People of 1987: Obituaries 111

"Legalize It" (referring to marijuana), "I'm the
Toughest," "Mark of the .Beast," and "Get Up,
Stand Up," illustrated the close link between
music and politics in West lndian culture. Tosh
used the 1978 "peace concert" in Kingston,
attended by leaders of Jamaica's conflicting po-
litical parties, as a platform to defend political
freedom and legalization of marijuana and to
denounce police brutality. With the Wailers he
recorded Catch a Fire and Burnin ', and his solo
albums include Equal Rights. Tosh was shot
dead during an attempted robbery at his home;
his death was followed by accusations that it
was politically motivated and by a dispute over
his burial place.
Trapp, Maria von· (AUGUSTA KUTSCHERA),
Austrian-bom singer (b. Jan. 26, 1905, Vienoa,
Austria-d. March 28, 1987, Morrisville, Vt.),
was the iodomitable matriarch ofthe von Trapp
family siogers whose life story became the in-
spiratioo for the award-winoing Broadway mu-
sical and motion picture The Sound of Music.
She was bom io a traio en route to Vienoa. She
was graduated ( 1924) from the State Teachers
College for Progressive Educatioo io Vieona be-
fore she entered a Salzburg coovent. At the age
the author of more than 20 books on philosophy
and law. The son of a lawyer aclive in public
life, he. studied law at the Universities of Athens
and Heidelberg, where he specialized in the
philosophy of law. During the l 930s he taught
philosophy at the University of Athens and,
following the German occupation of his coun-
try, escaped to the Middle East. After serving
as adviser to the government-in-exile, Tsatsos
served as minister of the iolerior (1945), min-
ister of the press and air (1945), and minister
of education (1949) after World War II. From
1955, as a dose associate of Prime Minister
Konstantinos Karamanlis, he continued to hold
ministerial office and was serving as minister
of justice when lhe 1967 coup precipitated the
installalion of a military dictatorship. Tsatsos
was an active opponerit of the regime, and when
it was overthrown in 1974, he helped to draft
the country's new constitution. A referendum
held in December 1974 abolished lhe monar-
chy, and the following year Parliament elected
Tsatsos as the new repubhc's chief of slate. He
was succeeded as president by Karamanhs in
1980 and devoted his retiremenl to writing and
scholarly work.
JOHN HAARIS- CAMER.a. PRESS, LONDON

of 20 she was sent by the abbess to teach the
seven motherless children of Baron Georg von
Trapp, a stem World War l submarine com-
mander 25 years her seoior. Maria captured the
heart of the baroo, and they were married a
year . later. The family became popular singers
in Austria aod performed io the Salzburg Fes-
tival before fleeing the Nazis aod abandoniog
their home and possessions. ln the film version
the von Trapps traversed the Alps to freedom,
but in reality they left on a traio. They settled
( 1939) io the U .S. and earned a li viog by giving
concerts. ln the 1940s they bought property in
Stowe, Vt.; they operated a music camp there
before opeoing an Austrian chalet-style resort
at the family lodge. A fire destroyed it in 1980,
but it was rebuilt. Von Trapp and her husband
had three children bcfore his death in 1947. She
became a local celebrity after the phenomenally
successful motion picture The Sound of Music
was . produced. Some of her writings include
The Story ofthe Trapp Family Singers (1949),
which was republished as The Sound of Music:
The Story of the Trapp Family Singers (1976);
A Family on Wheels: Further Adventures ofthe
Trapp Family Singers (1959); and Maria (1972),
an autobiography.
