon dioxide - District heating - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization
- Heat pump systems - Housing - Photovoltaic cells - Pumps - Solar power generation
Uncontrolled terms: Decentralized energy - District heating system - Energy performance of buildings - Heat pumps -
Impact assessments - Primary energies - Primary energy use - Solar photovoltaic system
Classification Code: 402 Buildings and TowersBuildings and Towers - 403.1 Urban Planning and DevelopmentUrban
Planning and Development - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation - 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy
Utilization - 615.2 Solar PowerSolar Power - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and ComponentsHeat Exchange
Equipment and Components - 618.2 PumpsPumps - 643.1 Space HeatingSpace Heating - 804.2 Inorganic
CompoundsInorganic Compounds
Database: Compendex
166. Switched reluctance machine for off-grid rural applications: A review

Vijay Babu, K. (1); Narasimharaju, B.L. (1); Vinod Kumar, D.M. (1)
Source: IETE Technical Review (Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, India), v 33, n 4, p
428-440, 2016; ISSN: 02564602, E-ISSN: 09745971; DOI: 10.1080/02564602.2015.1117400; Publisher: Taylor and
Francis Ltd.
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India
Abstract: Switched reluctance machine (SR-machine) has emerged as an attractive option for variable speed drives
due to its several advantages: simple and rugged construction, high efficiency, high torque-to-inertia ratio and thermal
robustness. It is economical to use without the hassles of winding and permanent magnets on rotor. Therefore, this
paper presents a comprehensive review of SR-machine drive, modelling, converter topologies, control and its suitability
for off-grid small-scale rural (SSR) applications using alternative energy sources (AESs). In particular, SR-machine
operations such as SR motor (SRM) for photovoltaic (PV) water pumping system (WPS) and SR generator (SRG) for
variable speed wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) are presented. In addition, suitability of SRG-based hybrid
PV-wind energy system has been analyzed and its advantages are discussed. © 2016 IETE. (59 refs)
Main heading: Reluctance motors
Controlled terms: Energy conversion - Rural areas - Switching systems - Synchronous generators - Synchronous
machinery - Variable speed drives - Wind - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Alternative energy source - Off-grid system - Rural application - Switched reluctance generators -
Switched Reluctance Machine - Switched Reluctance Motor - Variable speed wind energy conversion systems - Water
pumping systems
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 525.5 Energy Conversion IssuesEnergy
Conversion Issues - 602.1 Mechanical DrivesMechanical Drives - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code
611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 705 Electric Generators and MotorsElectric Generators and Motors
Database: Compendex
167. Carbon neutral mine site villages: Myth or reality?

Goodfield, David (1); Anda, Martin (1); Ho, Goen (1)
Source: Renewable Energy, v 66, p 62-68, June 2014; ISSN: 09601481; DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2013.11.058;
Author affiliation: (1) Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
Abstract: This paper focuses on the calculation of the carbon footprint of a typical West Australian mine site village
and the ways by which it can be reduced to a point where the village can be legitimately described as 'carbon
neutral'. The study contributes to a broader ARC joint research program by Murdoch and Curtin Universities entitled
'Decarbonising Cities and Regions'.The term carbon neutral has a far from uniform definition. For the purpose of the
carbon accounting that follows carbon neutrality is achieved when there is a net zero carbon footprint across the full
life cycle or when total emissions are balanced by total offsets. As much of the full life cycle of the village as is practical
is included in the process and acknowledges any omissions made. The paper will show how the carbon footprint of
a mine site village in Western Australia's mid-west has been measured, calculated and reduced effectively to a point
where carbon neutrality can be claimed. This will commence with calculation of the embodied and operational energy
in constructing and operating the village, followed by methods towards achieving carbon neutrality. The latter includes

energy efficiency opportunities; an environmental and economic sustainability assessment of renewable energy
and construction materials; design modification of the infrastructure; and assessment of accredited biomass offset
mechanisms. The whole process has been termed LEVI©, Low Energy Village Infrastructure.An economic assessment
of the carbon neutral strategy is the key to implementation. Mining companies are particularly drawn to the 'bottom
line' when making investment decisions and only sound financial analysis will facilitate substantial carbon neutral
expenditure. LEVI© significantly includes a net present cost (NPC) analysis of all such investment and belies the
myth that carbon neutral mine site accommodation cannot be achieved. The paper then presents a carbon accounting
methodology of the case study mine site village and set out the results and overall carbon emissions the village is
responsible for. This life cycle analysis (LCA) is done from cradle to gate in terms of LCA terminology and represents
the manufacture, construction, installation and operation. Energy efficiencies and behavioural changes are then applied
and estimated as to their carbon reductive effect on the total carbon, followed by verifiable renewable energy offsets.
These offsets are substantiated by a vigorous renewable energy analysis and selection supported by an NPC analysis.
An optimum renewable energy system (RE) is then selected (best value for money) and its carbon reducing effect over
the current power system calculated. This amount, together with that produced by energy efficiencies and behavioural
changes, makes a total carbon reduction and is annualised.The paper clearly shows that the projected life of the mine,
and therefore the village, is a critical factor in the overall carbon analysis and that the optimum time period within
which carbon neutrality of such a mine site village can be claimed lays somewhere between 7 and 10 years. Another
key finding was that the capital expenditure (CAPEX) savings by developing such a village as a standalone facility
produces clear advantages over connection to a mine power generation system as is the case study example. The
optimum standalone RE system for introduction from 2014 was found to be 110kW fixed amorphous photovoltaic
array and two 100kW wind turbines with one 150kW and one 100kW low-cycle diesel generators as a backup. The
projected cost was approximately $2 million.It is contended that the metrics produced from the results can provide a
pro-rata basis with which to model future carbon neutral villages of similar construction. The model accommodates
dependencies such as life of mine, size of village, number of workers and location. The paper will describe some
innovative solutions and outcomes from this research that may be applied to the built environment on a broader scale.
© 2013. (18 refs)
Main heading: Carbon
Controlled terms: Carbon footprint - Cost benefit analysis - Emission control - Energy efficiency - Environmental
impact - Investments - Life cycle - Photovoltaic cells - Renewable energy resources - Research - Rural areas -
Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms: Carbon neutrals - Carbon reduction - LCA - Mine site villages - NPC
Classification Code: 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial
EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 901.3 Engineering ResearchEngineering Research
- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods;
Vegetation and Pest Control - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally - 913.1 Production
EngineeringProduction Engineering - 741.3 Optical Devices and SystemsOptical Devices and Systems - 525.1 Energy
Resources and Renewable Energy IssuesEnergy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 454.2 Environmental
Impact and ProtectionEnvironmental Impact and Protection - 454 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental
Engineering - 451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation
Database: Compendex
168. Comparative Analysis of Onand Off-Grid Electrification: The Case of Two South Korean
Islands
Heetae Kim (1); Seoin Baek (1); Kyu Ha Choi (1); Dojin Kim (2); Seongmin Lee (1); Dahill Kim (1); Hyun Joon Chang
(1)
Source: Sustainability, v 8, n 4, p 350 (13 pp.), April 2016; ISSN: 2071-1050; DOI: 10.3390/su8040350; Publisher:
Author affiliation: (1) Grad. Sch. of Innovation & Technol., KAIST, Daejeon, Korea, Republic of (2) Grad. Sch. of Int.
Studies, Yonsei Univ., Seoul, Korea, Republic of
Abstract: South Korea's main industry is the manufacturing industry, and it requires stable energy. Korea heavily
relies on importing oils to produce energy, thus efficient energy management is critical. This is why many renewable
and smart energy policies and infrastructure planning are being set up currently. Supplying reliable and sustainable
renewable energy to remote areas has especially been questioned; therefore, adopting sustainable and clean
energy based on renewable resources cannot be delayed any more. This research examines the most economically,
technologically and environmentally suitable energy grid of two South Korean Islands. Several hybrid energy system
configurations that analyze and identify the optimal grid-connected and grid-independent hybrid power generation
systems are simulated in this study. According to the results of the study, the optimal regionally detached power

generation system was the wind-PV-battery-converter hybrid system. At the end of this paper, implications and
limitations are discussed. (43 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: electric power generation - energy management systems - environmental factors -
government policies - international trade - manufacturing industries - oils - photovoltaic power systems - planning -
power grids - power system economics - sustainable development - wind power
Uncontrolled terms: onand Off-Grid electrification - South Korean Island - manufacturing industry - oil import
- efficient energy management - smart energy policy - infrastructure planning - sustainable renewable energy -
environmental energy grid - grid-independent hybrid power generation system - wind-PV-battery-converter hybrid
system - economic grid
operation and economics - B8250 Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systemsSolar power stations
and photovoltaic power systems - E0230 Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues - E1710 Engineering
materialsEngineering materials - E0120D PlanningPlanning - E0220 EconomicsEconomics
IPC Code: C08L91/00 - H02S
Treatment: Economic (ECO) - Practical (PRA)
Database: Inspec
169. Assessment of transformation strategies for the German power sector under the
uncertainty of demand development and technology availability
Ludig, Sylvie (1); Schmid, Eva (1); Haller, Markus (1); Bauer, Nico (1)
Source: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 46, p 143-156, June 2015; ISSN: 13640321, E-ISSN:
Author affiliation: (1) Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, PO Box 601203, Potsdam; 14412, Germany
Abstract: The long-term energy strategy issued by the German government in 2010 and 2011 embraces a substantial
reduction of CO2emissions and high shares of renewable energy in electricity production, along with energy efficiency
improvements and an accelerated nuclear phase-out. While several studies illustrate scenarios reaching these targets,
there are substantial uncertainties pertaining to key assumptions, particularly long-term electricity demand and the
large-scale availability of offshore wind and carbon capture and storage (CCS). This paper explores conditions under
which model-based scenarios for the German electricity sector comply with the official targets for CO2emission
reductions and renewable shares. We apply the energy system model LIMES-D, which allows for a joint optimization
of generation and transmission capacities. The results indicate that reducing electricity demand plays a crucial role
for attaining the government's targets. Scenarios for which either offshore wind or CCS is not available show an even
stronger need for a decreasing electricity demand to reach the targets and a different pattern of transmission capacity
expansion than is the case with full technology availability. Hence, a broad technology portfolio could in turn hedge
against future power demand increases that may challenge the joint attainment of the German decarbonization and
renewable energy targets. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (79 refs)
Main heading: Carbon capture
Controlled terms: Availability - Carbon dioxide - Decarbonization - Electric power utilization - Emission control -
Energy efficiency - Financial markets - Lime
Uncontrolled terms: Carbon capture and storages (CCS) - Demand uncertainty - Development and technology
- Electricity production - Energy efficiency improvements - Renewable energies - Renewable energy targets -
Transmission capacities
Engineering - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation - 706.1 Electric Power SystemsElectric Power Systems
- 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds
Database: Compendex
170. Control of adsorption chillers by a gradient descent method for optimal cycle time
allocation
Bau, Uwe (1); Braatz, Anna-Lena (2); Lanzerath, Franz (1); Herty, Michael (2); Bardow, André (1)
Source: International Journal of Refrigeration, v 56, p 52-64, June 18, 2015; ISSN: 01407007; DOI: 10.1016/
j.ijrefrig.2015.03.026; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd

Author affiliation: (1) Chai. of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstraße 8, Aachen;
52062, Germany (2) IGPM, Department of Mathematics, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, Aachen;
52062, Germany
Abstract: Adsorption-based energy systems allow environmentally friendly heating and cooling by transforming
solar or waste heat. However, solar and waste heat sources are often fluctuating over time. In this case, an optimal
operation policy has to be identified. This operation policy has to consider the intrinsic dynamics of adsorption-based
energy systems: the cyclic switching between adsorption and desorption phases. This work therefore presents a
feedback-control strategy for adsorption-based energy systems. A two-step approach is employed: First, the original
nonlinear dynamic process model is approximated by a set of linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). In a second
step, an optimization problem based on the linearized equations is formulated. The latter is solved approximately
by a sequence of gradient steps. We apply the method to models for a solar cooling adsorption chiller and a solar
collector. The method is shown to reliably provide optimal control and to be robust for a wide range of the investigated
parameters. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved. (43 refs)
Main heading: Adsorption
Controlled terms: Cooling systems - Model predictive control - Nonlinear equations - Optimization - Ordinary
differential equations - Predictive control systems - Robust control - Waste heat
Uncontrolled terms: Adsorption and desorptions - Adsorption chiller - Adsorption heat pumps - Dynamic process
modeling - Feedback control strategies - Linear ordinary differential equations - Optimal controls - Optimal cycle time
Classification Code: 525.4 Energy Losses (industrial and residential)Energy Losses (industrial and residential)
- 731 Automatic Control Principles and ApplicationsAutomatic Control Principles and Applications - 731.1 Control
SystemsControl Systems - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations - 921.2 CalculusCalculus - 921.5
Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques
Database: Compendex
171. Backstepping based non-linear control for maximum power point tracking in
photovoltaic system
Naghmash (1); Armghan, Hammad (1); Ahmad, Iftikhar (3); Armghan, Ammar (2); Khan, Saud (3); Arsalan,
Muhammad (3)
Source: Solar Energy, v 159, p 134-141, January 1, 2018; ISSN: 0038092X; DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2017.10.062;
Author affiliation: (1) School of Electrical Engineering, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan (2)
Department of Electrical Engineering, Aljouf University, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia (3) School of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Abstract: The increasing energy demands, depleting fossil fuels and increasing global warming due to carbon
emission has arisen the need for an alternate, overall efficient and environment-friendly energy system. Solar energy
is considered to be one of the most promising alternative energy sources, but it has the problem of low efficiency due
to varying environmental conditions. To increase its efficiency, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm
is required to harvest maximum power from the Photovoltaic (PV) array. In this paper, a non-linear backstepping
controller is proposed to extract the maximum power from the PV system. A non-inverting buck-boost converter is
used as an interface between the load and the PV array. Reference voltages for the controller are generated by a
regression plane. Asymptotic stability of the system is verified through Lyapunov stability analysis. The performance of
the proposed controller is tested under MATLAB/Simulink platform. The simulation results validate that the proposed
controller offers fast and accurate tracking. Comparison with perturb & observe and fuzzy logic controller is provided
to show the performance of the proposed controller under abrupt variation of the environmental conditions. © 2017
Main heading: Backstepping
Controlled terms: Asymptotic stability - Carbon - Controllers - DC-DC converters - Energy efficiency - Fossil fuels -
Fuzzy logic - Global warming - Linear control systems - MATLAB - Maximum power point trackers - Photovoltaic cells -
Power converters - Solar energy - System stability
Uncontrolled terms: Alternative energy source - Backstepping controller - Buck boost converter - Environmental
conditions - Fuzzy logic controllers - Lyapunov stability analysis - Maximum Power Point Tracking - Photovoltaics
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy
Conservation - 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 704.1 Electric ComponentsElectric
Components - 704.2 Electric EquipmentElectric Equipment - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic,
Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming TheoryComputer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory,
Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 732.1 Control EquipmentControl Equipment - 804 Chemical Products
GenerallyChemical Products Generally - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science

Database: Compendex
172. A comprehensive study of battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for

standalone PV power system in rural electrification
Jing, Wenlong (1); Lai, Chean Hung (1); Wong, Wallace S.H. (1); Wong, M.L. Dennis (2)
Source: Applied Energy, v 224, p 340-356, 15 August 2018; ISSN: 03062619; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.04.106;
Author affiliation: (1) Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak
Campus, Malaysia (2) School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Malaysia
Abstract: The standalone photovoltaic power system is one of the promising solutions in rural electrification which
has been widely implemented to supply electricity for basic household needs. Standalone photovoltaic power
systems normally integrate energy storage devices, mainly Lead-acid battery, to compensate the supply–demand
mismatch due to the nature of solar energy. However, the short cycle life of Lead-acid battery increases the operating
cost of photovoltaic power systems. Supercapacitor-battery hybrid energy storage system has been proposed by
researchers to extend the cycle life of battery bank by mitigating the charge–discharge stress due to the fluctuating
power exchange. The existing hybrid energy storage systems and their corresponding energy management strategies
vary in terms of topology, complexity and control algorithm which are often application oriented. This paper presents
a comprehensive review of the state of the art for HESS and discusses potential topologies that are suitable for
improving the service life of Lead-acid battery in standalone photovoltaic power systems. Theoretical analysis and
numerical simulation in Matlab Simulink for different hybrid energy storage system topologies in rural residential energy
system applications have been carried out and their effectiveness in mitigating battery stress are investigated and
compared. A battery health cost function is proposed in this paper to quantify the impact of many damaging factors
on battery, thus the effectiveness of different hybrid energy storage systems in mitigating battery stress and the
associated financial analysis can be quantitatively compared. Finally, a scaled-down hybrid energy storage system
prototype has been developed and its performances in standalone photovoltaic system are emulated to validate the
simulation analysis. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd (51 refs)
Controlled terms: Battery management systems - Charging (batteries) - Computational complexity - Cost benefit
analysis - Cost functions - Electric energy storage - Electric utilities - MATLAB - Photovoltaic cells - Rural areas - Solar
energy - Solar power generation - Supercapacitor - Topology
Uncontrolled terms: Battery - Hybrid energy storage systems - Lifetime extension - Photovoltaic - Rural electrification
Classification Code: 615.2 Solar PowerSolar Power - 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and
Phenomena - 702.1.2 Secondary BatteriesSecondary Batteries - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic,
Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming TheoryComputer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory,
Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value
Engineering; Industrial Economics - 921 MathematicsMathematics
Database: Compendex
173. Structure optimization of stand-alone renewable power systems based on multi object
function
Cho, Jae-Hoon (1); Chun, Myung-Geun (2); Hong, Won-Pyo (3)
Source: Energies, v 9, n 8, 2016; E-ISSN: 19961073; DOI: 10.3390/en9080649; Article number: 649; Publisher:
MDPI AG
Author affiliation: (1) Smart Logistics Technology Institute, Hankyong National University, 327 Chungang-ro
Anseong-si, Kyonggi-do; 17579, Korea, Republic of (2) Department of Electronics Engineering, Chungbuk National
University, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk; 28644, Korea, Republic of (3) Department of Building
Services Engineering, Hanbat National University, 125 Dongseodae-ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon; 34158, Korea, Republic
of
Abstract: This paper presents a methodology for the size optimization of a stand-alone hybrid PV/wind/diesel/battery
system while considering the following factors: total annual cost (TAC), loss of power supply probability (LPSP),
and the fuel cost of the diesel generator required by the user. A new optimization algorithm and an object function
(including a penalty method) are also proposed; these assist with designing the best structure for a hybrid system
satisfying the constraints. In hybrid energy system sources such as photovoltaic (PV), wind, diesel, and energy storage
devices are connected as an electrical load supply. Because the power produced by PV and wind turbine sources is

dependent on the variation of the resources (sun and wind) and the load demand fluctuates, such a hybrid system
must be able to satisfy the load requirements at any time and store the excess energy for use in deficit conditions.
Therefore, reliability and cost are the two main criteria when designing a stand-alone hybrid system. Moreover, the
operation of a diesel generator is important to achieve greater reliability. In this paper, TAC, LPSP, and the fuel cost
of the diesel generator are considered as the objective variables and a hybrid teaching-learning-based optimization
algorithm is proposed and used to choose the best structure of a stand-alone hybrid PV/wind/diesel/battery system.
Simulation results from MATLAB support the effectiveness of the proposed method and confirm that it is more efficient
than conventional methods. © 2016 by the Authors. (27 refs)
Main heading: Optimization
Controlled terms: Constrained optimization - Costs - Electric power systems - Hybrid systems - Learning algorithms -
MATLAB - Structural optimization - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: Annual cost - Loss of power supply probability - Optimization algorithms - Renewable power
systems - Stand -alone - Stand-alone hybrid system - Structure optimization - Teaching-learning-based optimizations
Classification Code: 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code
611 ) - 706.1 Electric Power SystemsElectric Power Systems - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial
EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.5 Optimization
TechniquesOptimization Techniques - 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science
Database: Compendex
174. Sustainability impact assessment for local energy supplies' development - the case of
the alpine area of Lake Como, Italy
Martire, S. (1); Tuomasjukka, D. (1); Lindner, M. (1); Fitzgerald, J. (1); Castellani, V. (2)
Source: Biomass & Bioenergy, v 83, p 60-76, Dec. 2015; ISSN: 0961-9534; DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.08.020;
Author affiliation: (1) Eur. Forest Inst., Joensuu, Finland (2) Dept. of Earth & Environ. Sci., Univ. of Milano Bicocca,
Milan, Italy
Abstract: The development of distributed energy systems has important environmental, social and economic
implications. Local decision-making processes must be guided by a careful evaluation of the sustainability of
production chains and alternative choices. The aim of this study is to explore if and how an integrated assessment can
quantify the extent to which bioenergy supply chain development contributes to rural development and energy policy
objectives. We applied a Sustainability Impact Assessment (SIA) for local bioenergy development in the alpine area of
Lake Como (Italy). We modeled the local bioenergy chain in 2008 and eleven scenarios considering different biomass
utilizations, mechanization levels, combustion technologies, and subsidies schemes at 2020. We calculated economic,
social and environmental indicators. We interpret and discuss the scenario analysis in order to support the bioenergy
planning under the light of its implications for the different policy aims and concerns. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (108
refs)
Inspec controlled terms: biofuel - combustion - decision making - economics - planning - supply chain management -
sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms: sustainability impact assessment - local energy supplies development - distributed energy
systems - environmental implication - social implication - economic implication - local decision-making processes -
production chains - bioenergy supply chain development - rural development - energy policy objectives - SIA - local
bioenergy development - local bioenergy chain - biomass utilizations - mechanization levels - combustion technologies
- subsidies schemes - economic indicator - social indicator - environmental indicator - bioenergy planning
Classification Code: E3624 Fuel processing industryFuel processing industry - E3628 Biotechnology
industryBiotechnology industry - E0230 Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues - E0220 EconomicsEconomics -
E0120D PlanningPlanning
IPC Code: F23
Database: Inspec
175. The power smoothing control of PMSG based on superconducting magnetic energy
storage
Anren Ma (1); Yongjun Huang (1)

Source: Advanced Materials Research, v 898, p 493-6, 2014; ISSN: 1022-6680; DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/
AMR.898.493; Publisher: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., Switzerland
Author affiliation: (1) Coll. of Electr. Eng., Northwest Univ. for Nat. Lanzhou, Lanzhou, China
Abstract: In the traditional control of permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), when the speed of the wind
changes quickly, the power and the voltage of the generator will vibrate. In this paper, superconducting magnetic
energy system (SMES) is used to realize the smoothing control of power and voltage of generator. The feasibility and
correctness of the control strategy are verified by MATLAB simulation. (7 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: permanent magnet generators - power control - superconducting magnet energy storage -
synchronous generators - voltage control
Uncontrolled terms: PMSG power smoothing control - permanent magnet synchronous generator voltage - wind
speed - superconducting magnetic energy storage system
Classification Code: B8310D Synchronous machinesSynchronous machines - B8470 Other energy storageOther
energy storage - C3340H Control of electric power systemsControl of electric power systems - C3110B Voltage
controlVoltage control - C3110E Power and energy controlPower and energy control
IPC Code: G05F - H02J15/00 - H02K19/16
Database: Inspec
176. Development of a GPU-accelerated 3D neutron dynamics code for PB-FHR

Yanzhi, E. (1); Yang Zou (1); Wei Guo (1); Ye Dai (1); Xu, H. (1)
Source: Nuclear Engineering and Design, v 320, p 88-102, 15 Aug. 2017; ISSN: 0029-5493; DOI: 10.1016/
j.nucengdes.2017.04.001; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Center for Thorium Molten Salt Reactor Syst., Shanghai Inst. of Appl. Phys., Shanghai, China
Abstract: Pebble bed fluoride-salt cooled high temperature reactor (PB-FHR) is a kind of novel nuclear energy
systems, combining advanced techniques such as coated particle fuel and molten-salt coolant to achieve better safety
and economy performance. The compact core of a PB-FHR is geometrically complicated due to the randomly-packed
pebble bed with fuel motion in a complex core chamber, which yields a highly detailed core-modeling for accurate
neutron dynamics analysis. Three-dimensional fine mesh finite volume method is expected to achieve better accuracy
because of its strong geometry adaptability in detailed core-modeling, but is much more time-consuming compared
to other methods such as coarse mesh nodal method. A GPU-accelerated 3D fine mesh neutron dynamics code
(GAND) is developed, using conjugate gradient method (CG) to solve the time-dependent multi-group neutron diffusion
equations in r-z- coordinates. The GAND code is verified by a cylindrical reactor benchmark with good agreement, and
is preliminarily applied to a PB-FHR core in both static and transient analysis. Speed-up ratio and other performance
of GAND code using different equation preconditioners is studied, a best speed-up ratio of 21.65 has been achieved
using Neumann polynomials-preconditioned CG. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (32 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: conjugate gradient methods - finite volume methods - fission reactor coolants - fission
reactor cooling - fission reactor core control - fission reactor fuel - fission reactor theory - gas cooled reactors - light
water reactors - neutron diffusion - neutron transport theory
Uncontrolled terms: pebble bed fluoride-salt cooled high temperature reactor - core-modeling - neutron dynamics
analysis - Neumann polynomials-preconditioned CG - complex core chamber - fuel motion - compact core - economy
performance - molten-salt coolant - coated particle fuel - nuclear energy systems - 3D neutron dynamics code - PB-
FHR core - GAND code - time-dependent multigroup neutron diffusion equations - conjugate gradient method - 3D fine
mesh neutron dynamics code - GPU - coarse mesh nodal method - three-dimensional fine mesh finite volume method
Classification Code: A2841E Fission reactor theory and physicsFission reactor theory and physics - A2842D Fission
reactor fuel elementsFission reactor fuel elements - A2842N Fission reactor coolantsFission reactor coolants - A2843B
Cooling and heat recovery in fission reactorsCooling and heat recovery in fission reactors - A2843D Core control and
guidance in fission reactorsCore control and guidance in fission reactors - A2850G Light water reactorsLight water
reactors - A2850I Gas cooled reactorsGas cooled reactors - A0260 Numerical approximation and analysisNumerical
approximation and analysis - A2820H Neutron diffusionNeutron diffusion - B8220B Nuclear reactorsNuclear reactors
- B0290F Interpolation and function approximation (numerical analysis)Interpolation and function approximation
(numerical analysis) - B0290T Finite element analysisFinite element analysis
IPC Code: G21C1/00 - G21C3/00 - G21C3/02 - G21C7/00 - G21C15/00 - G21D - G21D3/08 - G21C1/08
Database: Inspec

177. Harmonic Level Minimization Using Neuro–Fuzzy-Based SVPWM

Ponnapalli, Bhanu (1); Natarajan, Pappa (1)
Source: IETE Journal of Research, v 64, n 2, p 247-262, March 4, 2018; ISSN: 03772063, E-ISSN: 0974780X; DOI:
10.1080/03772063.2017.1351324; Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Instrumentation Engineering, Madras Institute of Technology Campus, Anna
University, Chennai, India
Abstract: Recently, the renewable energy systems play the major role to meet the electricity demand. The Distributed
energy source provision of balance between the generation and distribution is an attractive research area in the (DES)
for providing better power quality during the Distributed Energy Sources deployment. Hence, this paper focuses on
the design of an efficient controlling structure to reduce the noise level in the output voltage. Due to the combination of
two renewable resources, there is a need for special controlling architecture for switching devices under dynamic load
conditions. The generation of the control signals through the Neuro Fuzzy with variations such as the rate of carrier
frequency, duty cycle and the pulse position reduces the impulse response that leads to regulated power to the load.
Based on the irradiance of the PV system and the torque variations in the induction motor system, the output from the
Neuro Fuzzy- with three varied rate parameters as Rate of Carrier Frequency level (RCF), Ratio of Duty Cycle (RDC),
and the Rate of Pulse Position (RPP) unit passes to the Space-Vector Pulse Width modulation (SVPWM) block for
switching pulse generation. The difference between the frequency of reference and carrier signals has direct impact on
the changes in the pulse width that leads to additional noise in the traditional controller techniques. Alternatively, the
proposed work provides pulses to the switching devices based on rate analysis that leads to high switching speed and
regulated output voltage. The comparative analysis between the proposed NFRRR–SVPWM with the existing methods
states the effectiveness of the rate-based controlling technique in the development of renewable energy resources. ©
2018 IETE. (27 refs)
Main heading: Fuzzy inference
Controlled terms: Asynchronous generators - Dynamic loads - Energy resources - Impulse response - Induction
motors - Modulation - Pulse width modulation - Renewable energy resources - Switching - Vector spaces - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Distributed energy sources - Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) - Fuzzy modelling - Space
vector pulse width modulation - Wind energy conversion system
Database: Compendex
178. Swiss-energyscope.ch: A platform to widely spread energy literacy and aid decision-
making
Moret, Stefano (1); Gironès, Victor Codina (1); Maréchal, François (1); Favrat, Daniel (2)
Source: Chemical Engineering Transactions, v 39, n Special Issue, p 877-882, 2014, PRES 2014 - Selected articles
from 17th Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction;
ISSN: 22839216; DOI: 10.3303/CET1439147; Conference: 17th Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and
Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction, PRES 2014, August 23, 2014 - August 27, 2014; Publisher:
Italian Association of Chemical Engineering - AIDIC
Author affiliation: (1) École Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne, EPFL IPESE, ME A2 402 Station 9, Lausanne;
CH-1015, Switzerland (2) École Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne, Energy Center, EPFL CEN Station 5, CH-1015
Lausanne, Switzerland
Abstract: We develop an energy calculator within an online teaching platform to aid citizens and decision-makers
understanding an energy system. The model, designed in order to be easily adapted to any energy system at national
or regional scale, is presented and applied to the case of Switzerland. Although autonomous on a yearly balance,
Switzerland today already relies on foreign imports to face higher electricity demand in winter months. The decision
of the country of phasing out nuclear power by 2034 will have as a consequence to further increase this seasonal
electricity deficit. The Swiss-EnergyScope.ch project is a contribution to the public debate escalated concerning
Switzerland's future energy strategy, helping citizens to take an active part in it by associating numbers and facts to
opinions and choices. The online platform mainly consists of an energy calculator, enabling users to evaluate the
effect of a list of possible choices on the energy future of the country. An online wiki and a MOOC will allow users to
acquire basic knowledge on energy and to be guided through the learning process and the use of the calculator itself.
The robust conceptual design strategy adopted to model the Swiss energy system allows for the contextualization
of the key issue of electricity supply within the framework of the overall energy system, conveying a holistic view
in which technologies affecting both heat and electricity (such as heat pumping and cogeneration) can be easily
integrated. The monthly approach used for the calculation and display of data allows highlighting the central role
of seasonal fluctuations in supply and demand. Overall, the designed tool and the associated learning experience
allow popularizing energy issues, demystifying the complexity of a national energy system without oversimplifying it.
Copyright © 2014, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l. (9 refs)

Main heading: Decision making

Controlled terms: Conceptual design - Economics - Energy conservation - Mathematical instruments - Nuclear fuels -
Pollution
Uncontrolled terms: Contextualization - Electricity demands - Electricity supply - Heat and electricity - Learning
experiences - Online platforms - Seasonal fluctuations - Supply and demand
Classification Code: 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation - 912.2 ManagementManagement - 971 Social
Database: Compendex
179. Optimal design of PV system in passive residential building in Mediterranean climate

Jaber, Samar (1); Hawa, Ali Abul (1)
Source: Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, v 10, n 1, p 39-49, 2016; ISSN: 19956665;
Publisher: Hashemite University
Author affiliation: (1) Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Madaba, Madaba, Jordan
Abstract: Energy is a crucial element for prosperity and improving the standard of living. Fossil fuels are not an
everlasting source of energy. However, the sun is the only eternally sustainable source of energy. In this the present
study, feasibility and reliability analyses of a PV grid-connected system are conducted in Mediterranean climate.
MATLAB is used to model the energy system and examine its technical and economic performances. Life Cycle Cost
(LCC) and Payback Period (PbP) criterion are also used to determine the optimum system design. The present study
shows that incorporating an optimum system of solar PV with a grid system (oriented at 26° from the horizontal) is
feasible in Mediterranean region. It can reduce 6,075 kWh (83.7%) from the annual electricity bill. Moreover, LCC over
a 30-year period is found to be US$ 19,524 while the PbP for the initial investment is 5.88 years. Furthermore, carbon
dioxide emissions, associated with thermal power plants generated electricity, are expected to reduce by about 3.6
Tons annually. Thus, to move toward energy independence and energy security, favorable policies and incentives
should be set to accelerate the use of such energy systems. © 2016 Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering. All rights reserved. (63 refs)
Controlled terms: Carbon dioxide - Energy security - Fossil fuels - Global warming - Lead compounds - Life cycle -
Optimization - Thermoelectric power plants
Uncontrolled terms: Carbon dioxide emissions - Energy - Grid-connected - Life cycle costs (LCC) - Lifecycle costs -
Mediterranean climates - PV grid-connected systems - Thermal power plants
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 525.6 Energy PolicyEnergy Policy -
615.4 Thermoelectric EnergyThermoelectric Energy - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds - 921.5
Database: Compendex
180. Transient stability augmentation of PV/DFIG/SG-based hybrid power system by parallel-

resonance bridge fault current limiter
Hossain, Md. Kamal (1); Ali, Mohd. Hasan (1)
Source: Electric Power Systems Research, v 130, p 89-102, January 15, 2016; ISSN: 03787796; DOI: 10.1016/
j.epsr.2015.08.016; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Memphis, 223 Engineering
Science Building, Memphis; TN; 38152, United States
Abstract: This paper proposes a parallel-resonance bridge type fault current limiter (PRBFCL) to augment the
transient stability of a hybrid power system consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) power generation source, a doubly-fed
induction generator (DFIG)-based wind energy system, and a synchronous generator (SG). The PRBFCL is designed
such a way that it can provide sufficient damping characteristics to the studied power system. The effectiveness of
the proposed PRBFCL in improving the transient stability and enhancing the dynamic performance of the hybrid
power system is verified by applying both balanced and unbalanced faults in the power network. Also, its performance
is compared with that of the bridge type fault current limiter (BFCL) and the fault ride through (FRT) schemes, i.e.
FRT schemes of PV, DFIG, and with the AVR and governor of synchronous generator (SG). Some indexes are used
to quantify the system performance. Simulation results obtained from the Matlab/Simulink software show that the
proposed PRBFCL is effective in maintaining stable operation of the PV, wind generator, and synchronous generator

during the grid fault. Moreover, the performance of the PRBFCL is better than that of the BFCL and the FRT methods
in every aspect. © 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. (57 refs)
Controlled terms: Electric power system stability - Fault current limiters - MATLAB - Photovoltaic cells - Power quality
- Resonance - Stability - Synchronous generators - Transients - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Bridge-type - Doubly Fed Induction generators (DFIG) - Fault ride-through (FRT) - Parallel
resonance - Photovoltaic
Classification Code: 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 )
- 705.2.1 AC GeneratorsAC Generators - 706 Electric Transmission and DistributionElectric Transmission and
Distribution - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics
Database: Compendex
181. Development of a MCNP5 and ORIGEN2 based burnup code for molten salt reactor
Guo-Min Sun (1); Mao-Song Cheng (1)
Source: Nuclear Science and Techniques, v 27, n 3, p 65 (7 pp.), June 2016; ISSN: 1001-8042; DOI: 10.1007/
s41365-016-0070-1; Publisher: Springer, Germany
Author affiliation: (1) Shanghai Inst. of Appl. Phys., Shanghai, China
Abstract: The Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) is one of the six advanced reactor nuclear energy systems for further
research and development selected by Generation IV International Forum (GIF), which is distinguished by its core
in which the fuel is dissolved in molten fluoride salt. Because fuel flow in the primary loop, the depletion of MSR is
different from that of solid-fuel reactors. In this paper, an MCNP5 and ORIGEN2 Coupled Burnup (MOCBurn) code
for MSR is developed under the MATLAB platform. Some new methods and novel arrangements are used to make
it suitable for fuel flow in the MSR. To consider the fuel convection and diffusion in the primary loop of MSR, fuel
mixing calculation is carried out after each burnup time step. Modeling function for geometry with repeat structures
is implicated for reactor analysis with complex structures. Calculation for a high-burnup reactor pin cell benchmark
is performed using the MOCBurn code. Results of depletion study show that the MOCBurn code is suitable for the
traditional solid-fuel reactors. A preliminary study of the fuel mixture effect in MSR is also carried out. (23 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: fission reactor fuel - fission reactor theory - liquid metal fast breeder reactors
Uncontrolled terms: molten salt reactor - advanced reactor nuclear energy systems - research and development -
Generation IV International Forum - molten fluoride salt - fuel flow - primary loop - solid-fuel reactors - MCNP5 based
burnup code - ORIGEN2 Coupled Burnup code - MATLAB platform - fuel convection - fuel diffusion - fuel mixing
calculation - burnup time step - modeling function - repeat structures - reactor analysis - high-burnup reactor pin cell
benchmark - MOCBurn code - fuel mixture effect
Classification Code: A2850F Fast reactorsFast reactors - A2841E Fission reactor theory and physicsFission
reactor theory and physics - A2842D Fission reactor fuel elementsFission reactor fuel elements - B8220B Nuclear
reactorsNuclear reactors
IPC Code: G21C3/00 - G21C3/02 - G21D - G21C1/03
Database: Inspec
182. Design of a cost-effective on-grid hybrid wind–hydrogen based CHP system using a
modified heuristic approach
Maleki, Akbar (1); Rosen, Marc A. (2)
Source: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v 42, n 25, p 15973-15989, June 22, 2017; ISSN: 03603199; DOI:
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Renewable Energies, Faculty of New Science & Technologies, University of
Tehran, Tehran, Iran (2) Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology,
Oshawa; Ontario; L1H 7K4, Canada
Abstract: An economic model and optimization procedure is developed in this paper for grid-connected hybrid wind–
hydrogen combined heat and power systems for residential applications in northeastern Iran. The model considers
various significant factors: energy production cost, electrical trade with local grid, electrical power generation from
the wind/hydrogen energy system, thermal recovery from the fuel cell, and maintenance. Also, various tariffs for
purchasing and selling electrical energy from the local grid are considered for the hybrid system operation. The
optimization objective is to minimize the system total cost subject to relevant constraints for residential applications.

To achieve this aim, an efficient optimization method is proposed based on particle swarm optimization. The proposed
algorithm performance is compared with that for the imperialist competition algorithm. The results show that the hybrid
system is the most cost-effective for the residential load, and the results of the proposed algorithm are more promising
than those for the alternative algorithm. © 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC (53 refs)
Controlled terms: Cost effectiveness - Costs - Electric power system economics - Electric power transmission
networks - Fuel cells - Heuristic methods - Housing - Hybrid systems - Molecular biology - Particle swarm optimization
(PSO) - Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) - Thermal oil recovery - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: Algorithm performance - Alternative algorithms - Combined heat and power - Combined heat
and power system - Electrical power generation - Modified particle swarm optimization - PEM fuel cell - Residential
application
Database: Compendex
183. Microturbogas cogeneration systems for distributed generation: Effects of ambient

temperature on global performance and components' behavior
Caresana, F. (1); Pelagalli, L. (1); Comodi, G. (1); Renzi, M. (2)
Source: Applied Energy, v 124, p 17-27, July 1, 2014; ISSN: 03062619; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.02.075;
Author affiliation: (1) Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Scienze Matematiche, Università Politecnica delle
Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy (2) Libera Università di Bolzano, Facoltà di Scienze e Tecnologie,
Piazza Università, 539100 Bolzano, Italy
Abstract: Microturbines (MGTs) are a relatively new technology that is currently attracting a lot of interest in the
distributed generation market. Particularly interesting is their use as backup source for integrating photovoltaic panels
or/and wind turbines in hybrid systems. In this case the sensitivity to ambient conditions of the MGT adds to that of the
renewables and the knowledge of the effects of ambient conditions on its performance becomes a key subject both
for the sizing of the energy system and for its optimal dynamic control.Although the dependence of medium/large gas
turbines performance on atmospheric conditions is well known and documented in literature, there are very limited
reports available on MGTs and they regard only global parameters. The paper aims at filling this lack of information
by analyzing the ambient temperature effect on the global performance of an MGT in cogeneration arrangement
and by entering in detail into its machines' behavior. A simulation code, tuned on experimental data, is used for
this purpose.Starting from the nominal ISO conditions, electrical power output is shown to decrease with ambient
temperature at a rate of about 1.22%/°C, due to a reduction of both air density and volumetric flow. Meanwhile, thermal
to electrical power ratio increases at a rate of about 1.30%/°C. As temperature increases compressor delivers less air
at a lower pressure, and the turbine expansion ratio and mass flow reduce accordingly. With the in-use control system
the turbine inlet temperature reduces at a rate of 0.07%/°C with respect to its ISO condition value. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
(33 refs)
Main heading: C (programming language)
Controlled terms: Cogeneration plants - Distributed power generation - Gas turbines - Hybrid systems - Photovoltaic
cells - Temperature - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: Ambient temperature influence - Cogeneration - Correction factors - Distributed energies - Micro
gas turbines
Classification Code: 612.3 Gas Turbines and EnginesGas Turbines and Engines - 614 Steam Power PlantsSteam
Power Plants - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 641.1
ThermodynamicsThermodynamics - 706.1.2 Electric Power DistributionElectric Power Distribution - 723.1.1 Computer
Programming LanguagesComputer Programming Languages - 921 MathematicsMathematics
Database: Compendex
184. A socio-technical approach to increasing the battery lifetime of off-grid photovoltaic

systems applied to a case study in Rwanda
Crossland, Andrew F. (1); Anuta, Oghenetejiri H. (2); Wade, Neal S. (2)
Source: Renewable Energy, v 83, p 30-40, November 01, 2015; ISSN: 09601481, E-ISSN: 18790682; DOI: 10.1016/

Author affiliation: (1) School of Engineering and Computing Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham; DH1
3LE, United Kingdom (2) School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Merz Court, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne; NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
Abstract: Off-grid solar photovoltaics (PV) are promoted as an economical renewable energy system for providing
electricity in remote locations far from the grid. However, without on-going maintenance, the performance of these
systems will diminish due to battery deterioration leaving them unable to provide the service they were initially
designed for. This paper presents analysis and results from a four week cross-disciplinary investigative study carried
out in September 2012 into the performance of off-grid PV in health centres and schools in rural communities in
Rwanda. A socio-technical approach was taken to understand the reasons for failure. A strategy was subsequently
developed to influence user behaviour and increase the PV array size to reduce capacity shortage through the year
and improve the lifetime of the lead acid batteries found on these systems. According to the results obtained, the total
costs to implement off-grid PV systems can be reduced. Furthermore, the proposed strategy reduces the operating
costs of PV below that of a diesel generator according to a projection of prices found in Rwanda which is important in a
donor led installation model. © 2015. (40 refs)
Controlled terms: Behavioral research - Cost reduction - Economic analysis - Electric power systems - Operating
costs - Photovoltaic cells - Renewable energy resources - Solar power generation
Uncontrolled terms: Battery lifetime - Diesel generators - End-uses - Hybrid power - Power supply
Energy Issues - 615.2 Solar PowerSolar Power - 702.1.2 Secondary BatteriesSecondary Batteries - 706.1 Electric
Power SystemsElectric Power Systems - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics - 971 Social SciencesSocial
Sciences
Database: Compendex
185. Effect of heat conduction on droplet life time and evaporation rate under forced
convection at low temperatures
Rehman, Hafiz Laiq-Ur (1); Weiss, Julien (1); Seers, Patrice (1)
Source: Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, v 72, p 59-66, April 01, 2016; ISSN: 08941777; DOI: 10.1016/
j.expthermflusci.2015.10.030; Publisher: Elsevier Inc.
Author affiliation: (1) École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal; H3C 1K3, Canada
Abstract: Fuel droplet vaporization process involving heat and mass transfer holds key interest due to its application
in wide range of energy systems. This manuscript presents the experimental and computational investigation of an
isolated fuel droplet evaporation conducted in wind tunnel by suspending the droplet using supports of different sizes
and materials. Different sizes of initial droplet diameter 1565-2775µm, ambient temperature 303-403K and varying
ambient air velocity 0.4-2.7m/s allowed the investigated Reynolds number to be varying between 30 and 275. K-
type thermocouples (df=76-812µm) and glass fibers (df=200-800µm) are used for fuel droplet suspension. Use of
thermocouples allowed acquiring the temporal variation of droplet temperature. Both experimental and computational
investigations were carried out to quantify the heat conduction to fuel droplet through droplet support and its effects on
the droplet evaporation rates. Gradients of droplet evaporation rates are found to be changing for very small support
sizes while extrapolated to obtain values for pure convection cases. MATLAB code based on mathematical model is
developed to see the outcome of varying support size, support material, ambient temperature, ambient velocity and
droplet size on the droplet evaporation process. The average over estimation of mean droplet evaporation rates in the
absence of heat conduction for linear extrapolation are found to be 30% and 8% for thermocouples and glass fibers
respectively at U#=1.4m/s and varying ambient temperatures while using 0.008#df2/do2#0.035 for linear extrapolation.
© 2015 Elsevier Inc. (25 refs)
Main heading: Drops
Controlled terms: Air - Evaporation - Extrapolation - Forced convection - Fuel systems - Fuels - Glass fibers - Heat
conduction - Mass transfer - MATLAB - Reynolds number - Temperature - Thermocouples - Wind tunnels
Uncontrolled terms: Computational investigation - Droplet evaporation - Droplet temperature - Heat and mass
transfer - K-type thermocouples - Linear extrapolation - Support materials - Temporal variation
Classification Code: 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General - 641 Heat and Mass Transfer;
ThermodynamicsHeat and Mass Transfer; Thermodynamics - 651.2 Wind TunnelsWind Tunnels - 802.3 Chemical
OperationsChemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally - 812.3 GlassGlass
- 921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods - 944.5 Temperature Measuring
InstrumentsTemperature Measuring Instruments
Database: Compendex

186. Optimal energy management system based on stochastic approach for a home
microgrid with integrated responsive load demand and energy storage
Marzband, M. (1); Alavi, H. (2); Ghazimirsaeid, S.S. (3); Uppal, H. (1); Fernando, T. (3)
Source: Sustainable Cities and Society, v 28, p 256-64, Jan. 2017; ISSN: 2210-6707; DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2016.09.017;
Author affiliation: (1) Electr. Energy & Power Syst. Group, Univ. of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (2)
Dept. of Electr. Eng., Islamic Azad Univ., Tehran, Iran (3) Sch. of the Built Environ., Univ. of Salford, Salford, United
Kingdom
Abstract: In recent years, increasing interest in developing small-scale fully integrated energy resources in distributed
power networks and their production has led to the emergence of smart Microgrids (MG), in particular for distributed
renewable energy resources integrated with wind turbine, photovoltaic and energy storage assets. In this paper, a
sustainable day-ahead scheduling of the grid-connected home-type Microgrids (H-MG) with the integration of non-
dispatchable/dispatchable distributed energy resources and responsive load demand is co-investigated, in particular
to study the simultaneously existed uncontrollable and controllable production resources despite the existence of
responsive and non-responding loads. An efficient energy management system (EMS) optimization algorithm based on
mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) (termed as EMS-MILP) using the GAMS implementation for producing power
optimization with minimum hourly power system operational cost and sustainable electricity generation of within a H-
MG. The day-ahead scheduling feature of electric power and energy systems shared with renewable resources as a
MILP problem characteristic for solving the hourly economic dispatch-constraint unit commitment is also modelled to
demonstrate the ability of an EMS-MILP algorithm for a H-MG under realistic technical constraints connected to the
upstream grid. Numerical simulations highlight the effectiveness of the proposed algorithmic optimization capabilities
for sustainable operations of smart H-MGs connected to a variety of global loads and resources to postulate best
power economization. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and show a reduction in the
generated power cost by almost 21% in comparison with conventional EMS. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (22 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: distributed power generation - energy management systems - integer programming - linear
programming - power generation dispatch - power generation economics - power generation scheduling - renewable
energy sources - smart power grids - stochastic processes
Uncontrolled terms: economic dispatch-constraint unit commitment - sustainable electricity generation - power
system operational cost - GAMS - load demand - nondispatchable-dispatchable distributed energy resources -
sustainable day-ahead scheduling - photovoltaic module - wind turbine - distributed renewable energy resources -
smart microgrid - distributed power networks - energy storage - H-MG - grid connected home type microgrids - EMS-
MILP algorithm - mixed integer linear programming - energy management system optimization algorithm
Classification Code: B8120K Distributed power generationDistributed power generation - B8110B Power system
techniquesOptimisation techniques - B0240Z Other topics in statisticsOther topics in statistics
IPC Code: H02J3/38 - H02J13/00
Database: Inspec
187. Optimal energy management system based on stochastic approach for a home
Microgrid with integrated responsive load demand and energy storage
Marzband, Mousa (1, 2); Alavi, Hamed (3); Ghazimirsaeid, Seyedeh Samaneh (4); Uppal, Hasan (1); Fernando,
Terrence (4)
Source: Sustainable Cities and Society, v 28, p 256-264, January 1, 2017; ISSN: 22106707; DOI: 10.1016/
j.scs.2016.09.017; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences,
Electrical Energy and Power Systems Group, The University of Manchester, Ferranti Building, Manchester; M13 9PL,
United Kingdom (2) Department of Electrical Engineering, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran (3)
Department of Electrical Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran; Tehran, Iran (4) School
of the Built Environment, University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building Room 712 (THINKlab), Salford; M5 4WT,
United Kingdom
Abstract: In recent years, increasing interest in developing small-scale fully integrated energy resources in distributed
power networks and their production has led to the emergence of smart Microgrids (MG), in particular for distributed
renewable energy resources integrated with wind turbine, photovoltaic and energy storage assets. In this paper, a

sustainable day-ahead scheduling of the grid-connected home-type Microgrids (H-MG) with the integration of non-
dispatchable/dispatchable distributed energy resources and responsive load demand is co-investigated, in particular
to study the simultaneously existed uncontrollable and controllable production resources despite the existence of
responsive and non-responding loads. An efficient energy management system (EMS) optimization algorithm based on
mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) (termed as EMS-MILP) using the GAMS implementation for producing power
optimization with minimum hourly power system operational cost and sustainable electricity generation of within a H-
MG. The day-ahead scheduling feature of electric power and energy systems shared with renewable resources as a
MILP problem characteristic for solving the hourly economic dispatch-constraint unit commitment is also modelled to
demonstrate the ability of an EMS-MILP algorithm for a H-MG under realistic technical constraints connected to the
upstream grid. Numerical simulations highlight the effectiveness of the proposed algorithmic optimization capabilities
for sustainable operations of smart H-MGs connected to a variety of global loads and resources to postulate best
power economization. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and show a reduction in the
generated power cost by almost 21% in comparison with conventional EMS. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd (22 refs)
Controlled terms: Electric energy storage - Electric load dispatching - Electric power system economics - Electric
power transmission networks - Energy management - Energy resources - Energy storage - Integer programming -
Optimization - Renewable energy resources - Scheduling - Stochastic systems - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: Algorithmic optimization - Day-ahead scheduling - Distributed Energy Resources - Distributed
renewable energy resources - Micro grid - Mixed-integer linear programming - Optimal operation - Responsive load
Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 706 Electric Transmission
and DistributionElectric Transmission and Distribution - 912.2 ManagementManagement - 921.5 Optimization
Database: Compendex
188. A unified index for power quality evaluation in distributed generation systems
Elbasuony, Ghada S. (1); Abdel Aleem, Shady H.E. (2); Ibrahim, Ahmed M. (1); Sharaf, Adel M. (3)
Source: Energy, v 149, p 607-622, April 15, 2018; ISSN: 03605442; DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.02.088; Publisher:
Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza,
Egypt (2) 15th of May Higher Institute of Engineering, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Helwan; Cairo, Egypt (3)
Sharaf Energy Systems, Inc., Fredericton-NB, E3C2P2, Canada
Abstract: Excessive penetration of distributed generation units with their electronic power interfaces into distribution
systems has introduced different power quality problems into these systems. To date, there is no agreed upon
approach to quantify the overall power quality performance of a system in the presence of distributed generation units.
In this paper, a unified index for power quality assessment in different distributed generation systems is proposed using
the analytic hierarchy process. The unified index is determined in terms of six power quality performance parameters,
namely voltage total harmonic distortion, current total harmonic distortion, frequency deviation, voltage sags score,
voltage flicker, and power factor at different interface buses of three grid-connected distributed generation systems:
distributed wind, wind/photovoltaic, and hybrid wind/photovoltaic/fuel cell energy systems. Simulations are carried
out in the Matlab-Simulink environment. The results show that the proposed index can facilitate overall power quality
evaluation of different systems under different operating conditions. It makes the assessment simple and effective as
one number only is used for each comparison. Furthermore, based on the values of the index in the different systems,
it was found that the hybrid energy system shows better power quality performance compared to the other systems. ©
2018 Elsevier Ltd (47 refs)
Main heading: Quality control
Controlled terms: Analytic hierarchy process - Decision making - Distributed power generation - Electric power
system interconnection - Harmonic distortion - MATLAB - Power quality - Renewable energy resources - Wave filters
Uncontrolled terms: Different operating conditions - Distributed generation system - Distributed generation units
- Hybrid energy system - Power quality evaluation - Power quality performance - Total harmonic distortion (THD) -
Voltage total harmonic distortion
Energy Issues - 703.2 Electric FiltersElectric Filters - 706.1 Electric Power SystemsElectric Power Systems - 706.1.2
Electric Power DistributionElectric Power Distribution - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation
Theory and Signal Processing - 912.2 ManagementManagement - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality
Assurance and Control - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science
Database: Compendex


189. Assessment of the potential use of demand response in DHW systems on isolated
microgrids
Neves, D. (1); Pina, A. (1); Silva, C.A. (1)
Source: Renewable Energy, v 115, p 989-98, Jan. 2018; ISSN: 0960-1481; DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.09.027;
Author affiliation: (1) Center for Innovation, Technol. & Policy Res., Univ. de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Abstract: This work assesses the potential of demand response on isolated hybrid renewable energy systems, in
order to optimize the systems' dispatch by minimizing the operation costs and the peak demand. The developed
methodology models the implementation of solar thermal systems to replace non-renewable systems for the domestic
hot water supply, and a demand response strategy to manage the electric backup required from the grid, in days of
low solar radiation. The implementation of this system is compared between 10 isolated islands with different scales
and energy systems in order to identify the potential energy savings introduced by solar thermal systems with demand
response capabilities under different conditions.The results show larger savings for small islands, where the load
pattern is essentially residential, especially for those with more than 25% share of renewable electricity. Regarding
bigger islands, where the services and industry sectors dominate the load pattern, this implementation shows little
technical and economic impact. In terms of environmental impact, this methodology shows that the combination of
solar thermal systems with demand response programs may result, on average, in less 88% CO2 emissions than using
non-renewable DHW systems. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (43 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: demand side management - distributed power generation - domestic appliances - electric
heating - energy conservation - hybrid power systems - renewable energy sources
Uncontrolled terms: isolated microgrids - isolated hybrid renewable energy systems - peak demand - solar thermal
systems - nonrenewable systems - domestic hot water supply - demand response strategy - low solar radiation
- potential energy savings - demand response capabilities - renewable electricity - demand response programs -
nonrenewable DHW systems
Classification Code: A8620H Heating (energy utilisation)Heating (energy utilisation) - A8620W Electrical/electronic
equipment (energy utilisation)Electrical/electronic equipment (energy utilisation) - A8610 Energy resources and
fuelsEnergy resources and fuels - B8540 Electric heatingElectric heating - B8570 Domestic appliancesDomestic
appliances - B8120K Distributed power generationDistributed power generation - B8110B Power system management,
operation and economicsPower system management, operation and economics - B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy
resources - B8215 Energy conservationEnergy conservation
IPC Code: F24D13/00 - H02J3/38 - H05B1/00
Database: Inspec
190. Coordinated development of energy, economy and environment subsystems - A case

study
Wang, Qingsong (1); Yuan, Xueliang (1); Cheng, Xingxing (1); Mu, Ruimin (2); Zuo, Jian (3)
Source: Ecological Indicators, v 46, p 514-523, November 2014; ISSN: 1470160X; DOI: 10.1016/
j.ecolind.2014.07.014; Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Author affiliation: (1) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China (2)
School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250100, China (3) School of
Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia
Abstract: The coordination degree of energy, economic and environment (EEE) system is a typical parameter to
evaluate the sustainable development. A coordination index and a comprehensive evaluation model were proposed for
the EEE systems. With the proposed model, Shandong Province is employed for case study with the data inputs which
covers a time frame of 2004-2012. The result shows that the development speeds of energy system and economic
system were decreasing but their development quality kept increasing. There is an obvious positive relationship
between these two systems. The development quality of environmental system fluctuated a lot and shows a decreasing
trend. The average annual decreasing rate for environmental system was 19.44% in the study period. The trend of
coordination index for energy and economic systems is the same with the overall index of the EEE system, indicating
it is a key driving force for the overall index. All the three systems were analyzed by the method of principal factor
analysis, with the result implying a relation of firm connection. Economic development demands a strong support of
energy. But this could also lead to the deterioration of environment due to the industry-leading economic structure

and coal-leading energy consumption. High-energy consumption, fast economic development and low environmental
quality occur simultaneously. In order to achieve sustainable development, Shandong has to optimize energy and
industrial structure, improve energy efficiency and enhance environmental protection. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. (31 refs)
Controlled terms: Coal industry - Economic and social effects - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Environmental
protection - Planning - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms: Coordinated degree - Economy - Energy - Environment - Subsystem
Classification Code: 454.2 Environmental Impact and ProtectionEnvironmental Impact and Protection - 503
Mines and Mining, CoalMines and Mining, Coal - 524 Solid FuelsSolid Fuels - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy
Conservation - 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics - 912.2
ManagementManagement - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
Database: Compendex
191. Artificial bee swarm optimization for optimum sizing of a stand-alone PV/WT/FC hybrid
system considering LPSP concept
Maleki, Akbar (1); Askarzadeh, Alireza (1)
Source: Solar Energy, v 107, p 227-235, September 2014; ISSN: 0038092X; DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2014.05.016;
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Energy Management and Optimization, Institute of Science and High Technology
and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
Abstract: This paper recommends a framework to optimally size a hybrid energy system based on photovoltaic (PV)
panels, wind turbines (WTs) and fuel cell (FC). For this aim, all the components are modeled and an objective function
is defined based on the total annual cost. In the optimization problem, the maximum allowable loss of power supply
probability (LPSPmax) is also considered to have a reliable system.In order to minimize the objective function, an
efficient artificial bee swarm optimization (ABSO) algorithm is proposed. ABSO is a recently invented metaheuristic
algorithm which is inspired by the intelligent behaviors of honey bees such as collection and processing of nectar.
Instead of gradient information, ABSO uses stochastic rules to escape local optima and find the global solution. The
proposed methodology is applied to a real case study and the results are discussed. It is seen that at LPSPmaxset to
0%, 0.3% and 1% the PV/WT/FC is the most cost-effective energy system and at LPSPmax= 2% the WT/FC is the
most cost-effective hybrid system. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. (18 refs)
Controlled terms: Cost effectiveness - Costs - Fuel cells - Hybrid systems - Stochastic systems - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: Gradient informations - Hybrid energy system - Intelligent behavior - Loss of power supply
probability - Meta heuristic algorithm - Optimization problems - Photovoltaic panels - Swarm optimization
- 702.2 Fuel CellsFuel Cells - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering;
Industrial Economics - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.5
Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques - 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science
Database: Compendex
192. Introduction of new decentralised renewable heat supply in an existing district heating
system
Rämä, Miika (1); Wahlroos, Mikko (2)
Source: Energy, v 154, p 68-79, 1 July 2018; ISSN: 03605442; DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.105; Publisher:
Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Energy Systems and Climate, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000,
Espoo; FI-02044, Finland (2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, School of Engineering, P.O. Box
14100, Aalto; FI-00076, Finland
Abstract: The effects of new heat pump and solar collector capacity in an existing district heating system are
investigated by using Helsinki as a case study. Existing heat supply consists of combined heat and power plants,
boilers and large-scale heat pumps. Also, the potential benefit of low distribution temperatures is evaluated. Both an
outdoor temperature dependent supply temperature between 80 and 110 °C and a constant supply temperature of 65
°C are considered for distribution. EnergyPro modelling tool is utilised, providing information on optimal operation of
heat supply. Changes in heat supply are studied with emissions of the system and techno-economic performance of

the new heat sources evaluated. Results indicate that CHP based heat production is set to decrease 68–73% by 2030.
Heat pumps represent the most interesting option for heat supply with good performance on all economic, emissions
and energy efficiency viewpoints. Low temperature distribution improves the performance of the system by 4% in both
costs and as emission reductions compared to normal distribution temperatures. © 2018 The Authors (52 refs)
Controlled terms: Cogeneration plants - Emission control - Energy efficiency - Heat pump systems - Heating
equipment - Normal distribution - Pumps - Solar collectors - Solar heating - Temperature distribution
Uncontrolled terms: Combined heat and power - Distribution temperature - District heating system - Energy system
modelling - Heat pumps - Outdoor temperature - Potential benefits - Supply temperatures
- 614 Steam Power PlantsSteam Power Plants - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and ComponentsHeat Exchange
Equipment and Components - 618.2 PumpsPumps - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics - 643.1 Space
HeatingSpace Heating - 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 922.1 Probability
TheoryProbability Theory
Database: Compendex
193. Design and implementation of an amorphous high-frequency transformer coupling

multiple converters in a smart microgrid
Jafari, Mohammad (1); Malekjamshidi, Zahra (1); Lei, Gang (1); Wang, Tianshi (1); Platt, Glenn (2); Zhu, Jianguo (1)
Source: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, v 64, n 2, p 1028-1037, February 2017; ISSN: 02780046; DOI:
10.1109/TIE.2016.2583401; Article number: 7496935; Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Author affiliation: (1) School of Electrical, Mechanical and Mechatronic Systems, University of Technology Sydney,
Sydney; NSW; 2007, Australia (2) Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO),
Newcastle; NSW; 2304, Australia
Abstract: Recent improvements in magnetic material characteristics and switching devices have generated a
possibility to replace the electrical buses with high-frequency magnetic links in microgrids. Multiwinding transformers
(MWTs) as magnetic links can effectively reduce the number of conversion stages of renewable energy system
by adjusting turn ratio of windings according to the source voltage level. Other advantages are galvanic isolation,
bidirectional power flow capability, and simultaneous power transfer between multiple ports. Despite the benefits,
design, and characterization of MWTs are relatively complex due to their structural complexity and cross-coupling
effects. This paper presents all stages of numerical design, prototyping, and characterization of an MWT for microgrid
application. To design the transformer for certain value of parameters, the reluctance network method is employed.
Due to the iterative nature of transformer design, it presented less computation time and reasonable accuracy. A
prototype of designed transformer is implemented using amorphous magnetic materials. A set of experimental tests are
conducted to measure the magnetic characteristics of the core and series coupling and open-circuit tests are applied
to measure the transformer parameters. A comparison between the simulation and experimental test results under
different loads within the medium-frequency range validated both design and modeling procedures. © 1982-2012 IEEE.
(33 refs)
Main heading: Electric transformer testing
Controlled terms: Amorphous materials - Characterization - Complex networks - Design - Electric load flow - Energy
transfer - High frequency transformers - Iterative methods - Magnetic materials - Magnetism - Models - Power
converters - Renewable energy resources
Uncontrolled terms: Amorphous magnetic materials - Design and implementations - Multi windings - Multi-winding
transformer - Reluctance network methods - Simultaneous power transfers - Smart Micro Grids - transformer
Energy Issues - 701.2 Magnetism: Basic Concepts and PhenomenaMagnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena -
706.1 Electric Power SystemsElectric Power Systems - 708.4 Magnetic MaterialsMagnetic Materials - 722 Computer
Systems and EquipmentComputer Systems and Equipment - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods - 933.2
Amorphous SolidsAmorphous Solids - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science
Database: Compendex
194. Water and energy futures for Melbourne: Implications of land use, water use, and water
supply strategy
Kenway, S.J. (1); Turner, G.M. (2); Cook, S. (3); Baynes, T. (4)

Source: Journal of Water and Climate Change, v 5, n 2, p 163-175, 2014; ISSN: 20402244; DOI: 10.2166/
wcc.2013.188; Publisher: IWA Publishing
Author affiliation: (1) The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre, Gehrmann Building,
Research Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia (2) CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Clunies Ross St, Black Mountain, ACT,
2601, Australia (3) CSIRO Land and Water, Highett, Melbourne 3190, Australia (4) CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, 14
Julius Ave North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
Abstract: This paper quantifies the effect of three policy levels on the water and energy futures of Melbourne,
Australia. During a time of severe water shortages attributed to climate change, water strategies lacked consideration
of energy consequences. Modeling, guided by urban metabolism theory, demonstrated that a compact urban form,
reduced water consumption by 90 GL/a, compared with a sprawling city, and had greater water conservation impact
than simulated demand management measures. Household water conservation, coupled with increased use of solar
hot water systems, reduced grid energy use by some 30 PJ/a. Desalination, tripled water supply energy demand,
growing to a total of 4.5 PJ/a, by 2045. While the increase is less than 1% of total Melbourne urban energy use, it
contributes to a substantial increase in the energy bill for urban water provision. Importantly, the energy impact could
be offset through demand management measures. Recommendations for the combined management of water and
energy include improving energy characterization of the urban water cycle; impact-evaluation of regional plans; using
total urban water and energy balances in analysis to provide context; and developing reporting mechanisms and
indicators to help improve baseline data across the water and energy systems. © IWA Publishing 2014. (53 refs)
Main heading: Water supply
Controlled terms: Climate change - Desalination - Information management - Land use - Metabolism - Physiology -
Regional planning - Water - Water conservation - Water management
Uncontrolled terms: Energy - Energy characterization - Future cities - Management measures - Melbourne , Australia
- Reporting mechanisms - Solar hot water systems - Urban metabolisms
Development - 403.2 Regional Planning and DevelopmentRegional Planning and Development - 443.1 Atmospheric
PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 444 Water ResourcesWater Resources - 445.1 Water Treatment TechniquesWater
Treatment Techniques - 446.1 Water Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems - 461.9 BiologyBiology
Database: Compendex
195. The role of capital costs in decarbonizing the electricity sector

Hirth, Lion (1, 2, 3); Steckel, Jan Christoph (2, 3, 4)
Source: Environmental Research Letters, v 11, n 11, November 7, 2016; ISSN: 17489318, E-ISSN: 17489326; DOI:
10.1088/1748-9326/11/11/114010; Article number: 114010; Publisher: Institute of Physics Publishing
Author affiliation: (1) Neon Neue Energieökonomik GmbH (Neon), Germany (2) Mercator Research Institute on
Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC), Germany (3) Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK),
Germany (4) Technische Universitat Berlin (TU Berlin), Germany
Abstract: Low-carbon electricity generation, i.e. renewable energy, nuclear power and carbon capture and storage,
is more capital intensive than electricity generation through carbon emitting fossil fuel power stations. High capital
costs, expressed as high weighted average cost of capital (WACC), thus tend to encourage the use of fossil fuels. To
achieve the same degree of decarbonization, countries with high capital costs therefore need to impose a higher price
on carbon emissions than countries with low capital costs. This is particularly relevant for developing and emerging
economies, where capital costs tend to be higher than in rich countries. In this paper we quantitatively evaluate how
high capital costs impact the transformation of the energy system under climate policy, applying a numerical techno-
economic model of the power system. We find that high capital costs can significantly reduce the effectiveness of
carbon prices: if carbon emissions are priced at USD 50 per ton and the WACC is 3%, the cost-optimal electricity mix
comprises 40% renewable energy. At the same carbon price and a WACC of 15%, the cost-optimal mix comprises
almost no renewable energy. At 15% WACC, there is no significant emission mitigation with carbon pricing up to USD
50 per ton, but at 3% WACC and the same carbon price, emissions are reduced by almost half. These results have
implications for climate policy; carbon pricing might need to be combined with policies to reduce capital costs of low-
carbon options in order to decarbonize power systems. © 2016 IOP Publishing Ltd. (40 refs)
Main heading: Costs
Controlled terms: Carbon capture - Climate change - Climate models - Cost reduction - Economics - Fossil fuel power
plants - Fossil fuels - Fuel storage
Uncontrolled terms: Capital costs - Carbon pricing - Climate change mitigation - Electricity generation - Low-carbon
electricities - Renewable energies - Techno-economic model - The weighted average cost of capitals (WACC)
Classification Code: 443 MeteorologyMeteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 454
Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering - 694.4 StorageStorage - 911 Cost and Value Engineering;

Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 971 Social
Database: Compendex
196. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of coupling approaches for coupling of RELAP5
and LabVIEW
Fu, Zheng (1); Pack, Joshua (1); Aydogan, Fatih (1)
Source: Nuclear Science and Engineering, v 182, n 1, p 119-134, January 2016; ISSN: 00295639; DOI: 10.13182/
NSE15-4; Publisher: American Nuclear Society
Author affiliation: (1) University of Idaho, Center for Advanced Energy Studies, 995 University Boulevard, Idaho Falls;
ID; 83401, United States
Abstract: In the study and design of a nuclear power plant, extensive system modeling is necessary to determine
how the reactor will perform in any given situation, not only in the normal performance of the reactor, but also in
transients including unanticipated transients without scram and hypothetical accidents. One type of nuclear power plant
under study is the hybrid energy system, which uses nuclear power to generate both electricity and heat for facilities.
Obviously, the second steam cycle in the nuclear power plant requires several design updates and experiments.
Unfortunately, the current versions of the Reactor Excursion and Leak Analysis Program (RELAP) do not allow online
data streams from experimental facilities to the computational model of the secondary steam loop. Therefore, this study
develops a coupling between RELAP5 and Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) to model
primary and secondary coolant loops. In this way, the LabVIEW model can easily be connected to an experimental
apparatus to provide an online data stream and the online transient behavior of an entire nuclear power plant system.
This study shows two different coupling approaches and makes qualitative and quantitative comparisons between
these approaches. This paper demonstrates the results of different couplings between the primary and secondary
systems of a typical pressurized water reactor (PWR). The primary loop model is a four-loop PWR. The model has
been executed with steady state and transients (in this case, a loss-of-coolant accident). The results of both coupling
methods have been compared with the typical RELAP5 results. (7 refs)
Main heading: Pressurized water reactors
Controlled terms: Coolants - Couplings - Loss of coolant accidents - Nuclear energy - Nuclear fuels - Nuclear power
plants - Steam engineering - Steam power plants - Structural design
Uncontrolled terms: Experimental facilities - Laboratory virtual instrument engineering workbenches - LabViEW -
Primary and secondary systems - Quantitative comparison - Quantitative evaluation - RELAP5 - Steady state and
transients
Classification Code: 408.1 Structural Design, GeneralStructural Design, General - 613 Nuclear Power PlantsNuclear
Power Plants - 614 Steam Power PlantsSteam Power Plants - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial
ChemicalsChemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 901 Engineering ProfessionEngineering Profession -
914.1 Accidents and Accident PreventionAccidents and Accident Prevention - 932.2 Nuclear PhysicsNuclear Physics
Database: Compendex
197. Technical and economic analysis of different configurations of stand-alone hybrid

renewable power systems – A case study
Rezk, Hegazy (1); Dousoky, Gamal M. (1)
Author affiliation: (1) Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Alminia, Egypt
Abstract: The current work presents a feasibility study of stand-alone hybrid systems. Such renewable energy
systems contain photovoltaic, wind and fuel cells. This system is used for supplying electrical energy to certain load
demand in remote areas. Six different configurations were investigated and evaluated, namely, photovoltaic (PV)/
battery storage (BS), PV/fuel cell (FC), wind turbine generator (WTG)/BS, PV/WTG, WTG/FC and PV/FC/BS. A
detailed description and expected performance of the different configurations were established to be installed at
Minya Governate (Egypt), which represents a remote agricultural area. Results are compared to find out the optimal
configuration. Comparisons are based on minimum total net present cost and cost of energy. HOMER software has
been used to simulate and optimize system performance. Optimization results showed that PV/FC hybrid renewable
system attains the best choice among all studied configurations. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd (30 refs)
Main heading: Economic analysis

Controlled terms: Energy efficiency - Fuel cells - Hybrid systems - Photovoltaic cells - Renewable energy resources -
Turbogenerators - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: Energy systems - Feasibility studies - Hybrid renewable systems - Photovoltaic systems -
Renewable energy systems - Renewable power systems - Stand-alone hybrid system - Water pumping
Energy Issues - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code
611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 702.2 Fuel CellsFuel Cells - 705.2 Electric GeneratorsElectric
Generators - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics - 921 MathematicsMathematics
Database: Compendex
198. Hierarchical optimization of the composite blade of a stratospheric airship propeller

based on genetic algorithm
Junhui Meng (1); Jie Hu (2); Houdi Xiao (1); Mingyun Lv (1)
Source: Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, v 56, n 6, p 1341-52, Dec. 2017; ISSN: 1615-147X; DOI:
10.1007/s00158-017-1725-1; Publisher: Springer, Germany
Author affiliation: (1) Sch. of Aeronaut. Sci. & Eng., Beihang Univ., Beijing, China (2) Commercial Aircraft Corp. of
China, Shanghai, China
Abstract: High-altitude propellers equipped with solar energy systems are widely adopted in stratospheric airships
because of their light weight, excellent mechanical performance, and high efficiency. To optimize the composite
laminated structure of the blade, a hierarchical optimization method based on genetic algorithm is carried out. Global
and local layers are combined according to the structural and loading properties of the blade, and each partitioned
region in the local layer is optimized independently. Combined with the finite element method, a subprogram based
on the classical lamination theory is developed to simulate the stiffness matrix of the blade and obtain the deflection,
weight, etc. as objects. The restricted condition, whether the structure has failed, is determined by the Tsai-Wu
criterion. In addition, multiple tasks are delivered and read simultaneously by a specific program for the sake of
improving computation efficiency. After verification with a case study, the stacking sequence and thickness of the blade
of a stratospheric airship propeller is optimized and an ideal result is obtained. (35 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: aerodynamics - aerospace components - airships - blades - design engineering - finite
element analysis - genetic algorithms - laminates - optimisation - propellers - stress analysis
Uncontrolled terms: classical lamination theory - finite element method - local layer - loading properties - structural
properties - local layers - global layers - hierarchical optimization method - composite laminated structure - high
efficiency - excellent mechanical performance - light weight - stratospheric airships - solar energy systems - high-
altitude propellers - genetic algorithm - stratospheric airship propeller - composite blade
Classification Code: A0260 Numerical approximation and analysisNumerical approximation and analysis - A4785
Applied fluid mechanicsApplied fluid mechanics - B0260 Optimisation techniquesOptimisation techniques - C1180
Optimisation techniquesOptimisation techniques - E2210 Mechanical componentsMechanical components - E0210G
OptimisationOptimisation - E0210L Numerical analysisNumerical analysis - E1400 DesignDesign - E1710 Engineering
materialsEngineering materials - E2130 Fluid mechanics and aerodynamics (mechanical engineering)Fluid mechanics
and aerodynamics (mechanical engineering)
IPC Code: B32B - B64B1/00 - B64C - F15D
Database: Inspec
199. A comprehensive review of photovoltaic systems

Rajesh, R. (1); Carolin Mabel, M. (1)
Source: Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 51, p 231-48, Nov. 2015; ISSN: 1364-0321; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., St. Xavier's Catholic Coll. of Eng., Nagercoil, India
Abstract: Renewable energy sources are considered as the alternative energy sources because of rising
environmental concerns and depleting conventional energy resources. Solar energy has a significant role for
meeting the increased requirement of electricity with the reduced environmental impact. The power generation
from a Photovoltaic (PV) system gets affected as the optimum operating point changes due to the variation in the
environmental factors such as temperature, solar insolation, etc. In spite of the fluctuations, to achieve maximum
power from solar energy system, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is essential. In this paper, a

comprehensive review of PV system is presented consisting of modelling of PV cell, DC-DC converter topology and
maximum power point tracking methods. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (183 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: environmental factors - maximum power point trackers - photovoltaic power systems -
renewable energy sources
Uncontrolled terms: photovoltaic systems - PV system - renewable energy sources - alternative energy sources -
environmental impact - power generation - environmental factors - solar insolation - solar energy system - maximum
power point tracking technique - MPPT technique - DC-DC converter topology
photovoltaic power systems - B8360D DC-DC power convertorsDC-DC power convertors - B0170Q Environmental
factorsEnvironmental factors
IPC Code: H02M3/00 - G06F7/08 - H02S
Database: Inspec
200. Development of an integrated optimization method for analyzing effect of energy

conversion efficiency under uncertainty - A case study of Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous
Prefecture, China
Jin, S.W. (1); Li, Y.P. (1, 2); Huang, G.H. (1, 3); Hao, Q. (1); Nie, S. (4)
Source: Energy Conversion and Management, v 106, p 687-702, December 1, 2015; ISSN: 01968904; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) MOE Key Laboratory of Regional Energy Systems Optimization, S-C Resources and
Environmental Research Academy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing; 102206, China (2) Institute
for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina; SK; S4S 7H9, Canada (3)
Environmental Systems Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina,
Regina; SK; S4S 0A2, Canada (4) Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto; ON;
M5S 1A4, Canada
Abstract: In this study, a superiority-inferiority full-infinite mixed-integer programming (SFMP) method is developed
for analyzing the effect of energy conversion efficiency under uncertainty. SFMP can effectively tackle uncertainties
expressed as fuzzy sets, crisp intervals and functional intervals, it also can directly reflect relationships among multiple
fuzzy sets through varying superiority and inferiority degrees with a high computational efficiency. Then the developed
SFMP is applied to a real case of planning energy system for Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, where
multiple scenarios related to different energy-conversion efficiency are concerned. Results for energy processing,
energy conversion, capacity expansion, pollutant emission and system cost have been generated. It is proved
that SFMP is an effective approach to deal with the uncertainties in energy systems with interactive and uncertain
characteristics. A variety of uncertainties existed in energy conversion processes and impact factors could affect the
modeling result. Results show that improvement of energy-conversion efficiency can effectively facilitate reducing
energy resources consumption, optimizing energy generation pattern, decreasing capacity expansion, as well as
mitigating pollutant emissions. Results also reveal that, for the study area, electric power has a highest energy saving
potential among heating, oil processing, coal washing and refining. Results can help decision makers to generate
desired alternatives that can facilitate policy enactment of conversion efficiency improvement and adjustment of
regional energy structure under uncertainty. ©2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (37 refs)
Controlled terms: Computational efficiency - Conversion efficiency - Decision making - Energy conservation - Energy
conversion - Fuzzy sets - Integer programming - Optimization - Pollution - Refining - Uncertainty analysis
Uncontrolled terms: Efficiency improvement - Energy saving potential - Energy systems - Full-infinite programming -
Integrated optimization - Mixed integer programming - Superiority and inferiority - Uncertainty
Classification Code: 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation - 525.5 Energy Conversion IssuesEnergy
Conversion Issues - 912.2 ManagementManagement - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques - 922.1
Probability TheoryProbability Theory
Database: Compendex
201. Rev-changes in primary energy use and CO2 emissions - an impact assessment for a
building with focus on the Swedish proposal for nearly zero energy buildings
Gustafsson, M. (1); Thygesen, R. (1); Karlsson, B. (1); O¨dlund, L. (2)

Source: Energies, v 10, n 7, p 978 (14 pp.), July 2017; ISSN: 1996-1073; DOI: 10.3390/en10070978; Publisher:
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Technol. & Environ., Univ. of Gavle, Gavle, Sweden (2) Dept. of Manage. & Eng.,
Linkoping Univ., Linkoping, Sweden
Abstract: In the European Union's Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, the energy efficiency goal for buildings
is set in terms of primary energy use. In the proposal from the National Board of Housing, Building, and Planning,
for nearly zero energy buildings in Sweden, the use of primary energy is expressed as a primary energy number
calculated with given primary energy factors. In this article, a multi-dwelling building is simulated and the difference
in the primary energy number is investigated when the building uses heat from district heating systems or from heat
pumps, alone or combined with solar thermal or solar photovoltaic systems. It is also investigated how the global CO2
emissions are influenced by the different energy system combinations and with different fuels used. It is concluded that
the calculated primary energy number is lower for heat pump systems, but the global CO2 emissions are lowest when
district heating uses mostly biofuels and is combined with solar PV systems. The difference is up to 140 tonnes/year.
If the aim with the Swedish building code is to decrease the global CO2 emissions then the ratio between the primary
energy factors for electricity and heat should be larger than three and considerably higher than today. (39 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution control - biofuel - building management systems - buildings (structures) - carbon
compounds - district heating - energy conservation - heat pumps - photovoltaic power systems - space heating
Uncontrolled terms: primary energy use - zero energy buildings - primary energy factors - European Union Energy
Performance - energy system combinations - energy efficiency goal - Buildings Directive - Swedish building code - heat
pump systems - solar photovoltaic systems - solar thermal systems - district heating systems - multidwelling building -
CO2
Classification Code: A8620Q Buildings (energy utilisation)Buildings (energy utilisation) - A8630R Thermal energy
conversion (heat engines and heat pumps)Thermal energy conversion (heat engines and heat pumps) - A9260T Air
quality and air pollutionAir quality and air pollution - A8620H Heating (energy utilisation)Heating (energy utilisation) -
B8215 Energy conservationEnergy conservation - B7720 Pollution detection and controlPollution detection and control
- B8540E Space heatingSpace heating
IPC Code: F24D - F24D10/00 - F25B - F25B30/00 - H05B1/00 - F01L1/047 - H02S
Database: Inspec
202. Prospective life cycle assessment of the increased electricity demand associated with
the penetration of electric vehicles in Spain
Navas-Anguita, Zaira (1); García-Gusano, Diego (1); Iribarren, Diego (1)
Source: Energies, v 11, n 5, 2018; E-ISSN: 19961073; DOI: 10.3390/en11051185; Article number: 1185; Publisher:
MDPI AG
Author affiliation: (1) Systems Analysis Unit, IMDEA Energy, Av. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles; E-28935, Spain
Abstract: The penetration of electric vehicles (EV) seems to be a forthcoming reality in the transport sector worldwide,
involving significant increases in electricity demand. However, many countries such as Spain have not yet set binding
policy targets in this regard. When compared to a business-as-usual situation, this work evaluates the life-cycle
consequences of the increased electricity demand of the Spanish road transport technology mix until 2050. This is
done by combining Life Cycle Assessment and Energy Systems Modelling under three alternative scenarios based
on the low, medium, or high penetration rate of EV. In all cases, EV deployment is found to involve a relatively
small percentage (2eq, 0.25 kDALY, and 30.34 PJ in terms of climate change, human health, and resources,
respectively. Overall, EV penetration is concluded to slightly affect the national power generation sector, whereas it
could dramatically reduce the life-cycle impacts associated with conventional transport. © 2018 by the authors. (26
refs)
Main heading: Life cycle
Controlled terms: Climate change - Electric power utilization - Electric vehicles - Motor transportation - Roads and
streets - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Energy planning - Energy systems - Human health - Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) - Resources -
Road transports
Classification Code: 406.2 Roads and StreetsRoads and Streets - 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric
Properties - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 706.1 Electric
Power SystemsElectric Power Systems
Database: Compendex

203. Connecting early summer cloud-controlled sunlight and late summer sea ice in the
Arctic
Yong-Sang Choi (1); Baek-Min Kim (2); Sun-Kyong Hur (3); Seong-Joong Kim (2); Joo-Hong Kim (2); Chang-Hoi Ho
(3)
Source: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, v 119, n 19, p 11087-99, 16 Oct. 2014; ISSN: 2169-897X;
DOI: 10.1002/2014JD022013; Publisher: Wiley: On behalf of American Geophysical Union, USA
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Environ. Sci. & Eng., Ewha Womans Univ., Seoul, Korea, Republic of (2) Korea Polar
Res. Inst., Incheon, Korea, Republic of (3) Sch. of Earth & Environ. Sci., Seoul Nat. Univ., Seoul, Korea, Republic of
Abstract: This study demonstrates that absorbed solar radiation (ASR) at the top of the atmosphere in early summer
(May-July) plays a precursory role in determining the Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) in late summer (August-
October). The monthly ASR anomalies are obtained over the Arctic Ocean (65°N-90°N) from the Clouds and the
Earth's Radiant Energy System during 2000-2013. The ASR changes primarily with cloud variation. We found that the
ASR anomaly in early summer is significantly correlated with the SIC anomaly in late summer (correlation coefficient, r
-0.8 with a lag of 1 to 4 months). The region exhibiting high (low) ASR anomalies and low (high) SIC anomalies varies
yearly. The possible reason is that the solar heat input to ice is most effectively affected by the cloud shielding effect
under the maximum TOA solar radiation in June and amplified by the ice-albedo feedback. This intimate delayed ASR-
SIC relationship is not represented in most of current climate models. Rather, the models tend to over-emphasize
internal sea ice processes in summer. (43 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: atmospheric radiation - atmospheric temperature - clouds - ocean temperature -
oceanographic regions - sea ice
Uncontrolled terms: early summer cloud-controlled sunlight - late summer sea ice - absorbed solar radiation - Arctic
sea ice concentration - monthly ASR anomalies - Arctic ocean - Clouds and the Earth Radiant Energy System - AD
2000 to 2013 - cloud variation - solar heat input - ice-albedo feedback - internal sea ice processes
Classification Code: A9210K Sea-air interactionsSea-air interactions - A9260W Sunlight and atmospheric
radiationSunlight and atmospheric radiation - A9210R Sea iceSea ice - A9260N Cloud physicsCloud physics - A9260K
Temperature of the lower atmosphereTemperature of the lower atmosphere - A9210M Thermohaline structure and
circulation of the oceansThermohaline structure and circulation of the oceans - A9330L Arctic OceanArctic Ocean
Treatment: Theoretical or Mathematical (THR) - Experimental (EXP)
Database: Inspec
204. Techno-economic study of a PV-hydrogen-battery hybrid system for off-grid power

supply: Impact of performances' ageing on optimal system sizing and competitiveness
Guinot, Benjamin (1, 2); Champel, Bénédicte (1, 2); Montignac, Florent (1, 2); Lemaire, Elisabeth (1, 2); Vannucci,
Didier (3); Sailler, Sebastien (1, 4); Bultel, Yann (1, 4)
Source: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v 40, n 1, p 623-632, January 5, 2015; ISSN: 03603199; DOI:
Author affiliation: (1) Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble; F-38000, France (2) CEA, LITEN, Grenoble; F-38054, France
(3) AREVA SE, Domaine du Petit Arbois, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4; 13547, France (4) CNRS, LEPMI, Grenoble;
F-38000, France
Abstract: The use of intermittent renewable energy sources for power supply to off-grid electricity consumers requires
either additional power sources or energy storage solutions, in order to manage the time mismatch between energy
production and load requirements. We investigate in this paper the interest of a hybrid solar energy system, including a
lithium-based batteries bank and a hydrogen chain (electrolyser, gas storages and fuel cell), for an off-grid application.
This system is compared with two reference cases: PV-diesel generator and PV-Batteries. These different systems
have been represented using empirical and semi-empirical models and are simulated with the CEA made ODYSSEY
platform. The originality of our study lies in the simultaneous optimisation of the power management strategy and the
components' size, and in the detailed modelling of the components (power consumption of the auxiliaries and ageing
approach in the form of performances degradation). The PV-Batteries-H2system is operated by an efficient power
management strategy and its optimal sizing is assessed on the basis of technical (e.g. load satisfaction) and economic
(e.g. levelized cost of electricity) criteria. The results highlight the important role of the hydrogen chain in reducing the
cost of the supplied energy. It is also shown that performances degradation of the hydrogen chain has a limited impact
on the system optimal sizing and economic results. © 2014 Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier
Ltd. All rights reserved. (22 refs)

Controlled terms: Chains - Electric batteries - Electric energy storage - Electric power measurement - Electric power
systems - Electric power transmission networks - Electric power utilization - Fuel cells - Hybrid systems - Lithium
batteries - Power management - Solar energy - Solar power generation
Uncontrolled terms: Ageing - Hybridization - Off-grids - Power management strategies - PV-hydrogen-battery
Classification Code: 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization - 602.1 Mechanical DrivesMechanical Drives - 615.2
Solar PowerSolar Power - 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 702 Electric Batteries
and Fuel CellsElectric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 706.1 Electric Power SystemsElectric Power Systems - 706.1.1
Electric Power TransmissionElectric Power Transmission - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 942.2 Electric Variables
MeasurementsElectric Variables Measurements
Database: Compendex
205. The impact of the long-term EU target for renewables on the structure of electricity
production in Poland
Gawlik, Lidia (1); Szurlej, Adam (2); Wyrwa, Artur (2)
Source: Energy, v 92, p 172-178, December 1, 2015; ISSN: 03605442; DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.05.066;
Author affiliation: (1) Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences,
Wybickiego 7, Krakow; 31-261, Poland (2) AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels,
Mickiewicza 30, Krakow; 30-059, Poland
Abstract: This paper outlines the results of various scenarios for optimizing Poland's future energy system up to
2050. The objective of the study was to demonstrate through the use of models how the level of binding targets for
the share of renewable energy (RES) in final energy consumption would impact the evolution of the Polish energy
sector. The differences in the compared scenarios consist of the level of RES (renewable energy sources) targets while
assuming the same ETS (emissions trading system) CO2reduction pathways. These scenarios of differing RES targets
are compared with other ones where the level of RES obligatory for 2020 has not been increased in the 2020-2050
period. The lack of increasing RES targets applies no preference for any particular technology, and the resulting
energy mix is cost-optimal.Potential variations in the energy mix are shown, addressing the fuel and technological
structure of electricity production. The analysis presents the costs of electricity generation in the examined scenarios
and the level of capital expenditures for the development of new capacities. It examines how RES technologies may
develop in Poland with and without the national RES targets after 2020, and the consequences for coal as well as the
development of clean coal technologies. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. (34 refs)
Main heading: Electric power generation
Controlled terms: Cost benefit analysis - Energy policy - Energy utilization - Renewable energy resources
Uncontrolled terms: Clean coal technologies - Climate policy - Emissions trading system - Energy mix - Energy
system model - Poland - Renewable energy source - Technological structures
Classification Code: 525 Energy Management and ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 911 Cost and
Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics
Database: Compendex
206. Assessment of Energy Saving and CO2 Mitigation Potential of Electric Vehicles and
Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles under Japan's Power Generation Mix
Komiyama, R. (1); Fujii, Y. (1)
Source: Electrical Engineering in Japan, v 192, n 1, p 1-12, July 2015; ISSN: 0424-7760; DOI: 10.1002/eej.22546;
Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell, Germany
Author affiliation: (1) Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Abstract: This paper evaluates the impact of an extensive introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid
vehicles (PHEVs) on the energy supply mix in Japan. Energy consumption in Japan's transport sector has been
dominated by petroleum, and CO2 emissions in this sector account for 20% of Japan's CO2 emissions. Therefore, the
deployment of clean energy vehicles, such as EV and PHEV, is expected to play a significant role in tackling energy
security and environmental concerns. In order to assess the energy and environmental benefits of EV and PHEV, we
develop an energy system model integrating an optimal power generation mix model and a vehicle penetration model,
with consideration of the optimal electricity charging profile of those advanced vehicles. The calculated results suggest
that massive EV penetration serves as an energy saving measure in Japan's whole energy system due to significant
petroleum reductions exceeding the growth of fuel input into the power generation sector derived from significant EV

and PHEV penetration. Massive EV deployment is estimated to contribute to CO2 mitigation in the energy system as
well. Evaluating CO2 emissions by mileage by automobile, however, carbon emissions by mileage for EVs is almost
equivalent to that of gasoline hybrid vehicles (HEVs) in the case of decommissioning of nuclear power plants, which
eventually causes a higher carbon intensity of the electricity supply. (23 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution control - energy conservation - energy consumption - energy security - hybrid
electric vehicles
Uncontrolled terms: energy saving assessment - carbon dioxide emission mitigation potential - electric vehicle - plug-
in hybrid vehicle - Japan - optimal power generation mix model - PHEV - energy supply mix - energy consumption
- transport sector - clean energy vehicle - energy security - environmental concern - energy system model - vehicle
penetration model - optimal electricity charging profile - gasoline hybrid vehicle - nuclear power plant decommissioning
- carbon intensity - CO2
Classification Code: A8620A General transportation (energy utilisation)General transportation (energy
utilisation) - A8670G Atmosphere (environmental science)Atmosphere (environmental science) - B8520
TransportationTransportation - B8215 Energy conservationEnergy conservation - B7720 Pollution detection and
controlPollution detection and control
IPC Code: B60L11/02
Database: Inspec
207. Carbon lock-in through capital stock inertia associated with weak near-term climate
policies
Bertram, C. (1); Johnson, N. (2); Luderer, G. (1); Riahi, K. (2); Isaac, M. (3); Jiyong Eom (4)
Source: Technological Forecasting and Social Change, v 90, p 62-72, Jan. 2015; ISSN: 0040-1625; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Potsdam Inst. for Climate Impact Res., Potsdam, Germany (2) Int. Inst. for Appl. Syst. Anal.,
Laxenburg, Austria (3) Copernicus Inst. of Sustainable Dev., Utrecht Univ., Utrecht, Netherlands (4) Pacific Northwest
Nat. Lab., USA. Now at Sagong Univ., College Park, MD, United States
Abstract: Stringent long-term climate targets necessitate a limit on cumulative emissions in this century for which
sufficient policy signals are lacking. Using nine energy-economy models, we explore how policies pursued during the
next two decades impact long-term transformation pathways towards stringent long-term climate targets. Less stringent
near-term policies (i.e., those with larger emissions) consume more of the long-term cumulative emissions budget in
the 2010-2030 period, which increases the likelihood of overshooting the budget and the urgency of reducing GHG
emissions after 2030. Furthermore, the larger near-term GHG emissions associated with less stringent policies are
generated primarily by additional coal-based electricity generation. Therefore, to be successful in meeting the long-
term target despite near-term emissions reductions that are weaker than those implied by cost-optimal mitigation
pathways, models must prematurely retire significant coal capacity while rapidly ramping up low-carbon technologies
between 2030 and 2050 and remove large quantities of CO2 from the atmosphere in the latter half of the century.
While increased energy efficiency lowers mitigation costs considerably, even with weak near-term policies, it does not
substantially reduce the short-term reliance on coal electricity. However, increased energy efficiency does allow the
energy system more flexibility in mitigating emissions and, thus, facilitates the post-2030 transition. [All rights reserved
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution control - carbon capture and storage - carbon compounds - climate mitigation -
coal - environmental economics
Uncontrolled terms: emission mitigation - coal electricity - carbon dioxide - AD 2030 to 2050 - low-carbon technology
- coal capacity - cost-optimal mitigation pathways - coal-based electricity generation - greenhouse gas - near-term
GHG emissions - GHG emission reduction - AD 2010 to 2030 - long-term cumulative emissions budget - stringent
near-term climate policies - energy-economy models - climate signals - sringent long-term climate targets - weak near-
term climate policies - capital stock inertia - carbon lock-in - CO2
Classification Code: A8675M Carbon storage/sequestration (environmental science technology)Carbon storage/
sequestration (environmental science technology) - A8605 Energy and environmental policy, economics and
legislationEnergy and environmental policy, economics and legislation - A8670G Atmosphere (environmental
science)Atmosphere (environmental science) - A8670L Measurement techniques and instrumentation in environmental
scienceMeasurement techniques and instrumentation in environmental science - A9260S ClimatologyClimatology
- A9260T Air quality and air pollutionAir quality and air pollution - B7720 Pollution detection and controlPollution
detection and control
IPC Code: G01V
Treatment: Practical (PRA) - Experimental (EXP)

Database: Inspec
208. Estonian energy supply strategy assessment for 2035 and its vulnerability to climate
driven shocks
Lehtveer, M. (1); Pelakauskas, M. (2); Ipbu¨ker, C. (2); Howells, M. (3); Rogner, H.-H. (3); Das, A.; Toomet, O.-S. (1);
Tkaczyk, A.H. (2)
Source: Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, v 35, n 2, p 469-78, March 2016; ISSN: 1944-7442; DOI:
10.1002/ep.12240; Publisher: Wiley, USA
Author affiliation: (1) Fac. of Econ. & Bus. Adm., Univ. of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (2) Inst. of Phys., Univ. of Tartu, Tartu,
Estonia (3) Dept. of Energy Technol., R. Inst. of Technol., Stockholm, Sweden
Abstract: Estonia is a relatively small country with a limited supply of indigenous energy resources mainly consisting of
oil shale, wood, and peat. Estonia is also the only country in Europe with a dominant electricity production by burning
oil shale. Around 90% of the overall electric energy production in Estonia comes from the Narva Power Plants. This
presents great challenges and problems due to massive emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as well
as radiological impact on the environment. Therefore, the current energy supply strategy can be considered hazardous
and an unpopular choice for future energy system planning. In this article, we analyze the current energy policy as well
as inclusion of new strategies to produce electricity for Estonia for a target year of 2035. We use a computer model
Model for Supply Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental Impacts (MESSAGE) to provide optimization
and aim in helping the policymakers in the Estonian decision making process. We also add a specific case in the
MESSAGE model to examine the ability of the current electricity supply strategy to handle climate related shocks with a
special focus on cold weather in two plausible cases; single cold winter and prolonged cold winter. Results indicate that
unexpected demand shocks may cause serious losses in gross domestic product (GDP). Therefore, the authors come
to the conclusion that extra capacity is highly recommendable for a number of reasons. We also find that nuclear power
becomes economically preferable to oil shale with a CO2 tax of €20/t. Yet moving toward nuclear or other low CO2
alternatives presents certain challenges. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 469-478,
2016. (29 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution - decision making - energy resources - government policies - oil shale - power
system planning - wood
Uncontrolled terms: nuclear power - gross domestic product - prolonged cold winter - single cold winter - cold
weather - related shocks - MESSAGE model - decision making process - Model for Supply Strategy Alternatives and
their General Environmental Impacts - energy policy - energy system planning - radiological impact - greenhouse
gases - Narva Power Plants - overall electric energy production - dominant electricity production - Europe - peat - wood
- oil shale - climate driven shocks - Estonian energy supply strategy assessment
Classification Code: A8610B Fossil fuelsFossil fuels - A8605 Energy and environmental policy, economics and
legislationEnergy and environmental policy, economics and legislation - B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy resources -
B8110D Power system planning and layoutPower system planning and layout
Database: Inspec
209. Investment decisions in imperfect power markets with hydrogen storage and large
share of intermittent electricity
Michalski, J. (1)
Source: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v 42, n 19, p 13368-81, 11 May 2017; ISSN: 0360-3199; DOI:
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.141; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Ludwig-Bolkow-Systemtechnik GmbH, Munich/Ottobrunn, Germany
Abstract: This paper analyzes the impact of hydrogen as energy storage on production and investment decisions in an
electricity market when individual participants behave strategically. We develop a game-theoretic model on investment
and generation game a la Cournot under the open-loop information structure. This framework is implemented as a
mixed complementarity problem and applied to the German case assuming the phase-out of the German nuclear
power plants, rising renewable energy supply and increasing energy demand for electric vehicles. The numerical
results of our analysis indicate that utilization of energy storage has a positive effect on energy systems with large
amount of intermittent electricity and inelastic demand. We find that additional hydrogen storage capacities improve
system reliability, increase overall welfare and decrease GHG emissions. Adding demand for hydrogen as a fuel
for FCEVs allows for a synergetic use of the technology and changes the investment incentives for energy storage.

Although the power-to-gas technology has a price-smoothing effect the overall generation capacity is higher with
energy storage providing additional supply security in markets with a large amount of intermittent energy production.
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution - fuel cell vehicles - game theory - hydrogen storage - industrial economics -
investment - power generation economics - power markets - renewable energy sources
Uncontrolled terms: energy demand - fuel cell electric vehicles - hydrogen storage capacities - investment incentives
- power markets - GHG emissions - FCEV - power-to-gas technology - investment decisions - intermittent energy
production - intermittent electricity - energy systems - energy storage - renewable energy supply - German nuclear
power plants - open-loop information structure - game-theoretic model - electricity market
Classification Code: A8640K Hydrogen storage and technologyHydrogen storage and technology - A9260T Air
quality and air pollutionAir quality and air pollution - A8630G Fuel cellsFuel cells - A8620A General transportation
(energy utilisation)General transportation (energy utilisation) - B8110B Power system management, operation and
economicsPower system management, operation and economics - B8410G Fuel cellsFuel cells - B8470 Other energy
storageOther energy storage - B8520 TransportationTransportation - B0240E Game theoryGame theory
IPC Code: B60L11/18 - C01B3/00 - H01M8/00 - H02J15/00
Database: Inspec
210. Pre-design strategies and sizing techniques for dual-energy aircraft

Isikveren, A.T. (1); Kaiser, S. (1); Pornet, C. (1); Vratny, P.C. (1)
Source: Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, v 86, n 6, p 525-42, 2014; ISSN: 0002-2667; DOI: 10.1108/
AEAT-08-2014-0122; Publisher: Emerald, UK
Author affiliation: (1) Visionary Aircraft Concepts, Bauhaus Luftfahrt e.V., Munich, Germany
Abstract: Purpose - The aim of this study was to first establish foundational algebraic expressions that parametrically
describe any advanced dual-energy storage-propulsion-power system (DESPPS) and then proceed to declare
the array of fundamental independent variables necessary for the sizing and optimisation of such systems. Upon
procurement of a pre-design-level integrated aircraft performance model and the subsequent verification against
previously published high-end low-fidelity generated results, opportunity was taken in formulating a set of battery-
based DESPPS related design axioms and sizing heuristics. Design/methodology/approach - Derivation of algebraic
expressions related to describing DESPPS architectures are based on first principles. Integrated performance
modelling by way of full analytical fractional change transformations anchored according to a previously published
Energy Specific Air Range (ESAR) figure-of-merit originally derived using the Breguet-Coffin differential equation
for vehicular efficiency. Weights prediction of sub-systems that constitute the entire aircraft including DESPPS
constituents emphasises an analytical foundation with minimal implementation of linear correlation factors or
coefficients of proportionality. An iterative maximum take-off weight build-up algorithm emphasising expedient and
stable convergence was fashioned. All prediction methods pertaining to integrated performance were verified according
to previously published battery-based DESPPS results utilising high-end low-fidelity methods. Findings - For all
types of DESPPS, two new fundamental independent non-dimensional variables were declared: the Supplied Power
Ratio (related to converted power afforded by each energy carrier); and, the Activation Ratio (describing the relative
nature of utilisation with respect to time afforded by the motive power device associated with each energy source).
For a given set of standalone sub-system energy conversion efficiencies, the parametric descriptor of degree-of-
hybridisation (DoH) for Power was found to be solely a function of the Supplied Power Ratio, whereas in contrast, the
DoH for Energy was found to be a more complex synthetic function described by comingling of Supplied Power Ratio
and the Activation Ratio. Upon examination of the integrated aircraft performance model derived in this treatise, for
purposes of investigating CO2-emissions reduction potential for battery-based DESPPS using kerosene as one of
the energy sources, one salient observation was maximising the ESAR figure-of-merit is not an appropriate objective
or intermediary function for future optimisation work. It was found maximising block fuel reduction through the use
of maximum ESAR would lead to ever diminishing design ranges and curtailment of the payload-range working
capacity of the aircraft. Practical implications - Opportunity is now given to design and optimise aircraft utilising any
type of DESPPS architecture. It was established that designing for battery-based DESPPS aircraft can be achieved
effectively in a two-stage process that may not require aircraft morphologies more exotic than the so-called “wing-
and-tube”. Firstly, a suitably projected state-of-the-art aircraft with solely advanced gas-turbine technology for the
propulsion and power system needs to be produced. Thereafter, a revised version of this baseline projected aircraft
now using DESPPS architecture should be conceived. A recommendation related to CO2-emissions reduction potential
for battery-based DESPPS using kerosene as one of the energy sources is that during optimisation work the multi-
objective formulation should comprise at least two functions: block fuel and operating economics. In all instances,
it was advised that the objective function of block fuel should be tempered by an equality constraint of ESAR parity

with the baseline projected aircraft using gas-turbine only technology. Originality/value - A complete, unified analytical
description of DESPPS that is universally applicable to any type of energy carrier has been derived and verified for
battery-based dual-energy systems. Correspondingly, a set of aircraft design axioms and sizing heuristics relevant to
battery-based DESPPS have been presented. (24 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: aerospace propulsion - aircraft power systems - battery powered vehicles - difference
equations - energy storage
Uncontrolled terms: sizing techniques - dual energy aircraft - foundational algebraic expressions - dual-energy
storage-propulsion-power system - battery-based DESPPS - predesign-level integrated aircraft performance model -
design axioms - DESPPS architectures - full analytical fractional change transformations - energy specific air range -
ESAR figure-of-merit - Breguet-Coffin differential equation - vehicular efficiency - linear correlation factors - iterative
maximum take-off weight build-up algorithm - supplied power ratio - activation ratio - standalone subsystem energy
conversion - degree-of-hybridisation - DoH - CO2-emissions reduction - block fuel reduction - aircraft morphologies -
gas-turbine technology - baseline projected aircraft - energy sources - battery-based dual-energy systems
Classification Code: B7630B Aerospace power systemsAerospace power systems - B7640 Aerospace
propulsionAerospace propulsion - B8520 TransportationTransportation - B8410 Electrochemical conversion and
storageElectrochemical conversion and storage - B0220 Mathematical analysisMathematical analysis - E3650C
Aerospace industryAerospace industry - E2320 EnginesEngines - E0210C Mathematical analysisMathematical
analysis
IPC Code: B60L11/18 - B64D - B64G1/42
Database: Inspec
211. Deployment of renewable energy technologies in Bangladesh: Long-term policy

implications in power sector
Mondal, Md. Alam Hossain (1, 2); Denich, Manfred (3); Mezher, Toufic (1)
Source: Energy Strategy Reviews, v 2, n 3-4, p 307-312, February 2014; ISSN: 2211467X; DOI: 10.1016/
j.esr.2012.11.006; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, PO Box 54224, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
(2) Energy Institute, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh (3) Center for Development
Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Walter Flex Str. 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany
Abstract: This paper presents an assessment of future energy-supply strategies for the Bangladesh power sector.
It identifies the prospects for the further economic development of the country while ensuring energy security and
mitigating environmental impacts. The MARKAL standard version is used to model Bangladesh's power sector
including already existing as well as innovative energy conversion technologies. Different policy scenarios for the
evaluation of the power sector from 2010 to 2035 are explored. The analysis shows that Bangladesh will not be able to
meet the future energy demand without importing energy. However, alternative policies like CO2emission reduction by
establishing a target, or accelerated deployment of renewable energy technologies reduce the burden of imported fuel,
improve energy security and reduce environmental impacts. The model predicts that alternative policies will not result
in significantly higher cumulative discounted total energy system cost. The system cost increases up to 7.7% over the
base scenario. The alternative policy scenarios reduce imported fuel by up to 100%. Renewable energy technologies,
especially solar photovoltaic play an important role in achieving reasonable energy security. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. (20
refs)
Controlled terms: Emission control - Energy conversion - Energy policy - Energy security - Environmental technology
- Gas emissions - Public policy - Solar power generation
Uncontrolled terms: CO2 emission reduction - Economic development - Electricity generation - Energy conversion
technologies - Markal models - Policy implications - Renewable energy technologies - Solar photovoltaics
Engineering - 525 Energy Management and ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 615.2 Solar
PowerSolar Power - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
Database: Compendex
212. Multi-objective optimization of the renewable energy mix for a building

Ascione, Fabrizio (1); Bianco, Nicola (1); De Masi, Rosa Francesca (2); De Stasio, Claudio (1); Mauro, Gerardo Maria
(1); Vanoli, Giuseppe Peter (2)
Source: Applied Thermal Engineering, v 101, p 612-621, May 25, 2016; ISSN: 13594311; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, Napoli; 80125, Italy (2) University of
Sannio in Benevento, Piazza Roma 21, Benevento; 82100, Italy
Abstract: According to the increasing worldwide attention to energy and environmental performances of the
building sector, the exploitation of renewable energy sources (RESs) represents a key strategy toward sustainable
buildings. However, which is the 'best' mix of RES systems in new or existing buildings? This paper proposes a novel
methodology, aimed to optimize the design of the mix of renewable energy systems for the integration of building
energy demand in terms of energy uses for space heating/cooling, domestic hot water and electric devices. More in
detail, a multi-objective optimization is performed by considering two contrasting objectives to be minimized: primary
energy demand and investment cost. The global cost is investigated too, as further criterion, in order to detect the
cost-optimal solution. Moreover, the fulfillment of the minimum levels of RES integration - as provided by Italian
regulations - is taken into account as constraint. The optimization procedure is based on a genetic algorithm, which is
performed by employing EnergyPlus and MATLAB®. As case study, the methodology is applied in order to optimize
the renewable energy mix for a typical new Italian residential building, located in Naples (Mediterranean area). Thermal
solar systems, photovoltaic panels and efficient heat pumps are investigated as RES systems. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All
Main heading: Multiobjective optimization
Controlled terms: Cost benefit analysis - Costs - Energy management - Environmental management - Genetic
algorithms - Intelligent buildings - Investments - MATLAB - Photovoltaic cells - Renewable energy resources - Solar
power generation - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms: Building energy demands - Building energy performance - Environmental performance - Optimal
analysis - Optimization procedures - Renewable energy source - Renewable energy systems - Transient simulation
Classification Code: 402 Buildings and TowersBuildings and Towers - 454.1 Environmental Engineering,
GeneralEnvironmental Engineering, General - 525 Energy Management and ConversionEnergy Management and
Conversion - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy IssuesEnergy Resources and Renewable Energy
Issues - 615.2 Solar PowerSolar Power - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value
Engineering; Industrial Economics - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization
Techniques
Database: Compendex
213. Integrated demand side management game in smart energy hubs

Sheikhi, Aras (1); Rayati, Mohammad (1); Bahrami, Shahab (1); Ranjbar, Ali Mohammad (1)
Source: IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, v 6, n 2, p 675-683, March 1, 2015; ISSN: 19493053; DOI: 10.1109/
TSG.2014.2377020; Article number: 7005521; Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical Engineering, Center of Excellence in Power System Management and
Control, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran; 11155-9363, Iran
Abstract: The presence of energy hubs and the advancement in smart grid technologies have motivated system
planners to deploy intelligent multicarrier energy systems entitled "smart energy hub" (S.E. Hub). In this paper, we
model S.E. Hub, and propose a modern energy management technique in electricity and natural gas networks based
on integrated demand side management (IDSM). In conventional studies, energy consumption is optimized from
the perspective of each individual user without considering the interactions with each other. Here, the interaction
among S.E. Hubs in IDSM program is formulated as a noncooperative game. The existence and uniqueness of a pure
strategy Nash equilibrium (NE) is proved. Additionally, the strategies for each S.E. Hub are determined by proposing
a distributed algorithm. We also address the IDSM game in a cloud computing (CC) framework to achieve efficient
data processing and information management. Simulations are performed on a grid consisting of ten S.E. Hubs. We
compare the CC framework with conventional data processing techniques to evaluate the efficiency of our proposed
approach in determining NE. It is also shown that in the NE, the energy cost for each S.E. Hub and the peak-to-
average ratio of the electricity demand decrease substantially. © 2015 IEEE. (50 refs)
Main heading: Smart power grids
Controlled terms: Cloud computing - Computation theory - Computer games - Data handling - Demand side
management - Electric utilities - Energy utilization - Game theory - Industrial management - Information management
Uncontrolled terms: Data processing techniques - Demand Side Management (DSM) - Existence and uniqueness -
Nash equilibria - Peak to average ratios - Pure strategy nash equilibriums - Smart energies - Smart Grid technologies

Classification Code: 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization - 706.1 Electric Power SystemsElectric Power
Systems - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming
TheoryComputer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory
- 722.4 Digital Computers and SystemsDigital Computers and Systems - 723.2 Data Processing and Image
ProcessingData Processing and Image Processing - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications - 912.2
ManagementManagement - 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory
Database: Compendex
214. Carbon lock-in through capital stock inertia associated with weak near-term climate
policies
Bertram, Christoph (1); Johnson, Nils (2); Luderer, Gunnar (1); Riahi, Keywan (2, 3); Isaac, Morna (4); Eom, Jiyong (5,
6)
Source: Technological Forecasting and Social Change, v 90, n PA, p 62-72, January 01, 2015; ISSN: 00401625; DOI:
10.1016/j.techfore.2013.10.001; Publisher: Elsevier Inc.
Author affiliation: (1) Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegraphenberg A31, Potsdam; 14473,
Germany (2) International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg; 2361, Austria (3) Graz
University of Technology, Inffeldgasse, Graz; 8010, Austria (4) Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable
Development, Heidelberglaan 2, Utrecht; 3584CS, Netherlands (5) Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, College Park; MD; 20740, United States (6) Sagong University, Seoul, Korea, Republic
of
Abstract: Stringent long-term climate targets necessitate a limit on cumulative emissions in this century for which
sufficient policy signals are lacking. Using nine energy-economy models, we explore how policies pursued during the
next two decades impact long-term transformation pathways towards stringent long-term climate targets. Less stringent
near-term policies (i.e., those with larger emissions) consume more of the long-term cumulative emissions budget in
the 2010-2030 period, which increases the likelihood of overshooting the budget and the urgency of reducing GHG
emissions after 2030. Furthermore, the larger near-term GHG emissions associated with less stringent policies are
generated primarily by additional coal-based electricity generation. Therefore, to be successful in meeting the long-
term target despite near-term emissions reductions that are weaker than those implied by cost-optimal mitigation
pathways, models must prematurely retire significant coal capacity while rapidly ramping up low-carbon technologies
between 2030 and 2050 and remove large quantities of CO2from the atmosphere in the latter half of the century.
While increased energy efficiency lowers mitigation costs considerably, even with weak near-term policies, it does not
substantially reduce the short-term reliance on coal electricity. However, increased energy efficiency does allow the
energy system more flexibility in mitigating emissions and, thus, facilitates the post-2030 transition. © 2013 Elsevier
Inc. (31 refs)
Controlled terms: Budget control - Carbon dioxide - Climate models - Coal - Cost reduction - Global warming -
Greenhouse gases
Uncontrolled terms: AMPERE - Carbon dioxide emissions - Climate change mitigation - Energy systems modeling -
Integrated assessment
Classification Code: 443 MeteorologyMeteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 451.1 Air
Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources - 524 Solid FuelsSolid Fuels - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation
- 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds - 921 MathematicsMathematics
Database: Compendex
215. Feasible region method based integrated heat and electricity dispatch considering
building thermal inertia
Zhaoguang Pan (1); Qinglai Guo (1); Hongbin Sun (1)
Source: Applied Energy, v 192, p 395-407, 15 April 2017; ISSN: 0306-2619; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.016;
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Electr. Eng., Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China
Abstract: Integrated heat and electricity dispatch is crucial to exploit synergistic benefits from integrated energy
systems. However, this requires information from both electricity systems and district heating systems (DHSs), which
are managed by an electricity control center (ECC) and district heating control centers (DHCCs), respectively. For
reasons pertaining to privacy, communication, dimension, and compatibility, it is not practical for DHCCs to send

detailed models to the ECC. Therefore, a new feasible region method is proposed for formulation of new DHS models,
which exploit the flexibility of DHSs with consideration of building thermal inertia. A greedy method is developed to
solve the new modified feasible region models by calculating a series of linear programming problems efficiently.
Then the new models are sent to the ECC to be used in central dispatch considering DHS operation constraints,
i.e. integrated heat and electricity dispatch. The modified models are similar to conventional power plants and
storages, and are thus compatible with current dispatch programs. Case studies verify the effectiveness of the method.
Although some conservativeness exists, the total cost and wind energy curtailment are both decreased compared to
conventional decoupled dispatch. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (47 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: buildings (structures) - district heating - linear programming - optimisation - power
generation dispatch - wind power
Uncontrolled terms: integrated energy systems - electricity systems - district heating systems - ECC - district heating
control centers - modified feasible region models - building thermal inertia - DHCC - linear programming problems -
integrated heat-electricity dispatch - wind energy curtailment
Classification Code: A8620Q Buildings (energy utilisation)Buildings (energy utilisation) - A8620H Heating
(energy utilisation)Heating (energy utilisation) - A8610D Wind energyWind energy - B8110B Power system
techniquesOptimisation techniques - B8245 Wind power plantsWind power plants - B8540E Space heatingSpace
heating
IPC Code: F24D10/00 - H05B1/00 - F01L1/047
Database: Inspec
216. Trade-offs between mitigation costs and temperature change

Blanford, G. (1); Merrick, J. (1); Richels, R. (1); Rose, S. (1)
Source: Climatic Change, v 123, n 3-4, p 527-41, April 2014; ISSN: 0165-0009; DOI: 10.1007/s10584-013-0869-2;
Publisher: Springer, Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Electr. Power Res. Inst., Palo Alto, CA, United States
Abstract: This paper uses the MERGE integrated assessment model to identify the least-cost mitigation strategy
for achieving a range of climate policies. Mitigation is measured in terms of GDP foregone. This is not a benefit-cost
analysis. No attempt is made to calculate the reduction in damages brought about by a particular policy. Assumptions
are varied regarding the availability of energy-producing and energy-using technologies. We find pathways with
substantial reductions in temperature change, with the cost of reductions varying significantly, depending on policy
and technology assumptions. The set of scenarios elucidates the potential energy system transformation demands
that could be placed on society. We find that policy that allows for “overshoot” of a radiative forcing target during the
century results in lower costs, but also a higher temperature at the end of the century. We explore the implications
of the costs and availability of key mitigation technologies, including carbon capture and storage (CCS), bioenergy,
and their combination, known as BECS, as well as nuclear and energy efficiency. The role of “negative emissions” via
BECS in particular is examined. Finally, we demonstrate the implications of nationally adopted emissions timetables
based on articulated goals as a counterpoint to a global stabilization approach. (12 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution - air quality - atmospheric radiation - atmospheric temperature - carbon capture
and storage - climate mitigation
Uncontrolled terms: mitigation cost trade-off - temperature change trade-off - MERGE integrated assessment
model - least-cost mitigation strategy - climate policy range - GDP foregone term - benefit-cost analysis - damage
reduction calculation - energy-producing technology availability - energy-using technology availability - substantial
temperature change reduction - reduction cost - policy assumption - technology assumption - potential energy system
transformation demand - radiative forcing target overshoot - higher temperature - key mitigation technology cost - key
mitigation technology availability - carbon capture and storage - CCS - bioenergy - BECS - nuclear efficiency - energy
efficiency - negative emission - nationally adopted emission timetable implication - global stabilization approach
policy, economics and legislation - A9260K Temperature of the lower atmosphereTemperature of the lower
atmosphere - A9260W Sunlight and atmospheric radiationSunlight and atmospheric radiation - A8675M Carbon
storage/sequestration (environmental science technology)Carbon storage/sequestration (environmental science
technology) - A8670G Atmosphere (environmental science)Atmosphere (environmental science) - A9260T Air quality
and air pollutionAir quality and air pollution
Treatment: Theoretical or Mathematical (THR) - Experimental (EXP)
Database: Inspec

217. Environmental impacts of future low-carbon electricity systems: Detailed life cycle
assessment of a Danish case study
Turconi, Roberto (1); Tonini, Davide (1); Nielsen, Christian F.B. (2); Simonsen, Christian G. (2); Astrup, Thomas (1)
Source: Applied Energy, v 132, p 66-73, November 1, 2014; ISSN: 03062619; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.06.078;
Author affiliation: (1) Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Miljøvej, Building
113, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark (2) Energinet.dk, Tonne Kjærsvej 65, DK-7000 Fredericia, Denmark
Abstract: The need to reduce dependency on fossil resources and to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is
driving many countries towards the implementation of low-carbon electricity systems. In this study the environmental
impact of a future (2030) possible low-carbon electricity system in Denmark was assessed and compared with the
current situation (2010) and an alternative 2030 scenario using life cycle assessment (LCA). The influence on the final
results of the modeling approach used for (i) electricity import, (ii) biomass resources, and (iii) the cogeneration of heat
and power was discussed. The results showed that consumption of fossil resources and global warming impacts from
the Danish electricity sector could be reduced significantly compared with 2010. Nevertheless, a reduction in GHG may
be at the expense of other environmental impacts, such as the increased depletion of abiotic resources. Moreover, the
results were very dependent upon biomass origin: when agricultural land was affected by biomass import, and land
use changes and transportation were included, GHG emissions from imported biomass were comparable to those
from fossil fuels. The results were significantly influenced by the modeling approach regarding the import of electricity,
biomass provision, and the allocation between heat and power in cogeneration plants. As the importance of all three
aspects is likely to increase in the future, transparency in LCA modeling is critical. Characterized impacts for Danish
power plants in 2010 and 2030 (including corresponding electricity supply mixes) were provided, thus enabling future
LCA studies to include appropriately impacts from the Danish electricity sector. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. (107 refs)
Controlled terms: Biomass - Carbon - Cogeneration plants - Electric industry - Energy policy - Fossil fuels - Gas
emissions - Global warming - Greenhouse gases - Land use - Life cycle
Uncontrolled terms: Co-generation of heat and power - Electricity imports - Energy model - Future scenario - Global
warming impact - Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) - Low-carbon electricities - Renewable energy systems
Development - 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 451.1 Air Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources
- 454.2 Environmental Impact and ProtectionEnvironmental Impact and Protection - 525.6 Energy PolicyEnergy Policy -
614 Steam Power PlantsSteam Power Plants - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally
Database: Compendex
218. Research on marine photovoltaic power forecasting based on wavelet transform and
Echo State Network
Xinhui, Du (1); Shuai, Wang (1); Juan, Zhang (1)
Source: Polish Maritime Research, v 24, n s2, p 53-59, August 28, 2017, Special Issue: Computing Science and
Mechanical Engineering in Marine; ISSN: 12332585, E-ISSN: 20837429; DOI: 10.1515/pomr-2017-0064; Publisher:
De Gruyter Open Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) College of Electrical and Power Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan,
Shanxi, China
Abstract: With the rapid development of photovoltaic power generation technology, photovoltaic power generation
system has gradually become an important component of the integrated energy system of marine. High precision
short-term photovoltaic power generation forecasting is becoming one of the key technologies in ship energy saving
and ship energy efficiency improving. Aiming at the characteristics of marine photovoltaic power generation system,
we designed a highprecision power forecasting model (WT+ESN) for marine photovoltaic power generation system
with anti-marine environmental interference. In this model, the information mining of the photovoltaic system in marine
environment is carried out based on wavelet theory, then the forecasting model basing on echo state network is
construct ed. Lastly, three kinds of error metrics are compared with the three traditional models by Matlab, the result
shows that the model has high forecasting accuracy and strong robustness to marine environmental factors, which is
of great significance to save fuel for ships, improve the energy utilization rate and assist the power dispatching and fuel
dispatching of the marine power generation system. (20 refs)

Controlled terms: Computation theory - Energy conservation - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Forecasting -
MATLAB - Photovoltaic cells - Ships - Solar energy - Wavelet transforms
Uncontrolled terms: Echo state networks - Environmental interference - Integrated energy systems - Marine power
generation - Photovoltaic power generation - Photovoltaic power generation systems - Photovoltaic power systems -
Power forecasting
Classification Code: 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation - 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization
- 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 706.1.1 Electric Power TransmissionElectric
Power Transmission - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory,
Programming TheoryComputer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming
Theory - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.3 Mathematical TransformationsMathematical Transformations
Database: Compendex
219. Prosumption and the distribution and supply of electricity

Bellekom, S. (1); Arentsen, M. (1); van Gorkum, K. (2)
Source: Energy, Sustainability and Society, v 6, n 1, p 22 (17 pp.), Dec. 2016; ISSN: 2192-0567; DOI: 10.1186/
Author affiliation: (1) CSTM Univ. of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands (2) Enexis & CSTM Univ. of Twente, Enschede,
Netherlands
Abstract: Background: Increasing numbers of households install renewable energy production systems like
photovoltaic panels thereby contributing to a more sustainable energy system. Other developments, like in-home
storage or peer-to-peer exchange within a neighbourhood, also contribute to the transition. This paper explores
the emerging rise of these prosumers of electricity and its implications, in particular for grid management and
electricity supply in the Netherlands. Methods: With the help of an agent-based model, we illustrate the evolution
of prosumption in a small Dutch-oriented residential community in five scenarios. The second part of the paper
discusses the implications of the modelled rise in prosumption. Results: Depending on the number of prosumers,
combined with storage and peer-to-peer supply, we found a share of prosumption in this local community of about
28-30 %. The community will require less electricity from the central power plants. These model results also indicate
that the management of the local network will become more important if more households become prosumers in
combination with storage and peer-to-peer supply. Conclusions: These trends affect current business models of
DSOs and electricity production and supply companies. The latter are facing a loss of turnover which needs to be
compensated by developing alternative business models. And, DSOs have to deal with the new needs on the local
grid which also require an adaptation of their business models. Developing business models in cooperation with local
energy communities could be an attractive alternative to explore. (61 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: electricity supply industry - power grids - power system management - solar cells -
sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms: electricity distribution - renewable energy production system - sustainable energy system - grid
management - Netherland - agent-based model - small Dutch-oriented residential community - central power plant
- local network management - DSO business model - electricity supply company - electricity production company -
photovoltaic panel
Classification Code: A8630J Photoelectric conversion; solar cells and arraysPhotoelectric conversion; solar cells
and arrays - B8420 Solar cells and arraysSolar cells and arrays - B8110B Power system management, operation and
economicsPower system management, operation and economics
IPC Code: H01L27/142 - H01L31/04 - H02S
Database: Inspec
220. A Bidirectional Nonisolated Multi-Input DC-DC Converter for Hybrid Energy Storage
Systems in Electric Vehicles
Akar, Furkan (1); Tavlasoglu, Yakup (1); Ugur, Enes (1); Vural, Bulent (1); Aksoy, Ismail (1)
Source: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, v 65, n 10, p 7944-7955, October 2016; ISSN: 00189545; DOI:
10.1109/TVT.2015.2500683; Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul; 34220, Turkey
Abstract: To process the power in hybrid energy systems using a reduced part count, researchers have proposed
several multiinput dc-dc power converter topologies to transfer power from different input voltage sources to the output.

This paper proposes a novel bidirectional nonisolated multi-input converter (MIC) topology for hybrid systems to be
used in electric vehicles composed of energy storage systems (ESSs) with different electrical characteristics. The
proposed converter has the ability to control the power of ESSs by allowing active power sharing. The voltage levels of
utilized ESSs can be higher or lower than the output voltage. The inductors of the converter are connected to a single
switch; therefore, the converter requires only one extra active switch for each input, unlike its counterparts, hence
resulting in reduced element count. The proposed MIC topology is compared with its counterparts concerning various
parameters. It is analyzed in detail, and then, this analysis is validated by simulation and through a 1-kW prototype
based on a battery/ultracapacitor hybrid ESS. © 1967-2012 IEEE. (33 refs)
Controlled terms: Electric inverters - Energy storage - Hybrid systems - Hybrid vehicles - Microwave integrated
circuits - Solar cells - Topology
Uncontrolled terms: bidirectional - Electrical characteristic - Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) - Hybrid energy storage
systems - Hybrid energy system - Input voltage sources - Multiinput - Ultracapacitors
Classification Code: 432 Highway TransportationHighway Transportation - 525.7 Energy StorageEnergy Storage
- 702.3 Solar CellsSolar Cells - 704.1 Electric ComponentsElectric Components - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices
and Integrated CircuitsSemiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.4
Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set TheoryCombinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory,
Set Theory
Database: Compendex
221. A new frequency control approach for isolated WT/FC/UC power system using
improved fuzzy PSO & maximum power point tracking of the WT system
Ganji, Elham (1); Moghaddam, Reyhaneh Kardehi (1); Toloui, Ali (1); Taghizadeh, Mahdi (2)
Source: Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, v 27, n 4, p 1963-1976, 2014; ISSN: 10641246, E-ISSN: 18758967;
DOI: 10.3233/IFS-141163; Publisher: IOS Press
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
(2) Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
Abstract: This paper makes uses of an intelligent framework based on improved fuzzy particle swarm optimization
(IFPSO) algorithm to control the desired frequency of the power grid for stand-alone application. In this regard, a new
schematic of an isolated hybrid energy system combining Wind Turbine (WT), Fuel Cell (FC) and Ultra Capacitor (UC)
using nonlinear detailed models has been presented. In this system, the WT is used as the main power generation
source. Fuel cell and Ultra Capacitor are introduced as a backup energy source and buffer storage to supply the
load demand for all various operating conditions. In the proposed system, in order to use the grid's capability to its
best, the second order sliding (SOSMC) mode strategy is employed to extract the maximum power from wind in the
below the rated wind speed. In this part, to validate the performance and capabilities of the proposed MPPT strategy,
a comparison with the classical ATF controller was performed using Matlab/Simulink. Moreover, to demonstrate
the effectiveness of IFPSO algorithm, optimal droop frequency controller using IFPSO algorithm is compared with
conventional and improved droop controllers. According to the simulation results, applying proposed method, the
frequency deviation of the isolated power grid in dynamical state declines significantly. © 2014-IOS Press and the
authors. All rights reserved. (35 refs)
Main heading: Electric power system control
Controlled terms: Buffer storage - Controllers - Dynamic models - Electric frequency control - Electric power
transmission networks - Fuel cells - Fuel storage - Hybrid systems - MATLAB - Maximum power point trackers -
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Sliding mode control - Supercapacitor - Uranium compounds - Wind - Wind
turbines
Uncontrolled terms: Backup energy sources - Frequency controllers - Fuzzy particle swarm - Improved droop controls
- Maximum Power Point Tracking - Power generation sources - Second order sliding modes - Standalone applications
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use
code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 694.4 StorageStorage - 702.2 Fuel CellsFuel Cells - 704.2
Electric EquipmentElectric Equipment - 706.1 Electric Power SystemsElectric Power Systems - 706.1.1 Electric Power
TransmissionElectric Power Transmission - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and TechniquesData Storage, Equipment
and Techniques - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and
Applications - 731 Automatic Control Principles and ApplicationsAutomatic Control Principles and Applications - 732.1
Control EquipmentControl Equipment - 921 MathematicsMathematics
Database: Compendex

222. Early-stage evaluation of biorefinery processing pathways using process network flux
analysis
Ulonska, Kirsten (1); Skiborowski, Mirko (2); Mitsos, Alexander (1); Viell, Jörn (1)
Source: AIChE Journal, v 62, n 9, p 3096-3108, 2016; ISSN: 00011541, E-ISSN: 15475905; DOI: 10.1002/aic.15305;
Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Author affiliation: (1) RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik – Process Systems Engineering,
Turmstraße 46, Aachen; 52064, Germany (2) Laboratory of Fluid Separations, Dept. of Biochemical and Chemical
Engineering, TU Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Straße 70, Dortmund; 44227, Germany
Abstract: With growing interest in the biomass value chain, a multitude of reactions are proposed in literature for the
conversion of biomass into a variety of biofuels. In the early design stage, data for a detailed design is scarce rendering
an in-depth analysis of all possibilities challenging. In this contribution, the screening methodology process network
flux analysis (PNFA) is introduced assessing systematically the cost and energy performance of processing pathways.
Based on the limited data available, a ranking of biorefinery pathways and a detection of bottlenecks is achieved by
considering the reaction performance as well as the feasibility and energy demand of various separation strategies
using thermodynamic sound shortcut models. PNFA is applied to a network of six gasoline biofuels from lignocellulosic
biomass. While 2-butanol is ruled out due to a lack in yield and selectivity, iso-butanol and 2-butanone are identified as
economically promising fuels beyond ethanol. Topical area: Process Systems Engineering. © 2016 American Institute
of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3096–3108, 2016. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (84 refs)
Main heading: Chemical analysis
Controlled terms: Biofuels - Biomass - Energy management - Ethanol fuels - Multiobjective optimization - Phase
equilibria - Process design - Refining
Uncontrolled terms: American Institute of Chemical Engineers - Early design stages - Energy demands - Energy
performance - Flux analysis - Lignocellulosic biomass - Process systems engineering - Reaction performance
Classification Code: 523 Liquid FuelsLiquid Fuels - 525 Energy Management and ConversionEnergy Management
and Conversion - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques
Database: Compendex
223. Retrieval of reflected shortwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere using
Himawari-8/AHI data
Lee, Sang-Ho (1, 2); Kim, Bu-Yo (1, 2); Lee, Kyu-Tae (1, 2); Zo, Il-Sung (2); Jung, Hyun-Seok (1, 2); Rim, Se-Hun (1,
2)
Source: Remote Sensing, v 10, n 2, February 1, 2018; E-ISSN: 20724292; DOI: 10.3390/rs10020213; Article
number: 213; Publisher: MDPI AG
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National
University, 7, Jukheon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do; 25457, Korea, Republic of (2) Research Institute for Radiation-
Satellite, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7, Jukheon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do; 25457, Korea, Republic
of
Abstract: This study developed a retrieval algorithm for reflected shortwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere
(RSR). This algorithm is based on Himawari-8/AHI (Advanced Himawari Imager) whose sensor characteristics
and observation area are similar to the next-generation Geostationary Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite/Advanced
Meteorological Imager (GK-2A/AMI). This algorithm converts the radiance into reflectance for six shortwave channels
and retrieves the RSR with a regression coefficient look-up-table according to geometry of the solar-viewing (solar
zenith angle, viewing zenith angle, and relative azimuth angle) and atmospheric conditions (surface type and absence/
presence of clouds), and removed sun glint with high uncertainty. The regression coefficients were calculated using
numerical experiments from the radiative transfer model (SBDART), and ridge regression for broadband albedo at
the top of the atmosphere (TOA albedo) and narrowband reflectance considering anisotropy. The retrieved RSR were
validated using Terra, Aqua, and S-NPP/CERES data on the 15th day of every month from July 2015 to February
2017. The coefficient of determination (R2) between AHI and CERES for scene analysis was higher than 0.867 and the
Bias and root mean square error (RMSE) were -21.34-5.52 and 51.74-59.28 Wm-2. The R2, Bias, and RMSE for the all
cases were 0.903, -2.34, and 52.12 Wm-2, respectively. © 2018 by the authors. (66 refs)
Main heading: Earth atmosphere
Controlled terms: Geostationary satellites - Mean square error - Radiative transfer - Reflection - Regression analysis -
Solar radiation - Table lookup
Uncontrolled terms: Clouds and the earth radiant energy systems - Coefficient of determination - Geostationary
Korea Multi-Purse Satellite/Advanced Meteorological Imager (GK-2A/AMI) - Himawari-8/Advanced Meteorological

Imager (Himawari-8/AHI) - Korea multi-purpose satellites - Radiative transfer model - Root mean square errors - Top of
the atmospheres
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 655.2 SatellitesSatellites - 657.1 Solar
Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 701 Electricity and MagnetismElectricity and Magnetism -
723.1 Computer ProgrammingComputer Programming - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics
Database: Compendex
224. Critical factors affecting the photovoltaic characteristic and comparative study between
two maximum power point tracking algorithms
Drissi, Hanen (1); Khediri, Jalel (1); Zaafrane, Wajdi (2); Braiek, Ezzedine Ben (1)
Source: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v 42, n 13, p 8689-8702, March 30, 2017; ISSN: 03603199; DOI:
Author affiliation: (1) CEREP, High National School of Engineering Tunis (ENSIT), 5 Av. Taha Hussein, BP 56, Tunis;
1008, Tunisia (2) SIME, High National School of Engineering Tunis (ENSIT), 5 Av. Taha Hussein, BP 56, Tunis; 1008,
Tunisia
Abstract: This paper presents the characterization and the modeling of the electric characteristics of currentvoltage
and power–voltage of the photovoltaic (PV) panels. The philosophy behind digital simulation of solar energy systems
is that experiments which normally should be done on real systems under high assembling costs can be done
numerically in a short time on a computer, thus saving time and investments. The electric parameters of PV cells and
the optimal electric quantities of PV panels have been analyzed (voltage and power) according to the meteorological
variations (Temperature, solar irradiation …). The obtained results show that the diode parameters of the PV cells
depend on solar irradiation: the current saturation increases with solar irradiation. This induces a decrease of the
optimal voltage with solar irradiation; when the solar irradiation varies from 600 W/m2to 1000 W/m2. By taking into
consideration all the modeling results, the electric behavior of the cells association in parallels or in series, as well as
the aging of a PV panel have been analyzed. Moreover, a comparative study between two types of MPPT techniques
that are used in photovoltaic systems to extract the maximum power have been introduced which are Perturb and
Observe (P &O) and Incremental Conductance (INC). © 2016 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC (18 refs)
Main heading: Maximum power point trackers
Controlled terms: Investments - Irradiation - MATLAB - Photovoltaic cells - Radiation - Real time systems - Solar
energy - Solar radiation - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms: Electric characteristics - Incremental conductances (INC) - MATLAB /simulink - Maximum Power
Point Tracking algorithms - Meteorological variation - Photovoltaic characteristics - Photovoltaic systems - PV panel
Database: Compendex
225. A life cycle multi-objective economic and environmental assessment of distributed

generation in buildings
Safaei, Amir (1, 2); Freire, Fausto (2); Henggeler Antunes, Carlos (1, 3)
Source: Energy Conversion and Management, v 97, p 420-427, June 1, 2015; ISSN: 01968904; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) INESC Coimbra, R. Antero de Quental 199, Coimbra; 3000-033, Portugal (2) ADAI-LAETA,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luis Reis Santos, Coimbra; 3030-788, Portugal (3)
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra; 3030-290, Portugal
Abstract: Distributed generation, namely cogeneration and solar technologies, is expected to play an important role
in the future energy supply mix in buildings. This calls for a methodological framework to assess the economic and
environmental performance of the building sector when such technologies are employed. A life-cycle model has been
developed, combining distributed generation and conventional sources to calculate the cost and environmental impacts
of meeting the building energy demand over a defined planning period. Three type of cogeneration technologies, solar
photovoltaic and thermal, as well as conventional boilers along with the Portuguese electricity generation mix comprise
the energy systems modeled. Pareto optimal frontiers are derived, showing the trade-offs between different types of
impacts (non-renewable cumulative energy demand, greenhouse gas emissions, acidification, eutrophication) and cost
to meet the energy demand of a commercial building. Our analysis shows that according to the objective to employ
distributed generation (reducing cost or environmental impacts), a specific design and operational strategy for the
energy systems shall be adopted. The strategies to minimize each type of impact and the associated cost trade-offs by

exploring the solutions located on the Pareto optimal frontiers are discussed. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
(55 refs)
Controlled terms: Buildings - Cogeneration plants - Commerce - Cost benefit analysis - Costs - Distributed power
generation - Economic and social effects - Energy management - Environmental management - Environmental
technology - Eutrophication - Gas emissions - Greenhouse gases - Life cycle - Linear programming - Office buildings -
Pareto principle - Solar power generation
Uncontrolled terms: Cogeneration - Life-cycle assessments - Multi-objective linear programming - Pareto frontiers -
Solar
Classification Code: 402 Buildings and TowersBuildings and Towers - 402.2 Public BuildingsPublic Buildings -
451.1 Air Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources - 454 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering -
454.2 Environmental Impact and ProtectionEnvironmental Impact and Protection - 525 Energy Management and
ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 614 Steam Power PlantsSteam Power Plants - 615.2 Solar
PowerSolar Power - 706.1.2 Electric Power DistributionElectric Power Distribution - 911 Cost and Value Engineering;
Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
Database: Compendex
226. Modelling and selection of micro-CHP systems for domestic energy supply: The
dimension of network-wide primary energy consumption
Fubara, Tekena Craig (1); Cecelja, Franjo (1); Yang, Aidong (1)
Source: Applied Energy, v 114, p 327-334, February 2014; ISSN: 03062619; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.09.069;
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH,
United Kingdom
Abstract: Mathematical modelling and optimisation of the Distributed Energy Supply System (DESS) using natural
gas, both at the building level and the overall energy supply network level was carried out for three types of micro-
combined heat and power (micro-CHP) - solid oxide fuel cells, Stirling engines, internal combustion engines - and
for two different operating strategies - cost-driven and primary energy-driven. The modelling framework captures
the overall impact of the adoption of micro-CHP systems on the total primary energy usage in both generation and
distribution. A detailed case study on the UK domestic energy supply was undertaken by applying both operating
strategies to four different sizes of houses. The best technology selected in each case was evaluated in terms of the
economics, total primary energy consumption, and reduction of central power generation requirement. It was shown
that the primary energy consumption driven option selected technologies which could potentially achieve 6-10%
reduction of total primary energy use compared to the base case where micro-CHP was not adopted, which is nearly
two times the reduction by the cost-driven strategy. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. (32 refs)
Main heading: Power generation
Controlled terms: Energy resources - Energy utilization - Heating - Internal combustion engines - Optimization -
Stirling engines
Uncontrolled terms: Domestic energy - Energy systems - Micro-CHP - Optimisations - Primary energy consumption
Energy Issues - 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization - 612.1 Internal Combustion Engines, GeneralInternal
Combustion Engines, General - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics - 643.1 Space HeatingSpace
Heating - 706 Electric Transmission and DistributionElectric Transmission and Distribution - 921.5 Optimization
TechniquesOptimization Techniques
Database: Compendex
227. Compressed Air Energy Storage systems

Milewski, Jaroslaw (1); Badyda, Krzysztof (1); Szablowski, Lukasz (1)
Source: Journal of Power Technologies, v 96, n 4, p 245-260, 2016; ISSN: 20834187, E-ISSN: 20834195; Publisher:
Warsaw University of Technology
Author affiliation: (1) Institute of Heat Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 21/25 Nowowiejska Street,
Warsaw; 00-665, Poland
Abstract: Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) technology and electricity generation by this system are described
in this paper. General performances and possible system efficiency definitions of those kinds of systems are indicated.

