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Amarnath. K1, Dr. Gopal. P1, Sridharan. M1, Dr. T. Senthil Kumar2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Engineering, University College of Engineering,
Engineering
1
BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalii, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Dean, University College of Engineering, BIT Campus, Anna University,
rsity, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India
ABSTRACT
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 961
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
the effects of packing factor on energy and performed
energy analysis of a PV/T system with air duct flow.
Fig. 4 demonstrates the efficiency behaviors of
different PV cell materials due to change in packing
factor. For example, Fig. 1a shows the thermal and
electrical annual energy variations caused by
changing of packing factor in each PV cell modules.
The overall annual thermal energy and energy
variations are shown in Fig. 1b and c respectively at
two different packing factors in each PV cells. The
increase of packing factor doesn’t always increase the
annual energy gain or electrical efficiency. In the
figure above, the effect of higher packing factor on
the annual thermal efficiency and annual exergy
analysis is also shown. If the packing factor is raised
too much the thermal exit temperature will get higher
due to absorbing high amount of thermal energy so it
will increase the cell temperature, which causes the
decrease in electrical efficiency. Meanwhile
decreasing the packing factor too much will decrease
the electrical efficiency because the radiation absorber 3.1.1 Schematic diagram of a PV/T system
area is less.
In the study of Wu et al. [25] on PV/T hybrid system,
the energy analysis showed that the energy efficiency
behaves quite irregularly .For example, according to
the Fig. 2, the lower energy efficiency happens in
packing factor equal to 0.8 in the experiment when
they had three packing factors as 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9. The
higher energy efficiency is related to the packing
factor equals to 0.9.In Fig. 5, we show the packing
factors that different researchers have been used. It is
obvious that most of the researchers chose the packing
factors higher than 50% and less than 90%.Generally
speaking, a comprehensive knowledge about the
variation of packing factor and its effects with
different fluids in different PV/T systems still does
not exist. This also opened the door for optimization
of the system design.
Fig: 3.1.2 PV Module
3. Experimental setup
3.2. PHOTOVOLTAICS:
Photovoltaic (PV) is a method of generating electrical
power by converting sunlight into direct
current electricity using semiconducting materials that
exhibit the photovoltaic effect. A photovoltaic
system employs solar panels composed of a number
of solar cells (PV cells) to supply usable solar power.
The photovoltaic cell is the basic building block of a
PV system. Individual cells can vary in sizes from
about 1cm to about 10 cm across. Most cells are made
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 962
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
with silicon today. Silicon must be purified. This is T = inlet fluid temperature
one of the biggest expenses in the production of solar
cells. T = ambient temperature
The collector heat removal factor may be calculated
from the following equation:
ṁC U A F
F = 1 − exp −
U A ṁC
4. EFFICENCY CALCULATION
Where
4.1 EFFICIENCY OF FLAT PLATE
COLLECTORS: = center to center tube spacing
The solar collector efficiency η is defined as: = outside diameter of the tube
actual useful energy collected h = tube to fluid (film) heat transfer coefficient
η=
solar energy incident on the collector
K = thermal conductivity of the tube
Q
η= C = bond conductance (= Kb b/t)
I A
Kb =bond material thermal conductivity
Where,
b= bond width
Q = rate of useful heat collected from the collector
t= bond thickness
I = total solar radiation incident on the collector per
unit area and time mt = tube thickness
A = aperture area of the absorber F = fin efficiency factor given as:
Thus instantaneous efficiency of the flat plate tanh[a(W − D)/2]
collector is given as: F=
a(W − D)/2
(T − T )
η = F (τα) − F U Efficiency of solar cell:
I
incident radiation
= transmittance of the cover plates η=
power radiation
= absorptance of the black absorber surface Typical standard test condition for efficiency
measurement
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 963
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Irradiance 1000w/m2 or 800 w/m2
Fig: 4.2.5
Fig:4.2.5 Changes in PV efficiency with the mean PV
Fig. 4.2.1. Changes in PV efficiency with the mean temperature of the PVT absorber collectors under 800
PV temperature of the PVT absorber collectors under W/m2 of solar radiation.