Trend, Burke St. John Trend, BARON, British
civil servant (b. Jan. 2, 1914, London, En-
gland-d. July 21, 1987, London), as secre-
tary of the Cabine! ( 1963-73), was adviser to
four successive prime ministers. He carried out
(1974-75) the investigation into alleged Soviet
penetration of the counterespionage organiza-
tion Ml-5, including the possible treachery of its
head, Sir Roger Hollis; he found the evidence
inconclusive either way. Educated at Whitgift
School, Croydon, and at Merton College, Ox-
ford, Trend entered the home civil service in
1936, working first in the Board of Education.
ln 1937 he transferred to the Treasury and
served as assistant private secretary to the chan-
cellor of the Exchequer (1939-41). He worked
Tudor, Antony (WILLIAM CooK), British-bom
U.S. dancer and choreographer (b. April 4, 1908,
London-d. April 19, 1987, New York, N.Y.),
as a ballet dancer was best remembered for his
dramatic stage presence but as a choreographer
was enormously influential as the creator of the
psychological ballet, in which human relation-
ships and emotional conflicls were explored. At
the age of 19 Tudor begao studying dance with
Marie Rambert, and in 1931 he choreographed
Cross-Garter'd for her company. ln 1938 he
founded the London Ballet, but the following
year he moved to the United States to help
establish Ballet Theatre (now American Ballet
Theatre).
Besides successfully restaging some ofhis ear-
lier works, including Jardin aux Li/as (1936;
!ater retitled Lilac Garden), Drirk Elegies (1937),
and Gala Performance (1938), he presented
such new ballets as Pi/lar of Fire (1942), Romeo
and Juliet ( 1943), Undertow ( 1945), and Nimbus
( 1950). His works explored such psychological
themes as rejection, frustration, and the lack
of communication. ln 1950 he became associ-
ated with the ballet school of the Metropolitan
Opera, and in 1952 he became a faculty mem-
ber of the dance department of the J uilliard
School of Music in New York City; Besides
staging ballets for the Royal Swedish Ballet,
he also served as its artistic director ( 1963-
64). ln 1968 his Shadowplay, commissioned for
Britain's Royal Ballet, revitalized his career. ln
1974 he rejoined American Ballet Theatre as as-
sociate artistic director, and the following year
he created The Leaves Are Fading. ln time,
however, he concentrated more on restaging his
earlier successes. ln 1980 he became choreogra-
pher emeritus·.
Vaughan-Thomas, (Lewis John) Wynford,
British broadcaster (b. Aug. 15, 1908, Swansea,
Wales-d. Feb. 4, 1987, Fishguard, Dyfed,
Wales), made his name as a war correspon-
dent during World War II and !ater became a
for places, he !ater increasingly turned his tal-
ents to celebrating the Welsh countryside and
culture. He wrote a number of books, including
an autobiography, Trust to Talk ( 1980). He was
made Commander of the Order of lhe British
Empire in 1986.
Warhol, Andy (ANDREW WARHOLA), u.s. pop
artist (b. Aug. 6, 1928?, McKeesport?, Pa.-
d. Feb. 22, 1987, New York, N.Y.), was an
enigmatic, white-wigged artistic genius who was
credited with being one of the founders of
the Pop Art movement. His silk-screen image
of Campbell's soup cans, his .wood sculpture
painted like a box of Brillo scouring pads, and
his vibrant screenprinted paintings of such con-
temporary icons as Elvis Presley, Marilyn ·Mon-
roe, and Jacqueline Kennedy made him one of
the most famous and influential artists in the
world. Warhol sludied ( 1945-49) at the Carnegie
Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, Pa., before
briefly working as an illustrator ( 1949-50) for
Glamour magazine and then as a commercial
artist (1950-57) in New York City. From 1957
he worked as an independent artist, and in
l 960 he began producing paintings derived from
comic strips and advertising. By 1962 he had
become a phenomenon, and he soon abandoned
the paint brush in favour of photographic silk
screen, a method lhat allows inffnite replication
of an image. This depersonalized technique re-
flected his philosophy of the artisl as a detached
observer. During the l 960s he also produced
a body of works known as "Disaster" pictures,
which depicted fatal car wrecks, electric chairs,
race riots, and atomic bombs. ln 1963 Warhol
began experimenting in film and, with Paul
Morrissey, produced such underground classics
as Eat (1963), My Hustler (1965), Chelsea Gir/s
( 1966), and Blue M avie ( 1969), legendary some-
times for their erotic content bul other times
WARING ABBOTI-PHOTO TRENDS

on defense equipment during the remainder of
World War II. ln the postwar Labour govern-
ments of Clement Alllee, Trend was principal
private secretary to the chancellors of the Ex-
chequer Hugh Dalton and Sir Stafford Cripps
before becoming under secretary in charge oi'
the Treasury's Home Finance Divisioo in 1949.