Hybrid systems which consist of CAES and other Renewable Technologies-RT-(e.g. wind turbines) are presented. A
possible location for CAES-RT in Poland is indicated. A dynamic mathematical model of CAES is presented; using this
model the results for compressing and expanding operating modes are obtained. (69 refs)
Main heading: Compressed air energy storage
Controlled terms: Compressed air - Electric energy storage - Energy storage - Hybrid systems - Pressure vessels -
Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: Compressed air energy storages (CAES) - Dynamic mathematical model - Electricity generation
- Energy systems - Operating modes - Renewable technology - System efficiency
Classification Code: 525.7 Energy StorageEnergy Storage - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind
Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 619.2 TanksTanks - 921 MathematicsMathematics
Database: Compendex
228. Flexible use of electricity in heat-only district heating plants

Trømborg, Erik (1); Havskjold, Monica (1); Bolkesjø, Torjus Folsland (1); Kirkerud, Jon Gustav (1); Tveten, Åsa Grytli
(1)
Source: International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, v 12, p 29-46, 2017; E-ISSN:
22462929; DOI: 10.5278/ijsepm.2017.12.4; Publisher: Aalborg University press
Author affiliation: (1) Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of
Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, Ås; N-1432, Norway
Abstract: European energy systems are in a period of significant transition, with the increasing shares of variable
renewable energy (VRE) and less flexible fossil-based generation units as predominant factors. The supply-side
changes are expected to cause large short-term electricity price volatility. More frequent periods of low electricity prices
may mean that electric use in flexible heating systems will become more profitable, and such flexible heating systems
may, in turn, improve the integration of increasing shares of VRE. The objective of this study is to analyze the likely
future of Nordic electricity price levels and variations and how the expected prices might affect the use of electricity
and thermal storage in heatonly district heating plants. We apply the North European energy market model Balmorel to
provide scenarios for future hourly electricity prices in years with normal, high, and low inflow levels to the hydro power
system. The simulation tool energy PRO is subsequently applied to quantify how these electricity price scenarios affect
the hourly use of thermal storage and individual boilers in heat-only district heating plants located in Norway. The two
studied example plants use wood chips or heat pump as base load representing common technologies for district
heating in Norway. The Balmorel results show that annual differences in inflow is still a decisive factor for Norwegian
and Nordic electricity prices in year 2030 and that short-term (daily) price variability is expected to increase. In the
plant-level simulations, we find that tank storage, which is currently installed in only a few district heating plants in
Norway, is a profitable flexibility option that will significantly reduce the use of fossil peak load in both biomass and
heat-pump-based systems. Installation of an electric boiler in addition to tank storage is profitable in the heat pump
system due to the limited capacity of the heat pump. Electricity will hence, to a large extent, replace gas when heat
demand exceeds the capacity of the heat pump. For the bio-based plant, we find that an electric boiler in addition to
tank storage is not profitable in the normal electricity price scenario. The electric boiler investments are only profitable
when electricity prices are as low as in the high inflow scenario. In that case the electric boiler will provide 17% of the
heat supply in the example plant. Fuel prices for peak load and electricity grid tariffs are found to be decisive factors
for the electricity use and therefore flexibility options provided by heat-only district heating plants. © 2017, Aalborg
University press. All rights reserved. (47 refs)
Main heading: Costs
Controlled terms: Boilers - District heating - Energy storage - Heat pump systems - Heat storage - Heating - Heating
equipment - Hydroelectric power plants - Investments - Profitability - Pumps - Space heating - Tanks (containers) -
Wood products
Uncontrolled terms: District-heating plants - Electricity grids - Electricity price volatilities - Electricity prices - Energy
market modeling - Flexible operation - Renewable energy integrations - Variable renewable energies
Classification Code: 525.7 Energy StorageEnergy Storage - 611.1 Hydroelectric Power PlantsHydroelectric Power
Plants - 614 Steam Power PlantsSteam Power Plants - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and ComponentsHeat
Exchange Equipment and Components - 618.2 PumpsPumps - 619.2 TanksTanks - 643.1 Space HeatingSpace
Heating - 811.2 Wood and Wood ProductsWood and Wood Products - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial
EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics
Database: Compendex

229. Electromagnetic and mechanical analysis of a toroidal field coil winding pack for EU
DEMO
Gade, P.V. (1); Bayer, C. (1); Fietz, W.H. (1); Heller, R. (1); Weiss, K.P. (1)
Source: Fusion Engineering and Design, v 98, p 1068-71, Oct. 2015; ISSN: 0920-3796; DOI: 10.1016/
j.fusengdes.2015.06.165; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Inst. for Tech. Phys., Karlsruhe Inst. of Technol., Karlsruhe, Germany
Abstract: As a part of European Union (EU) DEMO studies, the result of the so-called PROCESS system code has
been taken as the basis to design a toroidal field coil (TFC) winding pack with high temperature superconductors
(HTS). Rare-Earth-barium-copper-oxide (REBCO) coated superconductor is a promising candidate for high magnetic
field applications. This paper gives an overview of the studies performed and results obtained of the mechanical design
calculations of a TFC conductor and its winding pack. With this model the in-plane Lorentz forces on the conductors
have been calculated by making a 3-D electromagnetic analysis with EFFI codes. To obtain information about the
stresses in the stainless steel jacket and turn insulation, a detailed model of the TFC inboard leg cross section has
been developed and analyzed. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (7 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: fusion reactor design - fusion reactor instrumentation - plasma toroidal confinement -
superconducting coils - Tokamak devices
Uncontrolled terms: TFC inboard leg cross-section - stainless steel jacket - EFFI codes - 3D electromagnetic analysis
- in-plane Lorentz forces - TFC conductor - mechanical design calculations - high-magnetic field applications - rare-
earth-barium-copper-oxide coated superconductor - high-temperature superconductors - PROCESS system code -
European Union DEMO - toroidal field coil winding pack - mechanical analysis - electromagnetic analysis
Classification Code: A2852L Fusion reactor instrumentationFusion reactor instrumentation - A2852J Fusion reactor
theory and designFusion reactor theory and design - A5255G Plasma in torus (stellarator, tokamak, etc.)Plasma in
torus (stellarator, tokamak, etc.)
IPC Code: G21B1/00 - H01F6/06 - H05H1/02 - G21B1/23
Database: Inspec
230. Artificial photosynthesis on tree trunk derived alkaline tantalates with hierarchical
anatomy: Towards CO2photo-fixation into CO and CH4
Zhou, Han (1, 2); Li, Peng (1, 3); Guo, Jianjun (1, 3); Yan, Runyu (2); Fan, Tongxiang (2); Zhang, Di (2); Ye, Jinhua (1,
3, 4)
Source: Nanoscale, v 7, n 1, p 113-120, January 7, 2015; ISSN: 20403364, E-ISSN: 20403372; DOI: 10.1039/
c4nr03019b; Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Author affiliation: (1) International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), Environmental Remediation
Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba, Ibaraki; 305-0044, Japan (2) State
Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai; 200240, China (3) Graduate School
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (4) TU-NIMS Joint Research Center,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Nankai DistrictTianjin; 300072, China
Abstract: Artificial photosynthesis, the photochemical fixation and recycling of CO2back to hydrocarbon fuels using
sunlight and water, is both a significant challenge and an opportunity that, if realized, could have a revolutionary
impact on our energy system. Herein, we demonstrate one of the first examples using biomass derived hierarchical
porous photocatalysts for CO2photo-fixation into sustainable hydrocarbon fuels. A generic method is proposed to
build a series of alkaline tantalates MTaO3(M = Li, Na, K) with hierarchical anatomy from macro- to nanoscales using
activated carbonized tree trunks as templates. Artificial photosynthesis is carried out on MTaO3series using only
artificial sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide as inputs to produce carbon monoxide and methane as the main outputs.
The CO2photo-fixation performance can be enhanced by introducing a macropore network, which mainly enhances
light transfer and accelerates gas diffusion. The research provides prototype models that integrate individual nanoscale
components into higher level macroscopic artificial photosynthetic systems for better solar-to-fuel conversion
efficiencies. This work would have potential significance for the ultimate construction of "artificial trees" and provide
envisions creating "forests" of these CO2-capturing artificial trees to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and
convert it into sustainable fuels. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry. (52 refs)
Main heading: Artificial photosynthesis
Controlled terms: Carbon dioxide - Carbon monoxide - Forestry - Fuels - Hydrocarbons - Image enhancement -
Nanotechnology - Water recycling
Uncontrolled terms: Artificial photosynthetic systems - Energy systems - Fuel conversion efficiencies - Hierarchical
porous - Hydrocarbon fuel - Light transfer - Prototype models - Sustainable fuels

Classification Code: 761 NanotechnologyNanotechnology - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds - 804.2

Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds
Database: Compendex
231. Anisotropic radiation-induced segregation in 316L austenitic stainless steel with grain
boundary character
Barr, Christopher M. (1); Vetterick, Gregory A. (1); Unocic, Kinga A. (2); Hattar, Khalid (3); Bai, Xian-Ming (4); Taheri,
Mitra L. (1)
Source: Acta Materialia, v 67, p 145-155, April 2014; ISSN: 13596454; DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2013.11.060;
Author affiliation: (1) Drexel University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 3141 Chestnut Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States (2) Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States (3) Ion Beam Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, PO
Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185, United States (4) Fuels Modeling and Simulation Department, Idaho National
Laboratory, 2525 Fremont Ave, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, United States
Abstract: Radiation-induced segregation (RIS) and subsequent depletion of chromium along grain boundaries has
been shown to be an important factor in irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking in austenitic face-centered
cubic (fcc)-based alloys used for nuclear energy systems. A full understanding of RIS requires examination of the
effect of the grain boundary character on the segregation process. Understanding how specific grain boundary
structures respond under irradiation would assist in developing or designing alloys that are more efficient at removing
point defects, or reducing the overall rate of deleterious Cr segregation. This study shows that solute segregation
is dependent not only on grain boundary misorientation, but also on the grain boundary plane, as highlighted by
markedly different segregation behavior for the Σ3 incoherent and coherent grain boundaries. The link between RIS
and atomistic modeling is also explored through molecular dynamic simulations of the interaction of vacancies at
different grain boundary structures through defect energetics in a simple model system. A key insight from the coupled
experimental RIS measurements and corresponding defect-grain boundary modeling is that grain boundary-vacancy
formation energy may have a critical threshold value related to the major alloying elements' solute segregation. © 2013
Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (57 refs)
Main heading: Austenitic stainless steel
Controlled terms: Alloying elements - Austenitic steel - Grain boundaries - Interlocking signals - Ion bombardment -
Molecular dynamics - Point defects - Radiation - Segregation (metallography) - Stress corrosion cracking - Vacancies
Uncontrolled terms: 316L austenitic stainless steel - Atomistic modeling - Grain boundary character - Grain
boundary misorientation - Grain boundary structure - Irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking - Radiation-induced
segregation - Vacancy formation energies
Classification Code: 531.1 MetallurgyMetallurgy - 531.2 MetallographyMetallography - 539.1 Metals CorrosionMetals
Corrosion - 545.3 SteelSteel - 681.3 Railroad Signals and SignalingRailroad Signals and Signaling - 801.4 Physical
ChemistryPhysical Chemistry - 932.1 High Energy PhysicsHigh Energy Physics - 933.1 Crystalline SolidsCrystalline
Solids - 933.1.1 Crystal LatticeCrystal Lattice
Database: Compendex
232. Carbon neutral mine site villages: Myth or reality?

Goodfield, D. (1); Anda, M. (1); Goen Ho (1)
Source: Renewable Energy, v 66, p 62-8, June 2014; ISSN: 0960-1481; DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2013.11.058;
Author affiliation: (1) Murdoch Univ., Perth, WA, Australia
Abstract: This paper focuses on the calculation of the carbon footprint of a typical West Australian mine site village
and the ways by which it can be reduced to a point where the village can be legitimately described as `carbon
neutral'. The study contributes to a broader ARC joint research program by Murdoch and Curtin Universities entitled
`Decarbonising Cities and Regions'.The term carbon neutral has a far from uniform definition. For the purpose of the
carbon accounting that follows carbon neutrality is achieved when there is a net zero carbon footprint across the full
life cycle or when total emissions are balanced by total offsets. As much of the full life cycle of the village as is practical
is included in the process and acknowledges any omissions made. The paper will show how the carbon footprint of
a mine site village in Western Australia's mid-west has been measured, calculated and reduced effectively to a point
where carbon neutrality can be claimed. This will commence with calculation of the embodied and operational energy

in constructing and operating the village, followed by methods towards achieving carbon neutrality. The latter includes
energy efficiency opportunities; an environmental and economic sustainability assessment of renewable energy
and construction materials; design modification of the infrastructure; and assessment of accredited biomass offset
mechanisms. The whole process has been termed LEVI©, Low Energy Village Infrastructure.An economic assessment
of the carbon neutral strategy is the key to implementation. Mining companies are particularly drawn to the `bottom
line' when making investment decisions and only sound financial analysis will facilitate substantial carbon neutral
expenditure. LEVI© significantly includes a net present cost (NPC) analysis of all such investment and belies the
myth that carbon neutral mine site accommodation cannot be achieved. The paper then presents a carbon accounting
methodology of the case study mine site village and set out the results and overall carbon emissions the village is
responsible for. This life cycle analysis (LCA) is done from cradle to gate in terms of LCA terminology and represents
the manufacture, construction, installation and operation. Energy efficiencies and behavioural changes are then applied
and estimated as to their carbon reductive effect on the total carbon, followed by verifiable renewable energy offsets.
These offsets are substantiated by a vigorous renewable energy analysis and selection supported by an NPC analysis.
An optimum renewable energy system (RE) is then selected (best value for money) and its carbon reducing effect over
the current power system calculated. This amount, together with that produced by energy efficiencies and behavioural
changes, makes a total carbon reduction and is annualised.The paper clearly shows that the projected life of the mine,
and therefore the village, is a critical factor in the overall carbon analysis and that the optimum time period within
which carbon neutrality of such a mine site village can be claimed lays somewhere between 7 and 10 years. Another
key finding was that the capital expenditure (CAPEX) savings by developing such a village as a standalone facility
produces clear advantages over connection to a mine power generation system as is the case study example. The
optimum standalone RE system for introduction from 2014 was found to be 110 kW fixed amorphous photovoltaic
array and two 100 kW wind turbines with one 150 kW and one 100 kW low-cycle diesel generators as a backup. The
projected cost was approximately $2 million.It is contended that the metrics produced from the results can provide a
pro-rata basis with which to model future carbon neutral villages of similar construction. The model accommodates
dependencies such as life of mine, size of village, number of workers and location. The paper will describe some
innovative solutions and outcomes from this research that may be applied to the built environment on a broader scale.
Inspec controlled terms: energy conservation - environmental economics - investment - mining - product life cycle
management
Uncontrolled terms: carbon neutrality - mine site villages - carbon footprint - Australia - energy efficiency -
environmental sustainability assessment - economic sustainability assessment - Low Energy Village Infrastructure -
LEVI - economic assessment - investment decisions - carbon emissions - life cycle analysis - total carbon reduction -
capital expenditure savings - CAPEX - wind turbines - diesel generators - carbon neutral villages - net present cost -
carbon accounting - power 110 kW - power 150 kW
Classification Code: A8620Z Other energy utilisationOther energy utilisation - A8605 Energy and environmental
policy, economics and legislationEnergy and environmental policy, economics and legislation - B8215 Energy
conservationEnergy conservation
IPC Code: E21C
Database: Inspec
233. Long-term optimization based on PSO of a grid-connected renewable energy/battery/

hydrogen hybrid system
García-Triviño, Pablo (1); Llorens-Iborra, Francisco (1); García-Vázquez, Carlos A. (1); Gil-Mena, Antonio J. (1);
Fernández-Ramírez, Luis M. (1); Jurado, Francisco (2)
Source: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v 39, n 21, p 10805-10816, July 15, 2014; ISSN: 03603199; DOI:
Author affiliation: (1) Research Group in Electrical Technologies for Sustainable and Renewable Energy (PAIDI-
TEP-023), Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cadiz, 11202 EPS Algeciras, Algeciras, Cadiz, Spain
(2) Research Group in Research and Electrical Technology (PAIDI-TEP-152), Department of Electrical Engineering,
University of Jaen, 23700 EPS Linares, Linares, Jaen, Spain
Abstract: This paper presents and evaluates three energy management systems (EMSs) based on Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO) for long-term operation optimization of a grid-connected hybrid system. It is composed of
wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) panels as primary energy sources, and hydrogen system (fuel cell -FC-,
electrolyzer and hydrogen storage tank) and battery as energy storage system (ESS). The EMSs are responsible for
making the hybrid system produce the demanded power, deciding on the energy dispatch among the ESS devices.
The first PSO-based EMS tries to minimize the ESS utilization costs, the second one to maximize the ESS efficiency,

and the third one to optimize the lifetime of the ESS devices. Long-term simulations of 25 years (expected lifetime of
the hybrid system) are shown in order to demonstrate the right performance of the three EMSs and their differences.
The simulations show that: 1) each EMS outperforms the others in the designed target; and 2) the third EMS is
considered the best EMS, because it needs the least ESS devices, and presents the lowest total acquisition cost of
hybrid system, whereas the rest of parameters are similar to the best values obtained by the other EMSs. © 2014,
Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (31 refs)
Controlled terms: Electric load dispatching - Energy management - Fuel cells - Hybrid systems - Hydrogen -
Hydrogen storage - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Renewable energy resources - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: Energy storage systems - Hybrid renewable energy systems - Hydrogen storage tank - Long
term simulation - Operation optimization - Photovoltaic panels - Primary energy source - Renewable energies
Classification Code: 522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels - 525 Energy Management and ConversionEnergy Management and
Conversion - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy IssuesEnergy Resources and Renewable Energy
Issues - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 702.2 Fuel
CellsFuel Cells - 706 Electric Transmission and DistributionElectric Transmission and Distribution - 706.1.1 Electric
Power TransmissionElectric Power Transmission - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer
Software, Data Handling and Applications - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally - 921
Database: Compendex
234. Value of pumped hydro storage in a hybrid energy generation and allocation system
Kocaman, Ayse Selin (1); Modi, Vijay (2)
Source: Applied Energy, v 205, p 1202-1215, 2017; ISSN: 03062619; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.129;
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Industrial Engineering, Bilkent University, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey (2) Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York; NY, United States
Abstract: Transition from fossil fuels to renewable sources is inevitable. In this direction, variation and intermittency
of renewables can be integrated into the grid by means of hybrid systems that operate as a combination of alternative
resources, energy storage and long distance transmission lines. In this study, we propose a two-stage stochastic
mixed-integer programming model for sizing an integrated hybrid energy system, in which intermittent solar generation
in demand points is supported by pumped hydro storage (PHES) systems and diesel is used as an expensive back-
up source. PHES systems work as a combination of pumped storage and conventional hydropower stations since
there is also natural streamflow coming to the upper reservoirs that shows significant seasonal and inter-annual
variability and uncertainty. With several case studies from India, we examine the role of high hydropower potential in
the Himalaya Mountains to support solar energy generation in the form of pumped hydro or conventional hydro system
while meeting the demand at various scales. We show that pumped hydro storage can keep the diesel contribution to
meet the demand less than 10%, whereas this number can go up to more than 50% for conventional systems where
the streamflow potential is limited compared to the demand. We also examine the role of pumped hydro systems in
both isolated and connected systems (through inter-regional transmission lines) and show that the benefit of pumped
hydro is more significant in isolated systems and resource-sharing in connected systems can substitute for energy
storage. In addition, with the help of the proposed model, we show that the upper reservoir size of a pumped hydro
system could be lower than the reservoir size of a conventional hydropower system depending on the demand scale
and streamflow availability. This means that, most of the current conventional hydropower stations could be converted
to pumped hydropower stations without needing to modify the upper reservoir, leading to a significantly reduced diesel
contribution and lower system unit cost. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (36 refs)
Main heading: Hydroelectric power plants
Controlled terms: Electric lines - Energy storage - Fossil fuels - Hybrid systems - Hydroelectric power - Integer
programming - Solar energy - Solar power generation - Stochastic models - Stochastic systems - Stream flow -
Systems analysis
Uncontrolled terms: Conventional systems - Hybrid energy system - India - Interannual variability - Long distance
transmission - Pumped-hydro energy storages - Stochastic mixed integer programming - Two-stage stochastic
programs
Classification Code: 407.2 WaterwaysWaterways - 525.7 Energy StorageEnergy Storage - 611.1 Hydroelectric
Power PlantsHydroelectric Power Plants - 615.2 Solar PowerSolar Power - 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar
Energy and Phenomena - 706.2 Electric Power Lines and EquipmentElectric Power Lines and Equipment -
921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques - 922.1 Probability
TheoryProbability Theory - 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science

Database: Compendex
235. A design approach with method and tools to support SMES in designing and
implementing distributed renewable energy (DRE) solutions based on sustainable product-
service system (S.PSS)
Bacchetti, E. (1)
Source: Procedia CIRP, v 64, p 229-34, 2017; ISSN: 2212-8271; DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2017.03.064; Publisher:
Author affiliation: (1) Design Dept., Politec. di Milano, Milan, Italy
Abstract: Nowadays, around 1.2 billion people lack access to electricity. This condition hampers the provision of
basic services such as health care and education. In this challenging scenario, Distributed Renewable Energy (DRE),
meaning locally-based and small-scale energy systems based on renewable resources (e.g. sunlight and wind), is
perceived as a possible solution towards sustainable energy access for All. Some authors agree that the diffusion and
implementation of DRE solutions can be facilitated if Sustainable Product-Service Systems (S.PSSs) are applied to
them, as S.PSSs offer models able to move the focus from product ownership (e.g. solar panel) to the satisfaction of a
specific demand (e.g. energy access). In fact, “S.PSSs applied to DRE are able to cut/reduce both the initial investment
(e.g. solar panel purchase) and life-cycle costs (e.g. maintenance, repair of solar panel) democratizing the access
to energy and energy-related services.” (LeNSes project - EU funded, Edulink II program, 2013-2016). However,
designing and implementing S.PSS-applied-to-DRE solutions is still a complex process. The paper describes the
design approach, method and tools used to support local SMEs (as well as NGOs, students, designers, researchers) in
the design and implementation of S.PSS-applied-to-DRE solutions, the design process itself and the results achieved.
The current generation of local entrepreneurs and designers worldwide need a broad knowledge base and know-how,
as well as effective design approaches, methods and tools, in order to play an active role in promoting, designing and
implementing S.PSS-applied-to-DRE solutions, and thus foster sustainable energy access for All. [All rights reserved
Inspec controlled terms: health care - renewable energy sources - small-to-medium enterprises - sustainable
development
Uncontrolled terms: promoting implementing S.PSS-applied-to-DRE solutions - methods - broad knowledge base -
design process - local SMEs - designing implementing S.PSS-applied-to-DRE solutions - panel - product ownership
- S.PSSs offer models - Sustainable Product-Service Systems - diffusion - possible solution - renewable resources -
small-scale energy systems - locally-based scale energy systems - education - health care - basic services - billion
people lack access - sustainable product-service system - distributed renewable energy solutions - tools - method -
design approach - sustainable energy access
Classification Code: B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy resources - E0230 Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues -
E1400 DesignDesign
Database: Inspec
236. Process evaluation of use of high temperature gas-cooled reactors to an ironmaking

system based on active carbon recycling energy system
Hayashi, Kentaro (1); Kasahara, Seiji (2); Kuribara, Kouhei (1); Nakagaki, Takao (1); Yan, Xing L. (2); Inagaki,
Yoshiyuki (2); Ogawa, Masuro (2)
Source: ISIJ International, v 55, n 2, p 348-358, 2015; ISSN: 09151559; DOI: 10.2355/isijinternational.55.348;
Publisher: Iron and Steel Institute of Japan
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Modern Mechanical Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo; 169-8555, Japan
(2) Nuclear Hydrogen and Heat Application Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 4002 Narita-cho, Oarai-
machi, Higashiibaraki-gun, Ibaraki; 311-1393, Japan
Abstract: Reducing coking coal consumption and CO2emissions by application of iACRES (ironmaking system
based on active carbon recycling energy system) was investigated using process flow modeling to show effectiveness
of HTGRs (high temperature gas-cooled reactors) adoption to iACRES. Two systems were evaluated: a SOEC
(solid oxide electrolysis cell) system using CO2electrolysis and a RWGS (reverse water-gas shift reaction) system
using RWGS reaction with H2produced by iodine-sulfur process. Both reduction of the coking coal consumption and
CO2emissions were greater in the RWGS system than those in the SOEC system. It was the reason of the result that
excess H2not consumed in the RWGS reaction was used as reducing agent in the blast furnace as well as CO. Heat

balance in the HTGR, SOEC and RWGS modules were evaluated to clarify process components to be improved.
Optimization of the SOEC temperature was desired to reduce Joule heat input for high efficiency operation of the
SOEC system. Higher H2production thermal efficiency in the IS process for the RWGS system is effective for more
efficient HTGR heat utilization. The SOEC system was able to utilize HTGR heat to reduce CO2emissions more
efficiently by comparing CO2emissions reduction per unit heat of the HTGR. © 2015 ISIJ. (15 refs)
Main heading: Water gas shift
Controlled terms: Blast furnaces - Carbon dioxide - Chemical shift - Coking - Coking properties - Electrolysis
- Emission control - Energy efficiency - Gas cooled reactors - Gas emissions - High temperature gas reactors -
Hydrogen production - Regenerative fuel cells - Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) - Steelmaking - Water recycling
Uncontrolled terms: CO2 emissions - High-efficiency operations - Iodine-sulfur process - Iron and steel productions -
Process Evaluation - Process flows - Reverse water-gas shift reaction - Thermal efficiency
Classification Code: 451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control - 522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels - 524 Solid FuelsSolid
Fuels - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation - 532.2 Blast FurnacesBlast Furnaces - 545.3 SteelSteel -
621 Nuclear ReactorsNuclear Reactors - 621.1 Fission ReactorsFission Reactors - 702.2 Fuel CellsFuel Cells - 802.2
Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds - 931.3 Atomic and
Molecular PhysicsAtomic and Molecular Physics
Database: Compendex
237. Design of CSP plants with optimally operated thermal storage

Casati, E. (1, 2); Casella, F. (3); Colonna, P. (1)
Source: Solar Energy, v 116, p 371-387, June 01, 2015; ISSN: 0038092X; DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2015.03.048;
Author affiliation: (1) Propulsion and Power, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, Delft; 2629 HS,
Netherlands (2) Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, via Lambruschini 4, Milano; 20156, Italy (3)
Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano;
20133, Italy
Abstract: Concentrated solar power plants are increasingly considered worldwide, in order to meet the demand for
renewable power generation. A distinctive feature of these plants is the possibility of integrating thermal energy storage
such that full-load operation can be sustained for several hours in the absence of solar radiation. A number of design
software tools are available for sizing the plant and evaluating the return on investment. These usually assume a short-
sighted strategy for storage management. This work presents a new methodology aimed at assessing the potential of
optimal control techniques when applied to the operation of energy storage systems in general. The design method is
applied to a test case, a state-of-the-art central receiver plant with direct storage, using molten salts as working fluid,
and operating in a context of variable electricity prices. The system modeling and optimization problems are formulated
and implemented using modern high-level modeling languages, demonstrating the potential of the approach. The
different operating strategies are compared based on a detailed financial analysis. A wide system design space is
explored, and the results presented for all the foreseeable combinations of solar field size and storage system capacity,
considering two plant locations, i.e., Daggett (US-CA) and Almeria (ES). Potential gains up to 10% in terms of yearly
revenue are estimated, in case improved control strategies are adopted. These figures translate into increases of more
than 30% of the investment profitability by considering over-life financial figures. It is further shown how, in case of
state-of-the-art systems, it is always profitable to adopt optimal control to the end of increasing electricity production.
However, the potential of these techniques is discussed also under the point of view of investment cost reduction,
since the same yearly revenue can be harvested with smaller energy storage, if optimally operated. This aspect,
unveiled here for the first time, might become significant if technologies with different cost structure are of interest, i.e.,
in case the storage cost constitutes a comparatively large part of the total investment. The novel method is thus an
additional decision tool allowing to treat the storage operation strategy as a new relevant variable for the design of next
generation energy systems. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. (40 refs)
Controlled terms: Cost reduction - Design - Electric energy storage - Heat storage - High level languages - Modeling
languages - Profitability - Solar energy - Solar power plants - Storage management - Thermal energy
Uncontrolled terms: Concentrated solar power - CSP plants - Dispatchability - Electricity production - Optimal control
technique - Optimal controls - Renewable power generation - State-of-the-art system
Phenomena - 723.1.1 Computer Programming LanguagesComputer Programming Languages - 723.3 Database
SystemsDatabase Systems - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics
Database: Compendex

238. Capacity matching of storage to PV in a global frame with different loads profiles
Lund, Peter D. (1)
Source: Journal of Energy Storage, v 18, p 218-228, August 2018; E-ISSN: 2352152X; DOI: 10.1016/
j.est.2018.04.030; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Aalto University, School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, Aalto, Espoo; FI-00076, Finland
Abstract: Adding much variable renewable energy production such as photovoltaics (PV) may cause severe mismatch
between power supply and demand, which could constrain the use of PV as the main power option. Here we analyze
the role of energy storage to compensate for the mismatch over a wide range of geographical sites and load types.
The impact of PV-storage systems was mainly characterized through changes in the PV self-consumption (F). The
sensitivity of PV-storage system sizing to costs and weather variations, and impacts to the remaining power system,
were also considered. The main method used was energy balance simulation and a graphical method for PV-storage
cost optimization. The main finding is that already a moderate amount of storage capacity could notably increase the
utility of PV across all sites (26–60°N) and load types (from single household to regional/national load) studied. The
optimal benefit is obtained with a net storage capacity of up to 2 kWh for each kWpof PV over all the loads and sites
studied, when PV is sized equal to the yearly load. With a storage-to-PV ratio (r) of 2 WhWp-1, a PV-storage system
could reach a self-consumption of 60–70% in a northern climate and 80–90% in a southern climate, respectively. The
sensitivity of the optimum to yearly variations in solar insolation was minor. Targeting for a higher solar share would
sharply increase the storage demand – covering all demand through PV requires up to two orders of magnitude more
storage. The exact value of the optimum storage to PV array size strongly depends on the self-consumption target,
costs, and site. With present storage cost levels and decreasing PV prices, oversizing PV over storage would be
preferred to minimize the investment costs for a given self-consumption. With a typical PV-to-storage unit cost ratio (µ)
of $500/kWh–$1200/kWp, the optimum for F = 70% is found at r ∼1 WhWp-1for 42–60°N. The slope of the minimum
cost is moderate, i.e. the sensitivity of the results to price changes in the vicinity of this minimum point is modest -
halving the storage cost would affect the results by 10%. The analyses also indicate major impacts to the remaining
energy system, which should deserve future attention. These findings help to better plan energy systems with PV. ©
Main heading: Costs
Controlled terms: Economics - Energy storage - Investments - Optimization - Photovoltaic cells - Renewable energy
resources - Sensitivity analysis
Uncontrolled terms: Capacity matching - Energy balance simulations - Orders of magnitude - Photovoltaics -
Remaining energies - Self- consumption - Sizing - Variable renewable energies
Classification Code: 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy IssuesEnergy Resources and
Renewable Energy Issues - 525.7 Energy StorageEnergy Storage - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial
EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.5 Optimization
TechniquesOptimization Techniques - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
Database: Compendex
239. Development of a modified Luus-Jaakola adaptive random search algorithm for design
of integrated algal bioenergy system
Holaysan, Sed A. K. (1); Razon, Luis F. (1); Tan, Raymond R. (1)
Source: Chemical Engineering Transactions, v 45, p 1627-1632, October 2015; E-ISSN: 22839216; ISBN-13:
9788895608365; DOI: 10.3303/CET1545272; Publisher: Italian Association of Chemical Engineering - AIDIC
Author affiliation: (1) Chemical Engineering Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila,
Philippines
Abstract: Process systems engineering (PSE) approaches are useful for facilitating the optimal design and operation
of industrial plants. This study develops a modified Luus-Jaakola adaptive random search (LJ-ARS) procedure by
incorporating some features from the line-up competition algorithm (LCA). The search procedure is conducted using
multiple points, and cooperation is exhibited as each point moves toward the next-best point to improve its position.
The search space of each point is influenced by its rank, but a lower limit for the space reduction factor is specified
to prevent premature convergence. A probabilistic roundingoff procedure is used for integer variables, while the
penalty function approach is used for constraint resolution. This modified algorithm is encoded in Microsoft Excel and
Visual Basic for Applications and is used to optimize a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model of an integrated
algal bioenergy system, while the original LJ-ARS is unable to locate a feasible solution. The model considers six
processes: cultivation of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, dewatering, cell disruption, pretreatment, oil extraction,

and transesterification. The optimal solution, which has been verified using LINGO 14.0, involves microfiltration (for
dewatering) and oven drying, but does not utilize any cell disruption process due to high capital cost and energy
requirement. This implies that if residual biomass can be sold, it may be more economical to cultivate more algae than
to increase the oil yield by means of cell disruption. Furthermore, it is essential to utilize the residual biomass to ensure
that the system produces more energy than it consumes. Finally, it is more economical to use residual biomass to
supply energy rather than to sell the residual biomass while purchasing electricity. Copyright © 2015, AIDIC Servizi
S.r.l.,. (33 refs)
Controlled terms: Algae - Computer systems programming - Dewatering - Global optimization - Industrial plants -
Integer programming - Microfiltration - Optimal systems - Visual BASIC
Uncontrolled terms: Adaptive random search - Adaptive random search algorithms - Line-up competition algorithm
- Mixed integer nonlinear programming models - Penalty function approach - Pre-mature convergences - Process
systems engineering - Visual basic for applications
Classification Code: 723.1 Computer ProgrammingComputer Programming - 723.1.1 Computer Programming
LanguagesComputer Programming Languages - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations - 921.5 Optimization
Database: Compendex
240. Economic value of flexible hydrogen-based polygeneration energy systems

Farhat, Karim (1); Reichelstein, Stefan (2)
Source: Applied Energy, v 164, p 857-870, February 15, 2016; ISSN: 03062619; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford; CA, United
States (2) Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford; CA, United States
Abstract: Polygeneration energy systems (PES) have the potential to provide a flexible, high-efficiency, and low-
emissions alternative for power generation and chemical synthesis from fossil fuels. This study aims to assess the
economic value of fossil-fuel PES which rely on hydrogen as an intermediate product. Our analysis focuses on a
representative PES configuration that uses coal as the primary energy input and produces electricity and fertilizer as
end-products. We derive a series of propositions that assess the cost competitiveness of the modeled PES under
both static and flexible operation modes. The result is a set of metrics that quantify the levelized cost of hydrogen,
the unit profit-margin of PES, and the real-option values of 'diversification' and 'flexibility' embedded in PES. These
metrics are subsequently applied to assess the economics of Hydrogen Energy California (HECA), a PES currently
under development in California. Under our technical and economic assumptions, HECA's levelized cost of hydrogen
is estimated at 1.373$/kgh. The profitability of HECA as a static PES increases in the share of hydrogen converted to
fertilizer rather than electricity. However, when configured as a flexible PES, HECA almost breaks even on a pre-tax
basis. Diversification and flexibility are valuable for HECA when polygeneration is compared to static monogeneration
of electricity, but these two real options have no value when comparing polygeneration to static monogeneration of
fertilizers. © 2015 The Authors. (46 refs)
Main heading: Fossil fuels
Controlled terms: Competition - Costs - Fertilizers - Hydrogen - Profitability
Uncontrolled terms: Economic competitiveness - Flexible - Levelized costs - Poly-generation - Real option values
Classification Code: 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally - 911 Cost and Value
Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.2 Industrial
EconomicsIndustrial Economics
Database: Compendex
241. Practical implementation of a silicon carbide-based 300 kHz, 1.2 kW hard-switching

boost-converter and comparative thermal performance evaluation
Kim, Taekyun (1); Jang, Minsoo (1); Agelidis, Vassilios G. (1)
Source: IET Power Electronics, v 8, n 3, p 333-341, March 1, 2015; ISSN: 17554535, E-ISSN: 17554543; DOI:
10.1049/iet-pel.2014.0231; Publisher: Institution of Engineering and Technology
Author affiliation: (1) School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales,
UNSW, Sydney; 2052, Australia

Abstract: Field experience shows that the vast majority of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy system failures are related
to the power conditioning system (PCS). Among the principal reliability issues of PV PCSs are thermal management
and heat extraction mechanisms. The study considers practical implementation of a DC-DC boost converter as a
solar PV pre-regulator in terms of thermal management, with comparative thermal performance evaluations of silicon
carbide (SiC) semiconductors and silicon (Si) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). Thermal
performance evaluation of power semiconductors is based on a 1.2 kW DC-DC converter with: (i) various switching
frequencies up to 300 kHz, in steps of 25 kHz; (ii) case temperatures from 25 to 150°C; and (iii) a natural convection
heatsink with temperature increase rate of 0.5°C/W. Simulation and experimental results verify that losses from SiC
semiconductors are low compared with Si MOSFETs. This provides an opportunity for designing a pre-regulator DC-
DC boost converter with less effort required for thermal management and enhanced reliability. © The Institution of
Engineering and Technology. (33 refs)
Controlled terms: Electric inverters - Metals - MOS devices - Oxide semiconductors - Power MOSFET -
Semiconducting silicon - Silicon carbide - Solar power generation - Systems engineering - Temperature control - Wide
band gap semiconductors
Uncontrolled terms: DC-DC boost converters - Field experience - Power conditioning systems - Power
semiconductors - Silicon carbides (SiC) - Solar photovoltaics - Temperature increase rate - Thermal performance
evaluations
Classification Code: 615.2 Solar PowerSolar Power - 704.1 Electric ComponentsElectric Components - 712.1.1
Single Element Semiconducting MaterialsSingle Element Semiconducting Materials - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices
and Integrated CircuitsSemiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 731.3 Specific Variables ControlSpecific
Variables Control - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds - 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science
Database: Compendex
242. Design the Balance of System (BOS) for photovoltaic application at CERE building for
low load application: an application of HOMER pro
Irwan, Y.M. (1); Amelia, A.R. (1); Syafiqah, Z. (1); Irwanto, M. (1); Farreq, M. (1); Leow, W.Z. (1); Ibrahim, S. (1)
Source: Applied Mechanics and Materials, v 785, p 571-5, 2015; ISSN: 1660-9336; DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/
AMM.785.571; Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
Author affiliation: (1) Centre of Excellence for Renewable Energy, Univ. Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Malaysia
Abstract: The reliable renewable energy systems will effective when the optimal output can be achieved. This paper
presents a design of the BOS system at the CERE building for low load application. The entire system is being
optimized by HOMER Pro software represented the effectiveness system. The HOMER Pro produced the optimal and
economic hybrid system configuration. The result indicated the capacity of the PV array is 0.6 kW, 4 units of 1 kWh
lead-acid battery and 0.3 kW of inverter was selected to complete the system. The impact of the ambient temperature
also has been analysed. The total electrical energy production reduced with considering temperature coefficient. An
optimization produced productive configuration over the system lifetime. (7 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: invertors - lead acid batteries - photovoltaic power systems - power system simulation -
solar cell arrays
Uncontrolled terms: photovoltaic applications - balance of system - temperature coefficient - total electrical energy
production - ambient temperature - inverter - lead-acid battery - PV array - economic hybrid system configuration -
optimal hybrid system configuration - HOMER Pro software - low load application - CERE building - BOS system -
reliable renewable energy systems - power 0.6 kW - power 0.3 kW
photovoltaic power systems - B8420 Solar cells and arraysSolar cells and arrays - B8410E Secondary cellsSecondary
cells - B8360N DC-AC power convertors (invertors)DC-AC power convertors (invertors)
IPC Code: H01L27/142 - H01L31/042 - H01M10/00 - H01M10/06 - H02M7/00 - H02S
Database: Inspec
243. Stochastic generation of synthetic minutely irradiance time series derived from mean
hourly weather observation data
Bright, J.M. (1); Smith, C.J. (1); Taylor, P.G. (1); Crook, R. (1)

Source: Solar Energy, v 115, p 229-42, May 2015; ISSN: 0038-092X; DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2015.02.032; Publisher:
Author affiliation: (1) Sch. of Chem. & Process Eng., Univ. of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Abstract: Synthetic minutely irradiance time series are utilised in non-spatial solar energy system research
simulations. It is necessary that they accurately capture irradiance fluctuations and variability inherent in the solar
resource. This article describes a methodology to generate a synthetic minutely irradiance time series from widely
available hourly weather observation data. The weather observation data are used to produce a set of Markov
chains taking into account seasonal, diurnal, and pressure influences on transition probabilities of cloud cover.
Cloud dynamics are based on a power-law probability distribution, from which cloud length and duration are derived.
Atmospheric transmission losses are simulated with minutely variability, using atmospheric profiles from meteorological
reanalysis data and cloud attenuation derived real-world observations. Both direct and diffuse irradiance are calculated,
from which total irradiance is determined on an arbitrary plane. The method is applied to the city of Leeds, UK, and
validated using independent hourly radiation measurements from the same site. Variability and ramp rate are validated
using 1-min resolution irradiance data from the town of Cambourne, Cornwall, UK. The hourly irradiance frequency
distribution correlates with R2=0.996 whilst the mean hourly irradiance correlates with R2=0.971, the daily variability
indices cumulative probability distribution function (CDF), 1-min irradiance ramp rate CDF and 1-min irradiance
frequency CDF are also shown to correlate with R2=0.9903, 1.000, and 0.9994 respectively. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests
on 1-min data for each day show that the ramp rate frequency of occurrence is captured with a high significance level
of 99.99%, whilst the irradiance frequency distribution and minutely variability indices are captured at significances
of 99% and 97.5% respectively. The use of multiple Markov chains and detailed consideration of the atmospheric
losses are shown to be essential elements for the generation of realistic minutely irradiance time series over a typical
meteorological year. A freely downloadable example of the model is made available and may be configured to the
particular requirements of users or incorporated into other models. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (51 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: atmospheric techniques - clouds - Markov processes - solar power - statistical distributions -
time series
Uncontrolled terms: stochastic generation - synthetic minutely irradiance time series - mean hourly weather
observation data - Markov chains - cloud dynamics - power-law probability distribution - cloud length - cloud duration -
atmospheric transmission loss - meteorological reanalysis data - cloud attenuation - cumulative probability distribution
function
Classification Code: A8610K Solar energySolar energy - A9385 Instrumentation and techniques for geophysical,
hydrospheric and lower atmosphere researchInstrumentation and techniques for geophysical, hydrospheric and lower
atmosphere research - A0250 Probability theory, stochastic processes, and statisticsProbability theory, stochastic
processes, and statistics - B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy resources - B7710B Atmospheric, ionospheric and
magnetospheric techniques and equipmentAtmospheric, ionospheric and magnetospheric techniques and equipment -
B0240Z Other topics in statisticsOther topics in statistics - B0240J Markov processesMarkov processes
IPC Code: F24J2/00 - G01V
Database: Inspec
244. Use of curium neutron flux from head-end pyroprocessing subsystems for the High
Reliability Safeguards methodology
Borrelli, R.A. (1)
Source: Nuclear Engineering and Design, v 277, p 166-172, October 1, 2014; ISSN: 00295493; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) University of California-Berkeley, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Berkeley; CA; 94720,
United States
Abstract: The deployment of nuclear energy systems (NESs) is expanding around the world. Nations are
investing in NESs as a means to establish energy independence, grow national economies, and address climate
change. Transitioning to the advanced nuclear fuel cycle can meet growing energy demands and ensure resource
sustainability. However, nuclear facilities in all phases of the advanced fuel cycle must be 'safeguardable,' where
safety, safeguards, and security are integrated into a practical design strategy. To this end, the High Reliability
Safeguards (HRS) approach is a continually developing safeguardability methodology that applies intrinsic design
features and employs a risk-informed approach for systems assessment that is safeguards-motivated. Currently,
a commercial pyroprocessing facility is used as the example system. This paper presents a modeling study that
investigates the neutron flux associated with processed materials. The intent of these studies is to determine if the
neutron flux will affect facility design, and subsequently, safeguardability. The results presented in this paper are for the

head-end subsystems in a pyroprocessing facility. The collective results from these studies will then be used to further
develop the HRS methodology. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. (15 refs)
Main heading: Neutron flux
Controlled terms: Climate change - Curium - Nuclear energy - Nuclear fuel reprocessing - Risk assessment
Uncontrolled terms: Advanced fuel cycle - Design strategies - Energy independence - Nuclear energy systems -
Nuclear facilities - Nuclear fuel cycles - Processed materials - Resource sustainability
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 622.1 Radioactive Materials,
GeneralRadioactive Materials, General - 914.1 Accidents and Accident PreventionAccidents and Accident Prevention -
932.2 Nuclear PhysicsNuclear Physics
Database: Compendex
245. Large-scale integration of renewable energies and impact on storage demand in a

European renewable power system of 2050 - sensitivity study
Bussar, C. (1); Sto¨cker, P. (1); Zhuang Cai (1); Moraes, L., Jr. (1); Magnor, D. (1); Wiernes, P. (2); Van Bracht, N. (2);
Moser, A. (2); Sauer, D.U. (1)
Source: Journal of Energy Storage, v 6, p 1-10, May 2016; ISSN: 2352-152X; DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2016.02.004;
Author affiliation: (1) PGS - Inst. for Power Generation & Storage Syst., RWTH-Aachen Univ., Aachen, Germany (2)
IAEW - Inst. of Power Syst. & Power Econ., RWTH-Aachen Univ., Aachen, Germany
Abstract: Driven by decreasing prices for photovoltaic (PV) systems and incentive programs of different governments,
almost 100 GW of PV and over 100 GW of wind turbines (WT) have been integrated in the European power system
by 2014. In some areas, the electricity generation already exceeds the demand, curtailing generation or pushing the
existing power transmission infrastructure to its limits in certain hours. In order to reach the European Commission's
targets for 2050, the integration of renewable energies will require flexibility sources, independent of conventional
generation, in order to provide standard security of supply. Together different flexibility sources will ensure the match
between demand and supply at any given time. Energy storage systems can provide this flexibility by shifting the load
temporally while transmission grids provide the shift of load spatially. Up to a certain extent, transmission capacity and
storage capacity can replace each other, i.e. storage can reduce the load on transmission infrastructure by mitigating
local peaks in load and/or generation. For the transition to a fully renewable energy system by 2050, major changes
have to be achieved in the structure of the power system. The planning tool GENESYS is a holistic approach that
optimises the allocation and size of different generation technologies, storage systems and transnational transmission
corridors of a European power system. The source code for the mentioned tool is available free of charge under LGPL
license. It can be freely parameterized by the user which allows the study of different power systems under individual
assumptions with regard to load, generation potential and cost of the different system components. This publication
will give an introduction to the planning methodology, the system model and the optimisation approach. Optimisation
results obtained with GENESYS for a fully renewable electricity system for Europe and a cost structure expected
for 2050 will be presented together with sensitivity analyses investigating main assumptions. Outcomes show the
optimal allocation of PV and WT in a European power system, the resulting demand for storage capacities of different
technologies and the capacity of the overlay grid. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (25 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: electric power generation - energy storage - photovoltaic power systems - renewable energy
sources - wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: sensitivity analyses - renewable electricity system - GENESYS - source code - transmission
grids - energy storage systems - electricity generation - wind turbines - photovoltaic systems - renewable power system
- storage demand - renewable energies
Classification Code: B8245 Wind power plantsWind power plants - B8250 Solar power stations and photovoltaic
power systemsSolar power stations and photovoltaic power systems - B8470 Other energy storageOther energy
storage
IPC Code: F03D - H02J15/00 - H02S
Treatment: General or Review (GEN)
Database: Inspec
246. The impact of coordinated policies on air pollution emissions from road transportation
in China
Kishimoto, Paul Natsuo (1); Karplus, Valerie J. (2); Zhong, Min (3); Saikawa, Eri (3); Zhang, Xu (4); Zhang, Xiliang (4)

Source: Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, v 54, p 30-49, July 1, 2017; ISSN: 13619209;
DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2017.02.012; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, MA, United States (2) Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, United
States (3) Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; GA, United States (4) Institute of Energy,
Environment & Economy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Abstract: Improving air quality across mainland China is an urgent policy challenge. While much of the problem is
linked to China's broader reliance on coal and other fossil fuels across the energy system, road transportation is an
important and growing source of air pollution. Here we use an energy-economic model, embedded in a Regional
Emissions Air Quality Climate and Health (REACH) integrated assessment framework, to analyze the impacts of
implementing vehicle emissions standards (ES) together with a broader economy-wide climate policy on total air
pollution in five species and 30 Chinese provinces. We find that full and immediate implementation of existing vehicle
ES at China 3/III level or tighter will significantly reduce the contribution of transportation to degraded air quality by
2030. We further show that road transport ES function as an important complement to an economy-wide price on CO2,
which delivers significant co-benefits for air pollution reduction that are concentrated primarily in non-transportation
sectors. Going forward, vehicle emissions standards and an economy-wide carbon price form a highly effective
coordinated policy package that supports China's air quality and climate change mitigation goals. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
(38 refs)
Main heading: Air pollution
Controlled terms: Air quality - Air quality standards - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Climate change - Climate models -
Coal transportation - Crashworthiness - Economics - Fossil fuels - Motor transportation - Pollution - Roads and streets -
Transportation - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms: Climate change mitigation - Energy-economic model - Integrated assessment - Pollution
emissions - Pollution reduction - Road transportation - Transportation sector - Vehicle emission
Classification Code: 406.2 Roads and StreetsRoads and Streets - 443 MeteorologyMeteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric
PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 451 Air PollutionAir Pollution - 451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control
- 503 Mines and Mining, CoalMines and Mining, Coal - 524 Solid FuelsSolid Fuels - 804 Chemical Products
GenerallyChemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds - 902.2 Codes and
StandardsCodes and Standards - 914.1 Accidents and Accident PreventionAccidents and Accident Prevention - 921
Database: Compendex
Borrelli, R.A. (1)
Source: Nuclear Engineering and Design, v 277, p 166-172, October 1, 2014; ISSN: 00295493; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) University of California-Berkeley, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Berkeley, CA 94720,
United States
sustainability. However, nuclear facilities in all phases of the advanced fuel cycle must be 'safeguardable,' where
develop the HRS methodology. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. (15 refs)
Main heading: Neutron flux
Controlled terms: Climate change - Curium - Nuclear energy - Nuclear fuel reprocessing - Risk assessment
Uncontrolled terms: Advanced fuel cycle - Design strategies - Energy independence - Nuclear energy systems -
Nuclear facilities - Nuclear fuel cycles - Processed materials - Resource sustainability

Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 622.1 Radioactive Materials,

GeneralRadioactive Materials, General - 914.1 Accidents and Accident PreventionAccidents and Accident Prevention -
932.2 Nuclear PhysicsNuclear Physics
Database: Compendex
248. How reliable are latitudinal energy balance models for habitability calculations when
using Earth's radiative properties?
Gilmore, J.B. (1)
Source: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, v 440, n 2, p 1435-45, 11 May 2014; ISSN: 0035-8711;
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stu302; Publisher: Oxford University Press, UK
Author affiliation: (1) Climate Change Res. Centre, Univ. of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Abstract: Exoplanet habitability studies are often performed using simple energy balance models (EBMs), which rely
on an understanding of a planet's radiative properties. However, knowledge of these properties is currently limited.
Here, I use Earth as a testbed for examining habitability and model uncertainty in a diffusive latitudinal EBM. Using
an empirical approach, I parametrize Earth's radiative properties - top of atmosphere albedo and outgoing infrared
radiation - as a function of surface temperature, using measurements from the NASA Clouds and Earth's Radiant
Energy System instruments. When using surface temperature to construct these functions, a bias analysis shows
only small global biases of 3 and -0.3 W m-2 are introduced for the albedo and infrared functions, respectively. I also
show there is a very fine balance between Earth's incoming solar and outgoing infrared radiation in the observational
data, which is substantially smaller than previously assumed in this model. Using observationally derived radiative
functions for an Earth-like planet, the snowball transition can be determined within a semimajor axis of 3 per cent, with
a structural uncertainty of 2 per cent in the radiative function construction. This work shows that diffusive EBMs can be
successfully used to identify habitable exo-Earths within ~3 per cent if the radiative properties are known. (32 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: extrasolar planets - extraterrestrial life
Uncontrolled terms: Earth like planet - surface temperature - NASA CERES measurements - diffusive latitudinal EBM
- model uncertainty - exoplanet habitability - Earth radiative properties - latitudinal energy balance model
Classification Code: A9785 Extrasolar planetary systemsExtrasolar planetary systems - A9590 Other topics in
astronomy and astrophysicsOther topics in astronomy and astrophysics
Database: Inspec
249. Exergetic and exergoeconomic analysis of post-combustion CO2capture using MEA-

solvent chemical absorption
Ferrara, G. (1, 2); Lanzini, A. (1); Leone, P. (1); Ho, M.T. (2, 3, 4); Wiley, D.E. (2, 3, 4)
Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Energy Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, Italy (2) School
of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, UNSW Sydney, 2052, Australia (3) The University of Sydney, School of
Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 2006, Australia (4) CO2CRC Pty Ltd, Australia
Abstract: Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) has been acknowledged as a technology for CO2emission reduction.
However, developments to lower cost and energy consumption remains an important challenge. Exergetic and
exergoeconomic analyses are methods which could be applied to optimize the energy consumption of CO2capture
technologies. An exergetic analysis reveals the locations and causes of inefficiency in an energy conversion process
and provides options for improvements. An exergoeconomic analysis establishes the process of cost formation of
different streams, including products, within energy systems based on exergy and economic cost balances. This paper
aims to develop an exergy-based analysis of a post-combustion CO2capture process using chemical absorption. A
comprehensive flowsheet model has been built for an MEA-solvent chemical absorption, using ASPEN PlusTM Version
8.6 for a coal-fired power plant with a capture rate of 90%. Results have shown the highest irreversibilities to occur in
the units related to the chemical capture of CO2(77% of total losses) and in the CO2pipeline compressor (9% of total
losses). An improvement in the design of the plant reduces the unit cost of carbon capture from 35.0 US$/tonCO2in the
baseline case to of 31.8 US$/tonCO2. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (67 refs)
Main heading: Carbon capture

Controlled terms: Carbon dioxide - Chemical analysis - Coal - Coal combustion - Combustion - Cost benefit analysis
- Costs - Economic analysis - Emission control - Energy conversion - Energy utilization - Exergy - Fossil fuel power
plants
Uncontrolled terms: Carbon capture and storages (CCS) - Chemical absorption - Coal-fired power plant - Emission
reduction - Exergetic analysis - Exergoeconomic analysis - Post-combustion CO - Techno-Economic analysis
Engineering - 524 Solid FuelsSolid Fuels - 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization - 525.5 Energy Conversion
IssuesEnergy Conversion Issues - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic
Compounds - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics
- 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics
Database: Compendex
250. Geobiochemistry of metabolism: Standard state thermodynamic properties of the citric

acid cycle
Canovas, P.A., III (1); Shock, E.L. (1)
Source: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v 195, p 293-322, 15 Dec. 2016; ISSN: 0016-7037; DOI: 10.1016/
j.gca.2016.08.028; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Group Exploring Org. Processes in Geochem., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ, United States
Abstract: Integrating microbial metabolism into geochemical modeling allows assessments of energy and mass
transfer between the geosphere and the microbial biosphere. Energy and power supplies and demands can be
assessed from analytical geochemical data given thermodynamic data for compounds involved in catabolism and
anabolism. Results are reported here from a critique of the available standard state thermodynamic data for organic
acids and acid anions involved in the citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle or the Krebs cycle).
The development of methods for estimating standard state data unavailable from experiments is described, together
with methods to predict corresponding values at elevated temperatures and pressures using the revised Helgeson-
Kirkham-Flowers (HKF) equation of state for aqueous species. Internal consistency is maintained with standard
state thermodynamic data for organic and inorganic aqueous species commonly used in geochemical modeling
efforts. Standard state data and revised-HKF parameters are used to predict equilibrium dissociation constants for the
organic acids in the citric acid cycle, and to assess standard Gibbs energies of reactions for each step in the cycle at
elevated temperatures and pressures. The results presented here can be used with analytical data from natural and
experimental systems to assess the energy and power demands of microorganisms throughout the habitable ranges
of pressure and temperature, and to assess the consequences of abiotic organic compound alteration processes at
conditions of subsurface aquifers, sedimentary basins, hydrothermal systems, meteorite parent bodies, and ocean
worlds throughout the solar system. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (146 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: free energy - geochemistry - mass transfer - microorganisms - pressure - temperature -
terrestrial heat
Uncontrolled terms: geobiochemistry - metabolism - citric acid cycle - standard thermodynamic property state -
microbial metabolism - geochemical model - mass transfer - energy transfer - microbial biosphere - geosphere -
geochemical data - thermodynamic compound data - organic acid anion - Helgeson-Kirkham-Flowers equation-of-state
- standard state thermodynamic data - organic aqueous species - inorganic aqueous species - tricarboxylic acid cycle -
Krebs cycle - organic acid cycle - standard Gibbs energy - natural energy system - power experimental system - abiotic
organic compound alteration process - subsurface aquifer - sedimentary basin - hydrothermal system - meteorite
parent body - solar system
Classification Code: A9135L GeochemistryGeochemistry - A9165 Geophysical aspects of geology and
mineralogyGeophysical aspects of geology and mineralogy - A9135D Terrestrial heatTerrestrial heat
Treatment: Bibliography (BIB) - Experimental (EXP)
Database: Inspec
251. Demand side management approach to rural electrification of different climate zones in
Indian state of Tamil Nadu
Ltd

Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering,
Madurai; 625015, India
Abstract: This paper involves the hybrid power potential implementation in view of six climatic zones in Indian state of
Tamil Nadu. An intertwined techno-economic feasible study and energy management analysis of Hybrid Renewable
Energy System (HRES) has been proposed to cater to need of the electrical energy requirement in un-electrified village
hamlets of Tamil Nadu. The HRES feasibility, size optimization, cost and sensitivity analyses are performed to satisfy
the electrical energy requirements of the considered area. A combination of Demand Side Management (DSM) and
optimum tilt solar panel approach has also been analyzed through HOMER Energy®simulation. The selection of HRES
configuration is based on real-time data collected from six different climatic zones. The optimization results of the
considered system are presented and compared with and without DSM strategy. The optimum planning of HRES is
based on ranking scheme which includes technical and ecological aspects for sustainable development. In addition,
to evaluate the most feasible consideration of the system, sensitivity analysis has been performed upon the load
variation, biomass and diesel price too. The simulation results of the proposed HRES configuration can improve the
renewable fraction and offer more employment opportunities to the local people, compared to the existing PV-DG-
Battery HRES. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (32 refs)
Controlled terms: Cost benefit analysis - Costs - Demand side management - Electric utilities - Employment -
Renewable energy resources - Rural areas - Sensitivity analysis
Uncontrolled terms: Different climatic zones - Ecological aspects - Employment opportunities - Hybrid Renewable
Energy System (HRES) - Management analysis - Net present cost - Renewable fraction (RF) - Rural electrification
Energy Issues - 706 Electric Transmission and DistributionElectric Transmission and Distribution - 911 Cost and Value
Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 921 MathematicsMathematics
Database: Compendex
252. Shades of green: centralisation, decentralisation and controversy among European

renewable electricity visions
Lilliestam, J. (1); Hanger, S. (1)
Source: Energy Research & Social Science, v 17, p 20-9, July 2016; ISSN: 2214-6296; DOI: 10.1016/
j.erss.2016.03.011; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Inst. for Environ. Decisions, ETH Zurich, Zu¨rich, Switzerland
Abstract: To decarbonise its electricity system, Europe must rapidly expand renewables. We analyse the controversy
between two organisations, Eurosolar and Desertec, which seemingly pursue the same goal of 100% renewable
electricity. We show that they interpret “100% renewables” differently and envision fundamentally different renewable
electricity futures, to be reached through different governance pathways driven by different actors. Desertec reacts
to mankind's violation of the Earth's carrying capacity and seeks secure decarbonisation through renewables,
for which centrally regulated, large-scale imports of controllable concentrating solar power from the desert are
necessary. Eurosolar, in contrast, seeks to decentralise the electricity supply and disempower the actors who caused
the unsustainable and undemocratic energy system, for which renewables are suited as they are carbon-neutral
and decentralised by nature. As the core aim of Desertec, controllable solar power imports through large-scale
infrastructure, violates Eurosolar's core aim of decentralisation, a compromise is difficult: this would require one
organisation to give up its primary objective. Our results show that the reason for this controversy among renewables
proponents lies not in technology or cost, and can thus not be identified or resolved through techno-economic analysis
or modelling, but in irreconcilable differences in normative aims and governance choices. [All rights reserved Elsevier].
(107 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: solar energy concentrators - solar power
Uncontrolled terms: electricity system decarbonisation security - European renewable electricity vision - Eurosolar -
Desertec - concentrating solar power - technoeconomic analysis
Classification Code: A8610K Solar energySolar energy - A4280Y Solar collectors, concentrators and control films:
optical aspectsSolar collectors, concentrators and control films: optical aspects - B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy
resources
IPC Code: F24J2/00 - F24J2/06
Database: Inspec