500 W/m2 of solar radiation.
The temperature decreased from 50.20 LC to 47.76
LC and PV efficiency simultaneously increased from
11.07% to 11.42%. When solar radiation was
increased to 800 W/m2, temperature dropped from
53.5 LC to 50 LC, whereas PV efficiency increased
from 11.91% to 12.37%. For the direct flow absorber
as (Fig. 10) and referring to Figs. 5–8, at solar
radiation of 500 W/m2 and when mass flow rate
increased from 0.011 kg/s to 0.041 kg/s, PV temper-
ature dropped from 50.11 LC to 47.18 LC, and PV
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 964
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
efficiency in-creased from 11.41% to 11.78%. The by the advantage materials and technical means used
same result was obtained when the solar radiation (galvanized steel, water) that reduce costs and
increased to 800 W/m2: temperature de-creased from required installation area, and of the part photovoltaic
53.6 LC to 49.8 LC, whereas PV efficiency increased simply we get a better performance of the Collector.
from 12.19% to 12.69%. For which reason its use does not change, with the
removal of the thermal energy produced What’s used
5. TABULATION in various other applications exist (water heating,
drying, air conditioning, etc.).
Result of PV module and PV/T system Flow under
various mass flow rates and solar radiations
Table : 5.2.3 Mechanical Energy
Mass flow
Timing T in Tout
rate REFERENCES
10 0.011 26 32 1. Alibakhsh Kasaeiana & Giti Nouria, Parisa
11 0.013 26 38 (2018), Solar collectors and photovoltaic as
combined heat and power systems:
12 0.015 26 38
2. Sobrina Sobria, & Sam Koohi-Kamalia (2018)
1 0.016 27 39 solar photovoltaic integration requires the
2 0.018 28 38 capability of handling the uncertainty and
3 0.017 28 38 fluctuations of power output.
4 0.016 28 38 3. Yunfeng Wang & and Ming Li (2018)
Experimental investigation of a solar-powered
Table : 5.2.3 Electrical Energy
adsorption refrigeration system with the
Timing V l Il Voc Ioc enhancing desorption
10 17 0.4 17 0.6 4. Xiao Jiao Yang, & Liang Liang Sun (2017) the
11 16 0.3 18 0.7 Experimental investigation on performance
comparison of PV/T-PCM system and PV/T
12 15 0.3 17 0.8 system
1 16 0.4 17 0.8 5. Hasan Saygin & Raheleh Nowzari (2017)
2 16 0.5 17 0.9 Performance evaluation of a modified PV/T solar
collector: A case study in design and analysis of
3 7 0.6 18 0.7 experiment: Solar Energy 141 (2017) 210–221.
6. Pierre-Luc Paradis a & Daniel R. Rousse a (2017)
6. CONCLUSION:
2-D transient numerical heat transfer model of the
The efficiency of photovoltaic panel is sensitive to solar absorber plate to improve PV/T solar
operating temperature and decreases when the collector systems: .
temperature of the PV increases. Therefore, the PV/T 7. Arunkumar. G | Dr. P. Navaneetha
hybrid systems are one means used to improve the Krishnan "Experimental Enhancement of Heat
electrical efficiency of the panel. In the study, the Transfer Analysis on Heat Pipe using SiO2 and
photo voltaic panel temperature significantly reduced TiO2 Nano Fluid" Published in International
by 15–20% due to the flow of water through the Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and
manifold to the rear of the PV panel (recalling that it Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-
is about 60 _C to 80 _C in the conventional 2 | Issue-4 , June 2018
photovoltaic solar panel)
8. Gang Wang, Yaohua Zhao & Zhenhua Quan, and
For all previously stated, we can say that our objective Jiannan Tong (2017) Application of a multi-
is to get a more effective exploitation of solar energy function solar-heat pump system in residential
buildings:
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