He was principal adviser to R. A Butler ( 1955-
56) when the latter was lord privy seal. Trend
was appointed deputy (1956) to Sir Norman
Brook, secretary of lhe Cabine!, but returned to
the Treasury in 1959 and became seco11d (i.e.,
permanent) secretary the following year. Trend
was created a life peer in 1974.
Tsatsos, Konstantinos, Greek politician,
philosopher, and lawyer (b. July 1, 1899, Athens,
Greece-d. Oct. 8, 1987, Athens), was president
of the Greek Republic from 1975 to 1980 and
much-loved commentator on national and often
royal occasions. Educated at Swansea Grammar
School and at Exeter College, Oxford, Vaughan-
Thomas joined the Cardiff regional office of the
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) as an
outside broadcasts assistant in 1937. He moved
to London in 1939, where he subsequently
covered the Blitz. Later he went overseas, re-
porting the Allied landings at Anzio in ltaly
(January 1944) and the crossing of the Rhine
by British and Canadian forces (March 1945).
One of his postwar assignments was in lndia
at the time of independeoce (1947). Vaughan-
Thomas left the BBC to become a member of
Harlech Television, the consortium that in 1968
successfully bid for the independent television
franchise in Wales and the West of England;
he was Harlech's director of programs (1968-
71). Gifted with' a sense of occasion anda feel
112 People of 1987: Obituaries
for their inordinate length (up to 25 hours)
with virtually no action. Although he appeared
pale and shy, Warhol's public persona masked
a shrewd entrepreneur who was adept ai ma-
nipulating people and money and at promoting
his work as well as securing celebrity status
for himself. He once claimed that in the .fu-
ture everyone would be famous for 15 minutes.
ln 1968 Warhol was shot by Valerie Solanis,
a former Factory (the name of his studio) ac-
tress. Though some fel! that Warhol was never
quite as influential after the shooting, in 1969
he founded his monthly journal of fashion and
celebrity, Interview, which featured large and
avant-garde advertisements, many of them by
Warhol. He !ater became a force in music after
establishing a touring mixed-media rock revue
called The Exploding Plastic Inevitable that fea-
turéd The Velvet Underground, a forerunner
of new wave and punk rock. The· artíst, whose
disquieting and unsettling art revealed a mod-
em culture intent on dehumanization, died of
a heart attack in his sleep after undergoing gall-
bladder surgery. Warhol left an estate of some
$15 million, the bulk of which was to be used
to establish a foundation for the visual arts.
Washington, Harold, U.S. politician (b. April 15,
1922, Chicago, Ill.-d. Nov. 25, 1987, Chicago),
became the first black mayor of Chicago on
April 12, 1983. Campaigning for reform and an
end to city patronage, Washington won nearly
52% of the vote in a record voter turnout tinged
with racial overtones. Thousands of Democrats
voted for Bernard Epton, a virtually unknown
white Republican, many voting for a Republi-
can mayoral candidate for the first time in their
lives. ln the ·earlier, hotly contested Democratic
primary, Washington had won the nomination
by defeating incumbent Mayor Jane Byrne and
Cook County State's Attorney Richard M. Da-
ley, whose father, Richard J. Daley, the "last of
the big-city bosses," had been Chicago's mayor
from 1955 to 1976.
During the primary campaign, voters were
reminded that Washington had spent a month
in jail for failing to file his federal income tax
return for four years and that his law license
had been suspended for a time for failure to per-
form paid legal work. Washington's first term
in office was marked by City Council wran-
gling that was so bitter it became known as the
Council Wars. With the opposition controlling
a majority of the 50 c.ouncil seats, Washington
was often unable to implement his programs.