253. On the benefit of integration of a district heating system with industrial excess heat: An
economic and environmental analysis
Weinberger, Gottfried (1); Amiri, Shahnaz (1, 2); Moshfegh, Bahram (1, 2)
Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and
Sustainable Development, University of Gävle, Gävle; SE-801 76, Sweden (2) Department of Management and
Engineering, Division of Energy Systems, Linköping University, Linköping; SE-581 83, Sweden
Abstract: Energy-related cooperation using industrial excess heat (IEH) in district heating (DH) networks shows
economic and environmental benefits. A rarely investigated approach is the energy cooperation which incorporates
a jointly operated CHP plant also producing process steam for nearby industry. The present study aims to evaluate
economic and environmental effects on the Hofors DH system with jointly operated CHP plant when the nearby steel
mill extends the supply of recovered IEH. Various IEH supply opportunities with different capacities of hot water and
steam were designed and compared with existing IEH utilization, plant heat and electricity production and DH system
performance. The energy system model MODEST is used for cost-optimization. A parametric study is used to analyze
influences of increasing IEH cost and fluctuating electricity prices. The results show advantages for the DH system to
utilize IEH for deliveries of DH and process steam and the cogeneration of electricity. Economic and environmental
benefits are decreased total system cost (-1.67 MEUR/a), less use of fuels and electricity, and reduced CO2emissions
with a maximal reachable amount of 28,200 ton/a when the use of biofuel is assumed as limited resource and the
substituted marginal electricity production is based on coal-condensing power plants. The results also show that
industrial steam is a preferred heat supply source as long as the steam cost is below the alternative heat production
cost, irrespective of the electricity price. While the cost-effective utilization of industrial hot water for DH is more
sensitive and affected by a beneficial CHP production based on higher electricity price segments, it is also shown that
utilization of continuously supplied industrial hot water is limited during seasons of low DH demand. © 2017 Elsevier
Ltd (55 refs)
Controlled terms: Carbon dioxide - Coal deposits - Cogeneration plants - Cost effectiveness - Costs - District heating
- Economic analysis - Economic and social effects - Electric power generation - Electric power system economics -
Energy utilization - Steam - Water
Uncontrolled terms: Coal-condensing power - District heating system - Economic and environmental benefits -
Energy use - Environmental analysis - Marginal electricities - MODEST - System costs
Classification Code: 503 Mines and Mining, CoalMines and Mining, Coal - 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy
Utilization - 614 Steam Power PlantsSteam Power Plants - 643.1 Space HeatingSpace Heating - 804.2 Inorganic
CompoundsInorganic Compounds - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value
Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics - 971 Social SciencesSocial
Sciences
Database: Compendex
254. Improving the energy sustainability of a Swiss village through building renovation and
renewable energy integration
Guen, Morgane Le (1); Mosca, Lucas (1); Perera, A.T.D. (1); Coccolo, Silvia (1); Mohajeri, Nahid (1, 2); Scartezzini,
Jean-Louis (1)
Source: Energy and Buildings, v 158, p 906-923, January 1, 2018; ISSN: 03787788; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory (LESO-PB), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de
Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne; CH-1015, Switzerland (2) Sustainable Urban Development Programme, Department for
Continuing Education, University of Oxford, Rewley House, 1 Wellington Square, Oxford; OX1 2JA, United Kingdom
Abstract: The integration of renewable energy technologies and building renovation are the two main procedures for
improving energy sustainability of buildings at neighborhood scale. It is difficult, however, to optimize these procedures
simultaneously. This study focuses on improving energy sustainability of Hemberg, a Swiss village with a population
of about 900, through optimizing these two procedures. For this purpose a computational platform was developed,
combining software CitySim, HOMER Pro, QGIS and Rhinoceros. The energy demand on hourly basis for the buildings
in the village was analyzed through comparing the current demand with that after retrofitting according to the Swiss
energy labels (i) Minergie and (ii) Minergie-P. Swiss energy maps were used to identify the most promising renewable
energy sources while three scenarios were considered for solar PV integration and energy system improvements.
The first scenario presents the current condition in the village, while the second scenario explores improvements
in electricity generation and the third in both electricity and heat generation. The results show that retrofitting of all

buildings according to Minergie reduces the space heating demand by 70–85% and reduces the fluctuations in energy
demand, thereby allowing the integration of more renewable energy. According to the simulations, building-integrated
solar PV panels can cover the total annual energy demand of the village when considering the Minergie and Minergie-
P scenarios. However, the energy system assessment shows that it is difficult to reach beyond 60% when integrating
non-dispatchable renewable energy technologies. Finally, and more importantly, integration of wind energy at system
level has an important impact in the hub. © 2017 Elsevier B.V. (54 refs)
Controlled terms: Buildings - Energy management - Integration - Labels - Photovoltaic cells - Retrofitting - Rural areas
- Sustainable development - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Building integrated PV - Building retrofitting - Computational platforms - Energy hubs - Energy
sustainability - Integration of renewable energies - Renewable energy integrations - Renewable energy technologies
Classification Code: 402 Buildings and TowersBuildings and Towers - 525 Energy Management and
ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy IssuesEnergy
Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power (Before
1993, use code 611 ) - 694.2 Packaging MaterialsPackaging Materials - 913.5 MaintenanceMaintenance - 921.2
CalculusCalculus
Database: Compendex
255. Components and structures of the pillars of sustainability

Dui, Neven (1); Urbaniec, Krzysztof (2); Huisingh, Donald (3)
Source: Journal of Cleaner Production, v 88, p 1-12, February 1, 2015; ISSN: 09596526; DOI: 10.1016/
j.jclepro.2014.11.030; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Energy, Power Engineering and Environment, University of Zagreb, Croatia (2)
CERED Centre of Excellence, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland (3) Institute for A Secure and Sustainable
Environment, University of Tennessee, United States
Abstract: The focus of this Special Volume (SV) of the Journal of Cleaner Production is "Sustainable Development of
Energy, Water and Environmental Systems". It is of interest to practitioners in various branches of industry including
the energy and water & wastewater sectors and environmental services, governmental policy makers, researchers,
educators and the general public. The purpose of this SV is to increase public awareness of key issues of sustainable
development and to stimulate exchange of research results, practical experience and new ideas among actors
involved in investigating, planning and implementing sustainable development, regarding energy, transport, water,
environment and production systems. The SV is focused upon four main fields that are of strategic importance to
the sustainable development: energy resources and energy management, water management and wastewater
treatment, environmental engineering and management, and promotion of sustainability concepts. The systems
under consideration are differentiated in scale, ranging from countries or groups of countries, through regions or
branches of industry, municipalities or industrial plants, down to single processes or equipment pieces. Examples of
on-going research including case studies are presented along with examples of innovative practical solutions. In the
energy field, examples are presented of the development and applications of energy systems analysis, planning and
design methods and tools, which can be used to analyse the coherency of the whole systems and to augment the
creation of sustainable energy policies and action plans on a large scale, as well as small-scale systems for efficient
energy management. Regarding water issues, water management in water stressed regions is discussed indicating
the usefulness of advanced mathematical models that take system dynamics and the stochastic nature of rainwater
availability as planning tools, and LCA-based methods for assessing the diverse water supply alternatives within a
dry region. In the field of environmental engineering and management, large-scale systems for solid waste collection,
management and recovery are analysed, and the formation of air pollutants in industrial sources and diesel engines
is studied by simulation. Finally, sustainable use of biomass resources and the role of sustainability thinking in the
investment planning and management are addressed. In each of the four fields, strategically important challenges for
future research are identified including the use of advanced mathematical models and multi-criteria analysis for the
optimisation, from the sustainability point of view, of the systems for energy and water supply and management, solid
waste management and the utilisation of biomass resources. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (55 refs)
Controlled terms: Air engines - Diesel engines - Economics - Energy management - Energy resources -
Environmental management - Environmental protection - Industrial plants - Investments - Large scale systems -
Planning - Pollution control - Solid wastes - Stochastic models - Stochastic systems - Sustainable development -
Systems analysis - Waste treatment - Wastewater treatment - Water supply - Water treatment

Uncontrolled terms: Development and applications - Energy systems analysis - Environmental services -
Environmental systems - Governmental policies - Multi Criteria Analysis - Solid waste collection - Sustainable energy
policy
Classification Code: 445.1 Water Treatment TechniquesWater Treatment Techniques - 446.1 Water Supply
SystemsWater Supply Systems - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and DisposalIndustrial Wastes Treatment and
Disposal - 454.2 Environmental Impact and ProtectionEnvironmental Impact and Protection - 525 Energy Management
and ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy IssuesEnergy
Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 612.2 Diesel EnginesDiesel Engines - 641 Heat and Mass Transfer;
ThermodynamicsHeat and Mass Transfer; Thermodynamics - 706 Electric Transmission and DistributionElectric
Transmission and Distribution - 912.2 ManagementManagement - 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory - 961
Systems ScienceSystems Science - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
Database: Compendex
256. Dust induced changes in ice cloud and cloud radiative forcing over a high altitude site
Patel, Piyushkumar N. (1); Kumar, Raj (1)
Source: Aerosol and Air Quality Research, v 16, n 8, p 1820-1831, August 2016; ISSN: 16808584, E-ISSN: 20711409;
DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.2015.05.0325; Publisher: AAGR Aerosol and Air Quality Research
Author affiliation: (1) Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Ahmedabad; 380015, India
Abstract: Aerosol-cloud interaction is the subject of considerable scientific research, due to the importance of clouds
in controlling climate. In the present study, three years (2011-2013) satellite observations are used to investigate
the aerosol indirect effect (AIE) over Dehradun. The low values of Angstrom exponent (α) during March-July are
attributed to the loading of dust-like coarse particles in the atmosphere, whereas the analysis of aerosol type and
Spectral Radiation Transport Model for Aerosol species (SPRINTARS) simulated aerosol species variation supports
the fact. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived AOD data are associated to the cloud
product to examine the dust impact on properties of liquid cloud and ice cloud. The positive values of aerosol cloud
interaction effect (ACI) for ice cloud during pre-monsoon (March-May) and monsoon (June-August) seasons reveal
the significant impact of dust on ice clouds over Dehradun, which is maximum during May (~0.24 ± 0.05). The present
study shows that ice cloud effective radius (ICER) decrease with AOD during dust period. The increase in ice water
path (IWP) and ice cloud optical depth (ICOD) reveals the impact of dust on heterogeneous ice generation in low level
clouds. However, there is no relation between dust and liquid water cloud during dust period. It is difficult to provide
definite conclusions that the dust and cloud changes are driven by the same meteorological conditions. Cloud and the
Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) derived flux data are used to examine the associated changes in TOA cloud
radiative forcing. The diminution in effective size of ice crystal due to aerosol first indirect effect traps more longwave
radiation and reflects more solar radiation. Both first and second indirect effects enhance cloud cooling, whereas the
dust induced cloud warming is mainly the result of the semi-direct effect. © Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research.
(50 refs)
Main heading: Ice
Controlled terms: Aerosols - Atmospheric radiation - Atmospheric thermodynamics - Clouds - Dust - Radiometers -
Satellite imagery
Uncontrolled terms: Aerosol indirect effect - Aerosol-cloud interaction - Cloud radiative forcing - Ice clouds -
Meteorological condition - Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer - Satellite observations - Scientific
researches
Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources - 655.2 SatellitesSatellites - 944.7 Radiation Measuring InstrumentsRadiation
Measuring Instruments
Database: Compendex
257. The generation of domestic hot water load profiles in Swiss residential buildings
through statistical predictions
de Santiago, Juan (1); Rodriguez-Vialon, Osvaldo (2); Sicre, Benoit (3)
Source: Energy and Buildings, v 141, p 341-348, April 15, 2017; ISSN: 03787788; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Uppsala University, Division of Electricity, Ångströmlaboratoriet, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Box 534,
Uppsala; 751 21, Sweden (2) ETH Zurich, EEH-Power Systems Laboratory, Physikstrasse 3 ETLG29, Zurich; 8092,

Switzerland (3) HSLU Lucerne, Hochschule Luzern – Technik & Architektur, Centre for Integrated Building Technology,
Technikumstrasse 21, Horw; 6048, Switzerland
Abstract: A long-term field study recording domestic hot water (DHW) consumption in households was used to
tune a load profile generator. The methodology used in this load profile generator is also applicable to electric loads
in distribution grids. Accurate DHW load profiles are essential to estimate the performance of renewable energy
systems. One day and long-term randomly generated DHW profiles are useful for simulation, sizing and optimization of
components in solar hot water installations such as storage tank, heat exchanger, collector area and additional heater.
This work is also relevant to create standards for product testing and certification. DHW usage and draw off patterns
are geographically dependent, so recent and local measurements are required to tune models and create accurate
load profiles. Measurements show that DHW consumption is very volatile. The daily average value varies from 20 to 40
l per person (60 °C outlet temperature). The profiles underlie some trends (predominantly consumption in the morning
or in the evening or spread over the day). The DHW consumption in Switzerland follows similar patterns observed
in other countries, such as no significant decrease in consumption during weekends, and no strong correlation with
weather conditions neither outdoor temperature nor rain. © 2017 Elsevier B.V. (24 refs)
Main heading: Heating
Controlled terms: Hot water distribution systems - Renewable energy resources - Standards - Surveying - Water
Uncontrolled terms: Consumption profiles - Demand modeling - Heat demands - Optimization of components -
Outdoor temperature - Renewable energy systems - Residential building - Statistical prediction
Classification Code: 405.3 SurveyingSurveying - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy IssuesEnergy
Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 902.2 Codes and StandardsCodes and Standards
Database: Compendex
258. Modeling of optimal energy flows for systems with close integration of sea water
desalination and renewable energy sources: Case study for Jordan
Perkovi, Luka (1); Novosel, Tomislav (1); Pukec, Tomislav (1); osi, Boris (1); Mustafa, Manal (2); Krajai, Goran (1); Dui,
Neven (1)
Source: Energy Conversion and Management, v 110, p 249-259, February 15, 2016; ISSN: 01968904; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Department
of Energy, Power Engineering and Environment, Ivana Luia 5, Zagreb; 10002, Croatia (2) Hashemite University,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Zarqa, Jordan
Abstract: This paper presents a new approach for modeling energy flows in complex energy systems with parallel
supply of fresh water and electricity. Such systems consist of renewable energy sources (RES), desalination plant,
conventional power plants and the residual brine storage which is used as energy storage. The presented method is
treating energy vectors in the system as control variables to provide the optimal solution in terms of the lowest critical
excess of electricity production (CEEP) and highest possible share of RES in the supply mix. The optimal solution for
supplying the demands for fresh water and electricity is always found within the framework of model constraints which
are derived from the physical limitations of the system. The presented method enables the optimization of energy flows
for a larger period of time. This increases the role of energy storage when higher integration of RES in the supply mix.
The method is tested on a hypothetical case of Jordan for different levels of installed wind and PV capacities, as well
as different sizes of the brine storage. Results show that increasing the optimization horizon from one hour to 24 h can
reduce the CEEP by 80% and allow the increase of RES in the supply mix by more than 5% without violating the CEEP
threshold limit of 5%. The activity of the energy (brine) storage is crucial for achieving this goal. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All
Controlled terms: Desalination - Electric energy storage - Electric power generation - Energy storage - Natural
resources - Optimal systems - Seawater - Water filtration
Uncontrolled terms: Complex energy systems - Conventional power plants - Desalination plant - Electricity production
- Optimal energy - Physical limitations - Renewable energy source - Seawater desalination
Classification Code: 445.1 Water Treatment TechniquesWater Treatment Techniques - 471.4 Seawater, Tides and
WavesSeawater, Tides and Waves - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy IssuesEnergy Resources and
Renewable Energy Issues - 525.7 Energy StorageEnergy Storage - 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science
Database: Compendex

259. Biojet fuels and emissions mitigation in aviation: an integrated assessment modeling
analysis
Wise, M. (1); Muratori, M. (1); Kyle, P. (1)
Source: Transportation Research, Part D: Transport and Environment, v 52, p 244-53, May 2017; ISSN: 1361-9209;
DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2017.03.006; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Pacific Northwest Nat. Lab., Joint Global Change Res. Inst., College Park, MD, United States
Abstract: Although the aviation sector is a relatively small contributor to total greenhouse gas emissions, it is a fast-
growing, fossil fuel-intensive transportation mode. Because aviation is a mode for which liquid fuels currently have no
practical substitute, biofuels are gaining attention as a promising cleaner alternative. In this paper, we use the GCAM
integrated assessment model to develop scenarios that explore the potential impact of biojet fuels for use in aviation in
the context of broader climate change mitigation. We show that a carbon price would have a significant impact on the
aviation sector. In the absence of alternatives to jet fuel from petroleum, mitigation potential is limited and would be at
the expense of aviation service demand growth. However, mitigation efforts through the increased use of biojet fuels
show potential to reduce the carbon intensity of aviation, without a significant impact on bioenergy use in the rest of
the energy system for carbon mitigation. The potential of biofuel to decarbonize air transport is significantly enhanced
when carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is used in the conversion process to produce jet fuels from biomass
feedstock. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (33 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: aerospace industry - air pollution - biofuel - carbon capture and storage - carbon compounds
- fossil fuels - petroleum - renewable energy sources - transportation
Uncontrolled terms: greenhouse gas emissions - climate change mitigation - biofuels - petroleum - carbon dioxide
capture and storage - CCS - carbon mitigation - aviation service demand growth - jet fuel - biojet fuels - GCAM
integrated assessment model - liquid fuels - fossil fuel-intensive transportation mode - aviation sector
industryBiotechnology industry - E3650C Aerospace industryAerospace industry - E0230 Environmental
issuesEnvironmental issues - E1780 Products and commoditiesProducts and commodities
IPC Code: C10
Database: Inspec
260. Assessing buildings hourly energy needs for urban energy planning in southern
european context
Ferrari, S. (1); Zagarella, F. (1)
Source: Procedia Engineering, v 161, p 783-91, 2016; ISSN: 1877-7058; DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.707;
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Archit., Built Environ. & Constr. Eng., Politec. di Milano, Milan, Italy
Abstract: For decreasing the fossil fuels consumption and reducing air pollution at urban level, current policies
encourage a transition to distributed energy generation (DG) and support initiatives towards district heating and cooling
networks (DES - district energy systems), promoting the integration of renewable energy sources (RES). Based on
these approaches, the assessment of the energy demand fluctuations of the building stock is preliminary for energy
planning at district scale, since systems' operation requires a complex balancing for maximizing the efficiency or
minimizing the cost, combining the intermittent nature of RES (except biomasses) with non-RES and/or storage
technology. Surveyed literature concerning recent studies aimed at optimizing district energy scenarios revealed that
most of the assessment are limited to the seasonal and/or annual based buildings energy needs, while the ones that
deal with a proper time scale (i.e. hourly based) refer to specific case studies, which are hardly replicable in other
urban contexts. The purpose of the study presented in this paper was to provide reliable reference profiles of buildings
thermal energy needs (for both space heating and cooling) with reference to the Italian context. Therefore, a set of
building models, representative of typical solutions of different historical periods, was defined for both residential
and diffuse tertiary (offices) use. Once elaborated accurate hourly internal loads curves, it was possible to provide,
performing detailed simulations with TRNSYS model, profiles of energy need density, referred to cubic meter of
building volume, for typical buildings placed in different climatic locations, covering the wide range of Italian context.
Based on both the building typologies and the climatic variability considered, assumptions adopted for the study could
be extended to other comparable context in southern Europe. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (31 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: buildings (structures) - distributed power generation - district heating
Uncontrolled terms: buildings hourly energy needs - urban energy planning - distributed energy generation - district
heating and cooling networks - district energy systems - renewable energy sources - buildings thermal energy needs -
building models

utilisation)Heating (energy utilisation)
IPC Code: F24D10/00 - F01L1/047
Database: Inspec
261. Big data GIS analysis for novel approaches in building stock modelling
Buffat, René (1); Froemelt, Andreas (2); Heeren, Niko (2); Raubal, Martin (1); Hellweg, Stefanie (2)
Author affiliation: (1) Institute of Cartography and Geoinformation, ETH Zurich, Zurich; 8093, Switzerland (2) Institute
of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich; 8093, Switzerland
Abstract: Building heat demand is responsible for a significant share of the total global final energy consumption.
Building stock models with a high spatio-temporal resolution are a powerful tool to investigate the effects of new
building policies aimed at increasing energy efficiency, the introduction of new heating technologies or the integration
of buildings within an energy system based on renewable energy sources. Therefore, building stock models have to be
able to model the improvements and variation of used materials in buildings. In this paper, we propose a method based
on generalized large-scale geographic information system (GIS) to model building heat demand of large regions with
a high temporal resolution. In contrast to existing building stock models, our approach allows to derive the envelope
of all buildings from digital elevation models and to model location dependent effects such as shadowing due to the
topography and climate conditions. We integrate spatio-temporal climate data for temperature and solar radiation to
model climate effects of complex terrain. The model is validated against a database containing the measured energy
demand of 1845 buildings of the city of St. Gallen, Switzerland and 120 buildings of the Alpine village of Zernez,
Switzerland. The proposed model is able to assess and investigate large regions by using spatial data describing
natural and anthropogenic land features. The validation resulted in an average goodness of fit (R2) of 0.6. © 2017
Controlled terms: Big data - Buildings - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Geographic information systems -
Radiation effects - Renewable energy resources
Uncontrolled terms: Bottom up - Climate data - Digital elevation model - Heat demands - High temporal resolution -
Renewable energy source - Spatio-temporal modelling - Spatio-temporal resolution
Database: Compendex
262. ANFIS-based sensor fault-tolerant control for hybrid grid

Sowmmiya, U. (1); Uma, G. (1)
Source: IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, v 12, n 1, p 31-41, 2 Jan. 2018; ISSN: 1751-8687; DOI:
10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.1465; Publisher: IET, UK
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Anna Univ., Chennai, India
Abstract: This paper describes an intelligent sensor fault detection and compensation (FDC) scheme for a hybrid
grid involving renewable energy (RE) sources with power electronic interfaces. To evaluate the sensor FDC scheme,
a wound rotor induction generator (WRIG)-based wind energy system connected to the hybrid grid is examined.
The system employs a WRIG with excitation from DC RE grid via a single, rotor side converter. To analyse the
dynamic performance, a decoupled voltage vector control is employed. The sensors involved in the control algorithm
may not be ideal and if fault occurs might lead to system collapse. To overcome electrical sensor failure, a robust,
intelligent sensor fault control scheme is proposed with ANFIS. A hardware-free solution with PLL block is proposed
for mechanical sensor fault. The ANFIS-based FDC scheme involves a bank of observers that computes residuals,
detects and isolates faults. When fault occurs, the observer output is utilised for the execution of control algorithm
thereby avoiding system collapse. The focused system is simulated in MATLAB and experimentally tested with a
dSPACE controller for various fault scenarios. The results show the effectiveness of the FDC scheme. (42 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: adaptive control - asynchronous generators - electric sensing devices - fault diagnosis -
fault tolerant control - fuzzy control - intelligent sensors - neurocontrollers - observers - phase locked loops - power
convertors - power generation control - power generation faults - power grids - power system dynamic stability - robust
control - rotors - voltage control - wind power plants

Uncontrolled terms: ANFIS-based sensor fault tolerant control - hybrid grid - intelligent sensor fault detection and
compensation scheme - renewable energy source - RE source - power electronic interface - wound rotor induction
generator-based wind energy system - WRIG-based wind energy system - DC RE grid - single rotor side converter
- decoupled voltage vector control - dynamic performance analysis - system collapse - electrical sensor failure -
hardware-free solution - PLL block - ANFIS-based FDC scheme - fault isolation - observer - dSPACE controller
Classification Code: B8245 Wind power plantsWind power plants - B7230S Intelligent sensorsIntelligent sensors -
B8360 Power convertors and power supplies to apparatusPower convertors and power supplies to apparatus - B8310E
Asynchronous machinesAsynchronous machines - C3340H Control of electric power systemsControl of electric
power systems - C3110B Voltage controlVoltage control - C1220 Simulation, modelling and identificationSimulation,
modelling and identification - C1340E Self-adjusting control systemsSelf-adjusting control systems - C1340N
NeurocontrolNeurocontrol - C1340F Fuzzy controlFuzzy control
IPC Code: G05B13/00 - G05F - H02K1/22 - H02K17/42 - H02M
Database: Inspec
263. Alternative energy supply system to a rural village in Ethiopia

Tucho, G.T. (1); Nonhebel, S. (2)
Source: Energy, Sustainability and Society, v 7, n 1, p 33 (14 pp.), Dec. 2017; ISSN: 2192-0567; DOI: 10.1186/
s13705-017-0136-x; Publisher: Springer, Germany
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Environ. Health Sci. & Technol., Jimma Univ., Jimma, Ethiopia (2) Center for Energy &
Environ. Sci., Groningen, Netherlands
Abstract: Background: Most households in rural developing countries do not have access to modern energy
supply. Household level biogas energy was considered as an option but failed due to lack of sufficient resources
for its installation and operation. A community energy system can be an option, but most studies focused on off-
grid electricity. This energy system cannot be a realistic option particularly for cooking demand. An efficient and
suitable system matching local resources and demand expectation needs to be developed which this study focuses
on assessing. Biogas and solar energy technologies are viable to establish such kind of a system since they can
be converted to different forms of energy. Therefore, this study aims to determine efficient biogas and solar energy
production and utilization options for small scale village energy application in rural Ethiopia. Methods: The efficiencies
of the production and utilization options are determined based on the system configurations involving resource,
conversion, and utilization combination models. We used local resources, data, and relevant literature information
for the system analysis. Results: The analysis shows that most energy is needed in the form of heat for cooking
and a smaller part in the form of electricity (about 10%). The community waste stream converted to biogas will be
enough for cooking, but not enough biogas is left to produce enough electricity. Co-digesting altogether provides
biogas that can meet only about 75% of the electricity demand. Concentrated solar cookers can be an alternative for
cooking in areas where installation of biogas is not possible. About 2-m2 size solar concentrator is sufficient to meet
each household's cooking energy demand. The lighting and appliance energy demand can be met with photovoltaic
(PV) energy produced with reasonably sized panels. However, the use of electrical energy for cooking produced
with PV cannot be an economic option with the available technologies. Conclusions: The community energy system
involving anaerobic co-digestion (biogas) and/or solar energy technologies is viable to meet the demand when efficient
production and conversion is made based on specific local resource supply and demand. (72 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: biofuel - domestic appliances - fuel processing industries - photovoltaic power systems -
renewable energy sources - solar absorber-convertors - solar energy concentrators - solar power - supply and demand
Uncontrolled terms: alternative energy supply system - rural village - rural developing countries - modern energy
supply - household level biogas energy - sufficient resources - community energy system - realistic option - cooking
demand - efficient system matching local resources - suitable system matching local resources - demand expectation
- solar energy technologies - efficient biogas - solar energy production - utilization options - scale village energy
application - rural Ethiopia - system configurations - system analysis - electricity demand - 2 size solar concentrator -
lighting - appliance energy demand - photovoltaic energy - electrical energy - economic option - anaerobic co-digestion
and/or - efficient production - specific local resource supply
Classification Code: A8610K Solar energySolar energy - B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy resources - E0230
Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues - E1525 Industrial processesIndustrial processes - E3624 Fuel processing
industryFuel processing industry
IPC Code: C10 - F24J2/00 - F24J2/06 - H02S
Treatment: Economic (ECO) - Practical (PRA)
Database: Inspec

264. Robust multi-objective control of hybrid renewable microgeneration systems with

energy storage
Allison, John (1)
Source: Applied Thermal Engineering, v 114, p 1498-1506, 2017; ISSN: 13594311; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Energy Systems Research Unit, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering,
University of Strathclyde, James Weir Building, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow; G1 1XJ, United Kingdom
Abstract: Microgeneration technologies are positioned to address future building energy efficiency requirements and
facilitate the integration of renewables into buildings to ensure a sustainable, energy-secure future. This paper explores
the development of a robust multi-input multi-output (MIMO) controller applicable to the control of hybrid renewable
microgeneration systems with the objective of minimising the electrical grid utilisation of a building while fulfilling the
thermal demands. The controller employs the inverse dynamics of the building, servicing systems, and energy storage
with a robust control methodology. These inverse dynamics provides the control system with knowledge of the complex
cause and effect relationships between the system, the controlled inputs, and the external disturbances, while an
outer-loop control ensures robust, stable control in the presence of modelling deficiencies/uncertainty and unknown
disturbances. Variable structure control compensates for the physical limitations of the systems whereby the control
strategy employed switches depending on the current utilisation and availability of the energy supplies. Preliminary
results presented for a system consisting of a micro-CHP unit, solar PV, and battery storage indicate that the control
strategy is effective in minimising the interaction with the local electrical network and maximising the utilisation of the
available renewable energy. © 2016 (28 refs)
Controlled terms: Complex networks - Energy efficiency - Energy storage - Feedback control - Inverse problems -
MIMO systems - Renewable energy resources - Robust control - Variable structure control
Uncontrolled terms: Feedback linearisation - Hybrid renewable energy systems - Microgeneration - Multi-objective
control - Simulation
Database: Compendex
265. Laser cutting sandwich structure glass–silicon–glass wafer with laser induced
thermal–crack propagation
Cai, Yecheng (1); Wang, Maolu (1); Zhang, Hongzhi (1); Yang, Lijun (1); Fu, Xihong (2); Wang, Yang (1)
Source: Optics and Laser Technology, v 93, p 49-59, August 1, 2017; ISSN: 00303992; DOI: 10.1016/
j.optlastec.2017.01.028; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Manufacturing Engineering, School of
Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin; Heilongjiang; 150001, China (2) State Key
Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Changchun; Jilin; 130033, China
Abstract: Silicon-glass devices are widely used in IC industry, MEMS and solar energy system because of their
reliability and simplicity of the manufacturing process. With the trend toward the wafer level chip scale package
(WLCSP) technology, the suitable dicing method of silicon-glass bonded structure wafer has become necessary.
In this paper, a combined experimental and computational approach is undertaken to investigate the feasibility of
cutting the sandwich structure glass-silicon-glass (SGS) wafer with laser induced thermal-crack propagation (LITP)
method. A 1064 nm semiconductor laser cutting system with double laser beams which could simultaneously irradiate
on the top and bottom of the sandwich structure wafer has been designed. A mathematical model for describing the
physical process of the interaction between laser and SGS wafer, which consists of two surface heating sources and
two volumetric heating sources, has been established. The temperature stress distribution are simulated by using finite
element method (FEM) analysis software ABAQUS. The crack propagation process is analyzed by using the J-integral
method. In the FEM model, a stationary planar crack is embedded in the wafer and the J-integral values around the
crack front edge are determined using the FEM. A verification experiment under typical parameters is conducted and
the crack propagation profile on the fracture surface is examined by the optical microscope and explained from the
stress distribution and J-integral value. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (37 refs)
Main heading: Silicon wafers
Controlled terms: ABAQUS - Chip scale packages - Crack propagation - Cracks - Cutting - Finite element method
- Glass - Glass industry - Laser applications - Laser beam cutting - Laser beams - MEMS - Sandwich structures -
Semiconducting silicon - Semiconductor lasers - Silicon - Solar energy - Stress concentration - Wafer bonding

Uncontrolled terms: Computational approach - Finite element method analysis - J integral - Laser induced -
Manufacturing process - Silicon glass - Temperature stress distribution - Wafer-level chip scale packages
Classification Code: 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals Nonferrous
Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and
Phenomena - 704.2 Electric EquipmentElectric Equipment - 712.1.1 Single Element Semiconducting MaterialsSingle
Element Semiconducting Materials - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated CircuitsSemiconductor Devices
and Integrated Circuits - 744 LasersLasers - 812.3 GlassGlass - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.6 Numerical
MethodsNumerical Methods - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science
Database: Compendex
266. Analysis of off-grid electricity system at Isle of Eigg (Scotland): lessons for developing
countries
Chmiel, Z. (1); Bhattacharyya, S.C. (1)
Source: Renewable Energy, v 81, p 578-88, Sept. 2015; ISSN: 0960-1481; DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2015.03.061;
Author affiliation: (1) De Montfort Univ., Leicester, United Kingdom
Abstract: Off-Grid energy systems are growing in popularity as an independent source of energy to satisfy electricity
needs of individual households or smaller communities, mainly in developing countries where the main grid is either
not developed or the grid is uneconomical to extend due to remoteness of the location. The Isle of Eigg in Scotland
has been successfully using a hybrid off-grid system for several years to provide a reliable 24-h electricity supply to
the islanders. This ex-post analysis of the Isle of Eigg system investigates its performance and explores possible
alternative configurations which could work more effectively and efficiently. Simulations were carried out using HOMER
software for the existing system and for alternative configurations of energy generation. It is found that the existing
overcapacity has been instrumental in ensuring a reliable supply but continued reliance on diesel generators adds
to the cost. More wind power capacity addition can reduce reliance on fossil fuels and modular sizing of generators
instead of adding large capacities could have reduced the idle capacity. This experience suggests that providing
reliable off-grid electricity supply is possible but is costly without suitable capital subsidies. Appropriate system design
suited to the local condition is important for developing a viable system. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (25 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: diesel-electric generators - hybrid power systems - power generation reliability - power grids
- wind power
Uncontrolled terms: hybrid off-grid electricity system reliability - Isle of Eigg - Scotland - developing countries - off-grid
energy systems - individual households - smaller community - electricity supply - islanders - ex-post analysis - HOMER
software - energy generation - diesel generators - wind power capacity - fossil fuels - modular sizing - local condition
Classification Code: B8230H Diesel power stations and plantsDiesel power stations and plants - B8245 Wind power
plantsWind power plants - B0170N ReliabilityReliability
IPC Code: F02N19/00
Database: Inspec
267. Hierarchical optimization of the composite blade of a stratospheric airship propeller

based on genetic algorithm
Meng, Junhui (1); Hu, Jie (2); Xiao, Houdi (1); Lv, Mingyun (1)
Source: Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, v 56, n 6, p 1341-1352, December 1, 2017; ISSN: 1615147X, E-
ISSN: 16151488; DOI: 10.1007/s00158-017-1725-1; Publisher: Springer Verlag
Author affiliation: (1) School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road,
Haidian District, Beijing, China (2) Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China, Shanghai, China
Abstract: High-altitude propellers equipped with solar energy systems are widely adopted in stratospheric airships
because of their light weight, excellent mechanical performance, and high efficiency. To optimize the composite
laminated structure of the blade, a hierarchical optimization method based on genetic algorithm is carried out. Global
and local layers are combined according to the structural and loading properties of the blade, and each partitioned
region in the local layer is optimized independently. Combined with the finite element method, a subprogram based
on the classical lamination theory is developed to simulate the stiffness matrix of the blade and obtain the deflection,
weight, etc. as objects. The restricted condition, whether the structure has failed, is determined by the Tsai-Wu
criterion. In addition, multiple tasks are delivered and read simultaneously by a specific program for the sake of

improving computation efficiency. After verification with a case study, the stacking sequence and thickness of the
blade of a stratospheric airship propeller is optimized and an ideal result is obtained. © 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg. (35 refs)
Controlled terms: Airships - Computation theory - Finite element method - Genetic algorithms - Laminated composites
- Laminating - Propellers - Solar energy - Stiffness matrix
Uncontrolled terms: Classical lamination theory - Composite blades - Composite laminated structures - Computation
efficiency - Hierarchical optimization - Mechanical performance - Solar energy systems - Stratospheric airships
Database: Compendex
268. Analysis of entropy generation in an MHD flow over a rotating porous disk with variable
physical properties
Rashidi, Mohammad Mehdi (1); Mahmud, Shohel (2); Freidoonimehr, Navid (3); Rostami, Behnam (3)
Source: International Journal of Exergy, v 16, n 4, p 481-503, 2015; ISSN: 17428297, E-ISSN: 17428300; DOI:
10.1504/IJEX.2015.069110; Publisher: Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.
Author affiliation: (1) Mechanical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Bu-Ali Sina University, P.O. Box
6517838695, Hamedan, Iran (2) School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph; ON; N1G 2W1, Canada (3)
Young Researchers and Elite Club, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 6518115743, Hamedan, Iran
Abstract: In this study, we perform the second law of Thermodynamics analysis of a rotating porous disk in the
presence of a magnetic field with temperature-dependent thermo-physical properties numerically using fourthorder
Runge-Kutta method. Entropy generation equations are derived as a function of velocity and temperature gradients.
An excellent agreement for the skin friction coefficients and the rate of heat transfer can be observed between the
current data and the published results presented by other researchers in literature. The obtained results demonstrate
the average entropy generation rate decreases for the decreasing trend of the magnetic interaction parameter (M),
temperature difference parameter (Ε), suction parameter (Ws), Brinkman number (Br) and the increasing trend of
Reynolds number (Re). This simulation shows the feasibility of using magnetic rotating disk drives in novel nuclear
space propulsion engines and also this model has important applications in heat transfer enhancement in renewable
energy systems and industrial thermal management. Copyright © 2015 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. (28 refs)
Main heading: Magnetohydrodynamics
Controlled terms: Digital storage - Entropy - Friction - Heat engines - Heat transfer - Physical properties - Renewable
energy resources - Reynolds number - Rotating disks - Runge Kutta methods - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms: Entropy generation - Fourth-order Runge-Kutta methods - Heat Transfer enhancement - MHD
flow - Porous disk - Second Law of Thermodynamics - Skin friction coefficient - Variable physical properties
Energy Issues - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 615.3 Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Power
GenerationMagnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Power Generation - 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General -
641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics - 641.2 Heat TransferHeat Transfer - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and
TechniquesData Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods - 931.2 Physical
Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsPhysical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Database: Compendex
269. Effect of broken axial symmetry on the electric dipole strength and the collective
enhancement of level densities in heavy nuclei
Grosse, E. (1); Junghans, A.R. (2); Wilson, J.N. (3)
Source: Physica Scripta, v 92, n 11, p 114003 (17 pp.), Nov. 2017; ISSN: 0031-8949; DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/
aa8607; Publisher: IOP Publishing, UK
Author affiliation: (1) Inst. of Nucl. & Particle Phys., Tech. Univ. Dresden, Dresden, Germany (2) Inst. of Radiat.
Phys., Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (3) Inst. of Nucl. Phys., Univ. Paris-Sud, Orsay,
France
Abstract: The basic parameters for calculations of radiative neutron capture, photon strength functions and nuclear
level densities near the neutron separation energy are determined based on experimental data without an ad hoc
assumption about axial symmetry-at variance to previous analysis. Surprisingly few global fit parameters are needed in
addition to information on nuclear deformation, taken from Hartree Fock Bogolyubov calculations with the Gogny force,
and the generator coordinator method assures properly defined angular momentum. For a large number of nuclei the

GDR shapes and the photon strength are described by the sum of three Lorentzians, extrapolated to low energies and
normalised in accordance to the dipole sum rule. Level densities are influenced strongly by the significant collective
enhancement based on the breaking of shape symmetry. The replacement of axial symmetry by the less stringent
requirement of invariance against rotation by 180° leads to a novel prediction for radiative neutron capture. It compares
well to recent compilations of average radiative widths and Maxwellian average cross sections for neutron capture by
even target nuclei. An extension to higher spin promises a reliable prediction for various compound nuclear reactions
also outside the valley of stability. Such predictions are of high importance for future nuclear energy systems and waste
transmutation as well as for the understanding of the cosmic synthesis of heavy elements. (136 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: axial symmetry - deformed nuclei - giant resonances - HF calculations - neutron radiative
capture - nuclear density - nuclear energy level transitions - nuclear energy levels - nuclear shape - nuclei with mass
number 150 to 189 - nuclei with mass number 20 to 38 - nuclei with mass number 90 to 149 - statistical models
(nuclear)
Uncontrolled terms: shape symmetry - radiative neutron capture - average radiative widths - Maxwellian average
cross sections - target nuclei - compound nuclear reactions - future nuclear energy systems - broken axial symmetry -
electric dipole strength - heavy nuclei - basic parameters - photon strength functions - nuclear level densities - neutron
separation energy - ad hoc assumption - global fit parameters - nuclear deformation - Hartree Fock Bogolyubov
calculations - Gogny force - generator coordinator method assures - angular momentum - nuclei the GDR shapes -
low energies - dipole sum rule - axial symmetry - level densities - nuclear reactions - waste transmutation - cosmic
synthesis
Classification Code: A2110F Nuclear shape, charge, radius, form factors and structure functionsNuclear shape,
charge, radius, form factors and structure functions - A2110M Nuclear level density and structureNuclear level
density and structure - A2160J Hartree-Fock and random-phase approximations in nucleiHartree-Fock and random-
phase approximations in nuclei - A2430C Giant resonancesGiant resonances - A2460 Nuclear statistical theory and
fluctuationsNuclear statistical theory and fluctuations - A2540L Radiative captureRadiative capture - A2730 Properties
of nuclei with 20 A 38Properties of nuclei with 20 &les; A &les; 38 - A2760 Properties of nuclei with 90 A 149Properties
of nuclei with 90 &les; A &les; 149 - A2770 Properties of nuclei with 150 A 189Properties of nuclei with 150 &les; A
&les; 189 - A0260 Numerical approximation and analysisNumerical approximation and analysis
Database: Inspec
270. Process modeling of a reversible solid oxide cell (r-SOC) energy storage system
utilizing commercially available SOC reactor
Mottaghizadeh, Pegah (1, 2); Santhanam, Srikanth (1); Heddrich, Marc P. (1); Friedrich, K. Andreas (1); Rinaldi, Fabio
(2)
Source: Energy Conversion and Management, v 142, p 477-493, 2017; ISSN: 01968904; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, Pfaffenwaldring
38-40, Stuttgart; 70569, Germany (2) Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano; 20133, Italy
Abstract: The increase of intermittent renewable energy contribution in power grids has urged us to seek means for
temporal decoupling of electricity production and consumption. A reversible solid oxide cell (r-SOC) enables storage
of surplus electricity through electrochemical reactions when it is in electrolysis mode. The reserved energy in form of
chemical compounds is then converted to electricity when the cell operates as a fuel cell. A process system model was
implemented using Aspen Plus® V8.8 based on a commercially available r-SOC reactor experimentally characterized
at DLR. In this study a complete self-sustaining system configuration is designed by optimal thermal integration and
balance of plant. Under reference conditions a round trip efficiency of 54.3% was achieved. Generated heat in fuel cell
mode is exploited by latent heat storage tanks to enable endothermic operation of reactor in its electrolysis mode. In
total, out of 100 units of thermal energy stored in heat storage tanks during fuel cell mode, 90% was utilized to offset
heat demand of system in its electrolysis mode. Parametric analysis revealed the significance of heat storage tanks
in thermal management even when reactor entered its exothermic mode of electrolysis. An improved process system
design demonstrates a system round-trip efficiency of 60.4% at 25 bar. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (57 refs)
Main heading: Fuel storage
Controlled terms: Chemical compounds - Electric energy storage - Electric power transmission networks - Electrolysis
- Energy storage - Fuel cells - Fuel tanks - Heat storage - Latent heat - Solar equipment - Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
- Tanks (containers)
Uncontrolled terms: Electrical energy storages - Electricity production - Electrochemical reactions - Energy storage
systems - Parametric -analysis - Reversible solid oxide cells - Round trip - System configurations

Classification Code: 525.7 Energy StorageEnergy Storage - 619.2 TanksTanks - 641.1

ThermodynamicsThermodynamics - 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 694.4
StorageStorage - 702.2 Fuel CellsFuel Cells - 706.1.1 Electric Power TransmissionElectric Power Transmission -
801.4.1 ElectrochemistryElectrochemistry
Database: Compendex
271. Accurate assessment of the output energy from the doubly fed induction generators
El-Kharashi, Eyhab (1); Farid, Azmy Wadie (2)
Source: Energy, v 93, p 406-415, December 15, 2015; ISSN: 03605442; DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.09.056;
Author affiliation: (1) Faculty of Engineering, Electrical Power and Machines Department, Ain Shams University, El-
Sarayat Street, Abdou Basha Square Abbasia, Cairo; 11517, Egypt (2) Upper Egypt Electricity Production Company,
El-Korimat, Atfih Street, Giza Area, Cairo, Egypt
Abstract: Wind energy shows considerable promise for the future. Doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) are
attracting much attention in wind energy systems due to their unique advantages, including a reduced size power
converter, as well as versatility in the independent control of active and reactive power. It is important to determine
the precise output energy from the DFIG, particularly when the output voltage is unbalanced, in order to be able to
undertake an accurate assessment of the entire output energy from the wind farm. This paper presents a new model
for the doubly fed induction generator operating under unbalanced conditions. This model is deduced using the space
vector and the angle of unbalanced current for the stator and the rotor currents. This model is used for the precise
assessment of the output energy from the doubly fed induction generator, whether it generates either a balanced
or unbalanced supply of voltage. Also the paper introduces a power circle diagram which translates the use of the
proposed mathematical model by a simple way to stand one of the degrees of the unbalance during the unbalanced
operation. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. (22 refs)
Controlled terms: Electric fault currents - Electric generators - Electric load flow - Vector spaces - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Accurate assessment - Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) - Output energy - Power flow
model - Power-circle - Unbalanced operations
- 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and PhenomenaElectricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 705.2 Electric
GeneratorsElectric Generators - 705.2.1 AC GeneratorsAC Generators - 706.1 Electric Power SystemsElectric Power
Systems - 921 MathematicsMathematics
Database: Compendex
272. An optimal versatile control approach for plug-in electric vehicles to integrate
renewable energy sources and smart grids
Rahbari, O. (1); Vafaeipour, M. (1); Omar, N. (1); Rosen, M.A. (2); Hegazy, O. (1); Timmermans, J.-M. (1); Heibati, S.
(3); Van Den Bossche, P. (1)
Source: Energy, v 134, p 1053-67, 1 Sept. 2017; ISSN: 0360-5442; DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.06.007; Publisher:
Author affiliation: (1) ETEC Dept., Vrije Univ. Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (2) Fac. of Eng. & Appl. Sci., Univ. of
Ontario Inst. of Technol., Oshawa, ON, Canada (3) Civil Eng. Dept., Univ. of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Abstract: This study proposes a practical solution to deal with challenges of integrating renewable energy sources and
electric vehicles into the electric grid, considering generation source intermittency and energy usage inconsistency,
via a new adaptive intelligent controller. The present research describes a smart grid consisting of power plants and
distributed generation, fueled via photovoltaic panels and wind turbines, and augmented with electric vehicles as
power storage devices. Employing a parking lot to deal with challenges such as low penetration of the electric vehicles
embedded with Vehicle-to-Grid functionalities encounters two difficulties: where they should be installed, and modeling
of bi-directional power flow between electric vehicles, the grid, and the distributed generation system. In this regard, a
nonlinear multi-objective problem is designed and solved via employing the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-
II, and the forward and backward substitution method. In addition, Newton-Raphson Power Flow is adopted and
modified to calculate the power flow of the distribution network. The results related to optimal placement and sizing
of hybrid renewable energy systems show that bus 16 of the studied grid is the best place to integrate a parking lot
- equipped with 117 photovoltaic and 10 wind turbine units - to the tested IEEE-26 buses. Furthermore, this study

suggests that the aforementioned grid could employ a complex versatile control unit able to optimize the operating
point, scheduling charging and discharging for a large number of electric vehicles while considering the technical
aspects (total active power loss and voltage deviation). In this regard, a new hybrid control approach based on Particle
Swarm Optimization-Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System tuned via utilizing the optimal power flow problem is
proposed. The controller's superiority to handle grid-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-grid services is discussed and compared
to other studies. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (47 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: distributed power generation - distribution networks - electric vehicles - genetic algorithms -
intelligent control - load flow - Newton-Raphson method - optimal control - particle swarm optimisation - power grids -
vehicle-to-grid - wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: plug-in electric vehicles - grid-to-vehicle services - adaptive intelligent controller - power plants
- distributed generation - photovoltaic panels - wind turbines - power storage devices - power storage devices -
vehicle-to-grid functionalities - nonlinear multiobjective problem - nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-II - forward
substitution - backward substitution - Newton-Raphson power flow - distribution network - tested IEEE-26 buses
- hybrid control approach - particle swarm optimization - adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system - vehicle-to-grid
services - optimal power flow problem - hybrid renewable energy systems - bi-directional power flow - energy usage
inconsistency - generation source intermittency - electric grid - smart grid - renewable energy sources - optimal
versatile control approach
Classification Code: A8620A General transportation (energy utilisation)General transportation (energy
utilisation) - B8520 TransportationTransportation - B8245 Wind power plantsWind power plants - B0260
Optimisation techniquesOptimisation techniques - B0290F Interpolation and function approximation (numerical
analysis)Interpolation and function approximation (numerical analysis) - B8110B Power system management,
operation and economicsPower system management, operation and economics - B8110C Power system
controlPower system control - B8120J Distribution networksDistribution networks - C3340H Control of electric power
systemsControl of electric power systems - C1330 Optimal controlOptimal control - C4130 Interpolation and function
approximation (numerical analysis)Interpolation and function approximation (numerical analysis) - C1180 Optimisation
IPC Code: B60L - F03D - H02J3/00 - H02J3/38
Database: Inspec
273. Cost-optimal electricity systems with increasing renewable energy penetration for
islands across the globe
Gioutsos, Dean Marcus (1); Blok, Kornelis (1); van Velzen, Leonore (1); Moorman, Sjoerd (1)
Source: Applied Energy, v 226, p 437-449, 15 September 2018; ISSN: 03062619; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5,
Delft; BX; 2628, Netherlands
Abstract: Cost-optimal electricity system configurations with increasing renewable energy penetration were
determined in this article for six islands of different geographies, sizes and contexts, utilizing photovoltaic energy,
wind energy, pumped hydro storage and battery storage. The results of the optimizations showed strong reasoning
for islands to invest in renewable energy technologies (particularly wind energy), as compared to conventional power
generation. Levelized cost of systems for electricity generation decrease considerably with increasing renewable
energy penetrations, to an optimal point in the range of 40–80% penetration. Furthermore, renewable electricity
integration in the order of 60–90% could still be achieved with no added cost from the initial situation. Cost increases
after these optimal points are attributed to the growing inclusion of storage, required to meet the higher renewable
energy shares. However, with battery costs forecast to fall in the coming years, and a cost reduction of 50–70%
already causing lithium-ion batteries to overtake pumped hydro as a cost-favorable storage option in this model, there
is a real case for islands to begin their transition in a staged process; first installing wind and PV generation, and then
- as storage costs decrease and their renewable energy capacities increase - investing in storage options. © 2018 The
Authors (57 refs)
Main heading: Battery storage
Controlled terms: Cost reduction - Lithium-ion batteries - Photovoltaic cells - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Cost optimization - Electricity generation - Energy systems - Hybrid power plants - Renewable
electricity - Renewable energy capacity - Renewable energy penetrations - Renewable energy technologies
Database: Compendex

274. Gas-Constrained Secure Reserve Allocation with Large Renewable Penetration

Antenucci, Andrea (1); Sansavini, Giovanni (1)
Source: IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, v 9, n 2, p 685-694, April 2018; ISSN: 19493029; DOI: 10.1109/
TSTE.2017.2756091; Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Author affiliation: (1) Reliability and Risk Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Energy Technology, Department of
Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich; 8092, Switzerland
Abstract: Gas-fired generation provides flexibility to the power system for peak-load shaving and reserve allocation.
Large penetration of renewables strengthens the gas-electric coupling. Consequently, constraints to the operations
of the high-pressure gas transmission system may endanger the security of power supply. To address this issue,
we assess the impact of gas constraints on the day-ahead electric power and reserve scheduling. Furthermore, we
investigate the effect of unforeseen, large negative ramps of wind power generation on the gas network operations.
The day-ahead scheduling of electric generator dispatch and reserves is determined via a stochastic, N-1 secure
optimization. Minimum-pressure constraints update the scheduling of electric generators and reserves. The simplified
energy infrastructure of Great Britain in the 2030 Gone Green scenario is investigated for diverse gas load and wind
availability conditions. Results show that large gas demands decrease linepack and cause gas-fired units to shut
down due to minimum pressure violations. In scarce-wind conditions, gas network limitations largely affect reserve
scheduling and nonelectric gas curtailments are needed to comply with pressure safety margins. Conversely, reserve
planning including gas constraints prevents pressure violations caused by unexpected wind fluctuations. These results
support operators and regulators by providing a technoeconomical evaluation of the gas-electric interdependencies. ©
2010-2012 IEEE. (35 refs)
Main heading: Proven reserves
Controlled terms: Constrained optimization - Electric generators - Electric load management - Electric power
generation - Electric power systems - Electric power transmission - Gas generators - Gases - Genetic algorithms
- Network security - Optimization - Random processes - Scheduling - Stochastic systems - Uncertainty analysis -
Weather forecasting - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Forecast uncertainty - Gas networks - Load modeling - Multi-energy systems - Renewable
energies - reserve allocation - Security - Security-constrained unit commitment - Stochastic optimizations - Wind
forecasting
Database: Compendex
275. Wells turbine for wave energy conversion: a review

Shehata, A.S. (1); Qing Xiao (1); Saqr, K.M. (2); Alexander, D. (1)
Source: International Journal of Energy Research, v 41, n 1, p 6-38, Jan. 2017; ISSN: 0363-907X; DOI: 10.1002/
er.3583; Publisher: Wiley, USA
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Naval Archit., Ocean & Marine Eng., Univ. of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom (2)
Mech. Eng. Dept., Coll. of Eng. & Technol., Alexandria, Egypt
Abstract: In the past 20 years, the use of wave energy systems has significantly increased, generally depending on
the oscillating water column concept. Wells turbine is one of the most efficient oscillating water column technologies.
This article provides an updated and a comprehensive account of the state-of-the-art research on Wells turbine.
Hence, it draws a roadmap for the contemporary challenges, which may hinder future reliance on such systems in the
renewable energy sector. In particular, the article is concerned with the research directions and methodologies, which
aim at enhancing the performance and efficiency of Wells turbine. The article also provides a thorough discussion of
the use of CFD for performance modeling and design optimization of Wells turbine. It is found that a numerical model
using the CFD code can be employed successfully to calculate the performance characteristics of W-T as well as
other experimental and analytical methods. The increase of research papers about CFD, especially in the last 5 years,
indicates that there is a trend that considerably depends on the CFD method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons,
Ltd. (232 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: computational fluid dynamics - wave power generation - wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: Wells turbine - wave energy conversion - wave energy systems - oscillating water column -
renewable energy sector - computational fluid dynamics - CFD code
Classification Code: A8610F Tidal and flow energyTidal and flow energy - B8240B Wave powerWave power - B8245
Wind power plantsWind power plants
IPC Code: F03D
Treatment: Bibliography (BIB) - General or Review (GEN) - Theoretical or Mathematical (THR) - Experimental (EXP)

Database: Inspec
276. Integrated North Sea grids: The costs, the benefits and their distribution between
countries
Konstantelos, Ioannis (1); Pudjianto, Danny (1); Strbac, Goran (1); De Decker, Jan (2); Joseph, Pieter (2); Flament,
Aurore (2); Kreutzkamp, Paul (2); Genoese, Fabio (3); Rehfeldt, Leif (4); Wallasch, Anna-Kathrin (4); Gerdes, Gerhard
(4); Jafar, Muhammad (5); Yang, Yongtao (5); Tidemand, Nicolaj (5); Jansen, Jaap (6); Nieuwenhout, Frans (6); van
der Welle, Adriaan (6); Veum, Karina (6)
Source: Energy Policy, v 101, p 28-41, February 1, 2017; ISSN: 03014215; DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.024;
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
(2) 3E, Belgium (3) CEPS, Belgium (4) Deutsche WindGuard, Germany (5) DNV GL, Norway (6) ECN, Netherlands
Abstract: A large number of offshore wind farms and interconnectors are expected to be constructed in the North Sea
region over the coming decades, creating substantial opportunities for the deployment of integrated network solutions.
Creating interconnected offshore grids that combine cross-border links and connections of offshore plants to shore
offers multiple economic and environmental advantages for Europe's energy system. However, despite evidence
that integrated solutions can be more beneficial than traditional radial connection practices, no such projects have
been deployed yet. In this paper we quantify costs and benefits of integrated projects and investigate to which extent
the cost-benefit sharing mechanism between participating countries can impede or encourage the development of
integrated projects. Three concrete interconnection case studies in the North Sea area are analysed in detail using
a national-level power system model. Model outputs are used to compute the net benefit of all involved stakeholders
under different allocation schemes. Given the asymmetric distribution of costs and benefits, we recommend to
consistently apply the Positive Net Benefit Differential mechanism as a starting point for negotiations on the financial
closure of investments in integrated offshore infrastructure. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd (24 refs)
Main heading: Offshore wind farms
Controlled terms: Cost benefit analysis - Costs - Electric power system interconnection - Investments - Plant
shutdowns - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Asymmetric distribution - Benefit allocation - Cross-border - Integrated networks - Integrated
solutions - Offshore coordination - Offshore infrastructure - Transmission investments
706.1 Electric Power SystemsElectric Power Systems - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost
and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics
Database: Compendex
277. Assessment of Heat Recovery and Recovery Efficiency of a Seasonal Thermal Energy
Storage System in a Moist Porous Medium
Dada, M.A. (1); Benchatti, A. (1)
Source: International Journal of Heat and Technology, v 34, n 4, p 701-708, 2016; ISSN: 03928764; DOI: 10.18280/
ijht.340421; Publisher: Edizioni ETS
Author affiliation: (1) Laboratoire de Mécanique, University of Laghouat, B.P. 37G, Laghouat; 03000, Algeria
Abstract: Thermal energy storage has received a great interest by researchers and industrials as part of designing
new systems able to store and deliver thermal energy efficiently for long periods, especially in regions characterized by
important solar energy potential. The aim of this preliminary work is to simulate the performance of a novel seasonal
heat storage system dedicated to store heat in the ground during hot period then to recover it during cold period.
The system investigated herein is a ground heat exchanger buried at only 8 m below the underground while other
technologies go deeper than 100 m. Several case studies have been simulated according to different types of hot fluid
carrier and moisture content of the porous medium. Comsol Multiphysics was used to model heat exchange between
a fluid carrier flowing through a GHX, and a partially saturated porous medium composed essentially of gravel and
located at about 0.5 m underground. Performance of the system was evaluated for a one-year period in order to get a
good estimation of long-term heat storage and recovery. The results showed that the use of gasoline as a fluid carrier
will yield higher temperature levels than the other fluids particularly during cold season; however, the use of water
allowed for the storage and recovery of bigger heat energy than gasoline or glycol do. However, moisture content of
the porous medium did not influence the whole process. System heat recovery has been enhanced by the use of two

ducts to extract more heat from the underground. This approach led to a remarkable increase in temperature levels, as
well as heat energy and recovery efficiency which went up from 41% when using only 1 duct to 71%. (7 refs)
Controlled terms: Ducts - Energy storage - Gasoline - Heat exchangers - Heat storage - Moisture - Moisture
determination - Porous materials - Recovery - Solar energy - Thermal energy - Waste heat - Waste heat utilization
Uncontrolled terms: Comsol multiphysics - Ground heat exchangers - Long-term - Partially saturated - Recovery
efficiency - Seasonal heat storages - Thermal energy storage systems - Underground
Classification Code: 523 Liquid FuelsLiquid Fuels - 525 Energy Management and ConversionEnergy Management
and Conversion - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and ComponentsHeat Exchange Equipment and Components
- 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 944.2 Moisture MeasurementsMoisture
Measurements - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science
Database: Compendex
278. Bioenergy and the city - What can urban forests contribute?
Kraxner, F. (1); Aoki, K. (1); Kindermann, G. (1); Leduc, S. (1); Albrecht, F. (2); Liu, J. (3); Yamagata, Y. (4)
Source: Applied Energy, v 165, p 990-1003, 1 March 2016; ISSN: 0306-2619; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.12.121;
Author affiliation: (1) Ecosyst. Services & Manage. Program, Int. Inst. for Appl. Syst. Anal., Laxenburg, Austria (2)
GeoVille Inf. Syst. GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria (3) Sch. of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry Univ., Beijing, China (4)
Center for Global Environ. Res., Nat. Inst. for Environ. Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
Abstract: Bioenergy plays an important role in mitigating dangerous climate change and will therefore most likely have
to further expand substantially. With 50% of the global population living in urban areas, cities are transforming into
hotspots for future sustainable energy systems in the context of a low-carbon society. Bioenergy feedstock from urban
forests could contribute substantially to low-carbon energy supply, yet urban ecosystems also provide other services
that have to be balanced against future energy needs. This study conducts a geo-spatial analysis of urban forests with
respect to its potential of increasing feedstock production for urban bioenergy generation. At the same time, social
and environmental constraints are considered and co-benefits discussed. In order to test the wider applicability of the
methodology, the Vienna Woods Biosphere Reserve is chosen as a case study to determine the feedstock potential
for local bioenergy provided to Viennese households. The theoretical biomass potential is modeled using biophysical
growth and yield tables for individual tree species and then compared to the existing production area using GIS tools.
Results show that the biomass use within the biosphere reserve can be increased by about 60% without violating any
national or international law that protects multiple ecosystem services provided by the reserve, nor sustainability criteria
of forest management. This indicates a high potential of peri-urban forest ecosystems to contribute to urban resilience
- i.e. with respect to energy security and emissions reduction. The study concludes that urban forests require sensible
management in order to minimize conflicts of multiple environmental, economic and social uses of the area. [All rights
Inspec controlled terms: bioenergy conversion - climate mitigation - ecology - forestry - geographic information
systems - sustainable development - wood
Uncontrolled terms: urban forest contribution - dangerous climate change mitigation - future sustainable energy
system - low-carbon society - bioenergy feedstock - low-carbon energy supply - urban ecosystem - geo-spatial analysis
- urban bioenergy generation - environmental constraint - social constraint - Vienna wood biosphere reserve - Viennese
household - biophysical growth - GIS tool - biomass use - multiple ecosystem services - forest management - peri-
urban forest ecosystem
Classification Code: E2310 Power and plant engineering (mechanical engineering)Power and plant engineering
(mechanical engineering) - E1710 Engineering materialsEngineering materials - E0230 Environmental
issuesEnvironmental issues
IPC Code: A01G23/00
Database: Inspec
279. Backstepping based non-linear control for maximum power point tracking in
photovoltaic system
Naghmash (1); Armghan, H. (1); Ahmad, I. (2); Armghan, A. (3); Khan, S. (2); Arsalan, M. (2)

Source: Solar Energy, v 159, p 134-41, 1 Jan. 2018; ISSN: 0038-092X; DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2017.10.062;
Author affiliation: (1) Sch. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan (2) Sch. of Electr. Eng. &
Comput. Sci., Nat. Univ. of Sci. & Technol., Islamabad, Pakistan (3) Dept. of Electr. Eng., Aljouf Univ., Aljouf, Saudi
Arabia
Abstract: The increasing energy demands, depleting fossil fuels and increasing global warming due to carbon
emission has arisen the need for an alternate, overall efficient and environment-friendly energy system. Solar energy
is considered to be one of the most promising alternative energy sources, but it has the problem of low efficiency due
to varying environmental conditions. To increase its efficiency, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm
is required to harvest maximum power from the Photovoltaic (PV) array. In this paper, a non-linear backstepping
controller is proposed to extract the maximum power from the PV system. A non-inverting buck-boost converter is
used as an interface between the load and the PV array. Reference voltages for the controller are generated by a
regression plane. Asymptotic stability of the system is verified through Lyapunov stability analysis. The performance of
the proposed controller is tested under MATLAB/Simulink platform. The simulation results validate that the proposed
controller offers fast and accurate tracking. Comparison with perturb & observe and fuzzy logic controller is provided
to show the performance of the proposed controller under abrupt variation of the environmental conditions. [All rights
Inspec controlled terms: asymptotic stability - control nonlinearities - control system synthesis - fuzzy control -
invertors - Lyapunov methods - maximum power point trackers - nonlinear control systems - photovoltaic power
systems - power convertors - power generation control - stability
Uncontrolled terms: nonlinear control - photovoltaic system - increasing energy demands - fossil fuels - increasing
global warming - carbon emission - alternate environment-friendly energy system - overall efficient environment-
friendly energy system - solar energy - promising alternative energy sources - low efficiency - environmental conditions
- maximum power point tracking algorithm - Photovoltaic array - nonlinear backstepping controller - PV system -
noninverting buck-boost converter - PV array - Lyapunov stability analysis - accurate tracking - fuzzy logic controller
Classification Code: B8360 Power convertors and power supplies to apparatusPower convertors and power supplies
to apparatus - B8250 Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systemsSolar power stations and photovoltaic
power systems - C3340H Control of electric power systemsControl of electric power systems - C1310 Control
system analysis and synthesis methodsControl system analysis and synthesis methods - C1320 Stability in control
theoryStability in control theory - C1340K Nonlinear control systemsNonlinear control systems
IPC Code: G05B17/00 - H02M - H02M3/00 - H02M7/00 - G05F1/67 - H02S
Database: Inspec
280. Boosting the share of onsite PV-electricity utilization by optimized scheduling of a heat
pump using buildings thermal inertia
Toradmal, Ajit (1); Kemmler, Thomas (1); Thomas, Bernd (1)
Source: Applied Thermal Engineering, v 137, p 248-258, 5 June 2018; ISSN: 13594311; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Reutlinger Energiezentrum (REZ), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstrasse 150, Reutlingen;
72762, Germany
Abstract: Coupling electricity and heat sector is one of the most necessary actions for the successful energy transition.
Efficient electrification for space heating and domestic hot water generation is needed for buildings, which are not
connected to any district heating network, as distributed heating demand momentarily is largely met by fossil fuels.
Hence, hybrid energy systems will play a pivotal role for the energy transition in buildings. Heat pumps running on
PV-electricity is one of the most widely discussed combination for this purpose. In this paper, a heuristic optimization
method for the optimal operation of a heat pump driven by the objective for maximum onsite PV-electricity utilization
is presented. In this context, the thermal flexibility of the building and a thermal energy storage (TES) for generation
of domestic hot water (DHW) are activated in order to shift the operation of the heat pump to times of PV-generation.
Yearly simulations for a system consisting of heat pump, PV modules, building with floor heating installation and TES
for DHW generation are carried out. Variation parameters for the simulation include room temperature amplitude (0.5,
1, 1.5 and 2 K) based on mean room temperature (21 °C), PV-capacity (4, 6, 8 and 10 kW) and type of heat pump
(ground source and air source type). The yearly energy balances show that buildings offer significant thermal storage
capacity avoiding an additional, large TES for space heating fulfillment and improving the share of onsite PV-electricity
utilization. With introduction of a battery, which has been analyzed as well for different sizes (1.9, 4.8, 7.7 and 10.6
kWh), the share of onsite PV-electricity utilization can even be improved. However, thermal flexibility supplemented
by the varying room temperature amplitude for a bigger battery does not improve the share of onsite PV-electricity

utilization. Nevertheless, even with a battery not more than 50% of the electrical load including operation of the heat
pump can be covered by PV-electricity for the specific system under investigation. This is noteworthy one the one
hand, since it indicates that a hybrid heating system consisting of heat pump and PV cannot solely cover the heat
demand of residential buildings. One the other hand, this emphasizes the necessity to include further renewable
sources like wind power, in order to draw the complete picture. This, however, is beyond the scope of this paper, which
mainly focuses on introduction and verification of the novel control method with regard to a practical building. © 2018
Main heading: Heat pump systems
Controlled terms: Buildings - District heating - Electric batteries - Electric energy storage - Electric power utilization
- Energy management - Fossil fuels - Heat storage - Heating equipment - Heuristic methods - Hot water distribution
systems - Optimization - Photovoltaic cells - Space heating - Thermography (temperature measurement) - Water -
Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Building simulation - District heating networks - Electricity and heat sectors - Heat pumps -
Heuristic optimization method - Mathematical optimizations - Optimized scheduling - Temperature amplitude
ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power
(Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and ComponentsHeat Exchange Equipment and
Components - 643.1 Space HeatingSpace Heating - 702.1 Electric BatteriesElectric Batteries - 706.1 Electric Power
SystemsElectric Power Systems - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques - 944.6 Temperature
MeasurementsTemperature Measurements
Database: Compendex
281. Dynamics Identification, Filtering and Control Design for Power Kites
Saraiva, Ramiro (1); De Lellis, Marcelo (2); Schmidt, Eduardo (1); Trofino, Alexandre (1)
Source: IFAC-PapersOnLine, v 50, n 1, p 11938-11943, July 2017, 20th IFAC World Congress; E-ISSN: 24058963;
DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.08.1036; Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Author affiliation: (1) Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis; SC; 88040-900, Brazil (2) State University of
Western Parana, Foz do Iguacu; PR; 85870-650, Brazil
Abstract: This paper presents a 2D model describing the flight dynamics of a power kite on the tangent plane of its
wind window. This model depends on variables that can be easily measured, as well as on parameters that can be
readily identified. To this end, an Extended Kalman filter is employed on-line, allowing us to cope with instrumentation
noise while identifying the steering gain and transport delay. Taking advantage of the plant knowledge, we design a
course angle controller to ensure closed-loop stability. The proposed filtering and control scheme is validated based on
a hardware-in-the-loop setup. Results of field tests are also presented. © 2017 (15 refs)
Main heading: Adaptive control systems
Controlled terms: Curricula - Extended Kalman filters - Flight control systems - Flight dynamics - Kalman filters -
Parameter estimation - Renewable energy resources - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Adaptive Control - Closed loop stability - Dynamics identifications - Flight control - Hard-ware-in-
the-loop - Renewable energy systems - System models - Transport delay
Energy Issues - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 731.1
Control SystemsControl Systems - 901.2 EducationEducation
Database: Compendex
282. Macroalgae Biorefinery from Kappaphycus alvarezii: Conversion Modeling and

