Verb+ing

As the presure was too low, we culd not start the engine
The presure being too low, we could not start the engine

As Saturday was a holiday, all shops were closed

Saturday being a holiday, all shops were closed.

The fuel is being automized properly, becouse it has been preheated at the corect temperatur.
The fuel is being automized properly it having preheated at the corect temperatur.

The engine cadet applied to the donkyman for advice, becouse he did not know what to do
The engine cadet applied to the donkyman for advice he not knowing what to do

The larg end bolts will withstand any loads, since they are strong made
The larg end bolts will withstand any loads, being strong made

Due-to caused by
The instant combustion of injected fuel cause the presure to rise rapidly
The rapid rise in presure is caused by the instant combustion of injected fuel

Misaligment of the main berings may caused the crankshaft to bend heavily
The heavle bend on the crankshaft is caused by misaligment of the main berings.

A cord attached to same form of engine stroke synchronizing mechanism causes the indicator
drum to rotate suitably
The suitabl rotates of the indicator drum is caused by cord attached to same form of engine
stroke synchrozing mechanism.

The timed rotation of the cranksheft causes the inelt and exhaus valves to open and close
alternatively
The alternative open and close of inlet and exhaus valves are caused by timed rotation of the
crankshaft.

The tilting of the piston rings causes them to wear excessively

The excessive wear of them is due to tilting of the piston rings.

Contamination of the crank case lube oil with residue from combustion caused the berings
surface to corrode irreparabley
The irreparabl corrodes of the berings surface is caused by contamination of the crankcase
lube oil with residue from combustion.

Due to the fact that

the reason why „ is that“

The valves did not open. The valve rocker gear was blocked

Due to the fact that valves did not open , the valve rocker gear was blocked

The reason why the valve rocker gear was blocked is that the valve did not open.
Vremenski veznici (futur tense is not used) in time clauses(after, as, as soon as, before,
until, when, while)
the oil enters the cylindr imputies are extracted from oil passing it throught a filter
before the oil enters the cylinder imputies are extacted from oil passing it throught a filter

i was leaving the engine. I met the master.

While i was leaving the engine i met the master

The presure of the exhaust gas is almost down to a minimum. It has passed through the
turbine
The presure of the exhaust gas is almost down to minimum after it has passed throught the
turbine.

The crankshaft has to be handled outside the engine. It should be carefully suported
When the crankshaft has to be handled outside the engine it should be carefully suported.

The cadet will take your letter to the post ofice. He will go ashore
The cadet will take your letter to the post office when he goes ashore.

The refrigarator will continue to make that noise. We shall repair it

The refrigator will continue to make that nosi until we repair it.

New main berings will be lifted. The ship will leav the port.
New main berings will be lifted before the ship leaves the port

The heavy fuel oil will be well heated. It will be properly automised.
The heavy fuel oil will be well heated when it is properly automised

The lubricating oil pump will be assembled. The necesseary spare parts will come.
The lubricacing oil pum will be assembled when the necesseary spare parts came.

The rain will stop. We will go ashore

The rain will stop when we go ashore

The mechanic will overhul the cran vinches. The ship will be at see
The mechanic will overhul the cran vinches while the ship is at see.

The superintendent will know the facts. He wont exspres an opinion about the cause of engine
breakdown.
The superintendente will know the facts when he exspreses an opinion about the cause of
engine breakdown.
Sredstvo način vršenja radnje (means ) glagoli su u pasivu npr. (is transferted, are rotated, and
driven, must be held) koritimo: BY MEANS OF, BY USE OF, WITH ASISTENCE OF,
THROUGH THE MEDIUM.
The operation of starting the engine (carry out) compresed air.
The operation of starting the engin is carryed out whit asistance of compresed air.

A starting-air valve (operate) a suitable cam

A starting-air valve is operated by use of suitable cam

Cooling of engine (achieve) cirkulating a cooling liquid around internal passages whithin the
engine
Cooling of engine is achieved by cirkulating a cooling liquide around internal passages
whithin the engine

Scravage air (enter) through ports near the bottom of the cylinder liner when these (uncover)
the piston crown near bottom of its travel
Scravage air enteres through ports near the bottom of the cylinder liner when these is
uncovered by the use of the piston crown near bottom of its travel.

A camshaft, wich (rotate) at half the speed of the engine, (drive) gearing or chain from
crankshaft.
A camshaft, which rotates at half the speed of the engine is driven by gearing or chain from
crankshaft.

In two stroke engines ports instead of valves (use) which (open and close) the side of the
piston as it (move)
In two stroke engines ports instead of valves are used which open and close the side of the
piston as it moves

A stop valve (prevent) the return of air which further (compres) the engine into the system
A stop valve preventes the return of air which further is compresed by the engine into the
system.

The turbocharger (supply) scravage and charging air through ports in the cylinder liner which
(uncover) the piston when it (reach) the bottom of its stroke.
The turbocharger supplies scravage and charging air through ports in the cylinder liner which
is uncovered by the piston when it reaches the bottom of its stroke.
SO THAT (can) IN ORDER THAT (may)- the verb +to+infinitive construction denotes
PURPOSE

Studs should be evenly tightened to provide a satisfactory joint

Studs should be evenly tightened so that a satisfactory joint can be provided
Studs should be evenly tightened in order that a satisfactory joint may be provided

Stop the fuel pump to prevent damage of the piston running too hot
Stop the fuel pump so that damage of the piston running too hot can be prevented

The cylinder lubrication must be checked to ensure a safe operation of the piston
The cylinder lubrication must be checked so that a safe operation of the piston can be ensured

The piston crown is recessed to allow opening of pair of inlet and exhaust valves
The piston crown is recessed so that opening of pair of inlet and exhaust valves can be
allowed.

Check the piston clearance to find out the case of the cylinder knocking
Check the piston clearance in order that the case of the cylinder knocking may be find out

NEGATIV kad imamo too ide could not be

The chief engineer came too late to prevent the damage
The chief engineer came so late that the damage could not be prevented.

The large end bearings are strong enough to withstand any load
The large end bearings are so strong that they withstand any load.

The oil pressure in bearing housing was too low to ensure correct lubrication
The oil pressure in bearing housing was so low that correct lubrication could not be ensured

The quantity of oil was ample enough to ensure the normal operation of all the moving parts
of the engine.
The quantity of oil was ample so normal that operation of all the moving parts of the engine
could be ensured.

The knocking in the cylinder grew too heavy to keep the engine running.
The knocking in cylinder grew so heavy that the engine running could not be kept

The bearings have become too hot to be cooled out by throwing the lubrication oil over them.
The bearings have become so hot that out by throwing the lubrication oil over them could not
be cooled.

The connecting road is too heavy to be carried by hands.

The connecting road is so heavy that by hands could not be carried.
Complete the following passage using the appropriate prepositions from the list below:
At, in, form, by, on, to, through

Basically a turbocharger consists of two discs connected by a shaft. Both discs carry vanes
which make them act like fans. The gases from the engine cylinders blow to one disc and
make it turn at hight speed driving the other disc. The latter disc which acts as compressor
draws air in the athnosphere, compresses it and then cools it on the charge air cooler before
supplying it to the engine cylinders through the scravange ports or inlet valves. The charge air
cooler is fitted to the system because compression will rise the temperature of air at hight
level thus reducing its density. By cooling the engine is maintained at a safe working
temperatures and the lower compression temperature reduces stress on piston rings, piston and
liner.