After a court ruled that severa! ward boundaries
violated the law by disenfranchising minority
voters, new elections in those wards finally gave
Washington control of the council in 1986. The
following year he was easily reelected to a sec-
ond term even though he had pushed through
an unpopular $70 million property tax increase.
Washington graduated from Roosevelt Uni-
versity in Chicago in 1949 and earned a law
degree from Northwestern University, Chicago,
in 1952. The following year he succeeded his fa-
ther, a part-time Methodist minister, as Demo-
cratic precinct captain. ln 1954 he became a
city attorney, and from 1960 to 1964 he worked
as a state labour arbitrator. He then served in
the Illinois House ofRepresentatives (1964-76)
<1nd Senate ( 19.76-80) and was elected (1980) to
the U.S. House of Representatives. During his
second term, he was persuaded by black leaders
to enter the mayotal race in Chicago. During
his tenure as mayor, he gained national promi-
nence and became a symbol of urban black po-
litical power and a folk hero to Chicago's bla.ck
population.
Willey, Frederick Thomas, British polítician
(b. Nov. 13, 1910, Durham, England-d. Dec.
13, 1987, Bath, Avon, England), held govern-
ment. office under the Labour prime ministers
Clement Attlee and Harold Wilson and be-
came cliairman (1979-81) of the parliamentary
Labour Party. He was educated at Johnston
School, Durham, and at St. John's College,
Cambridge, and was called to. the bar in 1936
and practiced in the northern circuit. During
World War II he was an auxiliary fireman
in London's East End, thereby acquiring t.rade
union associations and executive experience.
Member of Parliament for Sunderland (1945-
50) and for Sunderland North (1950-83), Wil-
ley was parliamentary private secretary to the
home secretary ( 1946-50) and parliamentary
secretary to the Ministry of Food ( 1950-51 ). As
opposition spokesman on education (1960-64),
he promised that Labour would abolish the 11-
plus examination and advance .the date for rais-
ing the school-leaving age to 16. When Labour
regained power in 1964, he was chief of the
short-lived Land and National Resources Min-
istry ( 1964-67). He chaired parliamentary select
committees on estimates, education, members'
interests, and race relations. Willey wrote two
books on education and The Honourable Mem-
ber (1974), which stressed the potential pow-
ers of back"bench (rank and file) members of
Parliament.
Williams, (George) Emlyn, Welsh actor :and
playwright (b. Nov. 26, 1905, Pen-y-ffordd, near
Mostyn, Wales-d. Sept. 25, 1987, London,
England), was the author of such well-made
plays as the psychological thriller Night Must
Fali (1935) and the semiautobiographical The
Corn Is Green (1938); he was also an ac.tor and
appeared in many West End and Broadway pro-
ductions. ln 1951 Williams began giving one-
man readings from Dickens-he !ater added
Dylan Thomas and Saki-which he performed
in theatres throughout lhe world during the next
three decades. Aclive on the stage for some 50
years, he was a vital presence in mainstream
British theatre.
Williams grew up with Welsh as his first
language. Educated at Holywell County School,
he won a scholarship to Christ Church , Ox-
ford, and started to act in the university dra-
matic society. He made his professional debut
in 1927 and the following year appeared in his
play Glamour. Among his other plays were The
Druid's Rest (1944) and The Wind of Heaven
( 1945). His film appearances included Th e Las/
Days ofDolwyn ( 1949), which he also wrote and
directed, and David Copperfield ( 1969). Onstage
he performed in The Wild Duck (1955), A Man
for Ali Seasons (1962), and Forty Years On
( 1969). Williams published two volumes of au-
tobiography, George (1961) and Emlyn (1973),
and a novel, Headlong (1980). His interest in
the macabre was demonstrated in Beyond Belief
(1967), bis study of lhe couple convicted in the
sensational murders of children in the Pennine
Moors area during the mid-l 960s, and in a fic-
tional diary of a murderer, Dr. Crippen 's Diary
(1987). He was appointed Commander of the
Order of the British Em pire in 1962.