Performance Prediction for India and Philippines as Examples
Ingle, Kapilkumar (1); Vitkin, Edward (2); Robin, Arthur (1); Yakhini, Zohar (2, 3); Mishori, Daniel (1, 4); Golberg,
Alexander (1)
Source: Bioenergy Research, v 11, n 1, p 22-32, March 1, 2018; ISSN: 19391234, E-ISSN: 19391242; DOI: 10.1007/
s12155-017-9874-z; Publisher: Springer New York LLC
Author affiliation: (1) Porter School of Environmental Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (2) Computer
Science Department, Technion, Haifa, Israel (3) School of Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzeliya, Israel
(4) Department of Geography and the Human Environment, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Abstract: Marine macroalgae are potential sustainable feedstock for biorefinery. However, this use of macroalgae is
limited today mostly because macroalgae farming takes place in rural areas in medium- and low-income countries,
where technologies to convert this biomass to chemicals and biofuels are not available. The goal of this work is
to develop models to enable optimization of material and exergy flows in macroalgal biorefineries. We developed
models for the currently widely cultivated red macroalgae Kappaphycus alvarezii being biorefined for the production
of bioethanol, carrageenan, fertilizer, and biogas. Using flux balance analysis, we developed a computational model
that allows the prediction of various fermentation scenarios and the identification of the most efficient conversion of
K. alvarezii to bioethanol. Furthermore, we propose the potential implementation of these models in rural farms that
currently cultivate Kappaphycus in Philippines and in India. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. (83 refs)
Main heading: Refining
Controlled terms: Bioconversion - Bioethanol - Ethanol - Exergy - Fermentation
Uncontrolled terms: Biorefineries - Energy system design - Global justice - India - Kappaphycus alvarezii - Philippines
Database: Compendex
283. Transforming the electricity generation of the Berlin-Brandenburg region, Germany

Moeller, Caroline (1); Meiss, Jan (1); Mueller, Berit (1); Hlusiak, Markus (1); Breyer, Christian (1); Kastner, Michael (1);
Twele, Jochen (1)
Source: Renewable Energy, v 72, p 39-50, December 2014; ISSN: 09601481; DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2014.06.042;
Author affiliation: (1) Reiner Lemoine Institute gGmbH, Ostendstraße 25, 12459 Berlin, Germany
Abstract: We present possible steps for Germany's capital region for a pathway towards high-level renewable energy
contributions. To this end, we give an overview of the current energy policy and status of electricity generation and
demand of two federal states: the capital city Berlin and the surrounding state of Brandenburg. In a second step
we present alternative, feasible scenarios with focus on the years 2020 and 2030. All scenarios were numerically
evaluated in hourly time steps using a cost optimisation approach. The required installed capacities in an 80%
renewables scenario in the year 2020 consist of 8.8GW wind energy, 4.8GW photovoltaics, 0.4GWelbioenergy,
0.6GWelmethanation and a gas storage capacity of 180GWhth. In order to meet a renewable electricity share of
100% in 2030, approximately 9.5GW wind energy, 10.2GW photovoltaics and 0.4GWelbioenergy will be needed,
complemented by a methanation capacity of about 1.5GWeland gas storage of about 530GWhth. In 2030, an
additional 11GWhelof battery storage capacity will be required. Approximately 3GW of thermal gas power plants will be
necessary to cover the residual load in both scenarios. Furthermore, we studied the transmission capacities of extra-
high voltage transmission lines in a second simulation and found them to be sufficient for the energy distribution within
the investigated region. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. (32 refs)
Main heading: EHV power transmission
Controlled terms: Electric power generation - Energy policy - Fossil fuel power plants - Gas plants - Hydrogenation -
Methanation - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Cost optimisation - Energy scenarios - Energy system simulations - Energy transitions -
Renewable electricity
Classification Code: 522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels - 525.6 Energy PolicyEnergy Policy - 615.8 Wind Power (Before
1993, use code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 706.1.1 Electric Power TransmissionElectric Power
Transmission - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions
Database: Compendex
284. Temperature Estimation for Photovoltaic Array Using an Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy
Inference System
Bassam, A. (1); Tzuc, O.M. (1); Escalante Soberanis, M. (1); Ricalde, L.J. (1); Cruz, B. (1)
Source: Sustainability, v 9, n 8, p 1399 (16 pp.), Aug. 2017; ISSN: 2071-1050; DOI: 10.3390/su9081399; Publisher:
MDPI, Switzerland
Author affiliation: (1) Fac. de Ing., Univ. Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
Abstract: Module temperature is an important parameter of photovoltaic energy systems since their performance
is affected by its variation. Several cooling controllers require a precise estimation of module temperature to reduce
excessive heating and power losses. In this work, an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system technique is developed
for temperature estimation of photovoltaic systems. For the learning process, experimental measurements comprising
six environmental variables (temperature, irradiance, wind velocity, wind direction, relative humidity, and atmospheric

pressure) and one operational variable (photovoltaic power output) were used as training parameters. The proposed
predictive model comprises a zero-order Sugeno neuro fuzzy system with two generalized bell-shaped membership
functions per input and 128 fuzzy rules. The model is validated with experimental information from an instrumented
photovoltaic system with a fitness correlation parameter of R = 95%. The obtained results indicate that the proposed
methodology provides a reliable tool for estimation of modules temperature based on environmental variables. The
developed algorithm can be implemented as part of a cooling control system of photovoltaic modules to reduce the
efficiency losses. (49 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: cooling - fuzzy control - fuzzy systems - photovoltaic power systems - power generation
control
Uncontrolled terms: wind velocity - wind direction - operational variable - photovoltaic power output - zero-order
Sugeno neuro fuzzy system - generalized bell-shaped membership functions - instrumented photovoltaic system -
fitness correlation parameter - environmental variables - cooling control system - photovoltaic modules - photovoltaic
systems - adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system technique - power losses - cooling controllers - photovoltaic energy
systems - module temperature - photovoltaic array - temperature estimation
photovoltaic power systems - C3340H Control of electric power systemsControl of electric power systems - C1160
Combinatorial mathematicsCombinatorial mathematics - C1340F Fuzzy controlFuzzy control
IPC Code: F25 - H02S
Database: Inspec
285. Control and EMS of a grid-connected microgrid with economical analysis

El-Hendawi, Mohamed (1, 2); Gabbar, Hossam A. (1, 3); El-Saady, Gaber (2); Ibrahim, El-Nobi A. (2)
Source: Energies, v 11, n 1, January 2018; E-ISSN: 19961073; DOI: 10.3390/en11010129; Article number: 129;
Publisher: MDPI AG
Author affiliation: (1) Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario, Institute of Technology, 2000
Simcoe Street North, Oshawa; ON; L1H7K4, Canada (2) Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,
Assiut University, Assiut; 71515, Egypt (3) Faculty of Energy Systems and Nuclear Science, University of Ontario
Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa; ON; L1H7K4, Canada
Abstract: Recently, significant development has occurred in the field of microgrid and renewable energy systems
(RESs). Integrating microgrids and renewable energy sources facilitates a sustainable energy future. This paper
proposes a control algorithm and an optimal energy management system (EMS) for a grid-connected microgrid to
minimize its operating cost. The microgrid includes photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and energy storage systems
(ESS). The interior search algorithm (ISA) optimization technique determines the optimal hour-by-hour scheduling for
the microgrid system, while it meets the required load demand based on 24-h ahead forecast data. The control system
consists of three stages: EMS, supervisory control and local control. EMS is responsible for providing the control
system with the optimum day-ahead scheduling power flow between the microgrid (MG) sources, batteries, loads
and the main grid based on an economic analysis. The supervisory control stage is responsible for compensating the
mismatch between the scheduled power and the real microgrid power. In addition, this paper presents the local control
design to regulate the local power, current and DC voltage of the microgrid. For verification, the proposed model was
applied on a real case study in Oshawa (Ontario, Canada) with various load conditions. © 2018 by the authors. (37
refs)
Controlled terms: Control systems - Digital storage - Economic analysis - Electric load flow - Electric power system
economics - Energy management - Energy management systems - Learning algorithms - Optimization - Renewable
energy resources - Scheduling - Search engines - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: Energy storage systems - Local control - Micro grid - Optimization techniques - Renewable
energy source - Renewable energy systems - Search Algorithms - Supervisory control
Energy Resources and Renewable Energy IssuesEnergy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 615.8 Wind
Power (Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 706 Electric Transmission and
DistributionElectric Transmission and Distribution - 706.1 Electric Power SystemsElectric Power Systems - 722.1
Data Storage, Equipment and TechniquesData Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723 Computer Software,
Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control SystemsControl
Systems - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics - 912.2 ManagementManagement - 921.5 Optimization
TechniquesOptimization Techniques
Database: Compendex


286. State Estimation for Kite Power Systems with Delayed Sensor Measurements
Polzin, Max (1); Wood, Tony A. (1); Hesse, Henrik (2); Smith, Roy S. (1)
Source: IFAC-PapersOnLine, v 50, n 1, p 11959-11964, July 2017, 20th IFAC World Congress; E-ISSN: 24058963;
DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.08.1176; Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Author affiliation: (1) Automatic Control Laboratory (IfA), ETH Zurich, Physikstrasse 3, Zurich; 8092, Switzerland
(2) Aerospace Systems, University of Glasgow (Singapore), 510 Dover Road, (formerly at IfA, ETH Zurich), 139660,
Singapore
Abstract: We present a novel estimation approach for airborne wind energy systems with ground-based control and
energy generation. The estimator fuses measurements from an inertial measurement unit attached to a tethered wing
and position measurements from a camera as well as line angle sensors in an unscented Kalman filter. We have
developed a novel kinematic description for tethered wings to specifically address tether dynamics. The presented
approach simultaneously estimates feedback variables for a flight controller as well as model parameters, such as a
time-varying delay. We demonstrate the performance of the estimator for experimental flight data and compare it to a
state-of-the-art estimator based on inertial measurements. © 2017 (19 refs)
Main heading: Parameter estimation
Controlled terms: Kalman filters - Kinematics - Renewable energy resources - Time varying control systems - Units of
measurement - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Delay estimation - Estimation approaches - Inertial measurement unit - Inertial measurements -
Renewable energy systems - Robot kinematics - Time varying- delays - Unscented Kalman Filter
Control SystemsControl Systems - 902.2 Codes and StandardsCodes and Standards - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics
Database: Compendex
287. Optimal design of energy conversion units for residential buildings considering
German market conditions
Schütz, Thomas (1); Schraven, Markus Hans (1); Remy, Sebastian (1); Granacher, Julia (1); Kemetmüller, Dominik (1);
Fuchs, Marcus (1); Müller, Dirk (1)
Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) RWTH Aachen University, E.ON Energy Research Center, Institute for Energy Efficient
Buildings and Indoor Climate, Mathieustr. 10, Aachen, Germany
Abstract: Many countries have passed governmental action plans to support the installation of renewable energy
sources. However, most studies dealing with the optimization of building energy systems neglect a precise modeling of
such subsidies, although these subsidies are specifically designed to strongly influence system setups. Therefore, this
paper extends a model for the optimization of energy systems by a more accurate consideration of storage units and
enhance both models by accounting for major German pieces of legislation aimed at supporting renewable energies.
Additionally, we consider typical German market characteristics, in particular the availability of multiple gas and
electricity tariffs. We compare our model with the original formulation regarding a pure cost minimization and a forced
reduction of CO2emissions for three new buildings located in Germany. The results imply that the considered subsidies
strongly support the installation of PV modules and CHP units. Without these subsidies, batteries and solar thermal
collectors become more important. Additionally, the findings illustrate that the new storage model is slightly more
accurate, but only marginally affects the total annual costs and required computing times. The conducted sensitivity
analysis has shown that the obtained results are relatively robust to variations in energy tariff costs and demands. ©
Controlled terms: Commerce - Costs - Energy conversion - Integer programming - Laws and legislation - Photovoltaic
cells - Renewable energy resources - Sensitivity analysis
Uncontrolled terms: Building energy systems - Electricity tariff - German regulations - Mixed integer linear
programming - Multiple energy tariffs - Renewable energy source - Residential building - Solar thermal collector
Energy Issues - 525.5 Energy Conversion IssuesEnergy Conversion Issues - 911 Cost and Value Engineering;

Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.5
Database: Compendex
288. Emerging energy transitions: PV uptake beyond subsidies

Ford, Rebecca (1, 4); Walton, Sara (2); Stephenson, Janet (1); Rees, David (3); Scott, Michelle (1); King, Geoff (1);
Williams, John (2); Wooliscroft, Ben (1)
Source: Technological Forecasting and Social Change, v 117, p 138-150, April 1, 2017; ISSN: 00401625; DOI:
10.1016/j.techfore.2016.12.007; Publisher: Elsevier Inc.
Author affiliation: (1) Centre for Sustainability, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin; 9054, New Zealand (2)
Department of Management, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin; 9054, New Zealand (3) Synergia, P.O. Box
147 168, Ponsonby, Auckland; 1144, New Zealand (4) Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford
University Centre for the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford; OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
Abstract: In the past decade there has been a substantial increase in the uptake of residential solar photovoltaic
(PV) systems globally, which is starting to impact upon traditional electricity systems. An emerging energy transition
is being driven by actions taken by actors at the grassroots level, and enabled by declining technology costs and
new niche business models. However, to date, most work exploring change in energy systems has tended to focus
on technological innovation and economic processes, leaving social aspects and daily activities under-addressed.
Similarly, most theories that consider individual behaviour have tended to neglect the wider system of change. This
paper presents an approach for simultaneously exploring behavioural and systemic change and demonstrates its
use in a case study of PV uptake in New Zealand. The Energy Cultures framework is used alongside the Multi-Level
Perspective of socio-technical transitions to examine the broad range of factors driving, shaping, and constraining PV
uptake, and the interactions between global and national landscapes, the socio-technical regime within which users
are taking action, and the niche opportunities emerging. Taking an integrating approach allows these perspectives
to be brought together, providing valuable insights as to how adoption might be promoted or constrained, and the
implications this may have for the future management of electricity grids. © 2016 Elsevier Inc. (73 refs)
Main heading: Photovoltaic effects
Controlled terms: Social aspects - Solar power generation
Uncontrolled terms: Behaviour changes - Individual behaviour - Photovoltaic - Social practices - Socio-technical
regimes - Socio-technical transitions - Solar photovoltaic system - Technological innovation
Database: Compendex
289. Neutronic Study of a Molten Salt Cooled Natural Thorium–Uranium Fueled Fusion–
Fission Hybrid Energy System
Xiao, S.C. (1); Zhao, J. (1); Zhou, Z. (1); Yang, Y. (2)
Source: Journal of Fusion Energy, v 34, n 2, p 352-360, 2015; ISSN: 01640313; DOI: 10.1007/s10894-014-9808-0;
Publisher: Springer New York LLC
Author affiliation: (1) Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China (2)
Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
Abstract: In this paper, a preliminary study on the neutron physics characteristics of a molten salt cooled fast fission
blanket for a new type fusion–fission hybrid reactor (FFHR) aiming at efficiently utilizing the natural thorium resource
and electric power generation is presented. The major objective is to study the feasibility of this fast fission concept
with multi-purposes, including energy gain, tritium breeding ratio (TBR) and233U breeding rate. In order to improve
overall neutron economy of the system, the blanket adopts the seed-blanket concept and consists of two main kinds
of modules, i.e. the natural uranium fuel module (U-module) as the seed and thorium fuel module (Th-module) as the
blanket. The uranium module plays the dominate role in the energy production and neutron multiplication. Excess
neutrons produced by the uranium modules are then used to breed233U fuel and tritium. The COUPLE2 code
developed by the Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology of Tsinghua University is used to simulate the
neutronic behaviour in the blanket. The simulated results show that with 505 tons thorium fuel loading, system multi-
purpose, i.e. moderate energy multiplication (initial M ≥6), tritium self sufficiency and high233U breeding rate, could
be reached simultaneously. The preliminary results indicate that it is rather promising to design a high-performance
molten salt cooled fission blanket of FFHR for electric power generation and233U breeding by directly loading natural
uranium and thorium if an ITER-scale 500 MW tokamak fusion neutron source is achievable. © 2014, Springer Science
+Business Media New York. (21 refs)

Main heading: Fission reactions

Controlled terms: Breeder reactors - Electric power generation - Fuel economy - Fuels - Fused salts - Neutron
sources - Neutrons - Thorium - Tokamak devices - Tritium - Uranium
Uncontrolled terms: Energy generations - Energy multiplication - Fast fission - FFHR - Neutron multiplication - New
energy technologies - Tritium breeding ratio - ^233U breeding
Classification Code: 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation - 547 Minor, Precious and Rare Earth Metals
and AlloysMinor, Precious and Rare Earth Metals and Alloys - 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali
and Alkaline Earth Metals Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 621.1 Fission
ReactorsFission Reactors - 621.2 Fusion ReactorsFusion Reactors - 622.1.1 RadioisotopesRadioisotopes - 804.2
Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds - 932.2.1 Fission and Fusion ReactionsFission and Fusion Reactions -
932.3 Plasma PhysicsPlasma Physics
Database: Compendex
290. Conceptualizing a social sustainability framework for energy infrastructure decisions

Whitton, J. (1); Parry, I.M. (1); Akiyoshi, M. (2); Lawless, W. (3)
Source: Energy Research & Social Science, v 8, p 127-38, July 2015; ISSN: 2214-6296; DOI: 10.1016/
j.erss.2015.05.010; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Energy & Soc. Res. Group, Univ. of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom (2) Dept. of
Sociology, Senshu Univ., Kawasaki, Japan (3) Paine Coll., Augusta, GA, United States
Abstract: The concept of social sustainability is discussed in a wide range of literatures, from urban planning to
international development. Authors agree a notion of social sustainability is difficult to define, comprising numerous
component parts (criteria), such as community cohesion, human wellbeing, effective dialogue and the access that
citizens have to those that make important decisions on their behalf. The definition and measurement of these criteria
and the role of social sustainability in energy decision making is a contentious issue. We argue that a community led,
asset based approach is required to achieve any sense of how social sustainability can be defined in a community
setting within the context of energy developments. We propose a conceptual framework based on a process of
community group prioritization and visioning. Our earlier research on public participation and the role of dialogue for
nuclear energy development in the UK, US and Japan is used to demonstrate barriers to be overcome if our systemic
model of social sustainability is to become a reality. We highlight the importance of fairness and justice, place based
approaches and socio-energy systems, concluding that these are necessary to promote a community and institutional
awareness of social sustainability for large energy developments. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (118 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: decision making - nuclear power - socio-economic effects - sustainable development - town
and country planning
Uncontrolled terms: social sustainability framework - energy infrastructure decision making - urban planning -
international development - energy decision making - asset based approach - community group prioritization and
visioning process - nuclear energy development - UK - US - Japan - socioenergy system
Classification Code: A8610N Nuclear energyNuclear energy - A8605 Energy and environmental policy, economics
and legislationEnergy and environmental policy, economics and legislation - B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy resources
Database: Inspec
291. Escape routes, weak links, and desynchronization in fluctuation-driven networks

Scha¨fer, B. (1); Matthiae, M. (1); Xiaozhu Zhang (1); Rohden, M. (1); Timme, M. (1); Witthaut, D. (2)
Source: Physical Review E, v 95, n 6, p 060203 (5 pp.), June 2017; ISSN: 2470-0045; DOI: 10.1103/
PhysRevE.95.060203; Publisher: APS - American Physical Society, USA
Author affiliation: (1) Max-Planck-Inst. for Dynamics & Self-Organ., Go¨ttingen, Germany (2) Inst. for Energy &
Climate Res.-Syst. Anal. & Technol. Evaluation, Forschungszentrum Julich, Ju¨lich, Germany
Abstract: Shifting our electricity generation from fossil fuel to renewable energy sources introduces large fluctuations
to the power system. Here, we demonstrate how increased fluctuations, reduced damping, and reduced intertia may
undermine the dynamical robustness of power grid networks. Focusing on fundamental noise models, we derive
analytic insights into which factors limit the dynamic robustness and how fluctuations may induce a system escape
from an operating state. Moreover, we identify weak links in the grid that make it particularly vulnerable to fluctuations.
These results thereby not only contribute to a theoretical understanding of how fluctuations act on distributed network
dynamics, they may also help designing future renewable energy systems to be more robust. (41 refs)

Inspec controlled terms: power grids - power system dynamic stability - renewable energy sources - wind power
plants - wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: fluctuation-driven networks - desynchronization - weak link - electricity generation - renewable
energy sources - power system - power grid network dynamical robustness - distributed network dynamics - renewable
energy systems - wind turbines - dynamic stability
Classification Code: B8245 Wind power plantsWind power plants - B8110C Power system controlPower system
control
IPC Code: F03D
Database: Inspec
292. Fluid flow and heat transport in a borehole thermal energy storage system
Catolico, Nora; Ge, Shemin; McCartney, John S.
Source: Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, 47, 7, 317, Geological Society of America, 2015
annual meeting & exposition, 2015; ISSN: 0016-7592; Conference: Geological Society of America, 2015 annual
meeting & exposition, 11/01/2015
Author affiliation: University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Geological Sciences, Boulder, CO, United States
Abstract: Borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) in soils combined with solar thermal energy harvesting is a
promising renewable energy system for heating buildings. The first community-scale BTES system in North America
was installed in 2007 at the Drake Landing Solar Community in Okotoks, Alberta, Canada, and has since supplied
more than 90% of the thermal energy for heating 52 homes. A challenge facing BTES system technology is the
relatively low efficiency of heat extraction. To better understand the fluid flow and heat transport processes in soils
and to improve BTES efficiency of heat extraction for future applications, a three dimensional transient coupled fluid
flow and heat transfer model is established using TOUGH2. Measured time-dependent injection temperatures and
fluid circulation rates at the Drake Landing Solar Community are used as model inputs. The model is calibrated
using measured soil temperature time series. The simulated and measured temperatures agree well with an intrinsic
permeability of 1.5X10 (super -14) m (super 2) , thermal conductivity of 2.0 W/m degrees C, and a volumetric heat
capacity of 2.3 MJ/m (super 3) degrees C. The calibrated model serves as the basis for a sensitivity analysis of soil
thermal and hydrological parameters on BTES system heat extraction efficiency. Sensitivity analysis results suggest
that: 1) BTES heat extraction efficiency increases with decreasing soil thermal conductivity; 2) BTES efficiency
decreases with background groundwater flow; 3) BTES heat extraction efficiency decreases with convective heat
losses associated with high soil permeability values; and 4) unsaturated soils show higher overall heat extraction
efficiency due to convection onset at higher intrinsic permeability values.
Database: GeoRef
293. Feasibility of renewable hydrogen based energy supply for a district

Prasanna, A. (1); Dorer, V. (1)
Source: Energy Procedia, v 122, p 373-8, Sept. 2017; ISSN: 1876-6102; DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.420;
Author affiliation: (1) Urban Energy Syst. Lab., Empa, Swiss Fed. Labs. for Mater. Sci. & Technol., Dubendorf,
Switzerland
Abstract: Renewable generation technologies (e.g. photovoltaic panels (PV)) are often installed in buildings and
districts with an aim to decrease their carbon emissions and consumption of non-renewable energy. However, due to
a mismatch between supply and demand at an hourly but also on a seasonal timescale; a large amount of electricity
is exported to the grid rather than used to offset local demand. A solution to this is local storage of electricity for
subsequent self-consumption. This could additionally provide districts with new business opportunities, financial
stability, flexibility and reliability. In this paper the feasibility of hydrogen based electricity storage for a district is
evaluated. The district energy system (DES) includes PV and hybrid photovoltaic panels (PVT). The proposed storage
system consists of production of hydrogen using the renewable electricity generated within the district, hydrogen
storage, and subsequent use in a fuel cell. Combination of battery storage along with hydrogen conversion and storage
is also evaluated. A multi-energy optimization approach is used to model the DES. Results of the model are optimal
battery capacity, electrolyzer capacity, hydrogen storage capacity, fuel cell capacity and energy flows through the
system. The model is also used to compare different system design configurations. The results of this analysis show
that both battery capacity and conversion of electricity to hydrogen enable the district to decrease its carbon emissions

by approximately 22% when compared to the reference case with no energy storage. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (5
refs)
Inspec controlled terms: energy storage - hydrogen storage - photovoltaic power systems - solar power
Uncontrolled terms: PVT - DES - subsequent self-consumption - local storage - local demand - nonrenewable energy
- renewable generation technologies - renewable hydrogen based energy supply - energy storage - carbon emissions
- energy flows - fuel cell capacity - hydrogen storage capacity - optimal battery capacity - multienergy optimization
approach - hydrogen conversion - battery storage - renewable electricity - storage system - hybrid photovoltaic panels -
district energy system - hydrogen based electricity storage
Classification Code: A8640K Hydrogen storage and technologyHydrogen storage and technology - A8610K Solar
energySolar energy - B8470 Other energy storageOther energy storage - B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy resources -
B8250 Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systemsSolar power stations and photovoltaic power systems
IPC Code: C01B3/00 - F24J2/00 - H02J15/00 - H02S
Database: Inspec
294. Ideal sinks are not always ideal: Radiation damage accumulation in nanocomposites
Uberuaga, B.P. (1); Choudhury, S. (1); Caro, A. (1)
Source: Journal of Nuclear Materials, v 462, p 402-8, July 2015; ISSN: 0022-3115; DOI: 10.1016/
j.jnucmat.2014.11.073; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Mater. Sci. & Technol. Div., Los Alamos Nat. Lab., Los Alamos, NM, United States
Abstract: Designing radiation tolerant materials is one of the primary challenges associated with advanced nuclear
energy systems. One attractive route that has received much attention world-wide is to introduce a high density of
sinks, often in the form of interfaces or secondary phases. Here, we develop a simple model of such nanocomposites
and examine the ramifications of various factors on the overall radiation stability of the material. In particular, we
determine how the distribution of secondary phases, the relative sink strength of those phases, and the irradiation
temperature influence the radiation tolerance of the matrix. We find that the best scenario is one in which the sinks
have intermediate strength, transiently trapping defects before releasing them back into the matrix. Neither perfect
sinks nor the complete absence of sinks perform as well. This provides new insight into the optimal properties of
nanocomposites for radiation damage environments. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (30 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: nanocomposites - radiation effects
Uncontrolled terms: radiation damage accumulation - nanocomposites - nuclear energy systems - radiation stability -
relative sink strength
Classification Code: A6180 Radiation damage and other irradiation effectsRadiation damage and other irradiation
effects
IPC Code: B82B1/00
Database: Inspec
295. MHD flow past a parabolic flow past an infinite isothermal vertical plate in the presence
of thermal radiation and chemical reaction
Muthucumaraswamy, R. (1); Sivakumar, P. (2)
Source: International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering, v 21, n 1, p 95-105, Feb. 2016; ISSN:
1734-4492; DOI: 10.1515/ijame-2016-0006; Publisher: De Gruyter Open, Poland
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Appl. Math., Sri Venkateswara Coll. of Eng., Sriperumbudur, India (2) Dept. of Math.,
P.B.Coll. of Eng., Chennai, India
Abstract: The problem of MHD free convection flow with a parabolic starting motion of an infinite isothermal vertical
plate in the presence of thermal radiation and chemical reaction has been examined in detail in this paper. The fluid
considered here is a gray, absorbing emitting radiation but a non-scattering medium. The dimensionless governing
coupled linear partial differential equations are solved using the Laplace transform technique. A parametric study is
performed to illustrate the influence of the radiation parameter, magnetic parameter, chemical reaction parameter,
thermal Grashof number, mass Grashof number, Schmidt number and time on the velocity, temperature, concentration.
The results are discussed graphically and qualitatively. The numerical results reveal that the radiation induces a rise in
both the velocity and temperature, and a decrease in the concentration. The model finds applications in solar energy

collection systems, geophysics and astrophysics, aerospace and also in the design of high temperature chemical
process systems. (14 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: chemically reactive flow - external flows - heat radiation - Laplace transforms -
magnetohydrodynamics - natural convection - partial differential equations
Uncontrolled terms: MHD flow - magnetohydrodynamics - parabolic flow - infinite isothermal vertical plate - thermal
radiation - chemical reaction - free convection - gray absorbing emitting radiation - nonscattering medium - coupled
linear partial differential equations - Laplace transform - radiation parameter - magnetic parameter - chemical reaction
parameter - thermal Grashof number - mass Grashof number - Schmidt number - velocity - temperature - concentration
- solar energy collection systems - geophysics - astrophysics - aerospace - high temperature chemical process
systems
Classification Code: A4765 Magnetohydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamicsMagnetohydrodynamics and
electrohydrodynamics - A4725Q Convection and heat transferConvection and heat transfer - A4770F Chemically
reactive flowsChemically reactive flows
Database: Inspec
296. Technical and economic analysis of different configurations of stand-alone hybrid

renewable power systems: a case study
Rezk, H. (1); Dousoky, G.M. (1)
Source: Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 62, p 941-53, Sept. 2016; ISSN: 1364-0321; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Electr. Eng. Dept., Minia Univ., Alminia, Egypt
Abstract: The current work presents a feasibility study of stand-alone hybrid systems. Such renewable energy
systems contain photovoltaic, wind and fuel cells. This system is used for supplying electrical energy to certain load
demand in remote areas. Six different configurations were investigated and evaluated, namely, photovoltaic (PV)/
battery storage (BS), PV/fuel cell (FC), wind turbine generator (WTG)/BS, PV/WTG, WTG/FC and PV/FC/BS. A
detailed description and expected performance of the different configurations were established to be installed at
Minya Governate (Egypt), which represents a remote agricultural area. Results are compared to find out the optimal
configuration. Comparisons are based on minimum total net present cost and cost of energy. HOMER software has
been used to simulate and optimize system performance. Optimization results showed that PV/FC hybrid renewable
system attains the best choice among all studied configurations. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (30 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: hybrid power systems - power generation economics - power generation planning - power
system simulation - renewable energy sources
Uncontrolled terms: Egypt - optimization - HOMER software - Minya Governate - wind turbine generator - battery
storage - fuel cells - photovoltaic - load demand - stand-alone hybrid renewable power systems - economic analysis -
technical analysis
operation and economics - B8110D Power system planning and layoutPower system planning and layout - B8200
Generating stations and plantsGenerating stations and plants
Database: Inspec
297. A techno-economic feasibility analysis of hybrid renewable energy supply options for a
grid-connected large office building in southeastern part of France
Islam, Md Shahinur (1)
Source: Sustainable Cities and Society, v 38, p 492-508, April 2018; ISSN: 22106707; DOI: 10.1016/
j.scs.2018.01.022; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) School of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm; 100 44,
Sweden
Abstract: This study gives emphasis to the techno-economic analysis of renovating the energy supply system of a
grid-connected large office building through a Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES). The study is focused on how
to minimize electricity consumption from the grid by producing as much as possible renewable energy, and in addition
to that it also observes the economic impacts of integrating green vehicles, such as hydrogen cars, electric cars etc.
which are indispensable elements of a sustainable city, in the proposed system. The work initiated collecting the sites

monthly electrical load data, climate data and associated monetary data with the aim of investigating a renewable
energy supply system feasibility study. Three alternative scenarios are developed according to the project needs and
these scenarios are modelled by a hybrid renewable energy system design tool. The study concludes with a direct
comparison of the economic feasibility, renewable energy fraction, and emissions among all systems, looking for the
more appropriate and sustainable solution. It is found that integrating solar photovoltaic (PV) curtails more than 43%
electricity consumption of the office building from the utility grid. The result also shows that per unit cost of electricity
of PV/Grid system to satisfy the load demand is around 10% lower compared to the utility grid tariff and furthermore, it
minimizes over 90% emission compared to the total emission in the study site. This study will provide helpful insights to
the relevant stakeholders and policy makers in the development of grid connected HRES system. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
(77 refs)
Controlled terms: Electric power transmission networks - Electric power utilization - Energy resources - Office
buildings - Renewable energy resources - Solar power generation
Uncontrolled terms: Distributed energies - Grid connected systems - Hybrid renewable energy systems - Hydro -
River current - Techno-Economic analysis
Classification Code: 402.2 Public BuildingsPublic Buildings - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy
IssuesEnergy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 615.2 Solar PowerSolar Power - 706.1 Electric Power
SystemsElectric Power Systems - 706.1.1 Electric Power TransmissionElectric Power Transmission - 911.2 Industrial
Database: Compendex
298. Hydrogen generation by electrolysis and storage in salt caverns: Potentials, economics
and systems aspects with regard to the German energy transition
Michalski, Jan (1); Bünger, Ulrich (1); Crotogino, Fritz (2); Donadei, Sabine (2); Schneider, Gregor-Sönke (2); Pregger,
Thomas (3); Cao, Karl-Kiên (3); Heide, Dominik (3, 4)
Source: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v 42, n 19, p 13427-13443, May 11, 2017; ISSN: 03603199; DOI:
Author affiliation: (1) Ludwig-Bölkow-Systemtechnik GmbH (LBST), Daimlerstrasse 15, Ottobrunn; 85521, Germany
(2) KBB Underground Technologies GmbH (KBB UT), Renewable Energies, Baumschulenallee 16, Hannover; 30625,
Germany (3) German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, Department of Systems
Analysis and Technology Assessment, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, Stuttgart; 70569, Germany (4) 50Hertz Transmission
GmbH, Berlin, Germany
Abstract: The Plan-DelyKaD project focused on an in-depth comparison of relevant electrolysis technologies,
identified criteria for and selected most relevant salt cavern sites in Germany, studied business case potentials for
applying hydrogen taken from storage to different end-users and engaged in identifying the future role of hydrogen
from large scale storage in the German energy system. The focus of this paper is on the latter three topics above.
The bottom-up investigation of most suitable salt cavern sites was used as input for a model-based analysis of
microeconomic and macroeconomic aspects. The results identify dimensions and locations of possible hydrogen
storages mostly in Northern Germany with ample potential to support the integration of fluctuating renewable electricity
into the German power system. The microeconomic analysis demonstrates that the most promising early business
case for hydrogen energy from large scale storage is its application as a fuel for the mobility sector. From a system
perspective the analysis reveals that an optimized implementation of hydrogen generation via electrolysis and storage
in salt caverns will have a positive impact on the power system in terms of reduced curtailments of wind power plants
and lower residual peak loads. © 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC (37 refs)
Main heading: Hydrogen production
Controlled terms: Caves - Electric energy storage - Electrolysis - Fuel storage - Hydrogen storage - Salt deposits -
Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Energy storage systems - Energy transitions - Hydrogen generations - Microeconomic analysis -
Model-based analysis - Optimized implementation - Renewable electricity - Salt caverns
Database: Compendex
299. Exergetic and exergoeconomic analysis of post-combustion CO2 capture using MEA-
solvent chemical absorption
Ferrara, G. (1); Lanzini, A. (1); Leone, P. (1); Ho, M.T. (2); Wiley, D.E. (2)

Source: Energy, v 130, p 113-28, 1 July 2017; ISSN: 0360-5442; DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.096; Publisher:
Author affiliation: (1) Energy Dept., Politec. di Torino, Turin, Italy (2) Sch. of Chem. Eng., UNSW Australia, Sydney,
NSW, Australia
Abstract: Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) has been acknowledged as a technology for CO2 emission reduction.
However, developments to lower cost and energy consumption remains an important challenge. Exergetic and
exergoeconomic analyses are methods which could be applied to optimize the energy consumption of CO2 capture
technologies. An exergetic analysis reveals the locations and causes of inefficiency in an energy conversion process
and provides options for improvements. An exergoeconomic analysis establishes the process of cost formation of
different streams, including products, within energy systems based on exergy and economic cost balances. This paper
aims to develop an exergy-based analysis of a post-combustion CO2 capture process using chemical absorption. A
comprehensive flowsheet model has been built for an MEA-solvent chemical absorption, using ASPEN PlusTM Version
8.6 for a coal-fired power plant with a capture rate of 90%. Results have shown the highest irreversibilities to occur in
the units related to the chemical capture of CO2 (77% of total losses) and in the CO2 pipeline compressor (9% of total
losses). An improvement in the design of the plant reduces the unit cost of carbon capture from 35.0 US$/tonCO2 in
the baseline case to of 31.8 US$/tonCO2. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (67 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: absorption - carbon capture and storage - combustion - exergy
Uncontrolled terms: carbon dioxide pipeline compressor - chemical capture - coal-fired power plant - ASPEN PlusTM
Version 8.6 - comprehensive flowsheet model - chemical absorption - exergy-based analysis - CCS - carbon capture
and storage - MEA-solvent chemical absorption - post-combustion carbon dioxide capture - exergetic analysis -
exergoeconomic analysis
Classification Code: A8675M Carbon storage/sequestration (environmental science technology)Carbon storage/
sequestration (environmental science technology) - A8670G Atmosphere (environmental science)Atmosphere
(environmental science) - E0230 Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues - E2120 Heat and thermodynamic
processes (mechanical engineering)Heat and thermodynamic processes (mechanical engineering)
IPC Code: F23
Database: Inspec
300. Computation of radiation budget on an oblate earth

Smith, G. Louis (1); Doelling, David R. (2)
Source: Journal of Climate, v 27, n 19, p 7203-7206, 2014; ISSN: 08948755; DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00058.1;
Author affiliation: (1) Science System Applications Incorporated, Hampton; VA, United States (2) Langley Research
Center, NASA, Hampton; VA, United States
Abstract: The effects of the earth's oblateness on computation of its radiation budget from satellite measurements
are evaluated. For the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) data processing, geolocations of the
measurements are computed in terms of the geodetic coordinate system. Using this system accounts for oblateness
in the computed solar zenith angle and length of day. The geodetic and geocentric latitudes are equal at the equator
and poles but differ by a maximum of 0.2° at 45° latitude. The area of each region and zone is affected by oblateness
as compared to geocentric coordinates, decreasing from zero at the equator to 1.5% at the poles. The global area
receiving solar radiation is calculated using the equatorial and polar axes. This area varies with solar declination by
0.0005. For radiation budget computations, the earth oblateness effects are shown to be small compared to error
sources of measuring or modeling. © 2014 American Meteorological Society. (8 refs)
Main heading: Radiation effects
Controlled terms: Budget control - Data handling - Geodesy - Poles
Uncontrolled terms: Clouds and the Earth's radiant energy systems - Co-ordinate system - Earth's oblateness -
Geocentric coordinates - Geodetic coordinate system - Satellite measurements - Solar declination - Solar zenith angle
Classification Code: 405.3 SurveyingSurveying - 408.2 Structural Members and ShapesStructural Members and
Shapes - 723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image Processing
Database: Compendex
301. Implications of Japan's 2030 target for long-term low emission pathways
Oshiro, Ken (1); Kainuma, Mikiko (2); Masui, Toshihiko (3)

Source: Energy Policy, v 110, p 581-587, November 2017; ISSN: 03014215; DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2017.09.003;
Author affiliation: (1) Environment and Energy Division 1, Mizuho Information & Research Institute, Inc., Tokyo,
Japan (2) Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama, Japan (3) Center for Social and Environmental
Systems Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
Abstract: This study assesses implications of the target reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 included in Japan's
Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) for long-term low emission pathways toward 2050, as well as
feasibility of the 2030 target itself using AIM/Enduse model. Scenario analysis by 2030 suggests that implementing
the INDC could consolidate a transition from the baseline trajectory, which is mainly derived from improved energy
efficiency and decarbonization of electricity. The 2030 target is still technically feasible even if nuclear power is
constrained or totally phased-out by 2030, based on additional deployment of renewable energies. However, these
pathways incur carbon price hikes of over 160 US$/t-CO2, and need effective policy supports. Over the long-term,
pathways that meet both 2030 and 2050 targets also appear technically feasible, provisional upon additional efforts
being made beyond the 2030 target. These pathways also require a huge and rapid transformation in the energy
system post-2030, including large-scale deployment of variable renewable energies and carbon capture and storage,
and improvement of energy efficiency and electrification. Early actions and policies before 2030, including RD&D in
innovative technologies and development of the market would be needed for commercial realization of these options. ©
Controlled terms: Carbon capture - Climate change - Climate models - Greenhouse gases - Nuclear fuels
Uncontrolled terms: Climate change mitigation - Innovative technology - Integrated assessment models - Intended
Nationally Determined Contribution - Large-scale deployment - Low carbon energies - Rapid transformations - Variable
renewable energies
Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources - 454 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering - 525.2 Energy
ConservationEnergy Conservation - 921 MathematicsMathematics
Database: Compendex
302. Low climate stabilisation under diverse growth and convergence scenarios
Markandya, A. (1); González-Eguino, M. (2); Criqui, P. (3); Mima, S. (3)
Source: Energy Policy, v 64, p 288-301, January 2014; ISSN: 03014215; DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.046;
Author affiliation: (1) Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3) and IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science,
Spain (2) Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3) and University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain (3)
PACTE-EDDEN, CNRS, Université de Grenoble, France
Abstract: In the last decade a number of papers have analysed the consequences of achieving the greenhouse
gas concentration levels necessary to maintain global temperature increases below 2. °C above preindustrial levels.
Most models and scenarios assume that future trends in global GDP will be similar to the growth experienced in the
past century, which would imply multiplying current output by about 19 times in the 21st century. However, natural
resource and environmental constraints suggest that future global economic growth may not be so high. Furthermore,
the environmental implications of such growth depend on how it is distributed across countries. This paper studies
the implications on GHG abatement policies of low global GDP growth and high convergence levels in GDP per
capita across countries. A partial equilibrium model (POLES) of the world's energy system is used to provide detailed
projections up to 2050 for the different regions of the world. The results suggest that while low stabilisation could be
technically feasible and economically viable for the world in all the scenarios considered, it is more likely to occur with
more modest global growth. However, that will imply higher global abatement costs relative to GDP. Convergence in
living standards on the other hand places greater pressures in terms of the required reduction in emissions. In general
we find that there are major differences between regions in terms of the size and the timing of abatement costs and
economic impact. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. (34 refs)
Main heading: Economics
Controlled terms: Greenhouse gases - Stabilization
Uncontrolled terms: Climate policy - Convergence - Economic growths - Environmental constraints - Environmental
implications - Global economic growth - Partial equilibrium model - Pre-industrial levels
Classification Code: 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science - 971
Social SciencesSocial Sciences
Database: Compendex

303. Multi-objective optimization for advanced superheater steam temperature control in a

300 MW power plant
Sun, Li (1); Hua, Qingsong (2); Shen, Jiong (1); Xue, Yali (3); Li, Donghai (3); Lee, Kwang Y. (4)
Author affiliation: (1) Key Lab of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, Southeast
University, Nanjing; 210096, China (2) School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia
Road 308, Qingdao; 266071, China (3) State Key Lab for Power Systems, Tsinghua University, Beijing; 100084, China
(4) Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Baylor University, Waco; TX; 76798, United States
Abstract: Control of superheater steam temperature (SST) is critical for the safety and efficiency of the coal-fired
power plant. However, the conventional cascaded PI controller is faced with great challenges in regulating the SST
within a satisfactory range in the environment of extensive load changes, which is inevitably becoming even worse
due to the growing integration of the intermittent renewables. To this end, this paper introduces advanced control and
multi-objective optimization (MOO) to improve the SST control performance and thus to enable the load being quickly
adjusted in a wider range. The inner-loop PI controller parameters are optimized based on the tracking and regulation
performance objectives subject to a robustness constraint. The improvement of the outer-loop controller involves two
steps, (i) the outer-loop PI controller is upgraded to active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) in order to eliminate
the sluggish response to the external load disturbances; (ii) a mathematical algorithm is developed to depict the stable
region for the ADRC parameters, serving as the MOO search space. Comparative simulations show the advantage
of the proposed strategy, which is confirmed by a field test in an in-service 300 MW power plant. It shows that the
proposed strategy leads to a much smaller temperature deviation in both constant-load and load-varying conditions
than the conventional control, making it less sensitive to the external disturbances. Furthermore, the load demand can
be shifted more flexibly in a wide range (from 10 MW to 15 MW) while the SST is strictly confined within the allowable
range, indicating a promising prospect of the proposed strategy in a power grid with high renewables penetration. ©
Controlled terms: Coal - Coal fueled furnaces - Disturbance rejection - Electric power transmission networks - Fossil
fuel power plants - Multiobjective optimization - Oceanography - Pareto principle - Steam power plants - Superheaters
Uncontrolled terms: Active disturbance rejection controller - Coal-fired power plant - Energy systems - Pareto
optimization - Superheater steam temperature
Database: Compendex
304. Heat transfer mechanisms in poplar wood undergoing torrefaction

Sule, I.O. (1); Mahmud, S. (1); Dutta, A. (1); Tasnim, S.H. (1)
Source: Heat and Mass Transfer, v 52, n 3, p 421-8, March 2016; ISSN: 0947-7411; DOI: 10.1007/
Author affiliation: (1) Sch. of Eng., Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
Abstract: Torrefaction, a thermal treatment process of biomass, has been proved to improve biomass combustible
properties. Torrefaction is defined as a thermochemical process in reduced oxygen condition and at temperature
range from 200 to 300 °C for shorter residence time whereby energy yield is maximized, can be a bridging technology
that can lead the conventional system (e.g. coal-fired plants) towards a sustainable energy system. In efforts to
develop a commercial operable torrefaction reactor, the present study examines the minimum input condition at which
biomass is torrefied and explores the heat transfer mechanisms during torrefaction in poplar wood samples. The heat
transfer through the wood sample is numerically modeled and analyzed. Each poplar wood is torrefied at temperature
of 250, 270, and 300 °C. The experimental study shows that the 270 °C-treatment can be deduced as the optimal
input condition for torrefaction of poplar wood. A good understanding of heat transfer mechanisms can facilitate the
upscaling and downscaling of torrefaction process equipment to fit the feedstock input criteria and can help to develop
treatment input specifications that can maximize process efficiency. (14 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: heat transfer - renewable materials - sustainable development - wood
Uncontrolled terms: heat transfer mechanism - poplar wood - torrefaction process - thermal treatment process -
biomass combustible property - energy yield - sustainable energy system - feedstock input criteria - temperature 250
degC - temperature 270 degC - temperature 300 degC

Classification Code: E0230 Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues - E1710 Engineering materialsEngineering

materials - E2120 Heat and thermodynamic processes (mechanical engineering)Heat and thermodynamic processes
(mechanical engineering)
IPC Code: F28
Database: Inspec
305. The Influence of Output Variability from Renewable Electricity Generation on Net
Energy Calculations
Kunz, H. (1); Hagens, N.J. (2); Balogh, S.B. (3)
Source: Energies, v 7, n 1, p 150-72, Jan. 2014; ISSN: 1996-1073; DOI: 10.3390/en7010150; Publisher: MDPI AG,
Switzerland
Author affiliation: (1) Inst. for Integrated Econ. Res., Meilen, Switzerland (2) Inst. for Integrated Econ. Res., Bay City,
WI, United States (3) Coll. of Environ. Sci. & Forestry, State Univ. of New York, Syracuse, NY, United States
Abstract: One key approach to analyzing the feasibility of energy extraction and generation technologies is to
understand the net energy they contribute to society. These analyses most commonly focus on a simple comparison of
a source's expected energy outputs to the required energy inputs, measured in the form of energy return on investment
(EROI). What is not typically factored into net energy analysis is the influence of output variability. This omission
ignores a key attribute of biological organisms and societies alike: the preference for stable returns with low dispersion
versus equivalent returns that are intermittent or variable. This biologic predilection for stability, observed and refined in
academic financial literature, has a direct relationship to many new energy technologies whose outputs are much more
variable than traditional energy sources. We investigate the impact of variability on net energy metrics and develop
a theoretical framework to evaluate energy systems based on existing financial and biological risk models. We then
illustrate the impact of variability on nominal energy return using representative technologies in electricity generation,
with a more detailed analysis on wind power, where intermittence and stochastic availability of hard-to-store electricity
will be factored into theoretical returns. (47 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: cost-benefit analysis - investment - power generation economics - power system stability -
risk analysis - stochastic processes - wind power - wind power plants
Uncontrolled terms: output variability - renewable electricity generation - net energy calculations - energy extraction
- energy return-on-investment - net energy analysis - biological organisms - biologic predilection - energy technologies
- net energy metrics - financial risk models - biological risk models - energy system evaluation - wind power -
intermittence availability - stochastic availability - energy generation technologies
Classification Code: B8245 Wind power plantsWind power plants - B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy resources -
B8110B Power system management, operation and economicsPower system management, operation and economics -
B0240Z Other topics in statisticsOther topics in statistics
Database: Inspec
306. Role of innovative technologies under the global zero emissions scenarios
Tokimatsu, Koji (1, 2, 3); Konishi, Satoshi (2); Ishihara, Keiichi (4); Tezuka, Tetsuo (4); Yasuoka, Rieko (5); Nishio,
Masahiro (3)
Author affiliation: (1) Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa; 226-8503,
Japan (2) The Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto; 611-0011, Japan (3) National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-2-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki; 305-8564, Japan (4)
Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto; 606-8501, Japan (5)
Systems Research Center Co. Ltd, KY Bldg. 3-16-7, Toranomon, Minato, Tokyo; 105-0001, Japan
Abstract: This study investigated zero emissions scenarios with following two originalities compared to various
existing studies. One is that we based on A1T society of SRES (Special Report on Emissions Scenario) of IPCC
(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) compared to existing studies on those of B1 or B2. The second one is
that various innovative technologies were considered and incorporated, such as biomass energy with carbon capture
and storage (BECCS), and advanced nuclear technologies including hydrogen or synfuel production. We conducted
global modeling over the period 2010-2150 in which energy, materials, and biomass and foods supply costs were

minimized by linear programming. We found following features of energy supply structure in A1T scenario. Since the
electric demand in A1T scenario in 2100 is two times larger than the others, (1) renewable energy which solely produce
electricity, nuclear, and fossil energy with CCS (FECCS) especially coal are main sources of electricity, (2) renewable
which can supply heat, namely BECCS and geothermal, satisfies the sector, and (3) hydrogen from coal is introduced
in transport sector. It can be concluded that the zero emission energy systems with global economic growth will be
possible, by development and deployment of ambitious advanced energy technologies. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. (58 refs)
Main heading: Geothermal energy
Controlled terms: Air pollution - Carbon capture - Climate change - Economic and social effects - Economics -
Hydrogen storage - Linear programming
Uncontrolled terms: A1T scenario - Advanced energy technologies - BECCS - Intergovernmental panel on climate
changes - Special report on emissions scenarios - SRES - Zero emission - Zero-emission energy systems
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 451 Air PollutionAir Pollution - 454
Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering - 481.3.1 Geothermal PhenomenaGeothermal Phenomena -
522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
Database: Compendex
307. The generation of domestic hot water load profiles in Swiss residential buildings
through statistical predictions
de Santiago, J. (1); Rodriguez-Villaloń, O. (2); Sicre, B. (3)
Source: Energy and Buildings, v 141, p 341-8, 15 April 2017; ISSN: 0378-7788; DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.02.045;
Author affiliation: (1) Div. of Electr., Uppsala Univ., Uppsala, Sweden (2) EEH-Power Syst. Lab., ETH Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland (3) Centre for Integrated Building Technol., Hochschule Luzern - Tech. & Architektur, Horw, Switzerland
Abstract: A long-term field study recording domestic hot water (DHW) consumption in households was used to
tune a load profile generator. The methodology used in this load profile generator is also applicable to electric loads
in distribution grids. Accurate DHW load profiles are essential to estimate the performance of renewable energy
systems. One day and long-term randomly generated DHW profiles are useful for simulation, sizing and optimization of
components in solar hot water installations such as storage tank, heat exchanger, collector area and additional heater.
This work is also relevant to create standards for product testing and certification.DHW usage and draw off patterns are
geographically dependent, so recent and local measurements are required to tune models and create accurate load
profiles. Measurements show that DHW consumption is very volatile. The daily average value varies from 20 to 40 l per
person (60 °C outlet temperature). The profiles underlie some trends (predominantly consumption in the morning or in
the evening or spread over the day). The DHW consumption in Switzerland follows similar patterns observed in other
countries, such as no significant decrease in consumption during weekends, and no strong correlation with weather
conditions neither outdoor temperature nor rain. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (24 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: buildings (structures) - demand side management - solar heating - space heating - statistical
analysis - water supply
Uncontrolled terms: DHW consumption - domestic hot water load profiles - Swiss residential buildings - long-term
field study - domestic hot water consumption - load profile generator - electric loads - distribution grids - statistical
predictions - DHW profiles - temperature = 60.0 degC - DHW usage - solar hot water installations - temperature 60.0
degC
Classification Code: A8620Q Buildings (energy utilisation)Buildings (energy utilisation) - A0250 Probability theory,
stochastic processes, and statisticsProbability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics - A8630S Photothermal
conversionPhotothermal conversion - A8620H Heating (energy utilisation)Heating (energy utilisation)
IPC Code: E03 - F24D - F24J2/00
Database: Inspec
Borrelli, R.A. (1)
Source: Nuclear Engineering and Design, v 277, p 166-72, 1 Oct. 2014; ISSN: 0029-5493; DOI: 10.1016/
j.nucengdes.2014.06.028; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Nucl. Eng., Univ. of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States

sustainability. However, nuclear facilities in all phases of the advanced fuel cycle must be `safeguardable,' where
develop the HRS methodology. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (15 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: fission reactor design - fission reactor fuel - neutron flux - nuclear materials safeguards
Uncontrolled terms: curium neutron flux - high reliability safeguards methodology - nuclear energy system - NES -
advanced nuclear fuel cycle - advanced fuel cycle - practical design strategy - safeguardability methodology - risk-
informed approach - commercial pyroprocessing facility - head-end subsystem
Classification Code: A2842D Fission reactor fuel elementsFission reactor fuel elements - A2846C Nuclear
safeguardsNuclear safeguards - A2841D Fission reactor designFission reactor design - A2820 Neutron
physicsNeutron physics - B8220B Nuclear reactorsNuclear reactors
IPC Code: G21C3/00 - G21C3/02 - G21D
Database: Inspec
309. Optical and infrared properties of glancing angle-deposited nanostructured tungsten

films
Ungaro, Craig (1); Shah, Ankit (1); Kravchenko, Ivan (2); Hensley, Dale K. (2); Gray, Stephen K. (3); Gupta, Mool C. (1)
Source: Optics Letters, v 40, n 4, p 506-509, February 15, 2015; ISSN: 01469592, E-ISSN: 15394794; DOI: 10.1364/
OL.40.000506; Publisher: Optical Society of America (OSA)
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville; VA;
22901, United States (2) Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge; TN;
37831, United States (3) Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue,
Argonne; IL; 60439, United States
Abstract: Nanotextured tungsten thin films were obtained on a stainless steel (SS) substrate using the glancing-
angledeposition (GLAD) method. It was found that the optical absorption and thermal emittance of the SS substrate
can be controlled by varying the parameters used during deposition. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations
were used to predict the optical absorption and infrared (IR) reflectance spectra of the fabricated samples, and good
agreement was found between simulated and measured data. FDTD simulations were also used to predict the effect
of changes in the height and periodicity of the nanotextures. These simulations show that good control over the
absorption can be achieved by altering the height and periodicity of the nanostructure. These nanostructures were
shown to be temperature stable up to 500°C with the addition of a protective HfO2layer. Applications for this structure
are explored, including a promising application for solar thermal energy systems. © 2015 Optical Society of America.
(30 refs)
Main heading: Light absorption
Controlled terms: Finite difference time domain method - Hafnium oxides - Nanostructures - Solar energy
Uncontrolled terms: FDTD simulations - Finite-difference time-domain simulation - Infrared properties - Infrared
reflectance - Solar thermal energy - Temperature stable - Thermal emittance - Tungsten thin films
Classification Code: 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 741.1 Light/OpticsLight/
Optics - 761 NanotechnologyNanotechnology - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally - 921
MathematicsMathematics - 933 Solid State PhysicsSolid State Physics
Database: Compendex
310. Optimal microgrid scheduling with peak load reduction involving an electrolyzer and
flexible loads
Boli´var Jaramillo, L. (1); Weidlich, A. (1)

Source: Applied Energy, v 169, p 857-65, 1 May 2016; ISSN: 0306-2619; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.096;
Author affiliation: (1) Inst. of Energy Syst. Technol., Univ. of Appl. Sci., Offenburg, Germany
Abstract: This work consists of a multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming model for defining optimized
schedules of components in a grid-connected microgrid. The microgrid includes a hydrogen energy system consisting
of an alkaline electrolyzer, hydrogen cylinder bundles and a fuel cell for energy storage. Local generation is provided
from photovoltaic panels, and the load is given by a fixed load profile combined with a flexible electrical load, which is
a battery electric vehicle. The electrolyzer has ramp-up constraints which are modeled explicitly. The objective function
includes, besides operational costs and an environmental indicator, a representation of peak power costs, thus leading
to an overall peak load reduction under optimized operation. The model is used both for controlling a microgrid in a
field trial set-up deployed in South-West Germany and for simulating the microgrid operation for defined period, thus
allowing for economic system evaluation. Results from defined sample runs show that the energy storage is primarily
used for trimming the peak of electricity drawn from the public grid and is not solely operated with excess power. The
flexible demand operation also helps keeping the peak at its possible minimum. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (29 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: battery powered vehicles - distributed power generation - electrolysis - fuel cells - hydrogen
storage - integer programming - linear programming - power generation scheduling - power grids - solar cell arrays
Uncontrolled terms: multiobjective mixed-integer linear programming model - optimized schedules - grid-connected
microgrid - hydrogen energy system - alkaline electrolyzer - hydrogen cylinder bundles - fuel cell - energy storage
- photovoltaic panels - fixed load profile - flexible electrical load - battery electric vehicle - ramp-up constraints -
operational costs - environmental indicator - peak power costs - peak load reduction - economic system evaluation -
flexible demand operation
Classification Code: B8120K Distributed power generationDistributed power generation - B8520
TransportationTransportation - B8470 Other energy storageOther energy storage - B8420 Solar cells and arraysSolar
cells and arrays - B8410G Fuel cellsFuel cells - B0260 Optimisation techniquesOptimisation techniques
IPC Code: B60L11/18 - C25 - H01L27/142 - H01L31/042 - H01M8/00 - H02J3/38 - H02J15/00 - H02S
Database: Inspec
311. Heat roadmap China: new heat strategy to reduce energy consumption towards 2030
Weiming Xiong (1); Yu Wang (1); Mathiesen, B.V. (2); Lund, H. (3); Xiliang Zhang (1)
Source: Energy, v 81, p 274-85, 1 March 2015; ISSN: 0360-5442; DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2014.12.039; Publisher:
Author affiliation: (1) Inst. of Energy, Environ. & Econ., Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China (2) Dept. of Dev. & Planning,
Aalborg Univ., Copenhagen, Denmark (3) Dept. of Dev. & Planning, Aalborg Univ., Aalborg, Denmark
Abstract: District heating is regarded as a key element of energy saving actions in the Chinese national energy
strategy, while space heating in China is currently still dominated by coal boilers. However, there is no existing
quantitative study to analyse the future heat strategy for China. Therefore, it is critical to formulate a development
strategy to decrease energy consumption and carbon emissions. In this paper, the following three heat strategies are
simulated with the energy modelling tool EnergyPLAN: the current heat strategy, an individual heat strategy and a
new district heating strategy. These are compared to each other from the national energy system perspective. The
comparison of the three strategies indicates that the new district heating strategy which introduces surplus heat from
industry and generation plants is more economically and technically optimal than the individual heat strategy and the
current heat strategy. The results show that district heating could contribute to a decrease in energy consumption for
building heating by about 60% with 15% lower heating cost compared with the current, implemented heat strategy. [All
rights reserved Elsevier]. (46 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution control - boilers - buildings (structures) - coal - district heating - electricity supply
industry - energy conservation - energy consumption
Uncontrolled terms: energy saving - Chinese national energy strategy - space heating - coal boilers - heat strategy
- energy consumption reduction - carbon emission reduction - district heating strategy - industry surplus heat -
generation plant surplus heat - building heating - heat roadmap
utilisation)Buildings (energy utilisation) - A8670G Atmosphere (environmental science)Atmosphere (environmental
science) - A9260T Air quality and air pollutionAir quality and air pollution - B8540E Space heatingSpace heating
- B7720 Pollution detection and controlPollution detection and control - B8110B Power system management,
operation and economicsPower system management, operation and economics - B8230E Steam power stations and
plantsSteam power stations and plants
IPC Code: F22B - F24D10/00 - H05B1/00 - F01L1/047


Database: Inspec
312. Assessment of implementing Jordan's renewable energy plan on the electricity grid
Abu Dyak, Ahmad T. (1); Abu-Lehyeh, Emad O. (2); Kiwan, Suhil (1)
Source: Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, v 11, n 2, p 113-119, April 1, 2017; ISSN:
19956665; Publisher: Hashemite University
Author affiliation: (1) National Electricity Power Company (NEPCO), Amman, Jordan (2) Mechanical Engineering
Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid; 22110, Jordan
Abstract: In the present work, the technical and economic impacts of integrating large scale renewable energy
projects of wind and PV systems to the transmission grid in Jordan up to the year 2025 has been investigated. The
current grid transmission system of Jordan's electricity network has been modeled and used. Large renewable energy
systems of PV and Wind proposed by the master energy plan in Jordan have been introduced to the grid. The Digital
Simulation and Electrical Network Calculation (DIGSILENT) program (i.e., power analysis program) and the Wien
Automatic System Planning Model (WASP) software were used to evaluate both the technical and economic impacts.
It is found that until 2018 Jordan's transmission grid will face minor overloads, while, most of transmission lines will
be overloaded by 2020. The technical and economic aspects of the existence of a special transmission line (Green
Corridor) from the generation site in the south to the demand locations in the center is investigated and documented.
It is found that this solution is vital to the transmission grid and feasible. Moreover, it revealed that because of the
dependence of renewable energy systems the LCOE by 2025 will vary only 25 % (between 100 to 125 USD/MWh)
when the price of NG increases 50% (from 8 to 12 $/MMBTU) in spite of the additional cost of the "Green Corridor" of
145 M$ for grid reinforcement. Also, it is expected that with the target renewable energy projects and new conventional
power plants the LCOE in 2025 will be 43 % less than that in 2014. © 2017 Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering. (13 refs)
Controlled terms: Computer software - Economic and social effects - Electric lines - Electric network analysis -
Electric network parameters - Electric power transmission - Electric power transmission networks - Energy policy -
Renewable energy resources
Uncontrolled terms: Conventional power plants - Electricity networks - Green Corridor - Grid impacts - Renewable
energy projects - Renewable energy systems - Technical and economic impacts - Transmission grids
Energy Issues - 525.6 Energy PolicyEnergy Policy - 703.1 Electric NetworksElectric Networks - 703.1.1 Electric
Network AnalysisElectric Network Analysis - 706 Electric Transmission and DistributionElectric Transmission and
Distribution - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and
Applications - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
Database: Compendex
313. Qualitative cost-conscious control of combined energy sources in a residential

building
Taebnia, M. (1); Pakanen, J. (1)
Source: Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, v 10, n 2, p 024102 (14 pp.), March 2018; ISSN: 1941-7012;
DOI: 10.1063/1.5001923; Publisher: AIP Publishing, USA
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Civil Eng., Aalto Univ., Espoo, Finland
Abstract: Nowadays, heating power for buildings is often produced by on-site renewable energy sources. However,
such sources typically cover only part of the energy demand of the building. Thus, electricity supply from the grid
is necessary although it is usually the only necessary external energy source. Cost-effective utilization of electricity
requires not only reduction in the share of electricity from the grid but also comprehensive control of all on-site energy
systems. In this paper, such a control method is presented. The control procedure takes into consideration fluctuations
in the price of electricity, environmental conditions, the thermal mass of the building, and energy storage. The study
aims to reduce energy costs by flattening the electricity load's profile and switching the energy systems on and off at
predetermined times according to a qualitative control procedure. Thermal and electricity loads are either forwarded
or delayed in response to variations in the electricity price but maintain a comfortable indoor temperature. The control
method is verified in a simulated residential building using weather data from Helsinki, Finland. The building includes
a geothermal heat pump, a solar collector, and an electric heater as energy sources and a hot water tank for thermal

storage. The main thermal loads consist of space heating and domestic hot water. The results of a full-year simulation
are compared with those of a conventional method with no price-responsive features. The results indicate that load
shifting is successful, especially during the cold season. The control method adapts correctly to large and abrupt
scheduled loads. Although this method reduces electricity consumption by only 2%, the yearly cost of electricity is
decreased by 11.6%. (29 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: buildings (structures) - energy conservation - ground source heat pumps - power
consumption - process heating - renewable energy sources - solar absorber-convertors - space heating - thermal
energy storage
Uncontrolled terms: Finland - Helsinki - domestic hot water - solar collector - thermal loads - residential building -
electricity consumption - load shifting - space heating - thermal storage - electric heater - geothermal heat pump -
electricity price - thermal electricity loads - electricity load - energy costs - energy storage - thermal mass - on-site
energy systems - electricity supply - energy demand - on-site renewable energy sources - heating power - combined
energy sources - qualitative cost-conscious control
utilisation)Buildings (energy utilisation) - A8630R Thermal energy conversion (heat engines and heat pumps)Thermal
energy conversion (heat engines and heat pumps) - A8640F Storage in thermal energyStorage in thermal energy -
B8540E Space heatingSpace heating - B8110B Power system management, operation and economicsPower system
management, operation and economics - B8470 Other energy storageOther energy storage - B8540C Process
heatingProcess heating - C3340B Control of heat systemsControl of heat systems
IPC Code: F24D - F24J2/00 - F25B30/00 - F28D20/00 - H02J15/00 - H05B1/00 - F24J3/08
Database: Inspec
314. Design of Bitumen Upgrading and Utility Plant through Integrated Optimization
Shahandeh, Hossein (1); Li, Zukui (1)
Source: Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, v 56, n 8, p 2107-2126, March 1, 2017; ISSN: 08885885, E-
ISSN: 15205045; DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03420; Publisher: American Chemical Society
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton; AB; T6G
1H9, Canada
Abstract: (Chemical Equation Presented) This paper proposes a new integrated model for simultaneous design
optimization of upgrading plants in the oil sands industry and the associating utility plants. In the past, work has been
mainly focused on the energy infrastructure of upgrading plants, and predesigned power and hydrogen plants were
considered as utility plants. The novelty of this work is the incorporation of a detailed polygeneration energy system
model with the bitumen upgrading plant model. In this way, optimal configurations can be found to meet the various
energy requirements of upgrading plants in the oil sands industry. On the basis of the proposed optimization model,
optimal configurations under different scenarios are discussed. Effects of upgrading plant capacity, being able to export
power to the public grid, natural gas and electricity prices, and the margin between diluted bitumen and synthetic crude
oil prices are studied. According to the results, the presented model is a practical tool to design the optimal upgrading
plant and its utility plant for the oil sands industry. © 2017 American Chemical Society. (24 refs)
Main heading: Bituminous materials
Controlled terms: Crude oil - Oil sands - Optimization
Uncontrolled terms: Energy infrastructures - Energy requirements - Energy system model - Integrated modeling -
Integrated optimization - Optimization modeling - Simultaneous designs - Synthetic crude oil
Classification Code: 411 Bituminous MaterialsBituminous Materials - 512.1 Petroleum DepositsPetroleum Deposits -
921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques
Database: Compendex
315. Contributions of clouds, surface albedos, and mixed-phase ice nucleation schemes to
Arctic radiation biases in CAM5
English, Jason M. (1); Kay, Jennifer E. (2); Gettelman, Andrew (3); Liu, Xiaohong (4); Wang, Yong (4, 5); Zhang,
Yuying (6); Chepfer, Helene (7)
Source: Journal of Climate, v 27, n 13, p 5174-5197, 2014; ISSN: 08948755; DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00608.1;

