2ND LECTURE EXAM REVIEWER- PASCUAL

 WIDE in OX
 Narrower in SR

 DENTAL PADS- replaced the upper incisors

 PALATINE RIDGES- median ridge separate LEFT
and RIGHT ridges
 INCISIVE PAPILLA- between dental pad and
first ridge

TONGUE
 CD. PART of the body forms an elliptical
DORSAL EMINENCE = TORUS LINGUAE
 LINGUAL FOSSA (transverse) - defines the torus
linguae rostrally
 No lyssa
 LINGUAL TONSIL – aggregate of lymphatic
follicles

TEETH
*REFER TO 1ST REVIEWER FOR DENTAL FORMULA
* 1ST PREMOLARS ARE NOT PRESENT

MANDIBLE – NAKALIGTAAN SA 1ST REVIEWER

 DOG = + ANGULAR PROCESS (+ CORONOID,
CONDYLAR PROCESS)

 HORSE = W/O ANGULAR PROCESS (HIGH

CORONOID PROCESS)

MOUTH- ( Vestibule and Oral cavity proper )  RUMINANTS = W/O ANGULAR PROCESS (LONG
*Large number of CONICAL PAPILLAE directed toward CORONOID PROCESS, ORIENTED BACKWARD/
the back of the mouth CAUDALLY OR POSTERIORLY)

LIPS:  DOGS AND RUMINANTS = UNFUSED

OX = thick & comparatively immobile MANDIBLE/ separated R and L

 Planum nasolabiale- bare space between the  Horse = fused mandible

lips and nostrils. Kept moist by the
NASOLABIAL GLANDS.  Horse and Ruminants: 1 mental foramina
*marked by irregular grooves outlining unlike dogs with 3
polygonal areas on which the orifices of the
glands are visible.
SALIVARY GLANDS
 No clear demarcation between upper and  PAROTID
lower lips  MANDIBULAR
 SUBLINGUAL
Goat & Sheep = thick & mobile
 Distinct Philtrum- marked its upper lip PHARYNX
 PLANUM NASALE- restricted to the area  NASOPHARYNX
between the nostrils  OROPHARYNX