Wilson, Earl, U.S. newspaper columnist (b.
May 3, 1907, Rockford, Ohio-d. Jan. 16, 1987,
Yonkers, N.Y.), delighted readers for more than
40 years with his gossipy "It Happened Last
Night" columns, which revealed spicy tidbits
about Broadway and Hollywood starlets. Wil-
son joined the New York Post in 1935, and
in 1942 he began his six-times-a-week column,
which at the pinnacle of its popularity was
carried by 175 ncwspapers nationwide. Wilson
often lured curious readers to his copy by pub-
lishing the measurements of female stars. He
was also credited with sustaining his readership
by capturing the . pulse of show business by
scrupulously attending séores of motion-picture
premieres, Broadway first nights, and cafe open-
ings. Wilson, who wrote severa! books filled
with celebrity anecdotes, including I Am Gazing
into My 8-Ball (1945), Let 'Em Eat Cheesecake
(1949), and The Show Business Nobody Knows
( 1971 ), retired in 1983.
Wittig, Georg, West German chemist (b. June
16, 1897, Berlin, Germany-d. Aug. 26, 1987,
Heidelberg, West Germany), shared the 1979
Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Herbert C.
Brown of Purdue University, West Lafayette,
lnd., for the development of a technique that
used phosphorus compounds in the synthesis
of natural substances through the regrouping
of carbon atoms in the molecules. The "Wittig
reaction," which he discovered in 1953, opened
the way to the economical production of sub-
stances such as Vitamin A on an industrial
scale. A gifted pianist, he had at one time con-
sidered a musical career. Wittig studied at the
University of Tübingen, served in World War
1, and eventually graduated from the University
of Marburg (1923), where he earned a Ph.D.
in 1926. He taught at Marburg (1926-32), at
the Braunschweig Technical College (1932-37);
and at the Universities of Braunschweig and
Freiburg ( 1937-44) before returning to Tübin-
gen, where he taught for 12 years. ln 1956 he
became professor and director of the lnstitute
of Organic Chemistry at the Vniversity of Hei-
delberg, where he stayed for the remainder of
his academic career. Wittig retired as .professor
emeritus in 1965 but continued to conduct re-
search. His publications included a Textbook of
Stereochemistry ( 1930).
Yourcenar, Marguerite (MARGUERITE DE
CRA YENCOUR), French writer (b. June 8, 1903,
Brussels, Belgium-d. Dec. 17, 1987, North-
east Harbor, Maine), was not only the author
of outstanding historical novels (most notably
Mémoires d'Hadrien [1951]) but also the first
woman ever to be elected a member of the
French Academy. ln her work, from her first
novel, Alex is ou /e traité d'un vain combat
(1929; "Alexis, or Treatise on Useless Combat"),
AFP PHOTO
to her last, she developed ideas formulated in
her early life; one of her last books, trans-
lated into English in 1987 as Two Lives and a
Dream, was a reworking of stories written some
60 years earlier. Yourcenar was fascinated by
real and fictional historical figures like Hadrian
and Zeno (the central character in L'Oeuvre au
noir [1968; The Abyss]), who belong to their
age and yet manage to transcend its limita-
tions. The daughter of a French aristocrat, she
learned Latin and Greek before reaching her
teens and spent her childhood exploring Eu-
rope with her father. A love of travei remained
with her throughout her life, though from 1937
she made her home in the U.S., ultimately
settling in Maine with her translator and com-
panion, Grace Frick. During World War II she
began teaching at Sarah Lawrence College and
did translations, but the success of Mémoires
d'Hadrien in 1951 allowed her to give up teach-
ing. Her other writings include plays, poetry,
essays, memoirs, and a translated anthology of
Negro spirituals. ln 1980, despite opposition
from some academicians based on controversy
over her dual U.S.-French nationality, she was
elected to the French Academy, the first woman
to join the 40 "Immortals" since the Academy
was founded in 1635.