Author affiliation: (1) Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO,
United States (2) Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, 3665 Discovery
Drive, Boulder, CO, United States (3) Earth System Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder,
CO, United States (4) Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States (5)
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (6) Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States (7) LMD/IPSL, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
Abstract: The Arctic radiation balance is strongly affected by clouds and surface albedo. Prior work has identified
Arctic cloud liquid water path (LWP) and surface radiative flux biases in the Community Atmosphere Model, version
5 (CAM5), and reductions to these biases with improved mixed-phase ice nucleation schemes. Here, CAM5 net
top-of-atmosphere (TOA) Arctic radiative flux biases are quantified along with the contributions of clouds, surface
albedos, and new mixed-phase ice nucleation schemes to these biases. CAM5 net TOA allsky shortwave (SW) and
outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) fluxes are generally within 10Wm-2of Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy
System Energy Balanced and Filled (CERES-EBAF) observations. However, CAM5 has compensating SW errors:
Surface albedos over snow are too high while cloud amount and LWP are too low. Use of a new CAM5 Cloud-Aerosol
Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) lidar simulator that corrects an error in the treatment
of snow crystal size confirms insufficient cloud amount in CAM5 year-round. CAM5 OLR is too low because of low
surface temperature in winter, excessive atmospheric water vapor in summer, and excessive cloud heights year-round.
Simulations with two new mixed-phase ice nucleation schemes-one based on an empirical fit to ice nuclei observations
and one based on classical nucleation theory with prognostic ice nuclei-improve surface climate in winter by increasing
cloud amount and LWP. However, netTOAand surface radiation biases remain because of increases in midlevel clouds
and a persistent deficit in cloud LWP. These findings highlight challenges with evaluating and modeling Arctic cloud,
radiation, and climate processes. © 2014 American Meteorological Society. (71 refs)
Main heading: Ice
Controlled terms: Climate models - Nucleation - Optical radar - Radiometry - Snow - Solar radiation
Uncontrolled terms: Albedo - Arctic - Cloud forcing - Cloud radiative effects - Model evaluation/performance
Classification Code: 443 MeteorologyMeteorology - 443.3 PrecipitationPrecipitation - 657.1 Solar Energy and
PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 716.2 Radar Systems and EquipmentRadar Systems and Equipment
- 921 MathematicsMathematics - 933.1.2 Crystal GrowthCrystal Growth - 944.8 Radiation MeasurementsRadiation
Measurements
Database: Compendex
316. Developing and sustaining fractured energy systems; challenges and opportunities
Moore, Joseph N.
Source: Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, 48, 7, Geological Society of America, 2016 annual
meeting & exposition, 2016; ISSN: 0016-7592; Conference: Geological Society of America, 2016 annual meeting
& exposition, 09/25/2016
Author affiliation: University of Utah, Energy and Geoscience Institute, Salt Lake, UT, United States
Abstract: Natural geothermal systems are characterized by a source of heat, fluid to transfer heat from the rocks and
a network of permeable fractures. Although worldwide use of geothermal energy is increasing, natural geothermal
resources provide less than one percent of the global energy production. Nevertheless, there is abundant and
compelling evidence that the geothermal resource base is enormous and virtually inexhaustible. Hot, low permeability
rocks with temperatures suitable for electricity generation are present at accessible depths throughout the world and
offer the potential for large-scale development. However, the lack of natural interconnected fracture networks has
proven to be a major obstacle to heat extraction. Many of the technologies currently used to create fracture systems in
geothermal environments were adapted from those applied to low permeability oil and gas fields. Resource extraction
in both hydrocarbon and geothermal environments has relied on the creation of new fractures as well as reactivation of
existing fractures through hydraulic stimulation. Although these environments share many similarities and challenges,
there are significant differences in rock type, temperature and resource management. Unlike oil and gas reservoirs,
Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) reservoirs require fracture networks capable of sustaining long term heat transfer
for periods of 20-30 years. Despite progress in geothermal drilling, reservoir characterization and stimulation, the
development of conductive, interconnected fracture networks at the reservoir scale has yet to be realized. Critical
needs confronting EGS development include: 1) effective stimulation strategies for fracture formation in hot (>200
degrees C) crystalline rock; 2) identification and imaging of the interconnected fracture networks; 3) demonstration
of long-term reservoir sustainability at commercial flow rates; 4) management of the in-situ stress regime; 5) high-
temperature drilling tools and zonal isolation technologies; 6) management of induced seismicity; and 7) predictive
thermo-mechanical-chemical models. The US Department of Energy initiative, Frontier Observatory for Research

in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) will provide a dedicated subsurface laboratory for the in-situ evaluation of EGS
technologies.
Database: GeoRef
317. Hydrogen generation by electrolysis and storage in salt caverns: Potentials, economics
and systems aspects with regard to the German energy transition
Michalski, J. (1); Bu¨nger, U. (1); Crotogino, F. (2); Donadei, S. (2); Schneider, G.-S. (2); Pregger, T. (3); Cao, K.-K. (3);
Heide, D. (3)
Source: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v 42, n 19, p 13427-43, 11 May 2017; ISSN: 0360-3199; DOI:
Author affiliation: (1) Ludwig-Bolkow-Systemtechnik GmbH, Ottobrunn, Germany (2) KBB Underground Technol.
GmbH, Hannover, Germany (3) Dept. of Syst. Anal. & Technol. Assessment, German Aerosp. Center, Stuttgart,
Germany
Abstract: The Plan-DelyKaD project focused on an in-depth comparison of relevant electrolysis technologies,
identified criteria for and selected most relevant salt cavern sites in Germany, studied business case potentials for
applying hydrogen taken from storage to different end-users and engaged in identifying the future role of hydrogen
from large scale storage in the German energy system. The focus of this paper is on the latter three topics above.
The bottom-up investigation of most suitable salt cavern sites was used as input for a model-based analysis of
microeconomic and macroeconomic aspects. The results identify dimensions and locations of possible hydrogen
storages mostly in Northern Germany with ample potential to support the integration of fluctuating renewable electricity
into the German power system. The microeconomic analysis demonstrates that the most promising early business
case for hydrogen energy from large scale storage is its application as a fuel for the mobility sector. From a system
perspective the analysis reveals that an optimized implementation of hydrogen generation via electrolysis and storage
in salt caverns will have a positive impact on the power system in terms of reduced curtailments of wind power plants
and lower residual peak loads. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (37 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: electrolysis - hydrogen storage - macroeconomics - microeconomics - power markets -
renewable energy sources - wind power plants
Uncontrolled terms: residual peak loads - wind power plants - hydrogen storage - electrolysis - energy transition -
hydrogen energy - fluctuating renewable electricity - macroeconomic aspects - microeconomic aspects - salt caverns -
hydrogen generation
Classification Code: A8640K Hydrogen storage and technologyHydrogen storage and technology - A8245
Electrochemistry and electrophoresisElectrochemistry and electrophoresis - B8110B Power system management,
operation and economicsPower system management, operation and economics - B8470 Other energy storageOther
energy storage
IPC Code: C01B3/00 - C25 - H02J15/00
Database: Inspec
318. Multi-criteria decision analysis for renewable energy integration: A southern India
focus
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Thiagarajar Coll. of Eng., Madurai, India
Abstract: In recent days, sustainability is considered as an important mechanism due to contemporary increase
in demands and worldwide limited resources. This paper presents the possibility of integrating a renewable energy
system with an existing grid to meet electrical energy demand of institutional buildings located in Indian state of Tamil
Nadu. Currently, the Tamil Nadu state electric-grid power is not surplus and experiencing 40% short fall in generation.
In this present paper a modern approach for the optimum planning of electric power system (EPS) is proposed based
on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). An intertwined analysis on energy management and techno-economic
optimization of grid connected renewable energy system is proposed. The prospects of different fixed tilt solar panels
and peak load shifting based energy management are performed through HOMER Energy® simulation. The AHP
multi-criteria decision analysis reveals that annual optimum tilt grid connected photovoltaic system is the optimum
configuration for study location. The effectiveness of the AHP approach is evaluated with best-worst method and

stochastic multi-criteria acceptability analysis for prioritizing the renewable energy system options in order to select
best EPS. In addition, the optimum configuration is implemented in the institutional buildings and performance is
analyzed under varying climatic conditions. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (35 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: analytic hierarchy process - decision making - energy management systems - hybrid power
systems - optimisation - photovoltaic power systems - power generation economics - power grids - renewable energy
sources - solar power - sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms: renewable energy system options - stochastic multicriteria acceptability analysis - AHP approach
- optimum configuration - photovoltaic system - annual optimum tilt grid - AHP multicriteria decision analysis - HOMER
Energy - different fixed tilt solar panels - energy management - intertwined analysis - electric power system - optimum
planning - 40% short fall - Tamil Nadu state electric-grid power - Indian state - institutional buildings - electrical energy
demand - existing grid - recent days - southern India focus - renewable energy integration
operation and economics - B0260 Optimisation techniquesOptimisation techniques - B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy
resources - B8250 Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systemsSolar power stations and photovoltaic power
systems - E0230 Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues
IPC Code: H02S
Database: Inspec
319. Assessment of renewable energy technologies for charging electric vehicles in Canada
Verma, Aman (1); Raj, Ratan (1); Kumar, Mayank (1); Ghandehariun, Samane (1); Kumar, Amit (1)
Source: Energy, v 86, p 548-559, June 15, 2015; ISSN: 03605442; DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.04.010; Publisher:
Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 4-9 Mechanical Engineering
Building, Edmonton; AB; T6G 2G8, Canada
Abstract: Electric vehicle charging by renewable energy can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper
presents a data-intensive techno-economic model to estimate the cost of charging an electric vehicle with a battery
capacity of 16 kW h for an average travel distance of 65 km from small-scale renewable electricity in various
jurisdictions in Canada. Six scenarios were developed that encompass scale of operation, charging time, and type
of renewable energy system. The costs of charging an electric vehicle from an off-grid wind energy system at a
charging time of 8 h is 56.8-58.5 cents/km in Montreal, Quebec, and 58.5-60.0 cents/km in Ottawa, Ontario. However,
on integration with a small-scale hydro, the charging costs are 9.4-11.2 cents/km in Montreal, 9.5-11.1 cents/km in
Ottawa and 10.2-12.2 cents/km in Vancouver, British Columbia. The results show that electric vehicle charging from
small-scale hydro energy integration is cost competitive compared charging from conventional grid electricity in all the
chosen jurisdictions. Furthermore, when the electric vehicle charging time decreases from 8 to 4 h, the cost of charging
increases by 83% and 11% from wind and hydro energy systems, respectively. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. (48 refs)
Main heading: Charging (batteries)
Controlled terms: Cost benefit analysis - Costs - Economics - Electric power transmission networks - Electric vehicles
- Gas emissions - Greenhouse gases - Hydroelectric power - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Electric vehicle charging - GHG mitigation - Renewable energies - Renewable energy systems -
Renewable energy technologies - Small hydro power - Techno-economics - Vancouver , British Columbia
Classification Code: 451.1 Air Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources - 611.1 Hydroelectric Power
PlantsHydroelectric Power Plants - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993,
use code 611 ) - 702.1.2 Secondary BatteriesSecondary Batteries - 706.1.1 Electric Power TransmissionElectric
Power Transmission - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial
Economics - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
Database: Compendex
320. Optimal design and dispatch of a system of diesel generators, photovoltaics and
batteries for remote locations
Scioletti, Michael S. (1); Newman, Alexandra M. (1); Goodman, Johanna K. (2); Zolan, Alexander J. (3); Leyffer, Sven
(4)
Source: Optimization and Engineering, v 18, n 3, p 755-792, September 1, 2017; ISSN: 13894420, E-ISSN:
15732924; DOI: 10.1007/s11081-017-9355-4; Publisher: Springer New York LLC

Author affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden; CO; 80401, United
States (2) School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; GA; 30332,
United States (3) Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin; TX; 78712, United
States (4) Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont; IL; 60439, United
States
Abstract: Renewable energy technologies, specifically, solar photovoltaic cells, combined with battery storage and
diesel generators, form a hybrid system capable of independently powering remote locations, i.e., those isolated from
larger grids. If sized correctly, hybrid systems reduce fuel consumption compared to diesel generator-only alternatives.
We present an optimization model for establishing a hybrid power design and dispatch strategy for remote locations,
such as a military forward operating base, that models the acquisition of different power technologies as integer
variables and their operation using nonlinear expressions. Our cost-minimizing, nonconvex, mixed-integer, nonlinear
program contains a detailed battery model. Due to its complexities, we present linearizations, which include exact
and convex under-estimation techniques, and a heuristic, which determines an initial feasible solution to serve as a
“warm start” for the solver. We determine, in a few hours at most, solutions within 5% of optimality for a candidate set
of technologies; these solutions closely resemble those from the nonlinear model. Our instances contain real data
spanning a yearly horizon at hour fidelity and demonstrate that a hybrid system could reduce fuel consumption by as
much as 50% compared to a generator-only solution. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media New York (outside
the USA). (56 refs)
Main heading: Integer programming
Controlled terms: Battery management systems - Digital storage - Electric batteries - Electric load dispatching -
Hybrid systems - Location - Nonlinear programming - Optimization - Photoelectrochemical cells - Photovoltaic cells -
Renewable energy resources - Solar power generation
Uncontrolled terms: Estimation techniques - Forward operating base - Hybrid energy system - Mixed integer
programming - Nonlinear programs - Optimization modeling - Renewable energy technologies - Solar photovoltaics
Database: Compendex
321. Practical implementation of a silicon carbide-based 300 kHz, 1.2 kW hard-switching

boost-converter and comparative thermal performance evaluation
Taekyun Kim (1); Minsoo Jang (1); Agelidis, V.G. (1)
Source: IET Power Electronics, v 8, n 3, p 333-41, March 2015; ISSN: 1755-4535; DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2014.0231;
Publisher: IET, UK
Author affiliation: (1) Sch. of Electr. Eng. & Telecommun., Univ. of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Abstract: Field experience shows that the vast majority of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy system failures are related
to the power conditioning system (PCS). Among the principal reliability issues of PV PCSs are thermal management
and heat extraction mechanisms. The study considers practical implementation of a DC-DC boost converter as a
solar PV pre-regulator in terms of thermal management, with comparative thermal performance evaluations of silicon
carbide (SiC) semiconductors and silicon (Si) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). Thermal
performance evaluation of power semiconductors is based on a 1.2 kW DC-DC converter with: (i) various switching
frequencies up to 300 kHz, in steps of 25 kHz; (ii) case temperatures from 25 to 150°C; and (iii) a natural convection
heatsink with temperature increase rate of 0.5°C/W. Simulation and experimental results verify that losses from SiC
semiconductors are low compared with Si MOSFETs. This provides an opportunity for designing a pre-regulator DC-
DC boost converter with less effort required for thermal management and enhanced reliability. (33 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: DC-DC power convertors - elemental semiconductors - failure analysis - performance
evaluation - photovoltaic power systems - power generation reliability - silicon - silicon compounds - solar power
stations - switching convertors - thermal engineering - wide band gap semiconductors
Uncontrolled terms: enhanced reliability - natural convection heatsink - power semiconductors - MOSFETs - silicon
metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors - thermal performance evaluations - solar PV pre-regulator - DC-
DC boost converter - heat extraction mechanisms - thermal management - principal reliability issues - PCS - power
conditioning system - PV energy system failures - solar photovoltaic energy system failures - thermal performance
evaluation - silicon carbide-based hard-switching boost-converter - frequency 300 kHz - power 1.2 kW - temperature 25
degC to 150 degC - SiC - Si
Classification Code: B8250 Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systemsSolar power stations
and photovoltaic power systems - B8360D DC-DC power convertorsDC-DC power convertors - B0170N
ReliabilityReliability
IPC Code: H02M3/00 - H02S
Database: Inspec


322. The potential benefits of widespread combined heat and power based district energy
networks in the province of Ontario
Duquette, J. (1); Wild, P. (1); Rowe, A. (1)
Source: Energy, v 67, p 41-51, 1 April 2014; ISSN: 0360-5442; DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2013.12.038; Publisher:
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Abstract: In this work, an assessment is conducted of the potential primary energy savings and CO2 reductions
associated with converting a conventional energy system comprising high thermal power plant penetration to one
of two configurations. The first configuration consists of widespread DE (District Energy) grids equipped with CHP
(Combined Heat and Power) plants, and the second includes wind energy. A model is constructed and five scenarios
are evaluated with the EnergyPLAN software taking the province of Ontario, Canada as the case study. Scenario
optimization results show that reductions in fuel utilization and CO2 emissions of up to 8.5% and 32%, respectively,
are possible when switching to an energy system comprising widespread CHP based DE grids. A sensitivity analysis
reveals that widespread CHP based DE systems have lower fuel utilization and CO2 emissions than large-scale
wind systems for relative installed capacities below approximately 25% of the total generation mix. Differences in fuel
utilization and CO2 emissions of up to 6.4% and 10%, respectively, are observed when comparing outputs from energy
systems made up of two distinct CHP technologies, demonstrating the importance of accounting for heat to power ratio
in large-scale energy planning studies that incorporate CHP generation. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (44 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution control - carbon compounds - cogeneration - energy conservation - fuel -
optimisation - power generation planning - power grids - thermal power stations
Uncontrolled terms: Ontario - potential primary energy saving - thermal power plant - DE grid - district energy grid
- combined heat and power plant - CHP plant - EnergyPLAN software - Canada - optimization - fuel utilization -
sensitivity analysis - large-scale wind energy system - large-scale energy planning study - CO2
Classification Code: B8230 Thermal power stations and plantsThermal power stations and plants - B8215 Energy
conservationEnergy conservation - B7720 Pollution detection and controlPollution detection and control - B8110D
Power system planning and layoutPower system planning and layout
Database: Inspec
323. Control and EMS of a Grid-Connected Microgrid with Economical Analysis

El-Hendawi, M. (1); Gabbar, H.A. (1); El-Saady, G. (2); Ibrahim, E.-N.A. (2)
Source: Energies, v 11, n 1, p 129 (21 pp.), Jan. 2018; ISSN: 1996-1073; DOI: 10.3390/en11010129; Publisher:
MDPI, Switzerland
Author affiliation: (1) Fac. of Eng. & Appl. Sci., Univ. of Ontario Inst. of Technol., Oshawa, ON, Canada (2) Electr.
Eng. Dept., Assiut Univ., Assiut, Egypt
Abstract: Recently, significant development has occurred in the field of microgrid and renewable energy systems
(RESs). Integrating microgrids and renewable energy sources facilitates a sustainable energy future. This paper
proposes a control algorithm and an optimal energy management system (EMS) for a grid-connected microgrid to
minimize its operating cost. The microgrid includes photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and energy storage systems
(ESS). The interior search algorithm (ISA) optimization technique determines the optimal hour-by-hour scheduling for
the microgrid system, while it meets the required load demand based on 24-h ahead forecast data. The control system
consists of three stages: EMS, supervisory control and local control. EMS is responsible for providing the control
system with the optimum day-ahead scheduling power flow between the microgrid (MG) sources, batteries, loads
and the main grid based on an economic analysis. The supervisory control stage is responsible for compensating the
mismatch between the scheduled power and the real microgrid power. In addition, this paper presents the local control
design to regulate the local power, current and DC voltage of the microgrid. For verification, the proposed model was
applied on a real case study in Oshawa (Ontario, Canada) with various load conditions. (37 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: distributed power generation - energy management systems - energy storage - optimisation
- photovoltaic power systems - power generation economics - power generation scheduling - power grids - renewable
energy sources - wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: microgrid power - local control design - scheduled power - supervisory control stage - economic
analysis - main grid - loads - optimum day-ahead scheduling power flow - control system - 24-h ahead forecast data -
required load demand - microgrid system - hour-by-hour scheduling - interior search algorithm optimization technique

- energy storage systems - wind turbine - optimal energy management system - control algorithm - sustainable energy
future - renewable energy sources - integrating microgrids - renewable energy systems - significant development -
economical analysis - grid-connected microgrid - EMS
operation and economics - B8245 Wind power plantsWind power plants - B0240Z Other topics in statisticsOther topics
in statistics - B0260 Optimisation techniquesOptimisation techniques - B8120K Distributed power generationDistributed
power generation
IPC Code: F03D - H02J3/38 - H02S
Database: Inspec
324. Development of power system designs for a net zero energy house
Hassoun, A. (1); Dincer, I. (1)
Source: Energy and Buildings, v 73, p 120-9, April 2014; ISSN: 0378-7788; DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.01.027;
Author affiliation: (1) Fac. of Eng. & Appl. Sci., Univ. of Ontario Inst. of Technol., Oshawa, ON, Canada
Abstract: This study compares various power design options and their optimized schemes for a net-zero house
considered in a location in Lebanon, to cover its all electrical needs while maximizing renewable energy usage and
minimizing the greenhouse gases emissions. The study starts by outlining the necessary measures needed to reduce
the total electrical load connected to the house through efficiency gains, after which comprehensive simulations are
carried out to establish the best possible power design options with the least total net present cost and maximum
renewable energy fraction, as they achieve a sustainable net-zero energy house. The simulation results show that the
optimum renewable energy system for a total connected load to the house of 90 kWh/day requires a combination of
PV, wind turbine, batteries, convertor and diesel generator at a total net present cost of $56,558.00 and a renewable
energy fraction of 0.998. Moreover, simulations for the same connected load are carried out with different configuration
of renewable energy resources and the optimum results are obtained. On the other hand, a set of simulations is
performed for different areas of the house, and a sensitivity analysis is then conducted for these obtained results. An
exergetic assessment is carried out to compare the efficiencies of a PV system to that of a PV/T, where water is heated
by the thermal part supplied. The energy efficiency of the PV/T system is then improved by about 23% while the exergy
efficiency increases by 10% with an additional cost of $8442.00. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (22 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: battery storage plants - buildings (structures) - diesel-electric generators - photovoltaic
power systems - power convertors - power system simulation - renewable energy sources - wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: power system designs - net zero energy house - power design - Lebanon - renewable energy
usage - greenhouse gases emissions - PV - wind turbine - batteries - convertor - diesel generator - exergetic
assessment
Classification Code: A8620Q Buildings (energy utilisation)Buildings (energy utilisation) - B8110 Power systemsPower
systems - B8245 Wind power plantsWind power plants - B8230H Diesel power stations and plantsDiesel power
stations and plants - B8360 Power convertors and power supplies to apparatusPower convertors and power supplies to
apparatus - B8250 Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systemsSolar power stations and photovoltaic power
systems - B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy resources - B8260 Other power stations and plantsOther power stations
and plants
IPC Code: F03D - H02M - F02N19/00
Database: Inspec
325. Hourly optimization and sizing of district heating systems considering building
refurbishment – Case study for the city of Zagreb
Pavievi, Matija (1); Novosel, Tomislav (1); Pukec, Tomislav (1); Dui, Neven (1)
Source: Energy, v 137, p 1264-1276, October 15, 2017; ISSN: 03605442; DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.06.105;
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Energy, Power Engineering and Environment, University of Zagreb, Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Ivana Luia 5, Zagreb; 10000, Croatia
Abstract: District heating plays a crucial role in future energy systems due to its beneficial impacts on the overall
flexibility and efficiency of the energy system as a whole. In order to fully utilize its benefits, the sizing and operation of

said systems needs to be optimized. This is a computationally difficult task due to a large number of parameters that
need to be considered and calculated. Another issue is a need for long optimization horizons of at least one year, in
order to capture seasonal, and a small time step of 1 h or less, to capture intraday variations. The goal of this work
has been the development and demonstration of an optimization model capable of handling both the sizing and the
operation of a district heating system based on a heat only boiler, solar thermal collectors, electric heaters, heat pumps
and thermal energy storage units while considering building refurbishment. The model has been implemented on nine
scenarios. The results of the analysis have demonstrated the economic and environmental benefits of the utilization of
highly efficient and renewable energy sources in the proposed system. © 2017 The Authors (47 refs)
Controlled terms: District heating - Energy storage - Heat storage - Heating - Heating equipment - Integer
programming - Optimization - Renewable energy resources - Thermal energy - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms: Building refurbishments - District heating system - Economic and environmental benefits -
Energy planning - Optimization modeling - Renewable energy source - Solar thermal collector - Unit commitment
problem
Database: Compendex
326. Use of electric vehicles or hydrogen in the Danish transport sector in 2050?
Skytte, Klaus (1); Pizarro, Amalia (1); Karlsson, Kenneth B. (1)
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, v 6, n 1, January 1, 2017; ISSN: 20418396, E-
ISSN: 2041840X; DOI: 10.1002/wene.233; Article number: e233; Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Energy Economics and Regulation, Systems Analysis Division, Department of Management
Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Abstract: Denmark has an ambitious long-term goal to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transport
sector with an overall climate target to be independent of fossil-fuel consumption by 2050. We compare a likely
scenario with two alternative ways to achieve the goal—either with a high percentage of electric vehicles (EV) or with a
high percentage of hydrogen use for transportation. The STREAM model—an energy scenario simulating tool—is used
to model the different scenarios and their integration with the electricity and heating systems. The major findings are
that an increased share of EV can reduce the socioeconomic cost of the energy system in 2050. However, electricity
demand for H2generation via electrolysis is more flexible than EV charging and the production can therefore, to a
larger degree be used to out-balance variable electricity surplus from a high share of wind energy in the power system,
reducing the investments in backup capacity. Whether the hydrogen scenario (H2S) is more costly to implement
than the EV scenario (EVS) mainly depends on the technological development—especially the improvement on the
efficiency of the conversion from electricity to H2and the cost of the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Therefore, the major
drivers of a successful H2S are a high efficient flexible H2production in 2050 and lower vehicle costs, which increase
the stability of the power grid, compared to the EVS. Hence, from a socioeconomic view point, the technological path in
innovation to achieve fossil-free transport systems should have vehicle costs and electrolyzers efficiency as their main
drivers toward 2050. WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e233. doi: 10.1002/wene.233. For further resources related to this
article, please visit the WIREs website. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (22 refs)
Controlled terms: Costs - Economics - Fossil fuels - Fuel cells - Gas emissions - Greenhouse gases - Investments -
Vehicles - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Climate targets - Electricity demands - Energy scenarios - Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles - Long-
term goals - Technological development - Transport sectors - Transport systems
Database: Compendex
327. Impact of a grid-connected PV system application in a bioclimatic house toward the

zero energy status in the north of Algeria
Missoum, M. (1); Hamidat, A. (1); Imessad, K. (1); Bensalem, S. (1); Khoudja, A. (1)
Source: Energy and Buildings, v 128, p 370-383, September 15, 2016; ISSN: 03787788; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables, CDER, BP 62, Route de l'Observatoire
Bouzaréah, Algiers; 16340, Algeria
Abstract: Nowadays, it is well recognized at the international level that the building sector is one of the biggest energy
consumers, which made the intervention in this sector the greatest potential for energy consumption reduction and

greenhouse emissions mitigation. In Algeria, building sector is responsible of more than 40% of the final energy
consumption. Solar energy systems integrated in buildings can be an important solution to this dual problem. The
aim of this paper is to estimate the energy performance of a typical single-family bioclimatic house equipped with a
solar heating system located in the north Algeria (Algiers) and to investigate its conversion into a zero energy house
by installing a grid connected PV system. To achieve this goal, a numerical model of the bioclimatic house coupled
with the solar heating system is developed and validated with experimental data. Then, the validated model is used to
optimize the adequate size of the solar heating system and to determine its contribution in the production of thermal
energy for both DHW preparation and space heating of the house. Finally, a PV system is sized to supply, in parallel
with the utility grid, the house with electricity for lighting, appliance and auxiliary electric heater. Furthermore, an
economic analysis is made to show the profitability of integration of grid connected PV and solar thermal systems in
building. Results show that the conversion of a bioclimatic house into a ZEH using a grid connected PV system, in the
north of Algeria weather conditions, present high level of feasibility. However, the return on investment is very high due
mainly to the high cost of solar energy components and the very low costs of conventional energy in Algeria. © 2016
Elsevier B.V. (29 refs)
Controlled terms: Economic analysis - Energy conservation - Energy utilization - Heating equipment - Houses -
Profitability - Solar energy - Solar heating - Thermography (temperature measurement)
Uncontrolled terms: Greenhouse emissions - Grid connected PV system - Homer softwares - Return on investments -
Solar energy systems - Solar PV systems - Solar thermal systems - Zero energy house
Classification Code: 402.3 ResidencesResidences - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation - 525.3 Energy
UtilizationEnergy Utilization - 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 911.2 Industrial
EconomicsIndustrial Economics - 944.6 Temperature MeasurementsTemperature Measurements
Database: Compendex
328. A comprehensive study of classical and hybrid multilevel inverter topologies for
renewable energy applications
Kala, P. (1); Arora, S. (1)
Source: Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 76, p 905-31, Sept. 2017; ISSN: 1364-0321; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Electr. Eng., G.B. Pant Univ. of Agric. & Technol, Pantnagar, India
Abstract: Over the last few decades, multilevel inverters (MLIs) are being extensively utilized in many industrial
and grid connected applications due to their numerous merits. With the recent development of renewable energy
systems (RES), applications of classical MLI topologies are hindered due to their performance issues such as poor
power quality, uneconomical structure and low efficiency. These performance issues and limitations in classical MLI
topologies have attracted the researchers toward evolving new hybrid MLI topologies. In this article, a comprehensive
analysis of these recent hybrid MLI topologies is done on the basis of some qualitative and quantitative performance
indices. Special focus has been given to extensively review the influence of MLIs in grid connected renewable energy
applications such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind energy conversion systems (WECS) and micro-grid. In order to
provide the better insight about the working and performance of these MLI topologies, simulation results performed in
MATLAB/Simulink environment are also presented. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (120 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: distributed power generation - invertors - photovoltaic power systems - power supply quality
- renewable energy sources - wind power plants
Uncontrolled terms: hybrid multilevel inverter topologies - industrial grid connected applications - renewable energy
systems - grid connected renewable energy applications - power quality - hybrid MLI topologies - photovoltaic system -
PV system - wind energy conversion systems - WECS - microgrid - RES - MATLAB-Simulink environment
Classification Code: B8360N DC-AC power convertors (invertors)DC-AC power convertors (invertors) - B1210 Power
electronics, supply and supervisory circuitsPower electronics, supply and supervisory circuits - B8245 Wind power
plantsWind power plants - B8250 Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systemsSolar power stations and
photovoltaic power systems - B8120K Distributed power generationDistributed power generation
IPC Code: H02J3/38 - H02M - H02M7/00 - H02S
Database: Inspec

329. Impact of a grid-connected PV system application in a bioclimatic house toward the

zero energy status in the north of Algeria
Missoum, M. (1); Hamidat, A. (1); Imessad, K. (1); Bensalem, S. (1); Khoudja, A. (1)
Source: Energy and Buildings, v 128, p 370-83, 15 Sept. 2016; ISSN: 0378-7788; DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.07.005;
Author affiliation: (1) Centre de Dev. des Energies Renouvelables, Algiers, Algeria
Abstract: Nowadays, it is well recognized at the international level that the building sector is one of the biggest energy
consumers, which made the intervention in this sector the greatest potential for energy consumption reduction and
greenhouse emissions mitigation. In Algeria, building sector is responsible of more than 40% of the final energy
consumption. Solar energy systems integrated in buildings can be an important solution to this dual problem. The
aim of this paper is to estimate the energy performance of a typical single-family bioclimatic house equipped with a
solar heating system located in the north Algeria (Algiers) and to investigate its conversion into a zero energy house
by installing a grid connected PV system. To achieve this goal, a numerical model of the bioclimatic house coupled
with the solar heating system is developed and validated with experimental data. Then, the validated model is used to
optimize the adequate size of the solar heating system and to determine its contribution in the production of thermal
energy for both DHW preparation and space heating of the house. Finally, a PV system is sized to supply, in parallel
with the utility grid, the house with electricity for lighting, appliance and auxiliary electric heater. Furthermore, an
economic analysis is made to show the profitability of integration of grid connected PV and solar thermal systems in
building. Results show that the conversion of a bioclimatic house into a ZEH using a grid connected PV system, in the
north of Algeria weather conditions, present high level of feasibility. However, the return on investment is very high due
mainly to the high cost of solar energy components and the very low costs of conventional energy in Algeria. [All rights
Inspec controlled terms: buildings (structures) - electricity supply industry - energy consumption - environmental
economics - numerical analysis - photovoltaic power systems - power grids - solar heating - space heating
Uncontrolled terms: grid connected PV system - bioclimatic house - zero energy status - north Algeria - building
sector - energy consumption reduction - greenhouse emissions mitigation - solar energy systems - solar heating
system - DHW preparation - space heating - utility grid - lighting electricity - appliance electricity - electric heater - solar
thermal systems
Classification Code: A8620Q Buildings (energy utilisation)Buildings (energy utilisation) - A0260 Numerical
approximation and analysisNumerical approximation and analysis - A8605 Energy and environmental policy,
economics and legislationEnergy and environmental policy, economics and legislation - A8620H Heating (energy
utilisation)Heating (energy utilisation) - B8250 Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systemsSolar power
stations and photovoltaic power systems - B8540E Space heatingSpace heating - B0170Q Environmental
factorsEnvironmental factors - B0290Z Other numerical methodsOther numerical methods - B8110B Power system
management, operation and economicsPower system management, operation and economics
IPC Code: F24D - F24J2/00 - H05B1/00 - H02S
Database: Inspec
330. Design of CSP plants with optimally operated thermal storage

Casati, E. (1); Casella, F. (2); Colonna, P. (1)
Source: Solar Energy, v 116, p 371-87, June 2015; ISSN: 0038-092X; DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2015.03.048;
Author affiliation: (1) Propulsion & Power, Delft Univ. of Technol., Delft, Netherlands (2) Dipt. di Elettron., Politec. di
Milano, Milan, Italy
Abstract: Concentrated solar power plants are increasingly considered worldwide, in order to meet the demand for
renewable power generation. A distinctive feature of these plants is the possibility of integrating thermal energy storage
such that full-load operation can be sustained for several hours in the absence of solar radiation. A number of design
software tools are available for sizing the plant and evaluating the return on investment. These usually assume a short-
sighted strategy for storage management. This work presents a new methodology aimed at assessing the potential of
optimal control techniques when applied to the operation of energy storage systems in general. The design method is
applied to a test case, a state-of-the-art central receiver plant with direct storage, using molten salts as working fluid,
and operating in a context of variable electricity prices. The system modeling and optimization problems are formulated
and implemented using modern high-level modeling languages, demonstrating the potential of the approach. The
different operating strategies are compared based on a detailed financial analysis. A wide system design space is
explored, and the results presented for all the foreseeable combinations of solar field size and storage system capacity,
considering two plant locations, i.e., Daggett (US-CA) and Almeria (ES). Potential gains up to 10% in terms of yearly

revenue are estimated, in case improved control strategies are adopted. These figures translate into increases of more
than 30% of the investment profitability by considering over-life financial figures. It is further shown how, in case of
state-of-the-art systems, it is always profitable to adopt optimal control to the end of increasing electricity production.
However, the potential of these techniques is discussed also under the point of view of investment cost reduction,
since the same yearly revenue can be harvested with smaller energy storage, if optimally operated. This aspect,
unveiled here for the first time, might become significant if technologies with different cost structure are of interest, i.e.,
in case the storage cost constitutes a comparatively large part of the total investment. The novel method is thus an
additional decision tool allowing to treat the storage operation strategy as a new relevant variable for the design of next
generation energy systems. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (40 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: solar energy concentrators - solar power stations - thermal energy storage
Uncontrolled terms: CSP plants - optimally operated thermal storage - concentrated solar power plants - renewable
power generation - thermal energy storage - solar radiation - return on investment - storage management - optimal
control techniques - energy storage systems - molten salts - working fluid - variable electricity prices - high-level
modeling languages - next generation energy systems
Classification Code: A8610K Solar energySolar energy - A8640F Storage in thermal energyStorage in thermal
energy - B8250 Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systemsSolar power stations and photovoltaic power
systems
IPC Code: F24J2/00 - F24J2/06 - F28D20/00
Database: Inspec
331. Air pollutant and CO2emissions mitigation in urban energy systems through a fuzzy
possibilistic programming method under uncertainty
Chen, Cong (1); Qi, Mingzhu (2); Kong, Xiangming (3); Huang, Guohe (4); Li, Yongping (5)
Source: Journal of Cleaner Production, v 192, p 115-137, 10 August 2018; ISSN: 09596526; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Donlinks School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing,
Beijing; 100083, China (2) School of Labor Economics, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing; 10070,
China (3) College of Fundamental Science, Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing; 100176, China (4) Professor and Canada
Research Chair, Environmental Systems Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University
of Regina, Regina; Sask.; S4S 0A2, Canada (5) Environment and Energy Systems Engineering Research Center,
School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing; 100875, China
Abstract: To address the increasing tension between energy activities and environmental protection, an energy and
environment optimization model based on fuzzy possibilistic programming method is proposed. The proposed model
can (i) generate optimized solutions for energy and environmental systems; (ii) tackle the uncertainties expressed as
fuzzy sets in the goal, left-hand (e.g., economic data), and right-hand (e.g., energy demands) sides of constraints; (iii)
analyze the integrated and individual impacts of energy conversion efficiency, air pollutant removal rate, and electric
power mix on energy, environmental, and economic systems; and (iv) explore cost-effective approaches for emissions
reductions. The proposed model can be applied at city and regional scales, and its effectiveness was verified using
Tianjin Municipality, Beijing Municipality, and Hebei Province. Several policy implications for local decision makers
are suggested from the proposed model. Firstly, the optimization of the electric power mix and improvement of energy
conversion efficiencies are cost-effective ways to reduce pollutant and CO2emissions. Secondly, the improvement of
pollutant removal rates can effectively reduce SO2, NOx, and particulate matter emissions, but with increased system
costs. Thirdly, oil refining, coke processing, and coal-fired power are identified as major sectors for potential emissions
reduction. The proposed model can effectively support local policymakers in the adjustment of current energy and
environmental strategies sustainably and robustly. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd (41 refs)
Controlled terms: Air pollution - Carbon dioxide - Conversion efficiency - Cost effectiveness - Cost reduction -
Decision making - Emission control - Energy conversion - Environmental management - Public policy - Refining - Storm
sewers - Uncertainty analysis
Uncontrolled terms: Cost-effective approach - Emissions mitigation - Energy activity - Energy and environment -
Environmental strategy - Particulate matter emissions - Possibilistic programming - Uncertainties
Classification Code: 451 Air PollutionAir Pollution - 451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control - 452.1
SewageSewage - 454.1 Environmental Engineering, GeneralEnvironmental Engineering, General - 525.5 Energy
Conversion IssuesEnergy Conversion Issues - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds - 911.2 Industrial
EconomicsIndustrial Economics - 912.2 ManagementManagement - 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory - 971
Social SciencesSocial Sciences

Database: Compendex
332. A methodology for normal distribution-based statistical characterization of long-term

insolation by means of historical data
Sedi, Almir (1); Pavkovi, Danijel (2); Firak, Mihajlo (2)
Source: Solar Energy, v 122, p 440-454, December 01, 2015; ISSN: 0038092X; DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2015.09.014;
Author affiliation: (1) INA-Industrija nafte d.d., Avenija Veeslava Holjevca 10, Zagreb; 10000, Croatia (2) Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Ivana Luia 5, Zagreb; 10002, Croatia
Abstract: Solar system size and related profitable operation with shortest possible return-of-investment period are key
enabling factors for a wider commercial use of solar energy systems and further developments of related technologies.
Accordingly, the collection and statistical characterization of long-term solar energy (insolation) data may be regarded
as an essential step in solar power system design, which should yield probable safety margins of the solar energy
system based on the past (historical) data and their estimated statistical properties. To this end, this paper proposes
a statistical approach to long-term solar energy availability characterization based on analysis of historical insolation
data, augmented by a normalization procedure implementing straightforward data set transformations. The proposed
approach has produced a normalized set of probability distributions for the solar energy data collected for the Zagreb
(Republic of Croatia) greater metropolitan area over a 10-year period, which can be used for the assessment of
energy availability of a prospective solar power system. The proposed methodology has been validated by means of
statistical normality (goodness-of-fit) criteria, such as those included in Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefors
and Chi-square tests. These tests have been first used to indicate the discrepancy of the original (crude) insolation
data probability distribution with respect to normal distribution. A comparative analysis based on Weibull probability
distribution has further confirmed that statistical characterization based on original data set may not be able to provide
favorable results. After suitable data set transformations have been applied, the statistical validation tests have
confirmed the transformed data set normal probability distribution hypothesis. The normalized model was additionally
validated through comparison of probability levels of transformed data with the probability of occurrence of actual
(crude set) data points. Thus normalized and validated statistical model might be convenient for straightforward
characterization of available insolation for the purpose of profitability calculations, and prospective solar power system
sizing studies. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. (49 refs)
Main heading: Weibull distribution
Controlled terms: Characterization - Incident solar radiation - Investments - Metadata - Normal distribution -
Profitability - Solar concentrators - Solar energy - Solar power generation - Solar system - Statistical tests - Statistics
Uncontrolled terms: Data set - Normal probability distributions - Probability of occurrence - Statistical characterization
- Statistical properties - Statistical validation - System assessment - Weibull probability distribution
Phenomena - 657.2 Extraterrestrial Physics and Stellar PhenomenaExtraterrestrial Physics and Stellar Phenomena
- 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics - 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical
StatisticsMathematical Statistics - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science
Database: Compendex
333. Break-even analysis for the storage of PV in power distribution grids

Nykamp, S. (1); Bakker, V. (2); Molderink, A. (2); Hurink, J.L. (2); Smit, G.J.M. (2)
Source: International Journal of Energy Research, v 38, n 9, p 1112-28, July 2014; ISSN: 0363-907X; DOI: 10.1002/
er.3106; Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell, UK
Author affiliation: (1) Univ. Twente/Westnetz, Nordhorn, Germany (2) Fac. of Comput. Sci. Math. & Electr. Eng, Univ.
of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
Abstract: The integration of renewable energy systems poses major challenges on distribution grid operators.
Because of the strong growth rates of the installation of photovoltaic (PV) and wind generators, huge needs for
reinforcements in grids are expected. Next to conventional reinforcements (with additional and/or bigger dimensioned
cables and transformers) also the introduction of decentralized storage systems seems to be promising.In this
paper, an economical approach is presented enabling the calculation of break-even points for storage systems as a
substitute to conventional grid reinforcements. The dynamic profitability calculation considers main influencing cost
drivers for both alternatives, including operational and capital expenditures. Furthermore, the calculation of benefits
of decentralized storage systems for upstream grid levels is also integrated. To enable these calculations, a storage

model is derived oriented on battery characteristics to determine main requirements of a storage system to be able
to integrate renewable energy systems. These elaborations are reflected on a real-world distribution grid faced with
reinforcement needs due to the integration of PV. For this, measured data for the PV generator are integrated as
well.The analysis reveal break-even points for the storage asset ranging between 100 and 500 € per kWh of installed
capacity, depending on the lifetime of the storage asset and the costs for the substitute. Furthermore, main influencing
parameters are evaluated using a sensitivity analysis. It is shown that the profitability can be increased significantly
if not all peaks of PV generation need to be stored. Furthermore, the analysis of the operation for 1 year indicates
that a combined operation of the storage asset (not only oriented on grid objectives such as peak shaving, but
considering also the objectives of further stakeholders such as energy traders) seems to be reasonable for increasing
the profitability and incentivizing a larger market penetration of storage assets. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons,
Ltd. (54 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: distribution networks - energy storage - photovoltaic power systems - power grids -
renewable energy sources - wind power plants
Uncontrolled terms: break-even analysis - PV - power distribution grids - renewable energy systems - photovoltaic
generators - wind generators - decentralized storage systems - sensitivity analysis - energy traders - storage assets
Classification Code: B8120J Distribution networksDistribution networks - B8110 Power systemsPower systems
- B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy resources - B8250 Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systemsSolar
power stations and photovoltaic power systems - B8245 Wind power plantsWind power plants - B8470 Other energy
storageOther energy storage
IPC Code: H02J3/00 - H02J15/00 - H02S
Database: Inspec
334. Investigation and analysis of high performance green energy induction motor drive
with intelligent estimator
Chitra, A. (1); Himavathi, S. (2)
Source: Renewable Energy, v 87, p 965-976, March 1, 2016; ISSN: 09601481, E-ISSN: 18790682; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore; 632 014, India (2) EEE, Pondicherry
Engineering College, Puducherry; 605014, India
Abstract: This paper attempts to enhance the performance of a green energy induction motor drive. The electronic
power converters become indispensable part of the renewable energy systems (RES). The solar photovoltaic (PV)
system is efficiently operated with artificial neural network (ANN) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
algorithm. The inverter topologies for the green drive scheme are analyzed. To improve the drive performance a
reduced switch multilevel inverter (RSMLI) is employed. As indirect field oriented control (IFOC) is used, the drive
demands on-line estimation of rotor resistance. A neural learning model reference adaptive scheme (NL-MRAS) based
rotor resistance estimator is found to exhibit good dynamic performance. This work also investigates the performance
of the green drive with an intelligent estimator. The performance enhancement of the green energy drive obtained by
ANN based MPPT for the PV system, a reduced switch MLI and an intelligent estimator is presented. © 2015 Elsevier
Ltd. (32 refs)
Main heading: Induction motors
Controlled terms: Backpropagation - Electric drives - Electric inverters - Electric motors - Energy policy - Maximum
power point trackers - Neural networks - Renewable energy resources - Solar power generation - Vector control
(Electric machinery)
Uncontrolled terms: Electronic power converters - IFOC - Indirect field oriented control - Investigation and analysis -
Maximum Power Point Tracking - Renewable energy systems (RES) - Rotor resistance estimator - Solar photovoltaic
system
Energy Issues - 525.6 Energy PolicyEnergy Policy - 615.2 Solar PowerSolar Power - 704.2 Electric EquipmentElectric
Equipment - 705.3 Electric MotorsElectric Motors - 705.3.1 AC MotorsAC Motors - 723.4 Artificial IntelligenceArtificial
Intelligence - 731.2 Control System ApplicationsControl System Applications
Database: Compendex

335. Modeling the effect of climate change on U.S. state-level buildings energy demands in
an integrated assessment framework
Yuyu Zhou (1); Clarke, L. (1); Jiyong Eom (2); Kyle, P. (1); Patel, P. (1); Kim, S.H. (1); Dirks, J. (3); Jensen, E. (3); Ying
Liu (3); Rice, J. (3); Schmidt, L. (3); Seiple, T. (3)
Source: Applied Energy, v 113, p 1077-88, Jan. 2014; ISSN: 0306-2619; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.08.034;
Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd., UK
Author affiliation: (1) Pacific Northwest Nat. Lab., Joint Global Change Res. Inst., College Park, MD, United States
(2) Grad. Sch. of Manage. of Technol., Sogang Univ., Seoul, Korea, Republic of (3) Pacific Northwest Nat. Lab.,
Richland, WA, United States
Abstract: Because long-term socioeconomic transformation and energy service expansion show large spatial
heterogeneity, advanced understanding of climate change impact on buildings energy use at the sub-national level
will offer useful insights into climate policy and regional energy system planning.In this study, we present a detailed
buildings energy model with U.S. state-level representation, nested in an integrated assessment framework of the
Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM). We project state-level buildings energy demand and its spatial pattern
through the end of the century, considering the impact of climate change based on the estimates of heating and
cooling degree days derived from downscaled USGS CASCaDE temperature data.The results indicate that climate
change has a large impact on heating and cooling buildings energy and fuel use at the state level and that the 48
U.S. contiguous states exhibit a large spatial heterogeneity (ranges from -10% to +10% for total, -10% to +20% for
electricity use and -20% to -5% for oil and gas use in the A2 scenario). Sensitivity analysis explores the potential
implications of multiple driving forces, including climate action that would both change the price of energy and reduce
climate change, the choice of climate models, and population and GDP growth. In addition, the 50-state building
model is compared to a comparable version of the model which represents the entire United States as one region.The
study clearly demonstrates the spatially varying nature of fuel consumption changes that might occur from a changing
climate. Although the study illustrates the importance of incorporating climate change into infrastructure-planning
exercises, it also demonstrates that uncertainties about underlying drivers still must weigh heavily on these planning
decisions. Finally, the study demonstrates that the 50-state building model provides both insights at the regional level
and potentially better national-level estimates.The findings from this study will help the climate-based policy decision
and energy system, especially utility planning related to the buildings sector at the U.S. state and regional level facing
the potential climate change. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (43 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: buildings (structures) - climate mitigation - cooling - heating - sensitivity analysis - socio-
economic effects
Uncontrolled terms: climate change - United States - buildings energy demand - socio-economic transformation
- energy service expansion - climate policy - regional energy system planning - global change assessment model -
GCAM integrated assessment model - sensitivity analysis - fuel consumption - 50-state building model - utility planning
Classification Code: A8620Q Buildings (energy utilisation)Buildings (energy utilisation) - A8605 Energy and
environmental policy, economics and legislationEnergy and environmental policy, economics and legislation
IPC Code: F25
Database: Inspec
336. An integrated framework of agent-based modelling and robust optimization for

microgrid energy management
Kuznetsova, Elizaveta (1, 2); Li, Yan-Fu (2); Ruiz, Carlos (3); Zio, Enrico (2, 4)
Source: Applied Energy, v 129, p 70-88, September 15, 2014; ISSN: 03062619; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) ECONOVING International Chair in Eco-Innovation, REEDS International Centre for Research
in Ecological Economics, Eco-Innovation, Tool Development for Sustainability, Univ. of Versailles Saint Quentin-en-
Yvelines, 5-7 Boulevard d'Alembert, bâtiment d'Alembert, 78047 Guyancourt, France (2) Chair on Systems Science
and the Energetic Challenge, European Foundation for New Energy-Electricité de France, Supelec, Ecole Centrale
Paris, Grande Voie des Vignes 92295 Châtenay-Malabry, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (3) Department of Statistics,
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad, 30, 28911-Leganes (Madrid), Spain (4) Dipartimento di
Energia, Politecnico di Milano, Via Lambruschini 4, 20156 Milano, Italy
Abstract: A microgrid energy management framework for the optimization of individual objectives of microgrid
stakeholders is proposed. The framework is exemplified by way of a microgrid that is connected to an external grid
via a transformer and includes the following players: a middle-size train station with integrated photovoltaic power
production system, a small energy production plant composed of urban wind turbines, and a surrounding district
including residences and small businesses. The system is described by Agent-Based Modelling (ABM), in which

each player is modelled as an individual agent aiming at a particular goal, (i) decreasing its expenses for power
purchase or (ii) increasing its revenues from power selling. The context in which the agents operate is uncertain
due to the stochasticity of operational and environmental parameters, and the technical failures of the renewable
power generators. The uncertain operational and environmental parameters of the microgrid are quantified in terms
of Prediction Intervals (PIs) by a Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) - trained Neural Network (NN).
Under these uncertainties, each agent is seeking for optimal goal-directed actions planning by Robust Optimization
(RO). The developed framework is shown to lead to an increase in system performance, evaluated in terms of typical
reliability (adequacy) indicators for energy systems, such as Loss of Load Expectation (LOLE) and Loss of Expected
Energy (LOEE), in comparison with optimal planning based on expected values of the uncertain parameters. © 2014
Main heading: Computational methods
Controlled terms: Autonomous agents - Cognitive systems - Economics - Energy management - Genetic algorithms -
Loss of load probability - Photovoltaic cells - Reliability - Uncertainty analysis - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: Agent-based model - Micro grid - Power imbalance - Robust optimization - System reliability -
Uncertain scenarios
Classification Code: 525 Energy Management and ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 615.8 Wind
Power (Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability
Theory - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
Database: Compendex
337. Assessing the life cycle environmental benefits of renewable distributed generation in
a context of carbon taxes: The case of the Northeastern American market
Descateaux, P. (1); Astudillo, M.F. (1); Ben Amor, M. (1)
Source: Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 53, p 1178-89, Jan. 2016; ISSN: 1364-0321; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Civil Eng., Univ. de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
Abstract: Distributed generation (DG) using renewable energy systems (RES) can play an important role in reducing
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Given that DG could overlap with carbon tax implementation, the objective of this
work is to assess the implications of introducing different carbon tax levels (from 0 to 100 US$/tonne of CO2) and to
assess the GHG abatement performance when DG is applied.To reach the paper objective, different levels of carbon
taxes were assessed by using the developed partial equilibrium model for the North-eastern American electricity
market. The developed model is crucial to (1) estimate the increase of the hourly market price for different carbon
taxes scenarios, and (2) identify the hourly marginal electricity production technologies reducing its production as a
consequence to DG.Results show that the increase of carbon taxes significantly decrease the environmental benefits
as a consequence of DG. When considering GHG emissions, the 30 kW micro-wind turbine efficiency gets from -6.3
to -3.8 kg CO2 eq/kW h, when carbon tax increases from 0 to 60 US$/tonne CO2eq (60% reduction). Same trend is
observed for other environmental impacts, such as resource, human health and ecosystem quality. These results help
in giving more insight on how two overlapping clean air policies interfere and how efficient they are in reducing GHG
emissions at the same time. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (40 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution - environmental factors - government policies - power markets - renewable
energy sources - wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: life cycle environmental benefits - renewable distributed generation - carbon taxes - Northeastern
American market - renewable energy systems - greenhouse gas emissions - electricity production - micro-wind turbine
efficiency - environmental impacts - human health - ecosystem quality - clean air policies - power 30 kW
operation and economics - B0170Q Environmental factorsEnvironmental factors - B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy
resources - B7720 Pollution detection and controlPollution detection and control
IPC Code: F03D
Database: Inspec
338. Heat demand profiles of energy conservation measures in buildings and their impact
on a district heating system
Lundström, Lukas (1); Wallin, Fredrik (1)

Author affiliation: (1) Mälardalens University, Västerås, Sweden
Abstract: This study highlights the forthcoming problem with diminishing environmental benefits from heat demand
reducing energy conservation measures (ECM) of buildings within district heating systems (DHS), as the supply side
is becoming "greener" and more primary energy efficient. In this study heat demand profiles and annual electricity-to-
heat factors of ECMs in buildings are computed and their impact on system efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions
of a Swedish biomass fuelled and combined heat and power utilising DHS are assessed. A weather normalising
method for the DHS heat load is developed, combining segmented multivariable linear regressions with typical
meteorological year weather data to enable the DHS model and the buildings model to work under the same weather
conditions. Improving the buildings' envelope insulation level and thereby levelling out the DHS heat load curve
reduces greenhouse gas emissions and improves primary energy efficiency. Reducing household electricity use proves
to be highly beneficial, partly because it increases heat demand, allowing for more cogeneration of electricity. However
the other ECMs considered may cause increased greenhouse gas emissions, mainly because of their adverse impact
on the cogeneration of electricity. If biomass fuels are considered as residuals, and thus assigned low primary energy
factors, primary energy efficiency decreases when implementing ECMs that lower heat demand. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
(34 refs)
Controlled terms: Biomass - Buildings - Computer aided software engineering - District heating - Energy conservation
- Gas emissions - Greenhouse gases - Heating equipment - Historic preservation - Meteorology - Thermal load
Uncontrolled terms: Building energy simulations - Combined heat and power - Energy conservation measures -
Energy systems - Multi-variable linear regression - Normalisation - Primary energy efficiencies - Typical meteorological
year
Classification Code: 402 Buildings and TowersBuildings and Towers - 451.1 Air Pollution SourcesAir Pollution
Sources - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation - 643.1 Space HeatingSpace Heating - 723.1 Computer
ProgrammingComputer Programming
Database: Compendex
339. Vulnerability of the Russian power industry to the climate change

Klimenko, V.V. (1); Fedotova, E.V. (1); Tereshin, A.G. (1)
Source: Energy, v 142, p 1010-1022, January 1, 2018; ISSN: 03605442; DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.10.069;
Author affiliation: (1) Moscow Power Engineering Institute, Krasnokazarmennaya 17, Moscow; 111250, Russia
Abstract: Assessment of the climate-related impacts on energy systems usually implies regression approaches. That
restricts generalization of the published results for the regions which are not covered with detailed research yet. The
climate change impacts on the Russian power industry were for the first time quantified in a systematic way. A robust
physically-based simulation approach was used to simulate a response of the steam and gas turbines performance
to the climate warming. It was shown that an increase of the air temperature deteriorates performance of thermal and
nuclear power plants across the whole Russia. The power drop of the steam turbines is about 0.2–0.3 and 0.4–0.6
percent per 1C for thermal and nuclear power plants respectively. That means additional consumption of 3–4 million
tce yearly to 2030–2050. However, an integral effect of the climate change on the Russian energy systems remains
clearly positive due to the annual fuel savings of about 100 million tce resulting from reduction of the space heating
demand. Main negative impacts of the climate change on the Russian power system will be linked to the changes of
the operational regimes. Particularly, design and control strategies of the combined-cycle plants should necessarily
account for the future changes of the climate conditions. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (65 refs)
Controlled terms: Combined cycle power plants - Efficiency - Fuel economy - Gas plants - Gas turbines - Models -
Nuclear energy - Nuclear fuels - Nuclear power plants - Power plants - Steam power plants - Steam turbines
Uncontrolled terms: Air temperature - Climate change impact - Climate condition - Combined cycle plant - Condenser
pressure - Design and control - Physically-based simulation - Russia
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels - 525.2 Energy
ConservationEnergy Conservation - 612.3 Gas Turbines and EnginesGas Turbines and Engines - 613 Nuclear Power
PlantsNuclear Power Plants - 614 Steam Power PlantsSteam Power Plants - 617.2 Steam TurbinesSteam Turbines -
913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering - 932.2 Nuclear PhysicsNuclear Physics
Database: Compendex

340. Organic double layer element driven by triboelectric nanogenerator: Study of carrier
behavior by non-contact optical method
Chen, Xiangyu (1); Taguchi, Dai (2); Manaka, Takaaki (2); Iwamoto, Mitsumasa (2)
Source: Chemical Physics Letters, v 646, p 64-68, February 16, 2016; ISSN: 00092614; DOI: 10.1016/
j.cplett.2016.01.002; Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Author affiliation: (1) Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing;
100083, China (2) Department of Physical Electronics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 S3-33 O-okayama,
Meguro-ku, Tokyo; 152-8552, Japan
Abstract: By using optical electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation (EFISHG) technique, we studied carrier
behavior caused by contact electrification (CE) in an organic double-layer element. This double-layer sample was half
suspended in the open air, where one electrode (anode or cathode) was connected with a Cu foil for electrification
while the other electrode was floated. Results showed two distinct carrier behaviors, depending on the (anode or
cathode) connections to the Cu foil, and these carrier behaviors were analyzed based on the Maxwell-Wagner model.
The double-layer sample works as a simple solar cell device. The photovoltaic effect and CE process have been
proved to be two paralleled effects without strong interaction with each other, while photoconductivity changing in the
sample can enhance the relaxation of CE induced charges. By probing the carrier behavior in this half-suspended
device, the EFISHG technique has been demonstrated to be an effective non-contact method for clarifying the CE
effect on related energy harvesting devices and electronics devices. Meanwhile, the related physical analysis in this
letter is also useful for elucidating the fundamental characteristic of hybrid energy system based on solar cell and
triboelectric nanogenerator. © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. (22 refs)
Main heading: Photovoltaic effects
Controlled terms: Anodes - Cathodes - Clarification - Electric fields - Electric utilities - Metal cladding -
Nanogenerators - Nonlinear optics - Organic polymers - Solar cells - Triboelectricity
Uncontrolled terms: Contact Electrification - Electric field induced second-harmonic generations - Electronics devices
- Energy harvesting device - Fundamental characteristics - Hybrid energy system - Noncontact methods - Solar cell
devices
Classification Code: 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and PhenomenaElectricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena -
702.3 Solar CellsSolar Cells - 714.1 Electron TubesElectron Tubes - 741.1.1 Nonlinear OpticsNonlinear Optics - 802.3
Chemical OperationsChemical Operations - 815.1.1 Organic PolymersOrganic Polymers
Database: Compendex
341. Applying power management and wireless sensing system to plant factory
Hsu, Shun-Peng (1); Chung, Yi-Nung (1); Hsu, Young-Chi (1); Hsu, Chao-Hsing (2)
Source: Journal of Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing, v 7, n 2, p 419-424, 2016; ISSN: 20734212,
E-ISSN: 20734239; Publisher: Ubiquitous International
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical Engineering, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua;
500, Taiwan (2) Department of Information and Network Communications, Chienkuo Technology University, No. 1,
Chiehshou North Road, Changhua; 500, Taiwan
Abstract: The problem of greenhouse effect is more serious day by day. This study proposes a photovoltaic (PV)
system with power management technology to a plant factory. The major structures of this system include a PV energy
system, power management algorithm, and plant factory. In this system, the solar power generator is the major energy
supporter and the utility power will supply loads only when both battery energy and solar energy are insufficient. The
system model is controlled by a central management unit which chooses a suitable model based on the environment
conditions. For the plant factory, a wireless sensing system is applied to monitor the environment situations and supply
the environment information which includes temperature, humidity and illumination to users via the computer network.
Users can adjust the environment conditions to enhance the plant growth. © 2016. (10 refs)
Main heading: Power management
Controlled terms: Greenhouse effect - Greenhouses - Plant life extension - Solar energy
Uncontrolled terms: Environment conditions - Environment information - Photovoltaic systems - Power management
algorithms - Power management technology - Solar-power generator - System modeling - Wireless sensing
Classification Code: 451 Air PollutionAir Pollution - 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization - 657.1 Solar Energy
and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other StructuresFarm Buildings and Other
Structures
Database: Compendex

342. Use of electric vehicles or hydrogen in the Danish transport sector in 2050?
Skytte, K. (1); Pizarro, A. (1); Karlsson, K.B. (1)
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, v 6, n 1, p e233 (11 pp.), Jan.-Feb. 2017; ISSN:
2041-8396; DOI: 10.1002/wene.233; Publisher: Wiley, USA
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Manage. Eng., Tech. Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Abstract: Denmark has an ambitious long-term goal to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transport
sector with an overall climate target to be independent of fossil-fuel consumption by 2050. We compare a likely
scenario with two alternative ways to achieve the goal-either with a high percentage of electric vehicles (EV) or with a
high percentage of hydrogen use for transportation. The STREAM model-an energy scenario simulating tool-is used
to model the different scenarios and their integration with the electricity and heating systems. The major findings are
that an increased share of EV can reduce the socioeconomic cost of the energy system in 2050. However, electricity
demand for H2 generation via electrolysis is more flexible than EV charging and the production can therefore, to a
larger degree be used to out-balance variable electricity surplus from a high share of wind energy in the power system,
reducing the investments in backup capacity. Whether the hydrogen scenario (H2S) is more costly to implement than
the EV scenario (EVS) mainly depends on the technological development-especially the improvement on the efficiency
of the conversion from electricity to H2 and the cost of the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Therefore, the major drivers of a
successful H2S are a high efficient flexible H2 production in 2050 and lower vehicle costs, which increase the stability
of the power grid, compared to the EVS. Hence, from a socioeconomic view point, the technological path in innovation
to achieve fossil-free transport systems should have vehicle costs and electrolyzers efficiency as their main drivers
toward 2050. (22 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution - electric vehicle charging - electrolysis - electrolytic devices - fuel cell vehicles -
hydrogen production - power system stability
Uncontrolled terms: electrolyzers efficiency - power grid stability - flexible hydrogen production - H2S - hydrogen
scenario - EV charging - electrolysis - H2 generation - electricity demand - heating systems - electricity systems -
STREAM model - GHG emission reduction - greenhouse gas emission reduction - Denmark - Danish transport sector -
hydrogen fuel cell vehicle - electric vehicles
Classification Code: A8620B Automotive transportation (energy utilisation)Automotive transportation (energy
utilisation) - A8610C Hydrogen fuelHydrogen fuel - A8245 Electrochemistry and electrophoresisElectrochemistry and
electrophoresis - A9260T Air quality and air pollutionAir quality and air pollution - B8520 TransportationTransportation -
B7720 Pollution detection and controlPollution detection and control - B8410G Fuel cellsFuel cells
IPC Code: B60L - B60L11/18 - C25 - H01G9/00 - H01M8/00
Database: Inspec
343. Bioenergy futures in Sweden - system effects of CO2 reduction and fossil fuel phase-
out policies
Bo¨rjesson, M. (1); Athanassiadis, D. (2); Lundmark, R. (3); Ahlgren, E.O. (1)
Source: GCB Bioenergy, v 7, n 5, p 1118-35, Sept. 2015; ISSN: 1757-1693; DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12225; Publisher:
Wiley-Blackwell, USA
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Energy & Environ., Chalmers Univ. of Technol., Go¨teborg, Sweden (2) Dept. of Forest
Biomater. & Technol., Swedish Univ. of Agric. Sci., Umeå, Sweden (3) Dept. of Econ., Lulea Univ. of Technol., Luleå,
Sweden
Abstract: Bioenergy could contribute both to the reduction of greenhouse gases and to increased energy security,
but the extent of this contribution strongly depends on the cost and potential of biomass resources. For Sweden,
this study investigates how the implementation of policies for CO2 reduction and for phase out of fossil fuels in
road transport affect the future utilization of biomass, in the stationary energy system and in the transport sector,
and its price. The analysis is based on the bottom-up, optimization MARKAL_Sweden model, which includes a
comprehensive representation of the national energy system. For the analysis, the biomass supply representation of
MARKAL_Sweden is updated and improved by the use of, e.g., forestry forecasting modeling and through construction
of detailed biomass supply curves. A time horizon up to 2050 is applied. The results indicate a potential for significantly
higher use of bioenergy. In the main analysis scenario, in which CO2 reduction of 80% by 2050 is imposed on the
Swedish energy system, the total bioenergy utilization increases by 63% by 2050 compared to 2010. The largest
increase occurs in the transport sector, which by 2050 accounts for 43% of the total primary bioenergy use. The high
demand and strong competition significantly increase biomass prices and lead to the utilization of higher cost biomass
sources such as stumps and cultivated energy forest, as well as use of pulpwood resources for energy purposes. (50
refs)

Inspec controlled terms: bioenergy conversion - fossil fuels

Uncontrolled terms: bioenergy futures - CO2 reduction - fossil fuel phase-out policies - greenhouse gases - energy
security - biomass resources - road transport - biomass utilization - stationary energy system - transport sector -
optimization MARKAL_Sweden model - biomass supply representation - Swedish energy system - total bioenergy
utilization - pulpwood resources
Classification Code: A8630P Photosynthesis and bioenergy conversionPhotosynthesis and bioenergy conversion -
A8610A Biofuel and biomass resourcesBiofuel and biomass resources - A8610B Fossil fuelsFossil fuels - B8460 Other
direct energy conversionOther direct energy conversion - B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy resources
Database: Inspec
344. ANFIS-based sensor fault-tolerant control for hybrid grid