HARD PALATE- Pigmented, many palatine glands LARYNX

2ND LECTURE EXAM REVIEWER- PASCUAL
DOGS = Epiglottis, Arytenoid ( cuneiform, corniculate,
vocal & muscular processes), Thyroid, Cricoid
HORSE = = Epiglottis, Arytenoid ( NO cuneiform,
process), Thyroid, Cricoid
RUMINANTS = Epiglottis, Arytenoid ( NO cuneiform,
process), Thyroid, Cricoid
 IN RUMINANTS = NO VESTIBULAR FOLD /
FALSE VOCAL FOLD
 NO LARYNGEAL VENTRICLE
 In HORSE, RUMINANTS AND PIGS =
CUNEIFORM is a process of EPIGLOTTIS
ESOPHAGUS
LESSER OMENTUM
 Developed from the PRIMITIVE VENTRAL
MESENTERY
 The line of attachment to the stomach passes
from the ventral side of the esophagus along
the reticular groove and the parietal surface of
the omasum, and the lesser curvature of the
abomasum.
 HEPATODUODENAL LIGAMENT =ABOMASUM
TO LIVER. Terminal part of lesser omentum is
attached on the cranial part of the duodenum.
GREATER OMENTUM
 Sac like expansion of the MESOGASTRIUM.
 Attached on the rumen (Superficial and Deap
leaf) and medial surface of the descending
duodenum.
 SUPERFICIAL LEAF = LONGITUDINAL GROOVE
 DEEP LEAF = LONGITUDINAL GROOVE
CONNECTED TO DUODENUM FORMING SUPRA
OMENTAL RECESS.
STOMACH
Dog = simple
Horse = nonglandular part divided from glandular part
by MARGO PLICATUS WITH SACCUS CAECUS
RUMINANTS =Compound Stomach = 4 compartments
 RETICULUM = most CRANIAL
 NON-GLANDULAR = RETICULUM, OMASUM &
RUMEN
 GLANDULAR = GLANDULAR
 SR = OMASUM is the SMALLEST
 LR = RETICULUM is the SMALLEST
 + TORUS PYLORICUS
 STOMACH – occupies ¾ of the abdominal
cavity
 Rumen = fermentation vat
CANNULATION
 BOVINE LEFT PARALUMBAR FOSSA
*triangular depression
*Dorsal = tips of transverse process of lumbar
vertebrae
*caudoventral = ridge formed by the INTERNAL
ABDOMINAL MUSCLE
*Cranially = last rib (13)
*desensitized paralumbar fossa in 3 ways
1. Fargaharson (American) / dorsal approach –
intervertebral foramen of dorsal lumbar
nerves branches T13 (costoabdominal), L1
(Iliohypogastric), L2 (Ilioinguinal)
2.Magdakakala (Russian) / Lateral approach/
“L” block – transverse process of ventral
lumbar nerve branches of T13, L1 & L2.
3. Inverted L block- last br. Of thoracic spinal
nerve- req. more anesthesia
HARDWARE DISEASE = ingestion of shits puncturing
Reticulum, Diaphragm & pericardium. Resulting to
Traumatic reticulo pericarditis.
*treatment = magnet
RUMEN/panch
 PARTIETAL SURFACE = CONVEX, related to
DIAPHRAGM
 VISCERAL SURFACE = irregular and related to
OMASUM AND ABOMASUM, INTESITNE,
PANCREAS, LEFT KIDNEY, LEFT ADRENAL
GLAND, AORTA AND CAUDAL VENA CAVA.
 DORSAL & VRNTRAL CORONARY GROOVE =
marked off the blind sacs, from the remainder
of the rumen on each side.
 Sheep/goat= dorsal coronary goove is absent /
short
 L & R LONGITUDINAL GROOVES = marked the
surface of the rumen, dividing it by DORSAL &
VENTRAL SACS,
 On the right side = 2grooves: Dorsal Accessory
groove.
Cranial extremity is divided by the CRANIAL
2ND LECTURE EXAM REVIEWER- PASCUAL
GROOVE.
Caudal extremity is divided by CAUDAL
GROOVE by the CAUDODORSAL &
CAUDOVENTRAL BLIND SACS.
 RUMINAL ISLAND= well developed
 Well-developed dorsal coronary groove = well
developed caudodorsal blind sac.
RETICULAR GROOVE – ESOPHAGEAL GROOVE (OLD)
 1st part of the gastric groove. Begins @ the
CARDIA and passes ventrally on the RIGHT
WALL OF THE ATRIUM VENTRICULLI and
RETICULUM to enter the RETICULO-OMASAL
ORIFICE
RETICULAR TUBE- young/ sukling
 The lips of reticular groove are closed to
bypass the 1st 3 compartment (milk)
 Controlled by AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
RETICULUM
 Most cranial
 Smallest compartment in OX
 MM raised into folds or cristae
 Each fold is studded with pounted and horny
papillae = honeycomb
OMASUM/ MANYPLIES
 Ellipsoidal in shape
 Smallest in SR
 Connected to the reticulum by a short and
naroow neck = COLLUM OMASI
ABOMASUM
 FUNDUS
 BODY
 PYLORUS
*TORUS PYLORICUS- augment the weak pyloric
sphincter
SMALL INTESTINE
 Total length of the entire intestines is about
@) the length of the Ox and about 25X the
length of SHEEP and GOATS
 Duodenum, Jjunum, Ileum
DOG = shortest SI and LI
LR = longest SI and LI
SR = longest SI compared to body length
LARGE INTESTINE
 NO SACCULATIONS
 Located in the SUPRAOMENTAL RECESS with
the exception of the free end of the cecum
DOG, HORSE, RUMINANTS = RIGHT SIDE CECUM
PIG = LIES MORE ON LEFT SIDE OF THE MEDIAN
PLANE
HORSE AND PIG = SACCULATED (with TAENI CECI/
LONGITUDINAL BANDS)
HORSE = 4 SACCULATIONS, 4 BANDS
DOG= ASCENDING-TRANSVERSE-DESCENDING
HORSE = ASCENDING COLON = great colon (RV LV
LD RD) – transverse – descending
RUMINANTS:
 WELL DEVELOPED ASCENDING COLON
 4 PARTS OF ASCENDING COLON
*PROXIMAL LOOP, SPIRAL COLON,
CENTRIPETAL LOOP- CENTRIFUGALL GYRI-
DISTAL LOOP THEN TRANSVERSE –
DESCENDING COLON
 SPIRAL LOOP
* 2-2.5 TURNS IN OX
*AVE 3 IN SHEEP AND GOAT
 CENTRIPETAL GYRI- palabas
 CENTRIFUGAL GYRI- paloob
*in SR the last loop/ turn of centrifugal is
separated andmore closely related to
jejunum
*LR = spiral loop-centripetal & centrifugal-
are all bunched up
 COUNTERPARTS IN HORSE
*PROXIMAL LOOP---RV
CENTRIPETAL GYRI-LV
CENTRIFUGAL GYRI—LD
SPIRAL COLON—LV & LD
CENTRAL FLEXURE – PELVIC FLEXURE
DISTAL LOOP—RD
PANCREAS (PANCREATIC DUCTS)
 “SRP” –SMALL RUMINANTS PANCREATIC
2ND LECTURE EXAM REVIEWER- PASCUAL