Sowmmiya, Uthayakumar (1); Uma, Govindarajan (1)
Source: IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, v 12, n 1, p 31-41, January 2018; ISSN: 17518687; DOI:
10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.1465; Publisher: Institution of Engineering and Technology
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Anna University,
Guindy, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
Abstract: This paper describes an intelligent sensor fault detection and compensation (FDC) scheme for a hybrid
grid involving renewable energy (RE) sources with power electronic interfaces. To evaluate the sensor FDC scheme,
a wound rotor induction generator (WRIG)-based wind energy system connected to the hybrid grid is examined.
The system employs a WRIG with excitation from DC RE grid via a single, rotor side converter. To analyse the
dynamic performance, a decoupled voltage vector control is employed. The sensors involved in the control algorithm
may not be ideal and if fault occurs might lead to system collapse. To overcome electrical sensor failure, a robust,
intelligent sensor fault control scheme is proposed with ANFIS. A hardware-free solution with PLL block is proposed
for mechanical sensor fault. The ANFIS-based FDC scheme involves a bank of observers that computes residuals,
detects and isolates faults. When fault occurs, the observer output is utilised for the execution of control algorithm
thereby avoiding system collapse. The focused system is simulated in MATLAB and experimentally tested with a
dSPACE controller for various fault scenarios. The results show the effectiveness of the FDC scheme. © The Institution
of Engineering and Technology 2017. (42 refs)
Main heading: Electric control equipment
Controlled terms: Asynchronous generators - Electric network topology - Fault detection - Fault tolerance - Fault
tolerant computer systems - Fuzzy inference - Intelligent control - Joints (structural components) - Robust control -
Smart sensors - Vector control (Electric machinery) - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Dynamic performance - Electrical sensors - Intelligent sensors - Mechanical sensors - Power
electronic interface - Rotor-side converter - Wind energy systems - Wound rotor induction generators
Classification Code: 408.2 Structural Members and ShapesStructural Members and Shapes - 615.8 Wind Power
(Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 703.1 Electric NetworksElectric Networks
- 704.2 Electric EquipmentElectric Equipment - 705.2.1 AC GeneratorsAC Generators - 721.1 Computer Theory,
Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming TheoryComputer Theory, Includes Formal
Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 722.4 Digital Computers and SystemsDigital
Computers and Systems - 731 Automatic Control Principles and ApplicationsAutomatic Control Principles and
Applications
Database: Compendex
345. Energy management algorithm for optimum control of an off-battery autonomous DG/
DFIG based WECS
Sallem, Souhir (1); Bouchiba, Nouha (1); Kammoun, Soulayman (1); Kamoun, Mohamed Ba (1)
Source: International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, v 90, n 9-12, p 3783-3791, June 1, 2017; ISSN:
02683768, E-ISSN: 14333015; DOI: 10.1007/s00170-016-9682-1; Publisher: Springer London
Author affiliation: (1) Electrical Engineering, Ecole Nationale d’Ingenieurs de Sfax, Soukra Km 4.5, Sfax; 3052,
Tunisia
Abstract: A new management algorithm to improve performance and reliability of an off-battery autonomous energy
system consisting of DFIG based wind energy converter (WEC) and diesel generator (DG) is proposed in this paper.
Among its several constraints, the most significant ones are the limitation of wind power penetration and rotor side

converter safety due to both the load demand variation and wind speed fluctuation. The proposed algorithm consists
in maximizing load connection to the DFIG-based WECS and limiting the use of DG to only priority load taking into
account some criteria to respect. A decision is made up with reference to specific rules on the basis of the measured
wind speed and the predicted load demand. A stator flux-oriented technique for rotor side converter is presented to
regulate voltage and frequency at stator/load terminals. Different possible case studies are presented to show the
effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Simulation results obtained from a 250 KW DFIG based wind power system
are given and discussed in this paper. © 2016, Springer-Verlag London. (19 refs)
Controlled terms: Electric batteries - Stators - Wind - Wind effects - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: An off-battery autonomous DG/DFIG based WECS - Energy management algorithms - Optimum
control - Rotor-side converter - Stator flux oriented - Wind energy converters - Wind power penetration - Wind-speed
fluctuations
Database: Compendex
346. Real-time nonlinear MPC and MHE for a large-scale mechatronic application
Vukov, M. (1); Gros, S. (2); Horn, G. (1, 5); Frison, G. (4); Geebelen, K. (3); Jørgensen, J.B. (4); Swevers, J. (3); Diehl,
M. (1, 5)
Source: Control Engineering Practice, v 45, p 64-78, December 01, 2015; ISSN: 09670661; DOI: 10.1016/
j.conengprac.2015.08.012; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT-STADIUS, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg
10, Heverlee; 3001, Belgium (2) Department of Signals and Systems, Chalmers University of Technology,
Horsalsvagen 11, Goteborg; SE-41296, Sweden (3) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division PMA, KU
Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300B, Heverlee; 3001, Belgium (4) DTU Compute - Department of Applied Mathematics and
Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby; DK-2800 Kgs, Denmark (5) Department of Microsystems
Engineering IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, Freiburg; 79110, Germany
Abstract: Progress in optimization algorithms and in computational hardware made deployment of Nonlinear Model
Predictive Control (NMPC) and Moving Horizon Estimation (MHE) possible to mechatronic applications. This paper
aims to assess the computational performance of NMPC and MHE for rotational start-up of Airborne Wind Energy
systems. The capabilities offered by an automatic code generation tool are experimentally verified on a real physical
system, using a model comprising 27 states and 4 inputs at a sampling frequency of 25 Hz. The results show the
feedback times less than 5 ms for the NMPC with more than 1500 variables. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. (57 refs)
Main heading: Model predictive control
Controlled terms: Automatic programming - Iterative methods - Nonlinear systems - Predictive control systems - Wind
power
Uncontrolled terms: Automatic code generations - Computational performance - Moving horizon estimation
- Nonlinear model predictive control - Optimization algorithms - Real physical systems - Real time - Sampling
frequencies
723.1 Computer ProgrammingComputer Programming - 731.1 Control SystemsControl Systems - 921.6 Numerical
MethodsNumerical Methods - 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science
Database: Compendex
347. Review of solid and liquid biofuel demand and supply in Northwest Europe towards
2030 - a comparison of national and regional projections
Dafnomilis, I. (1); Hoefnagels, R. (2); Pratama, Y.W. (2); Schott, D.L. (1); Lodewijks, G. (1); Junginger, M. (2)
Source: Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 78, p 31-45, Oct. 2017; ISSN: 1364-0321; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Maritime & Transp. Technol., Delft Univ. of Technol., Delft, Netherlands (2) Copernicus Inst. of
Sustainable Dev., Utrecht Univ., Utrecht, Netherlands
Abstract: Biomass is the largest source of renewable energy carrier in the European Union (EU) contributing to
over 60% of renewable energy, with the majority of supply coming from domestic sources. However, an increasing
significant amount of feedstock is imported, either due to domestic undersupply or higher production costs within
the country. This article provides an up-to-date view of bioenergy supply, demand and trade in Northwest Europe to
2030. Projections of the energy system model Green-X are compared to recent national studies concerning bioenergy

imports. The results show that there is a sizeable gap of the projection bandwidths after the 2020 horizon. Projections
might under- or overestimate biomass potential in certain cases, depending on whether they are derived from national
reports or regional models, whether future policy developments were taken into account etc. The ranges of biomass
consumption are multiple times apart by 2020 already, and the gap increases by 2030. Total biomass imports in the
region can range between 14 and 44.3 Mt by 2020 and 18.5-60 Mt by 2030. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (74 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: biofuel - government policies - renewable energy sources - renewable materials - supply
and demand - sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms: Northwest Europe - renewable energy carrier - European Union - EU - bioenergy supply -
bioenergy imports - biomass consumption - liquid biofuel - production costs - energy system model - biomass potential
- solid biofuel - demand and supply - Green-X
industryBiotechnology industry - E0220 EconomicsEconomics - E0230 Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues -
E0260 Social and political issuesSocial and political issues
Database: Inspec
348. Transformation scenarios towards a low-carbon bioeconomy in Austria

Kalt, G. (1); Baumann, M. (1); Lauk, C. (2); Kastner, T. (2); Kranzl, L. (3); Schipfer, F. (3); Lexer, M. (4); Rammer, W.
(4); Schaumberger, A. (5); Schriefl, E. (6)
Source: Energy Strategy Reviews, v 13-14, p 125-33, Nov. 2016; ISSN: 2211-467X; DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2016.09.004;
Author affiliation: (1) Austrian Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (2) Inst. of Social Ecology Vienna, Alpen Adria Univ.
Klagenfurt, Graz, Austria (3) Energy Econ. Group, Tech. Univ. Wien, Vienna, Austria (4) Inst. of Silviculture, Univ. of
Natural Resources & Life Sci., Vienna, Austria (5) AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Irdning, Austria (6) Energieautark
Consulting Gmbh, Vienna, Austria
Abstract: The transformation towards a low-carbon bioeconomy until 2050 is one of the main strategic long-term
targets of the European Union. This work presents transformation scenarios for the case of Austria with GHG
reduction to about 20% of Kyoto baseline. The scenarios are developed with an optimization model integrating the
energy sector, land use and biomass flows. Focus is on investigating possible developments in domestic biomass
supply and use. Biomass is crucial for (largely) decarbonising the energy system and replacing fossil-based and
energyintensive materials. Domestic biomass use (dry mass) increases by 32% in an 'intensive' and 11% in an
'alternative' transformation scenario, while total energy consumption decreases by 40%. Transformation to a low-
carbon bioeconomy could be accomplished without additional biomass imports. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (58 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: environmental economics - optimisation - renewable materials
Uncontrolled terms: low-carbon bioeconomy - Austria - European Union - GHG reduction - Kyoto baseline -
optimization model - energy sector - land use - biomass flows - domestic biomass supply - domestic biomass use -
energy system decarbonisation - intensive-transformation scenario - alternative-transformation scenario - total energy
consumption
Classification Code: E0230 Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues - E0220 EconomicsEconomics - E0210G
OptimisationOptimisation - E1710 Engineering materialsEngineering materials
Database: Inspec
349. Techno-economic evaluation of innovative steel production technologies

Fischedick, Manfred (1); Marzinkowski, Joachim (2); Winzer, Petra (2); Weigel, Max (1)
Source: Journal of Cleaner Production, v 84, n 1, p 563-580, 2014; ISSN: 09596526; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, Research Group Future Energy
and Mobility Structures, Döppersberg 19, Wuppertal; 42103, Germany (2) University of Wuppertal, Faculty of Civil
Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Gaußstraße 20, Wuppertal; 42119, Germany
Abstract: At current primary steel production levels, the iron and steel industry will fail to meet the 80%emission
reduction target without introduction of breakthrough technologies (Wörtler et al., 2013: 19). The current research
analyses the technical and economical long-term potential of innovative primary steel production technologies in
Germany throughout 2100. Techno-economic models are used to simulate three innovative ore-based steelmaking

routes verses the reference blast furnace route (BF-BOF). The innovative routes in focus are blast furnace with
CCS1 (BF-CCS), hydrogen direct reduction (H-DR), and iron ore electrolysis (EW). Energy and mass flows for the
production of one tonne of crude steel (CS) are combined with hypothetical price, cost, and revenue data to evaluate
the production routes economically, technically, and environmentally. This is a purely theoretical analysis and hence
further external factors that may influence practical implementation or profitability are not considered. Different future
developments are considered by using three scenarios, representing an ambitious, a moderate, and a conservative
transformation of the German energy sector. In general, looking into the future bares various uncertainties which
should be reflected in a suitable manner.According to the present scenario analysis, chances are that with rising prices
for coal and CO2 allowances BF-BOF and even BF-CCS become unprofitable by mid-century. With a high share of
renewable energy sources and high prices for CO2 allowances, H-DR and EW become economically attractive in the
second half of the current century, when BF-based routes are long unprofitable. Energy and raw material efficiency
is significantly higher for H-DR and EW and furthermore, the 80%reduction target by 20502 can be achieved in the
ambitious scenario. However, high investment costs and high dependency on electricity prices prohibit a profitable
implementation before 2030e2040 without further subsidies. EW is the most energy and resource efficient production
route. Since continuous electricity is needed for the continuous operation, the electricity costs are 20e40%higher than
for H-DR (with high-capacity hydrogen storage units). Even though hydrogen production implies efficiency losses
compared to the EW route, the decoupling of hydrogen production from continuous operation of the steel plant through
hydrogen storage offers the opportunity to use cheap excess renewable electricity. This makes the H-DR economically
and environmentally the most attractive route and provides a crucial contribution to stabilize the grid and to store
excess energy in a 100%renewable energy system. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (66 refs)
Main heading: Iron and steel industry
Controlled terms: Blast furnaces - Carbon capture - Carbon dioxide - Climate change - Costs - Digital storage -
Economic analysis - Emission control - Energy efficiency - Energy policy - Hydrogen production - Hydrogen storage -
Investments - Iron ore reduction - Iron ores - Ore reduction - Profitability - Renewable energy resources - Steelmaking -
Steelmaking furnaces - Uncertainty analysis
Uncontrolled terms: 100% renewable energy systems - Breakthrough technology - Direct Reduction - Emission
reduction targets - Renewable energy source - Steel production technology - Techno-economic assessment - Techno-
economic evaluation
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir
Pollution Control - 454 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering - 522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels - 525
Energy Management and ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 532.2 Blast FurnacesBlast Furnaces
- 533.1 Ore TreatmentOre Treatment - 545 Iron and SteelIron and Steel - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and
TechniquesData Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds - 911 Cost
and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.2 Industrial
EconomicsIndustrial Economics - 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory
Database: Compendex
350. Heat supply planning for the ecological housing community Munksøgård
Karlsson, K.B. (1); Petrovic´, S.N. (1); Næraa, R. (2)
Source: Energy, v 115, p 1733-47, 15 Nov. 2016; ISSN: 0360-5442; DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.064; Publisher:
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Manage. Eng., Tech. Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (2) Danish Energy Agency,
Copenhagen, Denmark
Abstract: Munksøgård is a housing community near the city of Roskilde, Denmark. In 2014, Munksøgård's residents
have agreed to change the existing heat supply system. The choice of future heat supply was narrowed to heat pumps,
new biomass boilers and connection to nearby district heating network. The choice was additionally narrowed as a
result of the voting at the general assembly.The present paper presents results from techno-economic energy system
analysis, simple private-economic analysis and assessment of externalities related to the heat supply, compares them
with the voting results and discusses the differences. The potential inconsistencies between economically rational
solutions and choices of end-users are highlighted.The techno-economic energy system analysis is performed by
TIMES-DK model, which optimizes over all sectors in Denmark until 2050. The connection to district heating proved to
be optimal from the system perspective. A spreadsheet model has been developed to perform the private-economic
analysis and the evaluation of externalities. New biomass boilers proved to be the cheapest from the private-economic
perspective; district heating came close. At the voting, heat pumps and biomass boilers received the most votes. One
of these two solutions will be implemented. Why district heating received the least votes calls for detailed investigation.
Inspec controlled terms: boilers - district heating - heat pumps - power system economics - power system planning

Uncontrolled terms: heat supply planning - ecological housing community - Munksøgård - Denmark - Roskilde -
heat pumps - biomass boilers - district heating network - techno-economic energy system analysis - private-economic
analysis - TIMES-DK model - externalities assessment evaluation
Classification Code: B8540E Space heatingSpace heating
IPC Code: F22B - F24D10/00 - F25B - F25B30/00 - H05B1/00 - F01L1/047
Treatment: Bibliography (BIB) - Economic (ECO) - Practical (PRA) - Theoretical or Mathematical (THR)
Database: Inspec
351. The future electric power system: Impact of power-to-gas by interacting with other
renewable energy components
Ko¨tter, E. (1); Schneider, L. (1); Sehnke, F. (2); Ohnmeiss, K. (2); Schroër, R. (3)
Source: Journal of Energy Storage, v 5, p 113-19, Feb. 2016; ISSN: 2352-152X; DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2015.11.012;
Author affiliation: (1) RLI - Reiner Lemoine Inst. gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (2) ZSW - Zentrum fur Sonnenenergie- und
Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Wurttemberg, Stuttgart, Germany (3) juwi Int. GmbH, Wo¨rrstadt, Germany
Abstract: The storage of fluctuating energy production is a major challenge on the pathway to a fully renewable
electricity supply. This paper investigates the impact of the storage technology Power-to-Gas (PtG) in the
implementation of the Energiewende. A detailed cost optimisation model based on data from an existing system in an
actual German region describes the optimal composition and application of energy supply technologies. The electricity
demand of the region can be covered with 100% renewable energy (RE) at a levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) of 11
ct/kW hel. A 100% RE supply is possible with or without PtG. However, long-term energy storage system such as PtG
reduce the LCOE of the energy system significantly. We conclude that the capital expenditures (CAPEX) of PtG must
at least reach values below 2500 €/kWel to compete with short-term solutions such as Li-ion batteries. Beside PtG this
investigation identifies several system components with extensive impact on LCOE and demand of long-term energy
storage, such as Power to Heat (PtH), wind turbine technology and hydropower. The combination of such influences
increases the impact of each of them on the LCOE. Several energy system components can positively influence the
implementation of the Energiewende, PtG is one of them. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (46 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: electricity supply industry - energy storage - hydroelectric power stations - optimisation -
power generation economics - renewable energy sources - wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: electric power system - renewable energy components - RE supply - energy production -
renewable electricity supply - power-to-gas storage technology - PtG storage technology - Energiewende - cost
optimisation model - German region - energy supply technologies - electricity demand - levelised cost of electricity
- LCOE - energy storage system - capital expenditures - CAPEX - lithium-ion batteries - power to heat - PtH - wind
turbine technology - hydropower
Classification Code: B8245 Wind power plantsWind power plants - B8240 Hydroelectric power stations and
plantsHydroelectric power stations and plants - B8110B Power system management, operation and economicsPower
system management, operation and economics - B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy resources - B0260 Optimisation
IPC Code: F03D
Database: Inspec
352. Wearable energy-smart ribbons for synchronous energy harvest and storage
Chao Li (1); Islam, M.M. (2); Moore, J. (1); Sleppy, J. (1); Morrison, C. (1); Konstantinov, K. (2); Shi Xue Dou (2);
Renduchintala, C. (3); Thomas, J. (1)
Source: Nature Communications, v 7, p 13319 (10 pp.), 4 Jan. 2016; ISSN: 2041-1723; DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13319;
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group, UK
Author affiliation: (1) Nanosci. Technol. Center, Univ. of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States (2) Inst. for
Supercond. & Electron. Mater., Univ. of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia (3) Inst. of Simulation & Training,
Univ. of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
Abstract: A promising energy source for many current and future applications is a ribbon-like device that could
simultaneously harvest and store energy. Due to the high flexibility and weavable property, a fabric/matrix made using
these ribbons could be highly beneficial for powering wearable electronics. Unlike the approach of using two separate
devices, here we report a ribbon that integrates a solar cell and a supercapacitor. The electrons generated by the solar

cell are directly transferred and stored on the reverse side of its electrode which in turn also functions as an electrode
for the supercapacitor. When the flexible solar ribbon is illuminated with simulated solar light, the supercapacitor holds
an energy density of 1.15 mWh cm-3 and a power density of 243 mW cm-3. Moreover, these ribbons are successfully
woven into a fabric form. Our all-solid-state ribbon unveils a highly flexible and portable self-sufficient energy system
with potential applications in wearables, drones and electric vehicles. (70 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: electrochemical electrodes - energy harvesting - solar cells - supercapacitors
Uncontrolled terms: portable self-sufficient energy system - flexible self-sufficient energy system - all-solid-
state ribbon - fabrics - power density - energy density - simulated solar light - flexible solar ribbon - electrode -
supercapacitor - solar cell - energy source - synchronous energy storage - synchronous energy harvesting - wearable
energy-smart ribbons
Classification Code: A8630T Energy harvestingEnergy harvesting - A8245 Electrochemistry and
electrophoresisElectrochemistry and electrophoresis - A8630J Photoelectric conversion; solar cells and
arraysPhotoelectric conversion; solar cells and arrays - B8450 Energy harvestingEnergy harvesting - B2130
CapacitorsCapacitors - B8410 Electrochemical conversion and storageElectrochemical conversion and storage -
B8420 Solar cells and arraysSolar cells and arrays
IPC Code: C25B11/00 - C25D17/10 - H01G4/00 - H01G9/00 - H01L27/142 - H01L31/04 - H01M4/00 - H02N2/18 -
H02S
Database: Inspec
353. Performance analysis of a hybrid renewable microgeneration system in load sharing

applications
Entchev, E. (1); Yang, L. (1); Ghorab, M. (1); Lee, E.J. (2)
Source: Applied Thermal Engineering, v 71, n 2, p 697-704, 22 Oct. 2014; ISSN: 1359-4311; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada (2) Korea Inst. of Energy
Res., Daejeon, Korea, Republic of
Abstract: Governments around the world are taking measures to minimize the humans' impact on the climate and
environment by reducing emissions and energy use in all sectors. Microgeneration utilizing renewable energy is
a suitable approach to reduce energy consumption and carbon emission by offering high efficiency performance,
offsetting the need for centrally-generated grid electricity and avoiding transmission/distribution losses associated with
it. This study investigates the performance of a hybrid renewable microgeneration system in load sharing application
between a detached house and a small office building. Two renewable energy systems are investigated: a ground
source heat pump (GSHP) system and a hybrid GSHP/Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) microgeneration system. The
performance of the renewable systems is compared to a conventional system that utilizes boiler and chiller to meet the
thermal loads of the two buildings. Computer models are developed for the three selected systems and then simulated
in TRNSYS-17 environment over one full year under Ottawa, Canada weather conditions. The simulation results show
that, by implementing a single GSHP system able to meet both heating and cooling loads of the buildings, an overall
energy saving close to 46% can be achieved mainly due to the introduction of a significant renewable component.
The integrated hybrid GSHP-PVT system, however, results a much higher overall energy saving of 58% due to the
contribution of both geothermal and solar energy. Additionally, the GSHP-PVT microgeneration system's capability
to generate both heat and power at the point of use is considered more attractive for new and remote community
applications where lack of central generation stations and costly connection to the grid is neither an affordable nor a
preferable option. Furthermore, reducing the buildings' dependence on the electricity grid also fits well with the “smart
grid” concept and with utilities various load shaving and load levelling strategies. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (37 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution control - boilers - buildings (structures) - cogeneration - geothermal power -
ground source heat pumps - hybrid power systems - photovoltaic power systems - power consumption - smart power
grids - space cooling - space heating - thermal power stations
Uncontrolled terms: load sharing applications - hybrid renewable microgeneration system performance analysis
- energy consumption reduction - carbon emission reduction - centrally-generated grid electricity - distribution loss
avoidance - transmission loss avoidance - small office building thermal load - ground source heat pump system -
photovoltaic thermal microgeneration system - boiler - chiller - Ottawa - Canada weather conditions - building cooling
load shaving - building heating load levelling - energy saving - solar energy - geothermal energy - hybrid GSHP-PVT
microgeneration system - smart electricity grid
Classification Code: B8230 Thermal power stations and plantsThermal power stations and plants - B7720 Pollution
detection and controlPollution detection and control - B8250 Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systemsSolar

power stations and photovoltaic power systems - B8550 Air conditioningAir conditioning - B8540E Space heatingSpace
heating
IPC Code: F22B - F24D - F24F - F25B30/00 - H02J13/00 - H05B1/00 - F27D11/02 - H02S
Database: Inspec
354. Parameters effect analysis of a photovoltaic thermal collector: Case study for climatic
conditions of Monastir, Tunisia
Rejeb, Oussama (1); Dhaou, Houcine (1); Jemni, Abdelmajid (1)
Source: Energy Conversion and Management, v 89, p 409-419, January 1, 2015; ISSN: 01968904; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Laboratoire D 'Etudes des Systèmes Thermiques et Energétiques, Ecole Nationale D
'Ingénieurs de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Ibn Eljazzar, Monastir; 5019, Tunisia
Abstract: PV/T solar collector is an energy system designed to provide both thermal and electrical energies at the
same time. In this paper, the dynamic simulation of a photovoltaic thermal collector is presented. The effect of different
parameters, such as meteorological, design and optical parameters are investigated. Furthermore, evaluation and
comparative economic analyses among different designs of PV/T sheet-tube collectors, conventional thermal solar
collector and PV module is conducted under Monastir (Tunisia) climatic conditions. Numerical results show that the
thermal and electrical efficiencies significantly depend on the studied parameters. It is also found that, in terms of
economy, the uncovered PV/T collector yield the best performance among others. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved. (26 refs)
Controlled terms: Photovoltaic cells - Photovoltaic effects - Solar collectors
Uncontrolled terms: Climatic conditions - Electrical efficiency - Electrical energy - Numerical results - Optical
parameter - Parameters effects - Photovoltaic thermals - Thermal solar collectors
Classification Code: 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 911.2 Industrial
Database: Compendex
355. Effect of improving perturb and observe mppt algorithm on AC grid connected PV
sytems
Özçelik, Mehmet Ali (1); Yilmaz, Ahmet Serdar (2)
Source: Istanbul University - Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, v 16, n 2, p 3025-3032, 2016; ISSN:
13030914; Publisher: Istanbul University
Author affiliation: (1) Gaziantep University, Vocational School of Technical Science, Department Electric and Energy,
Gaziantep, Turkey (2) Sutcu Imam University, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Kahramanmara,
Turkey
Abstract: Photovoltaic energy systems have an important role in electricity generation. Although photovoltaic
systems are renewable, environmentally-friendly, silent and non-fuelled, they still have various disadvantages such
as high investment cost and low efficiency. In order to get highest efficiency from photovoltaic systems in different
operation conditions, solar panels and arrays should be operated at maximum power points. At maximum power
point, solar arrays generate the electric energy at maximum efficiency and minimum losses. Some algorithms are
used in photovoltaic systems to provide maximum efficiency and minimum losses. The perturbation and observation
(P&O) algorithm have been well known algorithm. Although it is an easily applicable algorithm, it has important ripple
problems when it reaches to maximum power point. This paper introduces an improvement on conventional P&O
algorithm to eliminate ripple problem and it applied on grid connected system. In this approach, ripples are eliminated
by obtaining reference current value under variable and constant solar irradiation conditions. This algorithm proposes
variable power perturbation with fill factor. In the end, it was evaluated along with simulation, experimental results. (17
refs)
Main heading: Solar power generation
Controlled terms: Electric losses - Electric power generation - Investments - Maximum power point trackers -
Photovoltaic cells - Solar cell arrays - Solar energy

Uncontrolled terms: DC-AC power converters - Electricity generation - Grid connected systems - Maximum Power
Point Tracking - Operation conditions - Perturbation and observations - Photovoltaic energy systems - Photovoltaic
systems
Phenomena - 702.3 Solar CellsSolar Cells - 704.2 Electric EquipmentElectric Equipment
Database: Compendex
356. Non-linear controller approach for an autonomous battery-assisted photovoltaic

system feeding an AC load with a non-linear component
Khayamy, M. (1); Ojo, O. (1); Sota, E. (1)
Source: IET Renewable Power Generation, v 8, n 8, p 838-48, Nov. 2014; ISSN: 1752-1416; DOI: 10.1049/iet-
rpg.2013.0341; Publisher: IET, UK
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Tennessee Technol. Univ., Cookeville, TN, United States
Abstract: The conventional controller design of the autonomous photovoltaic (PV) energy system feeding a load is
usually based on a dual-loop cascade controller structure. The controllers are designed based on the small signal
equations of the non-linear system. However, most of the elements comprising the energy system are non-linear in
nature such that controllers based on small signal models are not effective in all operability regions. Since the PV-
battery-assisted energy system has four inputs and five controlled outputs, it is a non-square mult-input-multi-output
system as well. To consider the non-linear behaviour of the system, the concept of feedback linearisation control
algorithm is used which provides satisfactory performance, ensures input-output decoupled control on each of the
outputs and gives the opportunity to achieve any level of dynamic performance through appropriate locations of the
closed-loop eigenvalues and zeros. Different modes of operation of the autonomous, battery-assisted PV system and
their controls are investigated and their boundaries of operation are determined. The proposed control algorithm is
programmed to operate in all the modes of operation and it is shown that for various load demands, solar irradiation
levels and the status of the battery, the control system set forth faithfully follows the reference points. These assertions
are validated with computer simulation results. (27 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: battery storage plants - cascade control - eigenvalues and eigenfunctions - hybrid power
systems - nonlinear control systems - photovoltaic power systems - power system control
Uncontrolled terms: nonlinear controller approach - autonomous battery-assisted photovoltaic system - AC load -
nonlinear component - PV energy system - dual-loop cascade controller structure - signal equations - nonsquare multi-
input-multi-output system - nonlinear behaviour - feedback linearisation control algorithm - input-output decoupled
control - dynamic performance - closed-loop eigenvalues - load demands - solar irradiation levels
Classification Code: A8610K Solar energySolar energy - A8630F Secondary cellsSecondary cells - B8250 Solar
power stations and photovoltaic power systemsSolar power stations and photovoltaic power systems - B8260 Other
power stations and plantsOther power stations and plants - B8410E Secondary cellsSecondary cells - B8110C Power
system controlPower system control - C3340H Control of electric power systemsControl of electric power systems -
C1340K Nonlinear control systemsNonlinear control systems
IPC Code: F24J2/00 - H01M10/00
Database: Inspec
357. On the macro-economic impact of bioenergy and biochemicals – Introducing advanced

bioeconomy sectors into an economic modelling framework with a case study for the
Netherlands
van Meijl, H. (1); Tsiropoulos, I. (2); Bartelings, H. (1); Hoefnagels, R. (2); Smeets, E. (1); Tabeau, A. (1); Faaij, A. (3)
Source: Biomass and Bioenergy, v 108, p 381-397, January 2018; ISSN: 09619534, E-ISSN: 18732909; DOI:
Author affiliation: (1) LEI Wageningen UR, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Alexanderveld 5, The
Hague; LS; 2502, Netherlands (2) Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan
2, Utrecht; 3584 CS, Netherlands (3) Energy and Sustainability Research Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborg
4, Groningen; AC; 9747, Netherlands
Abstract: Advanced uses of biomass for bioenergy and biochemicals are being gradually introduced and are expected
to grow considerably in regional economies, thus raising questions on their mid-term macro-economic impacts. To
assess these impacts, we use a computable general equilibrium model and a regional energy systems model side-by-

side. The former is extended with new sectors of lignocellulosic biofuels, bioelectricity, biochemicals, lignocellulosic
biomass supply and tradeable pellets. Next to 1st generation biofuels and other renewable energy supply, the
economic impacts of bioeconomy are assessed for technology development and trade openness scenarios. We
demonstrate the macro-economic model by assessing developments of the Dutch bioeconomy in 2030. Under rapid
technical growth and trade openness, the models consistently show increased biomass consumption and supply of
bioenergy and biochemicals from lignocellulose through large-scale deployment of advanced biomass conversion
technologies. Traditional fossil-based sectors are replaced by biomass, which brings additional macro-economic
benefits on gross domestic product (0.8 bn€ a-1) and value added (0.7 bn€ a-1). Furthermore, it reduces projected
decline in trade balance (0.7 bn€ a-1) and employment (2.5–4.5%) compared to low technology development.
Extending the temporal scope to beyond 2030 may demonstrate additional macro-economic benefits of bioeconomy.
This requires assessing the influence of improvements in the agricultural sector that may lower biomass prices,
learning and other developments of promising biomass conversion technologies in the longer term. Uncertain fossil fuel
and CO2price developments necessitate additional sensitivity analysis. © 2017 (61 refs)
Main heading: Economic and social effects
Controlled terms: Bioconversion - Biofuels - Biomass - Commerce - Economics - Electrophysiology - Fossil fuels -
Sensitivity analysis
Uncontrolled terms: Bio-energy - Biochemicals - Bioeconomy - Computable general equilibrium - Macro-economics
Classification Code: 461.1 Biomedical EngineeringBiomedical Engineering - 801.2 BiochemistryBiochemistry - 921
Database: Compendex
358. Energy modeling approach to the global energy-mineral nexus: A first look at metal
requirements and the 2 °C target
Tokimatsu, Koji (1, 2); Wachtmeister, Henrik (3); McLellan, Benjamin (4); Davidsson, Simon (3); Murakami, Shinsuke
(5); Höök, Mikael (3); Yasuoka, Rieko (6); Nishio, Masahiro (2)
Author affiliation: (1) Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama; Kanagawa; 226-8503,
Japan (2) National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-2-1, Namiki, Tsukuba; Ibaraki;
305-8564, Japan (3) Global Energy Systems, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16,
Uppsala; SE-751 21, Sweden (4) Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi Sakyo-Ku,
Kyoto; 606-8501, Japan (5) School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo; 113-8656,
Japan (6) Systems Research Center, Co. Ltd, KY Bldg., 3-16-7, Toranomon, Minato, Tokyo; 105-0001, Japan
Abstract: Stringent GHG emission cuts are required for meeting the so-called Paris Agreement. Due to higher metal
intensities of renewable energy, such a transition must also include required amounts of metal. This study estimates
the metal requirement for various power generation technology mix scenarios by using a cost-minimizing energy
model on the global energy-mineral nexus. Two energy and climate scenarios were developed to represent primarily
economic efficiency and environmental performance, respectively, under climate policies with net zero emissions
satisfying the 2 °C target, and without any constraints (i.e. Business As Usual). Based on the future additions of various
power generation technologies, metal requirements and cumulative production were estimated in zero-order and
conservative scenarios, to compare with production levels in 2015 and reserves. The results suggest that there may be
cause for concern about metal requirement and/or availability in PV, nuclear, and (Plug-in Hybrid) Electric Vehicles in
2100. For PV in the Gas & Ren scenario, most of the metal usage exceeded their production levels and the reserves. It
is concluded that mineral availability and production rates should be given greater attention for planning and modeling
of sustainable energy systems. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (80 refs)
Main heading: Metals
Controlled terms: Emission control - Environmental management - Greenhouse gases - Minerals - Plug-in hybrid
vehicles - Proven reserves
Uncontrolled terms: Cumulative production - Energy model - Energy-mineral nexus - Environmental performance -
Metal requirements - Power generation technology - Sustainable energy systems - Zero emission
Database: Compendex
359. A determination method for the optimal operation of controllable generators in micro
grids that copes with unstable outputs of renewable energy generation

Takano, Hirotaka (1); Zhang, Peng (2); Murata, Junichi (1); Hashiguchi, Takuhei (3); Goda, Tadahiro (4); Iizaka,
Tatsuya (5); Nakanishi, Yosuke (5)
Source: Electrical Engineering in Japan (English translation of Denki Gakkai Ronbunshi), v 190, n 4, p 56-65, March 1,
2015; ISSN: 04247760, E-ISSN: 15206416; DOI: 10.1002/eej.22687; Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Author affiliation: (1) Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan (2)
Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan (3) Department of
Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan (4) Faculty of Engineering
Science, Kyushu University, Japan (5) Corporate R and D Headquarters, Fuji Electric Co., Ltd., Japan
Abstract: Micro grids are expected to be one of the most realistic energy systems for efficient use of renewable energy
sources with few adverse effects on the main electric power grids. However, it is difficult to maintain the supply-and-
demand balance because distributed renewable energy generation units (DREGs), such as photovoltaic generation
systems and wind turbine generation systems, generate a significant portion o electrical energy in the micro grids.
Therefore, an operation planning method is needed considering the uncertainty in weather prediction in order to ensure
stable micro grid operations. This paper presents an optimization method for operation plans of controllable generators
in micro grids that copes with the uncertainty of DREG outputs. In the proposed method, the optimal operation
plans are determined by, depending on the problem conditions, either an enumeration method or Tabu Search with
preprocessing. Numerical simulations were carried out for a micro grid model in order to verify the usefulness of the
proposed method. In the simulations, the daily operation plan and the modified half-hourly one were determined by the
proposed method. As a result, we could obtain the optimal plans which had enough reserve margins for coping with the
fluctuations caused by DREGs and demand. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (17 refs)
Controlled terms: Economics - Electric power transmission networks - Numerical methods - Renewable energy
resources - Tabu search - Turbogenerators - Uranium compounds - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: Distributed renewable energy generations - Economic load dispatching - Micro grid - Photovoltaic
generation system - Renewable energies - Renewable energy generation - Supply and demand balances - Unit
Commitment
Electric GeneratorsElectric Generators - 706.1.1 Electric Power TransmissionElectric Power Transmission - 921.5
Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods - 971 Social
Database: Compendex
360. Modeling and forecasting energy flow between national power grid and a solar–wind–
pumped-hydroelectricity (PV–WT–PSH) energy source
Jurasz, Jakub (1)
Source: Energy Conversion and Management, v 136, p 382-394, 2017; ISSN: 01968904; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management, Department of
Engineering Management, Cracow, Poland
Abstract: The structure of modern energy systems has evolved based on the assumption that it is the demand side
which is variable, whilst the supply side must adjust to forecasted (or unforecasted) changes. But the increasing
role of variable renewable energy sources (VRES) has led to a situation in which the supply side is also becoming
more and more unpredictable. To date, various approaches have been proposed to overcome this impediment. This
paper aims to combine mixed integer modeling with an Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) forecasting method in order
to predict the volume of energy flow between a local balancing area which is using PV–WT–PSH and the national
power system (NPS). Calculations has been performed based on the hourly time series of wind speed, irradiation and
energy demand. The results indicate that both probabilistic and ANN models generate comparably accurate forecasts;
however, the opportunity for improvement in the former appears to be significantly greater. The mean prediction error
(for a one hour ahead forecasts) for the best model was 0.15 MW h, which amounts to less than 0.2% of a mean hourly
energy demand of the considered energy consumer. The proposed approach has huge potential to reduce the impact
of VRES on the NPS operation as well as can be used to facilitate the process of their integration and increase their
share in covering energy demand. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (68 refs)
Controlled terms: Energy management - Forecasting - Integer programming - Neural networks - Nonlinear
programming - Renewable energy resources - Wind

Uncontrolled terms: Dispatchable energies - Forecasting methods - Mixed integer models - Mixed-integer nonlinear
programming - Modeling and forecasting - National power systems - Prediction errors - Variable renewable energies
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 525 Energy Management and
ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy IssuesEnergy
Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 706.1.1 Electric Power TransmissionElectric Power Transmission - 921.5
Database: Compendex
361. Numerical Analysis of Seasonal Heat Storage Systems of Alternative Geothermal

Energy Pile Foundations
Sinnathamby, Gowthaman (1); Gustavsson, Henry (1); Korkiala-Tanttu, Leena (1); Cervera, Carles Perez (1)
Source: Journal of Energy Engineering, v 141, n 4, December 1, 2015; ISSN: 07339402; DOI: 10.1061/
(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000236; Article number: 04014044; Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Author affiliation: (1) University Teacher, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Geoengineering Division,
Aalto Univ., Rakentajanaukio 4 A, P.O. Box 12100, Espoo; FI-00076, Finland
Abstract: Geothermal energy pile foundations are sustainable, cost-effective alternative energy systems for heating
and cooling needs of buildings. This paper presents the thermal modeling of two different configurations of energy pile
foundations used for seasonal energy storage. Several two-dimensional (2D) transient analyses were carried out to
find the optimum pile configuration and to obtain preliminary information about the heat exchange between the ground
and the building. Two scenarios were modeled. In Scenario 1, a combination of long and short piles was simulated,
while in Scenario 2 only long piles were considered. Long piles are structural piles and work as a heat exchanger
throughout the year, while the nonstructural short piles operate only in the summer months to inject surplus solar
energy into the ground. Simulation results show that in Scenario 1 the vertical temperature distribution was uneven,
resulted in high temperatures at shallow depths (0-10 m) and near-freezing temperatures at greater depths. In contrast,
Scenario 2 yielded a more uniform temperature distribution throughout the depth. More importantly, in Scenario 2, the
temperature inside the storage system was maintained well above the freezing temperature. © 2014 American Society
of Civil Engineers. (27 refs)
Main heading: Piles
Controlled terms: Cooling systems - Cost effectiveness - Freezing - Geothermal energy - Heat exchangers - Heat
storage - Pile foundations - Solar energy - Sustainable development - Temperature distribution - Transient analysis
Uncontrolled terms: Energy piles - Freezing temperatures - Preliminary information - Renewable energies - Seasonal
energy storages - Seasonal heat storages - Two Dimensional (2 D) - Vertical temperature distribution
Classification Code: 408.2 Structural Members and ShapesStructural Members and Shapes - 481.3.1 Geothermal
PhenomenaGeothermal Phenomena - 483.2 FoundationsFoundations - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and
ComponentsHeat Exchange Equipment and Components - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics - 657.1 Solar
Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics
Database: Compendex
362. Energy perspective of climate change: The case of Bangladesh

Bala, B.K. (1); Alam, M.S. (2); Debnath, Nipa (3)
Source: Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment, v 33, n 3, p 6-22, January 1, 2014; ISSN: 10485236, E-
ISSN: 15460126; DOI: 10.1080/10485236.2014.10781518; Publisher: Taylor and Francis Inc.
Author affiliation: (1) Institute of Agricultural and Food Policy Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM,
Serdang, Malaysia (2) Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka,
1207, Bangladesh (3) Department of Physics, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
Abstract: Previous efforts on modeling energy, the environment, and climate change perspectives are critically
examined, and the structure of energy and an environment system model is described. Focus is on sustainable
development using Bangladesh as an illustrative example. The model projects energy supply and demand and its
contribution to global warming. Simulated results show that the demand for electric energy is increasing, and there is
a shortage of electric power. Electricity generation capacity can increase by either transition to nuclear or renewable
energy resources or both. However, generation capacity needs to be increased for sustainable development,
with gradual transition to renewable energy resources. Mini-grids are advocated for supply of energy, information
and communication for rural development and economic growth in isolated areas such as islands. Bangladesh is
responsible for a small fraction of the total anthropogenic contribution of CO2but could be seriously affected by climatic

change. Energy security aspects are also addressed. Regional economic cooperation and sustainable peaceful
resolution of long-standing disputes may help the regional entities to enhance their individual and collective energy
security. © Copyright Taylor & Francis. (42 refs)
Controlled terms: Climate models - Economics - Energy policy - Energy security - Environmental impact - Global
warming - Planning - Regional planning - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms: Bangladesh - Computer modeling - Electric power - Energy scenarios - Energy systems -
Renewable energies
Classification Code: 403.2 Regional Planning and DevelopmentRegional Planning and Development - 443
MeteorologyMeteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 454.2 Environmental Impact and
Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 525.6 Energy PolicyEnergy Policy - 912.2 ManagementManagement - 921
Database: Compendex
363. Stochastic generation of synthetic minutely irradiance time series derived from mean
hourly weather observation data
Bright, J.M. (1, 4); Smith, C.J. (1, 4); Taylor, P.G. (1, 2, 3); Crook, R. (1)
Source: Solar Energy, v 115, p 229-242, May 01, 2015; ISSN: 0038092X; DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2015.02.032;
Author affiliation: (1) School of Chemical and Process Engineering, Energy Research Institute, University of Leeds,
Leeds; LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (2) School of Earth and Environment, Sustainability Research Institute, University of
Leeds, Leeds; LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (3) Centre for Integrated Energy Research, University of Leeds, Leeds; LS2
9JT, United Kingdom (4) UK Network of Energy Centres for Doctoral Training, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
Abstract: Synthetic minutely irradiance time series are utilised in non-spatial solar energy system research
simulations. It is necessary that they accurately capture irradiance fluctuations and variability inherent in the solar
resource. This article describes a methodology to generate a synthetic minutely irradiance time series from widely
available hourly weather observation data. The weather observation data are used to produce a set of Markov
chains taking into account seasonal, diurnal, and pressure influences on transition probabilities of cloud cover.
Cloud dynamics are based on a power-law probability distribution, from which cloud length and duration are derived.
Atmospheric transmission losses are simulated with minutely variability, using atmospheric profiles from meteorological
reanalysis data and cloud attenuation derived real-world observations. Both direct and diffuse irradiance are calculated,
from which total irradiance is determined on an arbitrary plane. The method is applied to the city of Leeds, UK, and
validated using independent hourly radiation measurements from the same site. Variability and ramp rate are validated
using 1-min resolution irradiance data from the town of Cambourne, Cornwall, UK. The hourly irradiance frequency
distribution correlates with R2=0.996 whilst the mean hourly irradiance correlates with R2=0.971, the daily variability
indices cumulative probability distribution function (CDF), 1-min irradiance ramp rate CDF and 1-min irradiance
frequency CDF are also shown to correlate with R2=0.9903, 1.000, and 0.9994 respectively. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests
on 1-min data for each day show that the ramp rate frequency of occurrence is captured with a high significance level
of 99.99%, whilst the irradiance frequency distribution and minutely variability indices are captured at significances
of 99% and 97.5% respectively. The use of multiple Markov chains and detailed consideration of the atmospheric
losses are shown to be essential elements for the generation of realistic minutely irradiance time series over a typical
meteorological year. A freely downloadable example of the model is made available and may be configured to the
particular requirements of users or incorporated into other models. © 2015 The Authors. (51 refs)
Main heading: Probability distributions
Controlled terms: Binary alloys - Chains - Distribution functions - Markov processes - Solar energy - Stochastic
models - Stochastic systems - Time series
Uncontrolled terms: Atmospheric transmissions - Cloud cover - Cumulative probability distribution function -
Irradiance generation - Power law probability distributions - Resource modelling - Transition probabilities - Typical
meteorological year
Classification Code: 602.1 Mechanical DrivesMechanical Drives - 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy
and Phenomena - 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics -
961 Systems ScienceSystems Science
Database: Compendex

364. A metamodel for building energy performance

Jaffal, Issa (1); Inard, Christian (2)
Source: Energy and Buildings, v 151, p 501-510, September 15, 2017; ISSN: 03787788; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) CMGPCE, Cnam, Paris, France (2) LaSIE, University of La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
Abstract: There is a growing use of metamodels to evaluate building energy performance. However, current
metamodeling approaches lack a common foundation. The aim of this work was to develop a general metamodel
for building energy performance. Based on the premise that each building element can have an impact on energy
performance, our general metamodel assumes that the overall impact is a polynomial function of the individual impacts.
The model includes time-dependent parameters such as the solar heat gain coefficient and energy system efficiency.
A model derived from the general model was tested on an office located in Paris. Energy needs and consumption, the
cost of energy consumption and the CO2emissions for heating and cooling were analyzed. The study highlighted the
significant impact of the choice of the performance criteria in evaluating the efficiency of building design solutions. The
metamodel represents a fast way to perform calculations with an accuracy close to that of dynamic simulations. It can
be used as a basis to perform parametric studies and for future building energy regulations. © 2017 Elsevier B.V. (59
refs)
Controlled terms: Architectural design - Buildings - Carbon dioxide - Cooling - Energy policy - Energy utilization -
Heating
Uncontrolled terms: Building energy performance - Energy cost - Energy needs - Meta model - Performance criterion
- Polynomial functions - Solar heat gain coefficient - Time dependent parameter
ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 641.2 Heat TransferHeat Transfer - 804.2 Inorganic
CompoundsInorganic Compounds
Database: Compendex
365. Integration of environmental indicators in the optimization of industrial energy

management using phase change materials
Ferreira, V.J. (1); Lo´pez-Sabiroń, A.M. (1); Royo, P. (1); Aranda-Usoń, A. (2); Ferreira, G. (1)
Source: Energy Conversion and Management, v 104, p 67-77, 1 Nov. 2015; ISSN: 0196-8904; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Res. Centre for Energy Resources & Consumption, Zaragoza, Spain (2) Univ. of Zaragoza,
Zaragoza, Spain
Abstract: This work addresses the potential environmental effects of thermal energy storage using the life cycle
assessment to perform an optimal system framework. The study assesses the recovery of waste thermal energy
at medium temperatures through the application of phase change materials and the recovered heat use in other
industrial processes avoiding the heat production from fossil fuel. To this end, twenty different situations were analysed
in terms of energy and environmentally combining four thermal energy storage systems varying the type of phase
change material incorporated (potassium nitrate, potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate/sodium carbonate/lithium
carbonate and lithium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide) which were defined as cases and five scenarios were the
heat can be released based on the type of fossil fuel consumed (coal, heavy fuel, light fuel, lignite and natural gas).
Moreover, a net zero environmental metric time parameter was calculated to assess the time period in which the
environmental impacts associated to the thermal energy system were equal to the avoided impacts by the use of the
heat recovered. Values that were lower than the thermal energy system lifetime were obtained in more than 40% of
the total study situations. Finally, an additional analysis was performed to identify the most significant parameters for
the further development of a mathematical model to predict the net zero environmental metric time. [All rights reserved
Inspec controlled terms: environmental factors - heat recovery - lithium compounds - phase change materials -
potassium compounds - sodium compounds - thermal energy storage
Uncontrolled terms: environmental indicator - industrial energy management optimization - phase change materials
- thermal energy storage - life cycle assessment - optimal system framework - waste thermal energy - heat recovry -
KNO3 - KOH - LiOH-KOH - K2CO3-Na2CO3-Li2CO3
Classification Code: A8620S Industry and manufacturing (energy utilisation)Industry and manufacturing (energy
utilisation) - A8610W Waste resourcesWaste resources - A8640F Storage in thermal energyStorage in thermal energy
- B8215 Energy conservationEnergy conservation - B8230 Thermal power stations and plantsThermal power stations
and plants - B8470 Other energy storageOther energy storage - B0170Q Environmental factorsEnvironmental factors
- B8600 Industrial applications of powerIndustrial applications of power - E2120 Heat and thermodynamic processes

(mechanical engineering)Heat and thermodynamic processes (mechanical engineering) - E0230 Environmental

issuesEnvironmental issues
IPC Code: F28D20/00 - H02J15/00
Database: Inspec
366. Control of adsorption chillers by a gradient descent method for optimal cycle time
allocation
Bau, U. (1); Braatz, A.-L. (2); Lanzerath, F. (1); Herty, M. (2); Bardow, A. (1)
Source: International Journal of Refrigeration, v 56, p 52-64, Aug. 2015; ISSN: 0140-7007; DOI: 10.1016/
j.ijrefrig.2015.03.026; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Tech. Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen Univ., Aachen, Germany (2) Dept. of Math.,
RWTH Aachen Univ., Aachen, Germany
Abstract: Adsorption-based energy systems allow environmentally friendly heating and cooling by transforming
solar or waste heat. However, solar and waste heat sources are often fluctuating over time. In this case, an optimal
operation policy has to be identified. This operation policy has to consider the intrinsic dynamics of adsorption-based
energy systems: the cyclic switching between adsorption and desorption phases. This work therefore presents a
feedback-control strategy for adsorption-based energy systems. A two-step approach is employed: First, the original
nonlinear dynamic process model is approximated by a set of linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). In a second
step, an optimization problem based on the linearized equations is formulated. The latter is solved approximately
by a sequence of gradient steps. We apply the method to models for a solar cooling adsorption chiller and a solar
collector. The method is shown to reliably provide optimal control and to be robust for a wide range of the investigated
parameters. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (43 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: adsorption - cooling - feedback - gradient methods - linear differential equations - nonlinear
systems - optimal control - robust control
Uncontrolled terms: adsorption chillers - gradient descent method - optimal cycle time allocation - heating - cooling
- solar heat sources - waste heat sources - feedback control strategy - adsorption-based energy systems - nonlinear
dynamic process model - linear ordinary differential equations - ODE - optimal control - robust control
Classification Code: C3340B Control of heat systemsControl of heat systems - C4130 Interpolation and function
approximation (numerical analysis)Interpolation and function approximation (numerical analysis) - C1330 Optimal
controlOptimal control - C4170 Differential equations (numerical analysis)Differential equations (numerical analysis)
- C1340K Nonlinear control systemsNonlinear control systems - C1320 Stability in control theoryStability in control
theory - E2120 Heat and thermodynamic processes (mechanical engineering)Heat and thermodynamic processes
(mechanical engineering) - E0210L Numerical analysisNumerical analysis - E0210G OptimisationOptimisation
IPC Code: F25
Database: Inspec
367. Sustainability assessment of energy services using complex multi-layer system models
Coss, S. (1); Rebillard, C. (2); Verda, V. (3); Le Corre, O. (1)
Source: Journal of Cleaner Production, v 142, p 23-38, 20 Jan. 2017; ISSN: 0959-6526; DOI: 10.1016/
j.jclepro.2016.08.134; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Energy Syst. & Environ., Nantes, France (2) Veolia Rech. et
Innovation, Limay, France (3) Energy Dept., Politec. di Torino, Turin, Italy
Abstract: Energy providing companies are facing legal restrictions concerning environmental targets effecting design
and operation of their energy services. Thus, optimizing energy services based on sustainable criteria plays a crucial
role in providing clean, affordable and profitable business solutions in the energy field. The aim of this work is to help
decision makers in design and optimization of energy services through the development of a methodology which
uses two energy services (district heating and thermal insulation) as practical design criteria, which are stated as
cross-cutting technologies to increase sustainable heat supply. Within this approach, both the requirements and
effects of policy targets are implemented for system configuration. For that, a multi-layer energy service system is
developed and assessed using a case-study, where an existing decentralized reference system is substituted by a
central biomass-fired plant. In addition, a new method, called ”method relation analysis” (MRA) is proposed, which
provides a tool to investigate the effects of different evaluation techniques on the design of the energy system and is

exemplary shown for carbon footprint and emergy analysis. This offers the possibility for analyzing the dependency of
different assessment criteria and gives insight on how policy targets influence sustainable system configuration. The
two energy services showe different outcomes in terms of sustainability. Raising heat from the biomass plant increases
environmental, while thermal insulation mainly effects technological sustainability. Optimum design values for the
biomass plant vary between around 60% of thermal load for carbon footprint and around 20% for emergy analysis.
Carbon emissions always shows better results than the reference system. The proposed MRA assessment shows
unique improvements for system analysis providing information on system comparison, assessment results and their
behavior. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (64 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution - district heating - sustainable development - thermal insulation - thermal power
stations
Uncontrolled terms: MRA assessment - carbon emissions - technological sustainability - sustainable system
configuration - policy targets - emergy analysis - carbon footprint - energy system - evaluation techniques - method
relation analysis - biomass-fired plant - decentralized reference system - multilayer energy service system - sustainable
heat supply - cross-cutting technologies - thermal insulation - district heating - energy services - complex multilayer
system models - energy services - sustainability assessment
Classification Code: B8230 Thermal power stations and plantsThermal power stations and plants - B7720 Pollution
detection and controlPollution detection and control
IPC Code: F16L59/00 - F24D10/00 - F01L1/047
Database: Inspec
368. An integrated approach to sensor FDI and signal reconstruction in HTGRs - Part I:
Theoretical framework
Uren, Kenneth R. (1); Van Schoor, George (2); Du Rand, Carel P. (2); Botha, Anrika (2)
Source: Annals of Nuclear Energy, v 87, p 750-760, June 30, 2015; ISSN: 03064549, E-ISSN: 18732100; DOI:
10.1016/j.anucene.2015.06.010; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, North-West University,
Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa (2) Unit for Engineering Research, North-West University,
Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa
Abstract: Sensor fault detection and isolation (FDI) is an important element in modern nuclear power plant (NPP)
diagnostic systems. In this respect, sensor FDI of generation II and III water-cooled nuclear energy systems
has become an active research topic to continually improve levels of reliability, safety, and operation. However,
evolutionary advances in reactor and component technology together with different energy conversion methodologies
support the investigation of alternative approaches to sensor FDI. Within this context, the basic aim of this two part
series is to propose, implement and evaluate an integrated approach for sensor FDI and signal reconstruction in
generation IV nuclear high temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs). In part I of this two part series, the methodology
and theoretical background of the integrated sensor FDI and signal reconstruction approach are given. This approach
combines techniques such as non-temporal parity space analysis (PSA), principal component analysis (PCA), sensor
fusion and fuzzy decision systems to form a more powerful sensor FDI methodology that exploits the strengths of
the individual techniques. An illustrative example of the PCA algorithm is given making use of actual data retrieved
from a pilot plant called the pebble bed micro model (PBMM). This is a prototype gas turbine power plant based on
the first design configuration of the pebble bed modular reactor (PBMR). In part II, the described integrated sensor
fault detection approach will be evaluated by means of two case studies. In the first case study the approach will
be evaluated on real PBMM data and in the second case study the approach will be evaluated on a highly detailed
Flownex® model of the new generation PBMR. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. (31 refs)
Main heading: Principal component analysis
Controlled terms: Energy conversion - Fault detection - Fuzzy systems - Gas cooled reactors - Gas turbine power
plants - Gas turbines - High temperature gas reactors - Integrated control - Nuclear energy - Nuclear fuels - Nuclear
power plants - Pebble bed modular reactors - Pilot plants - Signal reconstruction
Uncontrolled terms: Component technologies - Fault detection and isolation - High temperature gas-cooled reactor
(HTGR) - Nuclear energy systems - Parity spaces - Sensor fault detection and isolations (FDI) - Sensor fusion -
Theoretical framework
Classification Code: 525.5 Energy Conversion IssuesEnergy Conversion Issues - 612.3 Gas Turbines and
EnginesGas Turbines and Engines - 613 Nuclear Power PlantsNuclear Power Plants - 621 Nuclear ReactorsNuclear
Reactors - 621.1 Fission ReactorsFission Reactors - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation
Theory and Signal Processing - 731.1 Control SystemsControl Systems - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical
Statistics - 932.2 Nuclear PhysicsNuclear Physics - 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science

Database: Compendex
369. Structure Optimization of Stand-Alone Renewable Power Systems Based on Multi

Object Function
Jae-Hoon Cho (1); Myung-Geun Chun (2); Won-Pyo Hong (3)
Source: Energies, v 9, n 8, p 649 (19 pp.), Aug. 2016; ISSN: 1996-1073; DOI: 10.3390/en9080649; Publisher: MDPI
AG, Switzerland
Author affiliation: (1) Smart Logistics Technol. Inst., Hankyong Nat. Univ., Anseong, Korea, Republic of (2) Dept.
of Electron. Eng., Chungbuk Nat. Univ., Chungb, Korea, Republic of (3) Dept. of Building Services Eng., Hanbat Nat.
Univ., Daejeon, Korea, Republic of
Abstract: This paper presents a methodology for the size optimization of a stand-alone hybrid PV/wind/diesel/battery
system while considering the following factors: total annual cost (TAC), loss of power supply probability (LPSP),
and the fuel cost of the diesel generator required by the user. A new optimization algorithm and an object function
(including a penalty method) are also proposed; these assist with designing the best structure for a hybrid system
satisfying the constraints. In hybrid energy system sources such as photovoltaic (PV), wind, diesel, and energy storage
devices are connected as an electrical load supply. Because the power produced by PV and wind turbine sources is
dependent on the variation of the resources (sun and wind) and the load demand fluctuates, such a hybrid system
must be able to satisfy the load requirements at any time and store the excess energy for use in deficit conditions.
Therefore, reliability and cost are the two main criteria when designing a stand-alone hybrid system. Moreover, the
operation of a diesel generator is important to achieve greater reliability. In this paper, TAC, LPSP, and the fuel cost
of the diesel generator are considered as the objective variables and a hybrid teaching-learning-based optimization
algorithm is proposed and used to choose the best structure of a stand-alone hybrid PV/wind/diesel/battery system.
Simulation results from MATLAB support the effectiveness of the proposed method and confirm that it is more efficient
than conventional methods. (27 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: battery storage plants - diesel-electric power stations - energy storage - hybrid power
systems - optimisation - photovoltaic power systems - renewable energy sources - wind power plants - wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: multi object function - size optimization - stand-alone hybrid PV/wind/diesel/battery system - total
annual cost - power supply probability loss - fuel cost - diesel generator - penalty method - energy storage devices -
electrical load supply - wind turbine sources - sun - hybrid teaching-learning-based optimization algorithm - MATLAB -
renewable power systems
photovoltaic power systems - B8260 Other power stations and plantsOther power stations and plants - B8470 Other
energy storageOther energy storage - B8230H Diesel power stations and plantsDiesel power stations and plants -
B8245 Wind power plantsWind power plants
IPC Code: F03D - H02J15/00 - F02N19/00 - H02S
Database: Inspec
370. Use of parabolic troughs in HVAC applications - Design calculations and analysis
Chahine, Khaled (1); Murr, Rabih (2); Ramadan, Mohamad (3, 4); Hage, Hicham El (3); Khaled, Mahmoud (3, 5)
Source: Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, v 12, p 285-291, September 2018; ISSN: 2214157X; DOI: 10.1016/
j.csite.2018.04.016; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh, Lebanon
(2) Energy and Thermo-Fluid Group, School of Engineering, Lebanese International University LIU, Bekaa, Lebanon
(3) Energy and Thermo-Fluid Group, School of Engineering, International University of Beirut BIU, Beirut, Lebanon (4)
FCLAB, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Belfort cedex, France (5) Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité,
Interdisciplinary Energy Research Institute (PIERI), Paris, France
Abstract: The present work is concerned with the combination of solar energy systems with HVAC systems. Namely,
the objective is finding a way of applying green energy concepts to HVAC systems. Particularly, solar concepts are
employed to supply electrical power to HVAC systems. Hence, an innovative concept that permits the use of electrical
energy provided by parabolic troughs to drive electrical components of the HVAC system is suggested. Thermal
modeling along with governing equations of electricity production from parabolic troughs are presented. Calculations
of the electrical power needed for HVAC system, showed that an order of magnitude of energy saving is attainable.
Finally, the aforementioned concept was applied on a genuine case in Beirut city. It was shown that four mirrors with a

0.5 efficiency of the storage system are capable to drive the pumps of a HVAC system of a 4-floor building all over the
year. © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license. (25 refs)
Main heading: Climate control
Controlled terms: Energy conservation - Energy management - Solar energy
Uncontrolled terms: Design calculations - Electrical components - Electrical power - Electricity production - HVAC -
Parabolic trough - Saving energy - Solar energy systems
ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation - 657.1 Solar
Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena
Database: Compendex
371. Large-scale integration of renewable energies and impact on storage demand in a

European renewable power system of 2050-Sensitivity study
Bussar, Christian (1, 2, 4); Stöcker, Philipp (1, 2, 4); Cai, Zhuang (1, 2, 4); Moraes, Luiz (1, 2, 4); Magnor, Dirk (1, 2, 4);
Wiernes, Pablo (3); Bracht, Niklas van (3); Moser, Albert (3, 4); Sauer, Dirk Uwe (1, 2, 4)
Source: Journal of Energy Storage, v 6, p 1-10, May 01, 2016; E-ISSN: 2352152X; DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2016.02.004;
Author affiliation: (1) PGS-Institute for Power Generation and Storage Systems, E.ON ERC, RWTH-Aachen
University, Germany (2) ISEA- Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives, RWTH Aachen University,
Germany (3) IAEW-Institute of Power Systems and Power Economics, RWTH-Aachen University, Germany (4) JARA-
Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, JARA Energy, Germany
Abstract: Driven by decreasing prices for photovoltaic (PV) systems and incentive programs of different governments,
almost 100 GW of PV and over 100 GW of wind turbines (WT) have been integrated in the European power system
by 2014. In some areas, the electricity generation already exceeds the demand, curtailing generation or pushing the
existing power transmission infrastructure to its limits in certain hours. In order to reach the European Commission's
targets for 2050, the integration of renewable energies will require flexibility sources, independent of conventional
generation, in order to provide standard security of supply. Together different flexibility sources will ensure the match
between demand and supply at any given time. Energy storage systems can provide this flexibility by shifting the load
temporally while transmission grids provide the shift of load spatially. Up to a certain extent, transmission capacity and
storage capacity can replace each other, i.e. storage can reduce the load on transmission infrastructure by mitigating
local peaks in load and/or generation. For the transition to a fully renewable energy system by 2050, major changes
have to be achieved in the structure of the power system. The planning tool GENESYS is a holistic approach that
optimises the allocation and size of different generation technologies, storage systems and transnational transmission
corridors of a European power system. The source code for the mentioned tool is available free of charge under LGPL
license. It can be freely parameterized by the user which allows the study of different power systems under individual
assumptions with regard to load, generation potential and cost of the different system components. This publication
will give an introduction to the planning methodology, the system model and the optimisation approach. Optimisation
results obtained with GENESYS for a fully renewable electricity system for Europe and a cost structure expected
for 2050 will be presented together with sensitivity analyses investigating main assumptions. Outcomes show the
optimal allocation of PV and WT in a European power system, the resulting demand for storage capacities of different
technologies and the capacity of the overlay grid. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. (25 refs)
Controlled terms: Cost benefit analysis - Costs - Electric energy storage - Electric power transmission - Energy
storage - Renewable energy resources - Sensitivity analysis - Strategic planning - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: Conventional generation - Europe 2050 - Integration of renewable energies - Optimisations -
Power System - Renewable energies - Renewable energy systems - Transmission capacities
Energy Issues - 525.7 Energy StorageEnergy Storage - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power
(Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 706.1.1 Electric Power TransmissionElectric Power Transmission - 911 Cost and Value
Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 912.2 ManagementManagement
- 921 MathematicsMathematics
Database: Compendex
372. A novel multigenerational hydrogen production system: performance evaluation

Rabbani, H. (1); Dincer, I. (1); Rahnamayan, S. (1)

Source: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v 42, n 17, p 12888-95, 27 April 2017; ISSN: 0360-3199; DOI:
Author affiliation: (1) Fac. of Eng. & Appl. Sci., Univ. of Ontario Inst. of Technol., Oshawa, ON, Canada
Abstract: The current study discusses the first and second laws analyses of a multi-commodity solar energy-based
integrated energy system. The system produces hydrogen in a sustainable manner and supplies 500 MW of electricity,
hot water, and hot air for space heating for various applications in sectors. Energy and exergy losses of the plant
components are calculated based on a thermodynamic model. Based on the total output work, both energy and exergy
efficiencies of the overall system are determined. A parametric study is performed by varying inlet air temperature,
air-to-fuel ratio, throttling temperature, and condenser temperature. The results show that increasing pressure ratio
increases the efficiency from 66% to 68% over a range of 8-25. Increasing the air-to-fuel ratio increases the energy
efficiency from 0.60 to above 0.80, respectively. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (35 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: energy conservation - exergy - hydrogen production - space heating - thermodynamics
Uncontrolled terms: plant components - thermodynamic model - total output work - exergy efficiencies - parametric
study - air temperature - air-to-fuel ratio - condenser temperature - pressure ratio - energy efficiency - novel
multigenerational hydrogen production system - performance evaluation - laws analyses - multicommodity solar energy
- integrated energy system - sustainable manner - hot water - hot air - space heating - exergy losses - power = 500.0
MW - power 500.0 MW
Classification Code: E2120 Heat and thermodynamic processes (mechanical engineering)Heat and thermodynamic
processes (mechanical engineering) - E2130 Fluid mechanics and aerodynamics (mechanical engineering)Fluid
mechanics and aerodynamics (mechanical engineering) - E2210 Mechanical componentsMechanical components -
E1525 Industrial processesIndustrial processes
IPC Code: F15D - F24D
Database: Inspec
373. Comparison of the organic waste management systems in the Danish-German border
region using life cycle assessment (LCA)
Jensen, Morten Bang (1); Møller, Jacob (1); Scheutz, Charlotte (1)
Source: Waste Management, v 49, p 491-504, March 1, 2016; ISSN: 0956053X, E-ISSN: 18792456; DOI: 10.1016/
j.wasman.2016.01.035; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby;
2800, Denmark
Abstract: This study assessed the management of the organic household waste in the Danish-German border region
and points out major differences between the systems and their potential effects on the environment using life cycle
assessment (LCA). The treatment of organic waste from households in the Danish-German border region is very
different on each side of the border; the Danish region only uses incineration for the treatment of organic household
waste while the German region includes combined biogas production and composting, mechanical and biological
treatment (MBT) and incineration. Data on all parts of the organic waste treatment was collected including waste
composition data and data from treatment facilities and their respective energy systems. Based on that the organic
waste management systems in the border region were modelled using the EASETECH waste management LCA-
model. The main output is a life cycle assessment showing large differences in the environmental performance of
the two different regions with the Danish region performing better in 10 out of 14 impact categories. Furthermore, the
importance of the substituted district heating systems was investigated showing an impact up to 34% of the entire
system for one impact category and showing large difference between each heating system substituted, e.g. in "Global
Warming" the impact was from -16 to -1.1 milli person equivalent/tonne treated waste from substitution of centralised
hard coal and decentralised natural gas, respectively. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. (59 refs)
Main heading: Waste incineration
Controlled terms: Biogas - District heating - Environmental management - Global warming - Heating equipment -
Incineration - Life cycle - Waste treatment - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms: Biogas production - Biological treatment - District heating system - Environmental performance -
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) - Organic household wastes - Potential effects - Waste composition
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment
and DisposalIndustrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 454.1 Environmental Engineering, GeneralEnvironmental
Engineering, General - 522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels - 643.1 Space HeatingSpace Heating
Database: Compendex

374. Transformation scenarios towards a low-carbon bioeconomy in Austria

Kalt, Gerald (1); Baumann, Martin (1); Lauk, Christian (2); Kastner, Thomas (2); Kranzl, Lukas (3); Schipfer, Fabian (3);
Lexer, Manfred (4); Rammer, Werner (4); Schaumberger, Andreas (5); Schriefl, Ernst (6)
Source: Energy Strategy Reviews, v 13-14, p 125-133, November 1, 2016; ISSN: 2211467X; DOI: 10.1016/
j.esr.2016.09.004; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Austrian Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (2) Institute of Social Ecology Vienna (SEC), Alpen
Adria Universitaet Klagenfurt, Vienna, Graz, Austria (3) Energy Economics Group, Technische Universität Wien,
Vienna, Austria (4) Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria (5)
AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Irdning, Austria (6) Energieautark Consulting Gmbh, Vienna, Austria
Abstract: The transformation towards a low-carbon bioeconomy until 2050 is one of the main strategic long-term
targets of the European Union. This work presents transformation scenarios for the case of Austria with GHG
reduction to about 20% of Kyoto baseline. The scenarios are developed with an optimization model integrating the
energy sector, land use and biomass flows. Focus is on investigating possible developments in domestic biomass
supply and use. Biomass is crucial for (largely) decarbonising the energy system and replacing fossil-based and
energyintensive materials. Domestic biomass use (dry mass) increases by 32% in an ‘intensive’ and 11% in an
'alternative' transformation scenario, while total energy consumption decreases by 40%. Transformation to a low-
carbon bioeconomy could be accomplished without additional biomass imports. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd (58 refs)
Controlled terms: Carbon - Economics - Energy utilization - Land use
Uncontrolled terms: Bioeconomy - Biomass supply - Decarbonisation - European union - Low carbon economy -
Optimization modeling - Scenario - Total energy consumption
Development - 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products
Generally - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
Database: Compendex
375. Effects of a Mixed Zone on TGO Displacement Instabilities of Thermal Barrier Coatings
at High Temperature in Gas-Cooled Fast Reactors
Wang, Jian (1); Ding, Jun (1, 2); Song, Kun (1); Chen, Song (1); Huang, Xia (1)
Source: Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations, v 2016, 2016; ISSN: 16876075, E-ISSN: 16876083; DOI:
10.1155/2016/9071237; Article number: 9071237; Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing; 400054,
China (2) Key Laboratory of Manufacture and Test Techniques for Automobile Parts, Ministry of Education, Chongqing;
400054, China
Abstract: Thermally grown oxide (TGO), commonly pure α−Al2O3, formed on protective coatings acts as an
insulation barrier shielding cooled reactors from high temperatures in nuclear energy systems. Mixed zone (MZ)
oxide often grows at the interface between the alumina layer and top coat in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) at high
temperature dwell times accompanied by the formation of alumina. The newly formed MZ destroys interface integrity
and significantly affects the displacement instabilities of TGO. In this work, a finite element model based on material
property changes was constructed to investigate the effects of MZ on the displacement instabilities of TGO. MZ
formation was simulated by gradually changing the metal material properties into MZ upon thermal cycling. Quantitative
data show that MZ formation induces an enormous stress in TGO, resulting in a sharp change of displacement
compared to the alumina layer. The displacement instability increases with an increase in the MZ growth rate, growth
strain, and thickness. Thus, the formation of a MZ accelerates the failure of TBCs, which is in agreement with previous
experimental observations. These results provide data for the understanding of TBC failure mechanisms associated
with MZ formation and of how to prolong TBC working life. © 2016 Jian Wang et al. (18 refs)
Main heading: Thermal barrier coatings
Controlled terms: Alumina - Aluminum coatings - Coatings - Fast reactors - Finite element method - Gas cooled
reactors - Protective coatings - Reactor shielding - Strain rate
Uncontrolled terms: Displacement instability - Failure mechanism - Gas cooled fast reactors - Insulation barriers -
Interface integrity - Nuclear energy systems - Thermal barrier coating (TBCs) - Thermally grown oxide
Classification Code: 621 Nuclear ReactorsNuclear Reactors - 621.1 Fission ReactorsFission Reactors - 804.2
Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds - 813.2 Coating MaterialsCoating Materials - 921.6 Numerical
MethodsNumerical Methods

Database: Compendex
376. A systems approach to quantifying the value of power generation and energy storage
technologies in future electricity networks
Heuberger, Clara F. (1, 2); Staffell, Iain (1); Shah, Nilay (2, 3); Dowell, Niall Mac (1, 2)
Source: Computers and Chemical Engineering, v 107, p 247-256, 5 December 2017; ISSN: 00981354; DOI: 10.1016/
j.compchemeng.2017.05.012; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Centre for Environmental Policy, United Kingdom (2) Centre for Process Systems Engineering,
United Kingdom (3) Department of Chemical Engineering, United Kingdom
Abstract: A new approach is required to determine a technology's value to the power systems of the 21st century.
Conventional cost-based metrics are incapable of accounting for the indirect system costs associated with intermittent
electricity generation, in addition to environmental and security constraints. In this work, we formalise a new concept
for power generation and storage technology valuation which explicitly accounts for system conditions, integration
challenges, and the level of technology penetration. The centrepiece of the system value (SV) concept is a whole
electricity systems model on a national scale, which simultaneously determines the ideal power system design and
unit-wise operational strategy. It brings typical Process Systems Engineering thinking into the analysis of power
systems. The model formulation is a mixed-integer linear optimisation and can be understood as hybrid between a
generation expansion and a unit commitment model. We present an analysis of the future UK electricity system and
investigate the SV of carbon capture and storage equipped power plants (CCS), onshore wind power plants, and grid-
level energy storage capacity. We show how the availability of different low-carbon technologies impact the optimal
capacity mix and generation patterns. We find that the SV in the year 2035 of grid-level energy storage is an order
of magnitude greater than that of CCS and wind power plants. However, CCS and wind capacity provide a more
consistent value to the system as their level of deployment increases. Ultimately, the incremental system value of a
power technology is a function of the prevalent system design and constraints. © 2017 The Authors (50 refs)
Controlled terms: Carbon capture - Electric energy storage - Energy storage - Linear programming - Systems
analysis - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Electricity system - Energy storage capacity - Energy storage technologies - Intermittent
renewables - Low-carbon technologies - Power system model - Process systems engineering - Unit-commitment
Database: Compendex
377. Low climate stabilisation under diverse growth and convergence scenarios
Markandya, A. (1); Gonza´lez-Eguino, M. (2); Criqui, P. (3); Mima, S. (3)
Source: Energy Policy, v 64, p 288-301, Jan. 2014; ISSN: 0301-4215; DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.046; Publisher:
Elsevier Science Ltd., UK
Author affiliation: (1) Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Basque Found. for Sci., Spain (2) Basque Centre
for Climate Change (BC3), Univ. of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain (3) PACTE-EDDEN, Univ. de
Grenoble, Grenoble, France
Abstract: In the last decade a number of papers have analysed the consequences of achieving the greenhouse
gas concentration levels necessary to maintain global temperature increases below 2 °C above preindustrial levels.
Most models and scenarios assume that future trends in global GDP will be similar to the growth experienced in the
past century, which would imply multiplying current output by about 19 times in the 21st century. However, natural
resource and environmental constraints suggest that future global economic growth may not be so high. Furthermore,
the environmental implications of such growth depend on how it is distributed across countries. This paper studies
the implications on GHG abatement policies of low global GDP growth and high convergence levels in GDP per
capita across countries. A partial equilibrium model (POLES) of the world's energy system is used to provide detailed
projections up to 2050 for the different regions of the world. The results suggest that while low stabilisation could be
technically feasible and economically viable for the world in all the scenarios considered, it is more likely to occur with
more modest global growth. However, that will imply higher global abatement costs relative to GDP. Convergence in
living standards on the other hand places greater pressures in terms of the required reduction in emissions. In general
we find that there are major differences between regions in terms of the size and the timing of abatement costs and
economic impact. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (34 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: climate mitigation - environmental economics - government policies

Uncontrolled terms: low climate stabilisation - greenhouse gas concentration level - global temperature - preindustrial
level - global GDP - GHG abatement policy - GDP per capita - partial equilibrium model
policy, economics and legislation - B0170Q Environmental factorsEnvironmental factors
Database: Inspec
378. Modeling and control of a doubly fed induction generator with a disturbance observer:
a stator voltage oriented approach
Ozsoy, E.E. (1); Golubovic, E. (2); Sabanovic, A. (2)
Source: Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, v 24, n 3, p 961-72, 23 March 2016; ISSN:
1300-0632; DOI: 10.3906/elk-1312-104; Publisher: Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Turkey
Author affiliation: (1) Fac. of Eng., Istanbul Tech. Univ., Istanbul, Turkey (2) Fac. of Eng. & Natural Sci., Sabanci
Univ., Istanbul, Turkey
Abstract: The popularity of renewable energy conversion systems, and especially of wind energy, has been growing in
recent years. Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind energy systems are extensively used due to their wide
range of active and reactive power controllability. Conventional DFIG control structures consist of decoupled PI rotor
current controllers with stator flux orientation and machine parameter-dependent compensating terms. The accuracy of
stator flux calculations is dependent on how accurately the stator resistance is known. Integration problems also exist
and additional low-pass filters are implemented to accurately calculate the stator flux. In the current study, machine-
dependent compensating terms are estimated with a first-order low-pass filter disturbance observer. Therefore, a
single proportional (P) controller is sufficient to control decoupled rotor currents. The proposed controller structure
is implemented on a MATLAB/Simulink platform with the parameters of 500 kW DFIG used in the MiLRES (Turkish
National Wind Energy) project. The proposed controller is also experimentally validated in an experimental setup. (18
refs)
Inspec controlled terms: asynchronous generators - low-pass filters - machine control - PI control - wind power
Uncontrolled terms: doubly fed induction generator - disturbance observer - stator voltage oriented approach -
renewable energy conversion system - wind energy - reactive power controllability - active power controllability -
decoupled PI rotor current controllers - DFIG control - stator flux - MiLRES project - Turkish National Wind Energy
project - power 500 kW
Classification Code: B8245 Wind power plantsWind power plants - B8310E Asynchronous machinesAsynchronous
machines - C3340H Control of electric power systemsControl of electric power systems
IPC Code: H02K17/42 - H02P
Database: Inspec
379. Systematic approach for recognizing limiting factors for growth of biomethane use in
transportation sector - A case study in Finland
Uusitalo, V. (1); Havukainen, J. (1); Soukka, R. (1); Vaïsa¨nen, S. (1); Havukainen, M. (1); Luoranen, M. (1)
Source: Renewable Energy, v 80, p 479-88, Aug. 2015; ISSN: 0960-1481; DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2015.02.037;
Author affiliation: (1) Environ. Technol., Lappeenranta Univ. of Technol., Lappeenranta, Finland
Abstract: In this paper, limiting factors for increased use of biomethane as a transportation fuel are studied. The
aim of this research is to recognize and estimate the limiting factors for biomethane utilization in the transportation
sector. The limiting factors are studied by using calculation models from Life cycle perspective and literature reviews.
According to the results, the main limiting factors can be classified into the following categories: production potential,
technology, economy or policy. For biomethane utilization in Finland, the main limiting factors seem to be the lack
of distribution infrastructure in northern parts of the country and the uncertain economical feasibility for agricultural
biomass producers and for vehicle owners. From the political perspective, the external costs for petrol operated
vehicles are higher than for biomethane operated vehicles. Reductions from the external costs could be used by
political decisions as a base to support the growth of biomethane in the transportation sector which could lead to GHG
emission reductions. A similar systematic approach can also be used to study limiting factors for other transportation
energy systems. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (59 refs)

Inspec controlled terms: biofuel - cost reduction - energy consumption - government policies - petroleum - product
life cycle management - renewable energy sources - reviews - transportation - vehicles
Uncontrolled terms: policy - biomethane utilization - technology - production potential - transportation energy systems
- limiting factor recognition - GHG emission reduction - political decisions - petrol operated vehicle - vehicle owners -
external cost reduction - uncertain economical feasibility - agricultural biomass producers - distribution infrastructure -
Northern part - economy - life cycle perspective - transportation fuel - calculation model - Finland - transportation sector
- systematic approach
Classification Code: A8620A General transportation (energy utilisation)General transportation (energy utilisation) -
A8610A Biofuel and biomass resourcesBiofuel and biomass resources - E0230 Environmental issuesEnvironmental
issues - E3650 Transportation industryTransportation industry - E1780 Products and commoditiesProducts and
commodities - E0120K Financial managementFinancial management
IPC Code: B60 - C10
Treatment: Practical (PRA) - Theoretical or Mathematical (THR) - Experimental (EXP)
Database: Inspec
380. A perspective on the potential role of renewable gas in a smart energy island system
Ahern, E.P. (1); Deane, P. (1); Persson, T. (2); O´ Gallachoír, B. (1); Murphy, J.D. (1)
Author affiliation: (1) Environ. Res. Inst., Univ. Coll. Cork, Cork, Ireland (2) Energiforsk AB - Swedish Energy Res.
Centre, Sweden
Abstract: This paper examines the potential role for Power to Gas (P2G) as applied to an island energy system with
high levels of renewable electricity penetration. P2G systems require both a supply of green electricity and a source of
CO2. Cheap electricity is essential for a financially sustainable P2G system. Using a PLEXOS model it was determined
that deploying 50 MWe of P2G capacity on the 2030 Irish electrical grid may reduce absolute levels of curtailed wind
by 5% compared to the base case. CO2 capture is expensive. The cheapest method of sourcing CO2 for a P2G
system is to employ a methanation process whereby biogas from anaerobic digestion is mixed with hydrogen from
surplus electricity. Anaerobic digestion in Ireland has a potential to produce biomethane to a level of 10.2% of energy in
transport (19.2 PJ/a). The potential CO2 resource from anaerobic digestion could allow for a further 8.9% of energy in
transport (16.6 PJ/a) from P2G production. An optimal model is proposed including for co-location of a biogas system
with a P2G system. The model includes for demand-driven biogas concepts allowing electrical grid balancing and the
supply of gaseous transportation fuel. Biofuel obligation certificates allows for a financially viable industry. [All rights
Inspec controlled terms: biofuel - carbon capture and storage - renewable energy sources - smart power grids
Uncontrolled terms: power to gas - island energy system - renewable electricity penetration - P2G systems - green
electricity - cheap electricity - PLEXOS model - Irish electrical grid - curtailed wind - methanation process - anaerobic
digestion - surplus electricity - biomethane - biogas system - demand-driven biogas concepts - electrical grid balancing
- gaseous transportation fuel
Classification Code: A8610A Biofuel and biomass resourcesBiofuel and biomass resources - A8675M Carbon
storage/sequestration (environmental science technology)Carbon storage/sequestration (environmental science
technology) - B8210 Energy resourcesEnergy resources
IPC Code: H02J13/00
Database: Inspec
381. Energy Flow Optimization in Multicarrier Systems

Shabanpour-Haghighi, Amin (1); Seifi, Ali Reza (1)
Source: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, v 11, n 5, p 1067-1077, October 1, 2015; ISSN: 15513203; DOI:
10.1109/TII.2015.2462316; Article number: 7172514; Publisher: IEEE Computer Society
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Power and Control, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shiraz
University, Shiraz; 71348-51151, Iran
Abstract: In this paper, a generalized heuristic approach is proposed to solve the optimal power flow problem in
multicarrier energy systems. This technique omits the use of any extra variable, such as dispatch factors or dummy
variables required for conventional techniques. The unified proposed approach can be utilized with all evolutionary

algorithms. Modeling hub devices with constant efficiency may produce a considerable error in finding the actual
optimal operating point of the whole network. However, using variable efficiency model adds complexity to the
conventional methods while increasing the computation-demand of these techniques, but this target can be simply
implemented by the proposed scheme. A multicarrier energy system consists of an electrical, a natural gas, and a
district heating network is analyzed by the proposed algorithm using the modified teaching-learning-based optimization
method. Results validate the utilized approach and show that it can successfully reach the global optimal solution of the
problem. © 2015 IEEE. (31 refs)
Controlled terms: Acoustic generators - District heating - Electric load flow - Heuristic algorithms - Heuristic methods
Uncontrolled terms: District heating networks - Energy hubs - Global optimal solutions - Modified teaching-learning-
based optimizations - Multi carrier - Optimal power flow problem - Optimal power flows - Optimization problems
Classification Code: 643.1 Space HeatingSpace Heating - 706.1 Electric Power SystemsElectric Power Systems
- 723.1 Computer ProgrammingComputer Programming - 752.4 Acoustic GeneratorsAcoustic Generators - 921.5
Database: Compendex
382. Fulfillment of net-zero energy building (NZEB) with four metrics in a single family
house with different heating alternatives
Mohamed, A. (1); Hasan, A. (2); Sireń, K. (1)
Source: Applied Energy, v 114, p 385-99, Feb. 2014; ISSN: 0306-2619; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.09.065;
Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd., UK
Author affiliation: (1) Sch. of Eng., Dept. of Energy Technol., Aalto Univ., Aalto, Finland (2) VTT Tech. Res. Centre of
Finland, Espoo, Finland
Abstract: This study aims to investigate the fulfillment of four Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) balances, NZEB-PE,
NZEB-site, NZEB-emission and NZEB-cost, considering the four metrics of primary energy (PE), site energy, CO2-
eqemissions and energy cost, respectively, using weighting factors based on Finnish and international reference data.
The study analyzes five conventional energy systems and seven biomass-based standalone and shared combined
heat and power (CHP) systems. These systems are connected to a single family house located in Helsinki, Finland,
with two energy efficiency levels: a standard house and a passive house, simulated by Trnsys software. The annual
balance of the import and export of the operational thermal and electrical energies is applied. The simulated results
indicate that the NZEB-emission, NZEB-PE, NZEB-cost, and NZEB-site are arranged in that order according to the
ease of fulfilling the annual balance. Making the house high in thermal energy efficiency (or adding solar thermal
collectors) for all the studied systems is a step towards achieving NZEB-PE, NZEB-cost, and NZEB-site. On the
contrary, achieving the NZEB-emission by the shared CHPs connected to the standard house is easier than the
passive house. The NZEB balance is more attainable by the shared CHPs than the standalone CHPs. The NZEB-PE
is easier to achieve using the international factors than using the Finnish PE factors. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (53
refs)
Inspec controlled terms: building management systems - cogeneration - energy conservation - space heating
Uncontrolled terms: net-zero energy building - family house - heating alternatives - NZEB-PE - NZEB-cost - NZEB-
site - NZEB-emission - primary energy - energy cost - international reference data - Finnish reference data - biomass-
based standalone - combined heat and power systems - CHP systems - Helsinki - Finland - Trnsys software - electrical
energies - thermal energy efficiency - solar thermal collectors - passive house
utilisation)Heating (energy utilisation) - B8540E Space heatingSpace heating
IPC Code: F24D - H05B1/00
Database: Inspec
383. Investigation and analysis of high performance green energy induction motor drive
with intelligent estimator
Chitra, A. (1); Himavathi, S. (2)
Source: Renewable Energy, v 87, p 965-76, March 2016; ISSN: 0960-1481; DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2015.07.084;
Author affiliation: (1) Sch. of Electr. Eng., VIT Univ., Vellore, India (2) EEE, Pondicherry Eng. Coll., Puducherry, India

Abstract: This paper attempts to enhance the performance of a green energy induction motor drive. The electronic
power converters become indispensable part of the renewable energy systems (RES). The solar photovoltaic (PV)
system is efficiently operated with artificial neural network (ANN) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
algorithm. The inverter topologies for the green drive scheme are analyzed. To improve the drive performance a
reduced switch multilevel inverter (RSMLI) is employed. As indirect field oriented control (IFOC) is used, the drive
demands on-line estimation of rotor resistance. A neural learning model reference adaptive scheme (NL-MRAS) based
rotor resistance estimator is found to exhibit good dynamic performance. This work also investigates the performance
of the green drive with an intelligent estimator. The performance enhancement of the green energy drive obtained
by ANN based MPPT for the PV system, a reduced switch MLI and an intelligent estimator is presented. [All rights
Inspec controlled terms: induction motor drives - machine vector control - maximum power point trackers - neural
nets - photovoltaic power systems - power convertors - renewable energy sources
Uncontrolled terms: green energy induction motor drive - intelligent estimator - electronic power converters -
renewable energy systems - RES - solar photovoltaic system - PV system - artificial neural network - ANN - maximum
power point tracking algorithm - MPPT algorithm - inverter topologies - green drive scheme - reduced switch multilevel
inverter - RSMLI - indirect field oriented control - IFOC - neural learning model reference adaptive scheme - NL-MRAS
- rotor resistance estimator - green energy drive
photovoltaic power systems - B8310E Asynchronous machinesAsynchronous machines - B8510 DrivesDrives -
B8360D DC-DC power convertorsDC-DC power convertors - B1210 Power electronics, supply and supervisory
circuitsPower electronics, supply and supervisory circuits - C3340H Control of electric power systemsControl of electric
power systems - C6170K Knowledge engineering techniquesKnowledge engineering techniques
IPC Code: G06F15/18 - H02M - H02M3/00 - H02P21/00 - G06F7/08 - G06N5/04 - H02S
Database: Inspec
384. Electricity storage systems in the future German energy sector: An optimization of the
German electricity generation system until 2040 considering grid restrictions
Babrowski, Sonja (1); Jochem, Patrick (1); Fichtner, Wolf (1)
Source: Computers and Operations Research, v 66, p 228-240, February 2016; ISSN: 03050548; DOI: 10.1016/
j.cor.2015.01.014; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Institute for Industrial Production (IIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hertzstraße 16,
Karlsruhe; 76187, Germany
Abstract: Due to the growing feed-in of electricity based on renewables, electricity storage systems will be essential
in the future energy sector. Because of the volatile feed-in, electricity will have to be shifted temporally. Additionally,
load centers and regions of potentially high wind-based electricity production are located far away from each other in
Germany, resulting in the need to transport electricity from the north to the south. According to the targets defined by
the German government, more than 60% of electricity generation in 2040 is to be based on renewables. A strategic
allocation of storage systems might help to improve the utilization of grid capacities and integrate renewables at the
same time. To analyze this, we implemented the possibility to commission storage systems throughout Germany
in the energy system model PERSEUS-NET-ESS. This investment and dispatch model includes a DC approach of
the German transmission grid and, thus, calculates not only the installed capacities, but also their optimal allocation.
Besides storage systems, gas turbines or load shift potentials can be used for the integration of renewables. In this
paper, we use PERSEUS-NET-ESS to evaluate the alternatives taking the grid restrictions into account. Results
indicate that it is beneficial to commission about 3.2 GW of battery storage systems until 2040, provided that storage
investment will drop to about 150 €/kWh until then. The main part of the capacity is to be deployed in northern
Germany close to the sea, where electricity from off-shore wind parks will be fed into the grid. At the same time, the
storage systems will be located mainly close to congested grid lines. For the case of battery storage systems being
impossible in the model, gas turbines are commissioned instead. Modeling will also consider the load shift potential
due to electric mobility. It can substitute almost all of the commissioned storage systems and at the same time reduce
the total generation capacity needed. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. (35 refs)
Main heading: Battery storage
Controlled terms: Electric batteries - Electric power generation - Electric power transmission networks - Gas turbines -
Investments - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Battery storage system - Electricity generation - Electricity production - Electricity storage
systems - Electricity-generation system - Energy system model - Integration of renewables - Load shift

Classification Code: 612.3 Gas Turbines and EnginesGas Turbines and Engines - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993,
use code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 702.1 Electric BatteriesElectric Batteries - 706.1.1 Electric
Power TransmissionElectric Power Transmission
Database: Compendex
385. Novel decentralized control of power systems with penetration of renewable energy
sources in small-scale power systems
Kazemlou, Shaghayegh (1); Mehraeen, Shahab (1)
Source: IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, v 29, n 4, p 851-861, December 1, 2014; ISSN: 08858969; DOI:
10.1109/TEC.2014.2362548; Article number: 6945354; Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Inc.
Author affiliation: (1) School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge; LA; 70803, United States
Abstract: In this paper, the power grid with penetration of renewable energy sources is modeled as a multigenerator
interconnected power network. The power grid includes distributed energy resources including conventional
synchronous generators and renewable energy sources; here called renewable generators that are connected to
the grid via grid-tie inverters (GTIs). With the proposed modeling, the GTI resembles a synchronous generator with
excitation control. The modeling takes into account the dc-link capacitor stored energy as a dynamical state, in contrast
with the available methods, and through an appropriate controller assures the stability of the dc link and the entire
grid without needing an abundant-energy dc link. Next, the power grid comprising the synchronous and renewable
generators is converted to decentralized control form with subsystems in Brunovsky canonical form whose interactions
with the rest of the grid are unknown. A decentralized adaptive neural network (NN) feedback controller is proposed
with quadratic update law to stabilize the rotor speed and dc-link voltage oscillations in asymptotic fashion in the
presence of grid disturbances. The proposed controller is then simplified. Though the solar power interacting with
conventional synchronous generators is considered in this paper, the proposed modeling and controller design can
be applied to many other renewable energy systems. Simulation results on the IEEE 14-bus power system with
penetration of solar power are provided to show the effectiveness of the approach in damping oscillations that occur
after disturbances. © 2014 IEEE. (30 refs)
Controlled terms: Adaptive control systems - Controllers - Decentralized control - Electric generators - Electric power
transmission networks - Natural resources - Solar energy - Synchronous generators
Uncontrolled terms: Adaptive neural networks - Brunovsky canonical forms - Distributed Energy Resources -
Interconnected power network - Micro grid - Multi-machine stabilities - Neural network control - Renewable energy
source
Classification Code: 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena - 705.2 Electric
GeneratorsElectric Generators - 705.2.1 AC GeneratorsAC Generators - 706.1 Electric Power SystemsElectric Power
Systems - 706.1.1 Electric Power TransmissionElectric Power Transmission - 731.1 Control SystemsControl Systems -
731.2 Control System ApplicationsControl System Applications - 732.1 Control EquipmentControl Equipment
Database: Compendex
386. An assessment of alternative carbon mitigation policies for achieving the emissions
reduction of the Clean Power Plan: Case study for the state of Indiana
Lu, Liwei (1); Preckel, Paul V. (2); Gotham, Douglas (1); Liu, Andrew L. (3)
Source: Energy Policy, v 96, p 661-672, September 1, 2016; ISSN: 03014215; DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2016.06.045;
Author affiliation: (1) State Utility Forecasting Group, Purdue University, Mann Hall, Room 160, 203 South Martin
Jischke Dr., West Lafayette; IN; 47907-1971, United States (2) Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue
University, 403 West State Street, West Lafayette; IN; 47907-2056, United States (3) School of Industrial Engineering,
Purdue University, 315 N. Grant Street, West Lafayette; IN; 47907-2023, United States
Abstract: National carbon mitigation policy included in the Clean Power Plan (CPP) targets electric power generation
facilities and may have substantial impacts at the national level. The subnational impacts will vary because the level
of dependence on coal for electricity generation varies substantially across states. Indiana represents a state where
the CPP impacts may be relatively large due to heavy dependence on coal for electricity generation. Therefore, this
paper presents analysis of the efficacy and cost of alternative approaches to carbon mitigation policy, taking Indiana

as an example. A state-level energy system model, IN-MARKAL, was developed based on the MARKAL framework to
explore alternative policy scenarios. Results show that a renewable portfolio standard (RPS) is relatively cost effective
in achieving carbon emissions reduction for Indiana from the perspective of the power system alone, but that the RPS
may also lead to a generation mix dominated by coal and wind. Carbon cap and carbon tax outperform the RPS when
considering the entire energy system modeled in IN-MARKAL, which also lead to a more diverse generation portfolio
for the state. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd (24 refs)
Main heading: Electric power generation
Controlled terms: Carbon - Coal - Cost benefit analysis - Cost effectiveness - Emission control
Uncontrolled terms: Carbon mitigation - Carbon policy - Indiana - MARKAL - Power System
Classification Code: 451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control - 524 Solid FuelsSolid Fuels - 804 Chemical
Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and
Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics
Database: Compendex
387. Assessing the impact of micro-generation technologies on local sustainability

Brandoni, C. (1); Arteconi, A. (2); Ciriachi, G. (3); Polonara, F. (3)
Source: Energy Conversion and Management, v 87, p 1281-90, Nov. 2014; ISSN: 0196-8904; DOI: 10.1016/
Author affiliation: (1) Centre for Sustainable Technol., Univ. of Ulster, Newtownabbey, United Kingdom (2) Univ. degli
studi e-Campus, Novedrate, Italy (3) Dipt. di Sci. Matematiche e Ing. Ind., Univ. Politec. delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
Abstract: The work addresses the role of local energy planning for the introduction of low carbon policies to achieve
challenging climate targets. Taking as reference case an urban area that aims to become Sustainable Community,
several initiatives have been assessed. Two target years, 2020 and 2050, have been analysed with the aid of
EnergyPlan, an integrated energy system model based on the hourly energy demand and supply able to consider
constraints deriving from grid stability. The effects of climate change, defined by a regional climate model, have been
analysed in the long-term scenario. The work focuses on the impact of a high share of micro-generation technologies
for satisfying the energy demand of the building sector, following an original comprehensive approach that helps a
better understanding of the implication of such low carbon policy. Both solar devices and micro-combined heat and
power systems have been taken into account, the latter covering different technologies (i.e. internal combustion
engines, Stirling engines, microturbines and fuel cells). Results show that the use of a high share of micro-generation
technologies can help to reduce CO2 emissions and enable an increase in large-scale intermittent renewable
production, only if a coordinated local energy plan combined with an optimal operation strategy is pursued. Moreover
the work outlines the importance of developing an integrated energy system for introducing such technologies that
can help to: (i) decarbonise the building sector, (ii) increase energy security and iii) postpone the investments in new
network capacity. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (51 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: carbon compounds - climate mitigation - cogeneration - energy security - environmental
economics - fuel cells - internal combustion engines - power generation planning - power grids - power system stability
- turbines
Uncontrolled terms: microgeneration technologies - local sustainability - local energy planning - low carbon policies
- sustainable community - EnergyPlan - integrated energy system model - energy demand - grid stability - climate
change - regional climate model - building sector - solar devices - microcombined heat and power systems - internal
combustion engines - Stirling engines - microturbines - fuel cells - renewable production - energy security - network
capacity - CO2
policy, economics and legislation - A8630G Fuel cellsFuel cells - B8230 Thermal power stations and plantsThermal
power stations and plants - B8410G Fuel cellsFuel cells - B8110D Power system planning and layoutPower
system planning and layout - B8110C Power system controlPower system control - B0170Q Environmental
factorsEnvironmental factors
IPC Code: F02B - H01M8/00
Database: Inspec
388. Assessing the life cycle environmental benefits of renewable distributed generation in
a context of carbon taxes: The case of the Northeastern American market

Descateaux, Paul (1); Astudillo, Miguel F. (1); Amor, Mourad Ben (1)
Source: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, v 53, p 1178-1189, January 1, 2016; ISSN: 13640321, E-ISSN:
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Civil Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
Abstract: Distributed generation (DG) using renewable energy systems (RES) can play an important role in reducing
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Given that DG could overlap with carbon tax implementation, the objective of this
work is to assess the implications of introducing different carbon tax levels (from 0 to 100 US$/tonne of CO2) and to
assess the GHG abatement performance when DG is applied. To reach the paper objective, different levels of carbon
taxes were assessed by using the developed partial equilibrium model for the North-eastern American electricity
market. The developed model is crucial to (1) estimate the increase of the hourly market price for different carbon
taxes scenarios, and (2) identify the hourly marginal electricity production technologies reducing its production as a
consequence to DG. Results show that the increase of carbon taxes significantly decrease the environmental benefits
as a consequence of DG. When considering GHG emissions, the 30 kW micro-wind turbine efficiency gets from -6.3
to -3.8 kg CO2eq/kW h, when carbon tax increases from 0 to 60 US$/tonne CO2eq (60% reduction). Same trend is
observed for other environmental impacts, such as resource, human health and ecosystem quality. These results help
in giving more insight on how two overlapping clean air policies interfere and how efficient they are in reducing GHG
emissions at the same time. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (40 refs)
Controlled terms: Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Commerce - Distributed power generation - Gas emissions -
Greenhouse gases - Life cycle - Renewable energy resources - Taxation - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms: Carbon taxes - Environmental benefits - Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) - Marginal electricities
- Partial equilibrium model - Renewable distributed generations - Renewable energies - Renewable energy systems
(RES)
Classification Code: 451.1 Air Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources - 454.2 Environmental Impact and
Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power (Before
1993, use code 611 ) - 706.1.2 Electric Power DistributionElectric Power Distribution - 804 Chemical Products
GenerallyChemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds
Database: Compendex
389. Revisiting the iris effect of tropical cirrus clouds with TRMM and A-Train satellite data
Yong-Sang Choi (1); WonMoo Kim (2); Sang-Wook Yeh (3); Masunaga, H. (4); Min-Jae Kwon (5); Hyun-Su Jo (6); Lei
Huang (7)
Source: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, v 122, n 11, p 5917-31, 16 June 2017; ISSN: 2169-897X;
DOI: 10.1002/2016JD025827; Publisher: Wiley, USA
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Environ. Sci. & Eng., Ewha Womans Univ., Seoul, Korea, Republic of (2) Climate
Prediction Dept., APEC Climate Center, Busan, Korea, Republic of (3) Marine Sci. & Convergent Technol., Hanyang
Univ., Seoul, Korea, Republic of (4) Inst. for Space-Earth Environ. Res., Nagoya Univ., Nagoya, Japan (5) Dept. of
Atmos. Sci. & Eng., Ewha Womans Univ., Seoul, Korea, Republic of (6) Oceans & Atmos., CSIRO, Aspendale, VIC,
Australia (7) NASA Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA, United States
Abstract: Just as the iris of human eye controls the light influx (iris effect), tropical anvil cirrus clouds may regulate
the Earth's surface warming by controlling outgoing longwave radiation. This study examines this possible effect with
monthly satellite observations such as Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation, Moderate Resolution
Imaging Spectroradiometer cirrus fraction, and Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System top-of-the-atmosphere
radiative fluxes averaged over different tropical domains from March 2000 to October 2014. To confirm that high-level
cirrus is relevant to this study, Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization high cloud observations were also
analyzed from June 2006 to December 2015. Our analysis revealed that the increase in sea surface temperature in the
tropical western Pacific tends to concentrate convective cloud systems. This concentration effect very likely induces the
significant reduction of both stratiform rain rate and cirrus fraction, without appreciable change in the convective rain
rate. This reduction of stratiform rain rate and cirrus fraction cannot be found over its subregion or the tropical eastern
Pacific, where the concentration effect of anvil cirrus is weak. Consistently, over the tropical western Pacific, the higher
ratio of convective rain rate to total rain rate (i.e., precipitation efficiency) significantly correlates with warmer sea
surface temperature and lower cirrus fraction. The reduced cirrus eventually increased outgoing longwave radiation to
a greater degree than absorbed solar radiation. Finally, the negative relationship between precipitation efficiency and
cirrus fraction tends to correspond to a low global equilibrium climate sensitivity in the models in the Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project Phase 5. This suggests that tropical anvil cirrus clouds exert a negative climate feedback in
strong association with precipitation efficiency. (60 refs)

Inspec controlled terms: atmospheric radiation - atmospheric temperature - clouds - convection - oceanographic
regions - rain
Uncontrolled terms: A-Train satellite data - TRMM data - precipitation efficiency - coupled model intercomparison
project phase 5 - absorbed solar radiation - precipitation efficiency - anvil cirrus concentration effect - convective
rain ratio - convective cloud system - stratiform rain rate - tropical western Pacific sea surface temperature - cloud
observation - AD 2006 06 to 2015 12 - top-of-the-atmosphere radiative flux - Earth radiant energy system - moderate
resolution imaging spectroradiometer cirrus fraction - tropical rainfall measuring mission precipitation - controlling
outgoing longwave radiation - Earth surface warming - light influx - human eye control - tropical anvil cirrus cloud - iris
effect
Classification Code: A9260N Cloud physicsCloud physics - A9260W Sunlight and atmospheric radiationSunlight
and atmospheric radiation - A9330P Pacific OceanPacific Ocean - A9210K Sea-air interactionsSea-air interactions
- A9260E Convection, turbulence, and diffusion in the lower atmosphereConvection, turbulence, and diffusion in
the lower atmosphere - A9260J Water in the atmosphere (humidity, clouds, evaporation, precipitation)Water in the
atmosphere (humidity, clouds, evaporation, precipitation) - A9260K Temperature of the lower atmosphereTemperature
of the lower atmosphere
Database: Inspec
390. Assessment of Alternative Scenarios for CO2 Reduction Potential in the Residential
Building Sector
Young-Sun Jeong (1)
Source: Sustainability, v 9, n 3, p 394 (16 pp.), March 2017; ISSN: 2071-1050; DOI: 10.3390/su9030394; Publisher:
Author affiliation: (1) Korea Inst. of Civil Eng. & Building Technol., Goyang, Korea, Republic of
Abstract: The South Korean government announced its goals of reducing the country's CO2 emissions by up to
30% below the business as usual (BAU) projections by 2020 in 2009 and 37% below BAU projections by 2030 in
2015. This paper explores the potential energy savings and reduction in CO2 emissions offered by residential building
energy efficiency policies and plans in South Korea. The current and future energy consumption and CO2 emissions
in the residential building were estimated using an energy-environment model from 2010 to 2030. The business as
usual scenario is based on the energy consumption characteristic of residential buildings using the trends related to
socio-economic prospects and the number of dwellings. The alternative scenarios took into account energy efficiency
for new residential buildings (scenario I), refurbishment of existing residential buildings (scenario II), use of highly
efficient boilers (scenario III), and use of a solar thermal energy system (scenario IV). The results show that energy
consumption in the residential building sector will increase by 33% between 2007 and 2030 in the BAU scenario.
Maximum reduction in CO2 emissions in the residential building sector of South Korea was observed by 2030 in
scenario I. In each alternative scenario analysis, CO2 emissions were 12.9% lower than in the business as usual
scenario by the year 2030. (39 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: air pollution control - boilers - buildings (structures) - energy conservation - energy
consumption - government policies
Uncontrolled terms: South Korea - energy-environment model - solar thermal energy system - residential building
sector - BAU scenario - South Korean government - BAU projections - potential energy savings - residential building
energy efficiency policies - energy consumption
Classification Code: A8620Q Buildings (energy utilisation)Buildings (energy utilisation) - A9260T Air quality and air
pollutionAir quality and air pollution - A8605 Energy and environmental policy, economics and legislationEnergy and
environmental policy, economics and legislation - B8215 Energy conservationEnergy conservation - B7720 Pollution
detection and controlPollution detection and control
IPC Code: F22B
Database: Inspec
391. Robust strategies of climate change mitigation in interacting energy, economy and land
use systems
Leimbach, M. (1); Labriet, M. (2); Bonsch, M. (1); Dietrich, J.P. (1); Kanudia, A. (3); Mouratiadou, I. (1); Popp, A. (1);
Klein, D. (1)

Source: International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, v 8, n 5, p 732-57, 2016; ISSN:
1756-8692; DOI: 10.1108/IJCCSM-09-2015-0135; Publisher: Emerald, UK
Author affiliation: (1) Potsdam Inst. for Climate Impact Res., Potsdam, Germany (2) ENERIS Environ. Energy
Consultants, Madrid, Spain (3) KanORS-EMR, Noida, India
Abstract: Purpose: Bioenergy is a key component of climate change mitigation strategies aiming at low stabilization.
Its versatility and capacity to generate negative emissions when combined with carbon capture and storage add
degrees of freedom to the timing of emission reductions. This paper aims to explore the robustness of a bioenergy-
based mitigation strategy by addressing several dimensions of uncertainty on biomass potential, bioenergy use and
induced land use change emissions. Design/methodology/approach: Different mitigation scenarios were explored by
two different energy-economy optimization models coupled to the same land use model, which provides a common
basis for the second generation bioenergy dynamics in the two energy-economy models. Findings: Using bioenergy
is found to be a robust mitigation strategy as demonstrated by high biomass shares in primary energy demand in
both models and in all mitigation scenarios. Practical implications: A variety of possible storylines about future uses of
biomass exist. The comparison of the technology choices preferred by the applied models helps understand how future
emission reductions can be achieved under alternative storylines. Originality/value: The presented comparison-based
assessment goes beyond other comparison studies because both energy-economy models are coupled to the same
land use model. (43 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: climate mitigation - environmental economics - land use
Uncontrolled terms: climate change mitigation - energy system - economy system - land use system - carbon capture
- carbon storage - bioenergy-based mitigation strategy - biomass potential - bioenergy use - land use change emission
- energy-economy optimization model - land use model - bioenergy dynamics - energy-economy model - energy
demand
Classification Code: A8670G Atmosphere (environmental science)Atmosphere (environmental science) - A9190
Other topics in solid Earth physicsOther topics in solid Earth physics - A9260S ClimatologyClimatology - A8605 Energy
and environmental policy, economics and legislationEnergy and environmental policy, economics and legislation
Database: Inspec
392. A Directional Modifier-Adaptation Algorithm for Real-Time Optimization

Costello, S. (1); François, G. (1); Bonvin, D. (1)
Source: Journal of Process Control, v 39, p 64-76, March 2016; ISSN: 0959-1524; DOI: 10.1016/
j.jprocont.2015.11.008; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Lab. d'Autom., Ecole Polytech. Fed. de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Abstract: The steady advances of computational methods make model-based optimization an increasingly attractive
method for process improvement. Unfortunately, the available models are often inaccurate. The traditional remedy
is to update the model parameters, but this generally leads to a difficult parameter estimation problem that must be
solved on-line. In addition, the resulting model may not represent the plant well when there is structural mismatch
between the two. The iterative optimization method called Modifier Adaptation overcomes these obstacles by directly
incorporating plant measurements into the optimization framework, principally in the form of constraint values and
cost and constraint gradients. However, the number of experiments required to estimate these gradients increases
linearly with the number of process inputs, which tends to make the method intractable for processes with many inputs.
This paper presents a new algorithm, called Directional Modifier Adaptation, that overcomes this limitation by only
estimating the plant gradients in certain privileged input directions. It is proven that plant optimality with respect to
these privileged directions can be guaranteed upon convergence. A novel, statistically optimal, gradient estimation
technique is developed. The algorithm is illustrated through the simulation of a realistic airborne wind-energy system,
a promising renewable energy technology that harnesses wind energy using large kites. It is shown that Directional
Modifier Adaptation can optimize in real time the path followed by the kite. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (60 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: iterative methods - optimal control - optimisation - parameter estimation - process control
Uncontrolled terms: process optimisation - iterative optimization - statistically optimal gradient estimation - parameter
estimation - optimal control - model-based optimization - real-time optimization - directional modifier-adaptation
algorithm
Classification Code: C3350 Control in industrial production systemsControl in industrial production systems - C1330
Optimal controlOptimal control - C1180 Optimisation techniquesOptimisation techniques - C4130 Interpolation and
function approximation (numerical analysis)Interpolation and function approximation (numerical analysis) - C1220
Simulation, modelling and identificationSimulation, modelling and identification - E1525 Industrial processesIndustrial
processes - E1550 Control technology and theoryControl technology and theory - E0210G OptimisationOptimisation -
E0210L Numerical analysisNumerical analysis

Treatment: Bibliography (BIB) - Theoretical or Mathematical (THR)

Database: Inspec
393. Optimization of sawmill residues collection for bioenergy production

Zamar, David S. (1); Gopaluni, Bhushan (1); Sokhansanj, Shahab (1, 2)
Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver;
BC; V6T 1Z3, Canada (2) Resource and Engineering Systems Group, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge; TN; 37831-6422, United States
Abstract: The collection of sawmill residues is an important logistic activity for the pulp and paper industry, which uses
the biomass as a source of energy. We study a vehicle routing problem for a network composed of a single depot and
several sawmills. The sawmills serve as potential suppliers of biomass residues to the depot, which in turn processes
and distributes the residues to the pulp and paper mills. This problem consists of identifying the best daily routing
schedule for a fixed number of trucks. The objective is to maximize the ratio of energy returned on energy invested,
while satisfying a minimum daily amount of dried biomass residues. There are several random components in the
problem, including the availability and moisture content of the biomass residues. We use a combination of scenario
analysis and heuristics to solve this stochastic vehicle routing problem. A performance comparison of the proposed
method reveals an estimated daily energy savings of 6 GJ over the benchmark method. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (47 refs)
Main heading: Paper and pulp industry
Controlled terms: Approximation algorithms - Benchmarking - Biomass - Energy conservation - Paper and pulp mills
- Pulp - Renewable energy resources - Routing algorithms - Sawing - Sawmills - Stochastic systems - Uncertainty
analysis - Vehicle routing - Wood products
Uncontrolled terms: Logistics model - Renewable energy systems - Robust estimation - Stochastic approximations -
Uncertainty
Energy Issues - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and
ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 811 Cellulose, Paper and Wood ProductsCellulose,
Paper and Wood Products - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other StructuresFarm Buildings and Other Structures - 921
MathematicsMathematics - 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory - 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science
Database: Compendex
394. Investigations of Nearly (net) Zero Energy Residential Buildings in Beijing

Zhiyong Tian (1); Shicong Zhang (1); Huai Li (2); Yiqiang Jiang (1); Jiankai Dong (1); Boxiang Zhang (3); Rongbo Yi (3)
Source: Procedia Engineering, v 121, p 1051-7, 2015; ISSN: 1877-7058; DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.09.102;
Author affiliation: (1) Harbin Inst. of Technol., Harbin, China (2) China Acad. of Building Res., Beijing, China (3)
China State Constr. Eng. Corp., Beijing, China
Abstract: Zero energy buildings have attracted more and more attention recently in the world. This research work
studied the feasibility of a 12-storey plank-type building achieving zero energy. The study used Software TRNbuild to
establish a 12-story residential building, as a reference building, based on DB11/891-2012(Design Standard for Energy
Efficiency of Residential Buildings of Beijing). On the one hand, the study does passive building design, including high
performance envelope, air-tightness and fresh air heat recovery efficiency, to reduce heating and cooling load. On
the other hand, TRNSYS was used to simulate building energy system, such as solar domestic hot water systems
(SDHW), unitary air-source heat pump for space heating and cooling, and renewable electricity system-PV. Annual
energy consumption of reference buildings (central heating system for heating, ASHP for cooling) is 30.33 kwh/(m2*a) .
By contrast, that of NZEBs(ASHP for heating and cooling)is 11.1 kwh/(m2*a), declining by more than half. PV array
production on the roof can meets its energy demand. If domestic hot water energy consumption is also included, PV
array production on the roof can offer 95.8% of total electricity demand. In general, it's entirely feasible for residential
buildings in Beijing to achieve nearly zero energy. [All rights reserved Elsevier]. (8 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: building integrated photovoltaics - buildings (structures) - design engineering - heat pumps -
heat recovery - roofs - space cooling - space heating - structural engineering
Uncontrolled terms: roofs - energy demand - domestic hot water energy consumption - total electricity demand -
PV array production - NZEB - ASHP - central heating system - annual energy consumption - renewable electricity

system - space cooling - space heating - unitary air-source heat pump - SDHW - solar domestic hot water systems
- building energy system simulation - TRNSYS - cooling load reduction - heating load reduction - fresh air heat
recovery efficiency - air-tightness - high-performance envelope - passive building design - Design Standard-for-Energy
Efficiency-of-Residential Buildings-of-Beijing - DB11/891-2012 standard - TRNbuild software - 12-storey plank-type
residential building - nearly net-zero energy residential buildings
Classification Code: A8620Q Buildings (energy utilisation)Buildings (energy utilisation) - A8630J Photoelectric
conversion; solar cells and arraysPhotoelectric conversion; solar cells and arrays - A8620K Refrigeration and
cooling (energy utilisation)Refrigeration and cooling (energy utilisation) - A8620H Heating (energy utilisation)Heating
(energy utilisation) - B8540E Space heatingSpace heating - E2110B Building structuresBuilding structures - E3030
Construction industryConstruction industry - E1400 DesignDesign - E2120 Heat and thermodynamic processes
(mechanical engineering)Heat and thermodynamic processes (mechanical engineering)
IPC Code: E04B7/00 - E04D - F24D - F24F - F25B - F25B30/00 - H01L31/042 - H05B1/00 - H02S
Database: Inspec
395. Exergetic assessment of a syngas-redox-based IGCC plant for generating electricity

Sorgenfrei, M. (1); Tsatsaronis, G. (1)
Source: Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, v 136, n 3, March 2014; ISSN: 07424795, E-ISSN:
15288919; DOI: 10.1115/1.4025885; Article number: 031702; Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME)
Author affiliation: (1) Institute for Energy Engineering, Technische Universitäit Berlin, Marchstrasse 18, Berlin 10587,
Germany
Abstract: Carbon capture from advanced integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) processes should outperform
conventional coal combustion with subsequent CO2separation in terms of efficiency and CO2capture rates. This paper
provides a thermodynamic assessment, using an exergy analysis of a syngas redox (SGR) process for generating
electricity. The power island of the proposed process uses syngas produced by coal gasification and is then cleaned
through a high-temperature gas desulfurization (HGD) process. Hematite (Fe2O3) is used as an oxygen carrier to
oxidize the syngas. To achieve a closed-cycle operation, the reduced iron particles are first partially re-oxidized with
steam and then fully re-oxidized with pressurized air. One advantage of this design is that the resulting hydrogen
(using steam in the re-oxidation section) can be utilized within the same plant or be sold as a secondary product.
In the proposed process, diluted hydrogen is combusted in a gas turbine. Heat integration is central to the design.
Thus far, the SGR process and the HGD unit are not commercially availiable. To establish a benchmark, the rate of
exergy destruction within the SGR process was compared to a coal-fed Shell gasification IGCC design with Selexol-
based precombustion carbon capture. Some thermodynamic inefficiencies were found to shift from the gas turbine
to the steam cycle and redox system, while the net efficiency remained almost the same. A process simulation was
undertaken, using Aspen Plus and the engineering equation solver (EES). Copyright © 2014 by ASME. (45 refs)
Main heading: Coal combustion
Controlled terms: Carbon capture - Carbon dioxide - Coal - Coal slurries - Computer software - Electric power
generation - Exergy - Fluidized bed combustion - Gas turbines - Hematite - Hydrogen - Oxidation - Product design -
Redox reactions - Standby power systems - Steam engineering - Synthesis gas
Uncontrolled terms: Advanced energy systems - Chemical looping combustion - Design optimization - Engineering
equation solvers - High temperature gas - Integrated gasification combined cycle process - Thermodynamic
assessment - Thermodynamic inefficiencies
Classification Code: 454 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering - 482.2 MineralsMinerals -
521.1 Fuel CombustionFuel Combustion - 524 Solid FuelsSolid Fuels - 612.3 Gas Turbines and EnginesGas
Turbines and Engines - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and
ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions - 804
Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds - 913.1
Production EngineeringProduction Engineering
Database: Compendex
396. Estimating high-resolution top of atmosphere albedo from Moderate Resolution

Imaging Spectroradiometer data
Dongdong Wang (1); Shunlin Liang (1)

Source: Remote Sensing of Environment, v 178, p 93-103, 1 June 2016; ISSN: 0034-4257; DOI: 10.1016/
j.rse.2016.03.008; Publisher: Elsevier B.V., Netherlands
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Geogr. Sci., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
Abstract: High spatial resolution top-of-atmosphere (TOA) albedo data is needed to study the radiative forcing of
natural or anthropogenic events at regional scales. However, existing products are typically estimated using broadband
sensors with coarse spatial resolutions. This paper presents a hybrid method to retrieve TOA albedo over land
from multispectral data collected by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) at its native spatial
resolution. The approach is based on extensive atmospheric radiative transfer (RT) simulations using representative
surface and atmospheric conditions as inputs. The clear-sky algorithm explicitly takes surface reflectance anisotropy
into account using the POLDER3/PARASOL bidirectional reflectance distribution function database as the boundary
condition of RT simulations to first generate TOA spectral albedos and then convert them to broadband albedo. In the
cloudy-sky method, surfaces are assumed to be Lambertian and surface spectra over the shortwave spectrum are
used to directly obtain TOA broadband albedo. The TOA albedo retrieved from MODIS was compared with the Clouds
and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) TOA flux products, using twelve days of global data (one day each
month) in 2007. The two data sets are in good agreement, with a root mean square difference (RMSD) of 0.036 (8.6%)
for all Terra instantaneous data and 0.039 (9.1%) for all Aqua instantaneous data. Further analysis revealed that larger
discrepancies mainly occurred at pixels of large solar or view zenith angles. RMSD between the two data sets was
reduced to ~ 0.02 when the solar zenith angles were limited to 60° and the view zenith angles were limited to 30°. [All
rights reserved Elsevier]. (45 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: albedo - atmospheric optics - radiative transfer - reflectivity - remote sensing
Uncontrolled terms: solar zenith angle - view zenith angle - Aqua instantaneous data - Terra instantaneous data -
root mean square difference - AD 2007 - CERES top-of-atmosphere flux product - Clouds and the Earth's Radiant
Energy System - surface spectra - broadband top-of-atmosphere albedo - spectral top-of-atmosphere albedo -
boundary condition - POLDER3-PARASOL bidirectional reflectance distribution - surface reflectance anisotropy -
clear-sky algorithm - atmospheric conditions - representative surface - atmospheric radiative transfer simulation -
multispectral data - top-of-atmosphere albedo albedo retrieval - broadband sensor - radiative forcing - MODIS data -
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer - high-resolution top-of-atmosphere albedo estimation
Classification Code: A9265D Atmospheric optical propagation, radiative transferAtmospheric optical propagation,
radiative transfer - A9365 Data and information; acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination in geophysicsData
and information; acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination in geophysics - A9385 Instrumentation and
techniques for geophysical, hydrospheric and lower atmosphere researchInstrumentation and techniques for
geophysical, hydrospheric and lower atmosphere research
IPC Code: G01V
Database: Inspec
397. Assessment of the adequacy of EN ISO 15927-4 reference years for photovoltaic
systems
Garciá, I. (1); Torres, J.L. (1)
Source: Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, v 23, n 12, p 1956-69, Dec. 2015; ISSN: 1062-7995;
DOI: 10.1002/pip.2617; Publisher: Wiley, USA
Author affiliation: (1) Dept. of Projects & Rural Eng., Public Univ. of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
Abstract: The long-term performance prediction of photovoltaic systems requires representative meteorological
data from a particular location. Among the numerous proposals in the field of solar energy, most of them include
procedures oriented towards the generation of test reference years (TRYs). These synthetic years are composed of
the concatenation of 12 actual months of the time series of meteorological measurements. Using TRYs to simulate the
performance of different types of solar energy systems reduces the computational effort of the simulation and simplifies
the analysis of the results. In this sense, the technical standard EN ISO 15927-4 describes a procedure for constructing
a reference year suitable for evaluation of the annual heating and cooling long-term needs in buildings. In this work,
the adequacy of the EN ISO 15927-4 reference year for photovoltaic systems was studied. The electricity production
obtained by simulation with this TRY was compared with that obtained by the Weather Year for Solar Systems. This
latter reference year only uses the monthly thermal energy collected by the system as a selection parameter of typical
months. This comparison was performed for seven locations in the USA considering two 5.6 kWp grid-connected
photovoltaic systems that only differ in the solar tracking system. The suitability of the EN ISO 15927-4 reference year
for the estimation of the electrical energy generated by a photovoltaic system has been proved, showing good results
in the annual and daily predictions in most of the cases studied. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (32 refs)
Inspec controlled terms: photovoltaic power systems - power system interconnection

Uncontrolled terms: EN ISO 15927-4 - solar energy systems - buildings - electricity production - Weather Year for
Solar Systems - USA - grid-connected photovoltaic systems - solar tracking system
photovoltaic power systems
IPC Code: H02S
Database: Inspec
398. Emergy baseline for the Earth: A historical review of the science and a new calculation
Campbell, Daniel E. (1)
Source: Ecological Modelling, v 339, p 96-125, November 10, 2016; ISSN: 03043800; DOI: 10.1016/
j.ecolmodel.2015.12.010; Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Author affiliation: (1) USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects
Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett; RI; 02882, United States
Abstract: Quantifying the emergy baseline of the Earth is a practical necessity for emergy evaluations, because it
serves as a unified basis for determining transformities of the available energy storages and flows of the geobiosphere.
The current debate over the value and significance of the planetary baseline has been in progress since 1998, when
the author first brought new data on geopotential energy formation in the world oceans to H.T. Odum's attention. In
this paper, past studies of the baseline were reviewed and errors in data translation and model formulation were found
to be sufficient to justify a new calculation. A fundamental epistemological obstacle to establishing a unified planetary
baseline (i.e., the production functions for deep Earth heat and tide as a function of solar radiation are unknown) is
overcome by using the transitive property of equalities to estimate equivalences between solar radiation and Earth's
deep heat exergy flows (4200 solar equivalent joules per joule, seJ J-1) and between the exergy of solar radiation and
the tidal exergy dissipated in the oceans (35,400 seJ J-1). At present, the planetary baseline for the Earth with its ice-
covered, polar oceans is approximately 1.16 × 1025 seJ y-1and the distribution of the emergy or the organizing power
of the inputs is: 1/3 solar radiation, 1/3 deep Earth heat and 1/3 tidal geopotential energy. In addition, the planetary
baseline has been remarkably stable over the past 555,000,000 y (1.00 × 1025 ± 1.13 × 1024 seJ y-1or within ±11%).
The tidal exergy dissipated in the world oceans over this time varies from 31% to 155% of its present value largely due
to the changing efficiency of the Earth as a “machine” for generating tidal exergy. Close correspondence of the value
and properties of this new baseline with the principles of Energy Systems Theory indicates that it should be preferred
over prior determinations. © 2016 (101 refs)
Main heading: Tidal power
Controlled terms: Exergy - Function evaluation - Functions - Oceanography - Solar radiation
Uncontrolled terms: Deep earths - Emergy evaluation - Geopotentials - Planetary emergy baseline - Solar exergies
Classification Code: 471.1 Oceanography, GeneralOceanography, General - 611.2 Tidal Power PlantsTidal Power
Plants - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics - 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena
- 921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods
Database: Compendex
399. Prospects for producing liquid wood-based biofuels and impacts in the wood using
sectors in Europe
Kallio, A. Maarit I. (1); Chudy, Rafal (2); Solberg, Birger (2)
Source: Biomass and Bioenergy, v 108, p 415-425, January 2018; ISSN: 09619534, E-ISSN: 18732909; DOI:
Author affiliation: (1) Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland (2) Norwegian Universityof Life Sciences,
Ås, Norway
Abstract: Rapid decarbonisation of the transport sector calls for increased use of biofuels. Part of the increase
may be covered by fuels produced from logging residues, wood chips and round wood. This article addresses the
economic potential and possible impacts of increased production of such wood based biofuels on the forest industries
and production of wood based heat and power in the European Economic Area. A global model for the markets and
trade of forest biomass and products, the EFI-GTM was applied for the analysis. The results indicate, firstly, that
policy choices will have strong impacts on the allocation of biomass use between heat and power production and the
production of liquid biofuels. Hence, the policy makers must have very clear goal setting for the preferred ways to
solve the shift from the fossil fuel based energy system to a less carbon intensive one. Nevertheless, because large

investments in biofuel production take time to plan and construct, and because the annual forest growth exceeds the
harvests of wood in various parts of Europe, there is time to adjust the policies to control the market development.
Secondly, even assuming the goal of limiting the global warming to 2 °C, the European forest industry production is
projected to be rather little affected by the increased competition for biomass with the energy sector. This is because
the rivalling regions are facing similar biomass demand challenges. Also, the relatively abundant wood biomass
resources in Europe help the European forest industry to maintain its market shares. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (26 refs)
Controlled terms: Biofuels - Carbon - Climate change - Commerce - Competition - Forestry - Fossil fuels - Global
warming - Industrial economics - Investments - Wood - Wood fuels - Wood products
Uncontrolled terms: Bio-energy - Climate change mitigation - Energy wood - Forest biomass - Forest sectors
Classification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 524 Solid FuelsSolid Fuels - 804
Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally - 811.2 Wood and Wood ProductsWood and Wood
Products - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics
Database: Compendex
400. A high-frequency AC-link single-stage asymmetrical multilevel converter for grid

integration of renewable energy systems
Iyer, Kartik V. (1); Baranwal, Rohit (1); Mohan, Ned (1)
Source: IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, v 32, n 7, p 5087-5108, July 2017; ISSN: 08858993; DOI: 10.1109/
TPEL.2016.2609881; Article number: 7569013; Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; MN;
Abstract: Different power electronic converter topologies have been investigated to integrate renewable energy
systems to the grid. Cascaded multilevel converters with a high-frequency link have emerged as a viable candidate
for such applications. Electrical isolation can be provided using a compact high-frequency transformer connected in
the link thus avoiding a bulky line frequency transformer. The use of cascaded modules allows the generation of a
multilevel voltage having low total harmonic distortion but increases the overall system size. In this paper, a 15-level
highfrequency ac-link single-stage asymmetrical multilevel converter for grid integration is proposed. The single-stage
conversion approach eliminates the dc-link capacitors, resulting in a reduced footprint. The asymmetrical module
voltages are generated by the multiwinding transformer having unequal turns on each of the secondaries. This allows
the generation of 15 output voltage levels, using only three modules in each phase. A modulation strategy is proposed
to generate multilevel output voltage. The effect of switch nonidealities on the output voltage is analyzed and two
compensation techniques are developed to improve the voltage profile. A multiwinding high-frequency transformer is
designed and characterized for the proposed converter. The presented concepts are verified by simulation and further
validated experimentally on a three-phase 15-level converter prototype. © 2016 IEEE. (52 refs)
Main heading: Power converters
Controlled terms: AC-AC power converters - DC transformers - Electric power transmission networks - High
frequency transformers - Rectifying circuits - Renewable energy resources
Uncontrolled terms: AC-AC power conversion - Ac-dc power conversion - Grid integration - High frequency ac link -
Multi-level systems - Multi-winding transformer - Pulsewidth-modulated power converters - Single stage
Energy Issues - 704.2 Electric EquipmentElectric Equipment - 706.1.1 Electric Power TransmissionElectric Power
Transmission
Database: Compendex
401. Optimal location of renewable power

Bjørnebye, Henrik (1); Hagem, Cathrine (2); Lind, Arne (3)
Source: Energy, v 147, p 1203-1215, March 15, 2018; ISSN: 03605442; DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.058;
Author affiliation: (1) The Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research, Norway and The Faculty of Law,
University of Oslo, Norway (2) Research Department, Statistics Norway and CREE – Oslo Centre for Research on
Environmentally Friendly Energy, Norway (3) Institute for Energy Technology, Norway
Abstract: A decarbonization of the energy sector calls for large new investments in renewable energy production, and
several countries stimulate renewable energy production through economic instruments, such as feed-in premiums

or other kinds of subsidies. When choosing the location for increased production capacity, the producer has typically
limited incentives to take fully into account the investments costs of the subsequent need for increased grid capacity.
This may lead to inefficient choices of location. We explore analytically the design of feed-in premiums that secure an
optimal coordinated development of the entire electricity system. We show that with binding electricity transmission
constraints, feed-in premiums should differ across locations. By the use of a numerical energy system model (TIMES),
we investigate the potential welfare cost of a non-coordinated development of grids and wind power production
capacity in the Norwegian energy system. Our result indicates that grid investment costs can be substantially higher
when the location decision is based on uniform feed-in premiums compared with geographically differentiated
premiums However, the difference in the sum of grid investment cost and production cost is much more modest, as
location based on uniform feed-in premiums leads to capacity increase in areas with better wind conditions. © 2018
Controlled terms: Costs - Electric power generation - Energy policy - Location - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms: Economic instruments - Electricity system - Electricity transmission - JEL classification: Q42 -
Location decisions - Production capacity - Renewable energies - Wind power production
Classification Code: 525.6 Energy PolicyEnergy Policy - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power
(Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering;
Industrial Economics
Database: Compendex
402. A new evaluation of fission product yields for the neutron induced fission of U-233 and
Th-232
Zhu, Wenjie (1); Wang, Zhiming (1); Zhu, Xin (1); Shu, Nengchuan (2); Fan, Tieshuan (1)
Source: Fusion Engineering and Design, v 125, p 608-614, December 2017; ISSN: 09203796; DOI: 10.1016/
j.fusengdes.2017.05.026; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Author affiliation: (1) State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute for Heavy ion Physics,
School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing; 100871, China (2) China Nuclear Data Center, China Institute of Atomic
Energy, Beijing; 102413, China
Abstract: Worldwide R&D efforts in establishing the reactor technology with the Thorium-Uranium (Th-U) fuel cycle
have significantly grown in the recent past. The study of fission product yields has a major impact on the understanding
of the fissioning process and plays a vital role in the development, design and safety analysis of advanced nuclear
energy systems. A new evaluation of fission product yields based on a new database of measurements up to 2013
will allow more reliable and accurate model calculations of the Th-U fuel cycle. This work is undertaken to study the
mass and charge distributions of fission products for the fuel nuclei U-233 and Th-232 induced by thermal, fast, and
about 14 MeV neutrons. First, the available experimental data is analyzed systematically and evaluated. Second, it is
necessary to predict the unmeasured fission yields and their errors by the systematics, due to the lack of experimental
data. The mass distributions are well described by a superposition of 5 Gaussian functions, which is called the Multi-
Gaussian model. The charge distributions are calculated on the basis of ZPmodel. Their parameters are derived based
on evaluated data. Finally, the fission product yield library related with the Th-U fuel cycle is well established. The
evaluated data is improved compared to the major international evaluated libraries, including ENDF/B-VII.1, JENDL-4.0
and JEFF-3.2. © 2017 Elsevier B.V. (21 refs)
Main heading: Fission reactions
Controlled terms: Charge distribution - Fission products - Fuels - Gaussian distribution - Product design
Uncontrolled terms: Evaluation - Fission product yields - Fission yields - Gaussian functions - Gaussian model -
Neutron-induced fission - Nuclear energy systems - Reactor technology
Database: Compendex
403. Numerical analysis of the hydrodynamic behavior of ion-beam-heated uranium targets

for equation-of-state studies under extreme conditions
Oguri, Y. (1); Kondo, K. (1); Hasegawa, J. (2); Horioka, K. (2)
Source: Energy Procedia, v 71, p 244-51, May 2015; ISSN: 1876-6102; DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.876;
Author affiliation: (1) Res. Lab. for Nucl. Reactors, Tokyo Inst. of Technol., Tokyo, Japan (2) Interdiscipl. Grad. Sch.
of Sci. & Eng., Tokyo Inst. of Technol., Yokohama, Japan

Abstract: The equation of state (EOS) of fissile materials under extreme thermodynamic conditions is of great
importance to assess the safety of nuclear energy systems related to extremely severe nuclear accidents and
intentional nuclear terrorism. In this study, for a simple, safe, and precise measurement of these properties, we
propose an experimental setup in which a small amount of fissile material sample is homogeneously heated by
an intense short-pulsed heavy-ion beam, and subsequent hydrodynamic motion is examined. As an example, we
investigated the response of a slab of uranium foam (density = 5% of solid density) to a pulsed 23Na+ beam with a
duration of 2 ns and peak irradiation flux of 5 GW/mm2. The target thickness and incident beam energy were adjusted
to 80 µm and 1.5 MeV/u, respectively, for the beam-energy deposition to occur almost at the top of the Bragg peak and
inhomogeneity in the stopping power to be ±2.5%. The hydrodynamic motion of the target during and after irradiation
was calculated with a one-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic code. To calculate beam-energy deposition in the
target, we used density- and temperature-dependent projectile stopping data obtained with a finite-temperature
Thomas-Fermi target atomic model and degeneracy-dependent dielectric response functions. The numerical results
showed that the target was almost isometrically heated up to 105 K well before the rarefaction wave reached the center
of the target, and fairly homogeneous temperature and density distributions were obtained at the end of the pulse
duration. We discuss the feasibility of experimental EOS studies, such as the evaluation of pressures at off-Hugoniot
conditions as a function of internal energy from the measurements of the target expansion velocity. [All rights reserved
Inspec controlled terms: fission reactor accidents - fission reactor physics
Uncontrolled terms: hydrodynamic behavior numerical analysis - ion-beam-heated uranium targets - equation-of-
state studies - fissile materials equation-of-state - extreme thermodynamic conditions - nuclear energy systems safety
- extremely severe nuclear accidents - intentional nuclear terrorism - fissile material sample - short-pulsed heavy-ion
beam - subsequent hydrodynamic motion - uranium foam slab - peak irradiation flux - Bragg peak - one-dimensional
radiation hydrodynamic code - beam-energy deposition - temperature-dependent projectile stopping data - finite-
temperature Thomas-Fermi target atomic model - degeneracy-dependent dielectric response functions
Classification Code: A2844 Fission reactor protection systems, safety and accidentsFission reactor protection
systems, safety and accidents - A2841E Fission reactor theory and physicsFission reactor theory and physics -
B8220B Nuclear reactorsNuclear reactors
IPC Code: G21C9/00 - G21C13/00 - G21D
Database: Inspec

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