 “LRA” + DOG – LARGE RUMINANTS **the combined sinuses are freely communicating with
ACCESSORY the caudal maxillary sinus through the
FRONTOMACILLARY OPENING
PANCREATIC D ACCESSORY P
DOG + SMALL +BIG *the openings in the floor of the conchofrontal sinus
HORSE +BIG + SMALL and rostrolateral to the ethmoidal labyrinth
LR - +BIG
SR + - MAXILLARY

RUMINANTS: large space predominantly medial to the

LIVER maxilla and above the upper cheek teeth

CAUDATE  Not divided by septum, as in the horse

R L
QUADRAT CAUDAT
PAPILLARY  may reach rostrally as far as the facial tuber
E E
MEDIAL MEDIAL  it extends into the lacrimal bulla within the
DOG &LATERA &LATERA + + +
L L
bony orbit and communicates with the
MEDIAL LACRIMAL SINUS(dorsally) & MIDDLE NASAL
HORSE UNDIV &LATERA + + X
L MEATUS + PALATINE SINUS (MEDIALLY) over
RUMINANT
UNDIV + +
VARIABL the INFRAORBITAL CANAL
S E

DOG= 6 LOBES
HORSE= 5 LOBES
RUMINANTS= 4 LOBES
 DOG & RUMINANTS: have PAPILLARY
PROCESS of cdate lobe
 RUMINANTS: LIVER is displaced to the
RIGHT when RUMEN is full
 ALL GALLBALDDER except in HORSE are
situated between R MEDIAL and QUADRATE
lobe
PARANASAL SINUSES – connected directly or indirectly
with the nasal cavity
FRONTAL SINUSES- divided into : 1 MAJOR
CD. FRONTAL SINUS (FORMS THE MAJOR PART OF THE
FRONTAL SINUS, MORE DEVELOPED) & 1-4 MINOR
ROSTRAL FRONTAL SINUS ON EACH SIDE OF THE
MEDIAN PLANE (2-3 SMALL CHAMBERS: LATERAL,
INTERMEDIATE & MEDIAL COMPARTMENTS)
 CAUDAL COMPARTMENT OF THE FRONTAL
SINUS HAS 3 DIVERTICULA= NUCHAL, POST
ORBITAL AND BCOBRBNUBAL
HORSE: LARGEST
 LATERAL WALL is formed by MAXILLA,
LACRIMAL, AND ZYGOMATIC BONES
 OBLIQUE SEPTUM = divides the cavity into
ROSTRAL & CAUDALsinuses
 Rostal border= between rostral end of the
FACIAL CREST & INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN
 CAUDAL SINUS IS LARGER OF THE TWO
CAVITIES. FREELY COMMUNICATES WITH THE
MIDDLE CONCHAL SINUS
SPHENOID
 Lies in the rostral part of the floor of the
cranium and extends into theorbital wing of
the sphenoid bone
 Extend into the wing of the presphenoid
bone but does not sommunicate with the
palatine sinus
 Communicates with the middle nasal
meatus via VENTRAL ETHMOIDAL
MEATUSES thru one or two penings
 Horse: palatine and sphenoid sinuses merge
together forming SPHENOPALATINE SINUS
PALATINE

HORSE: the sinus has an extensive communication with  Excavated in the hard palate
the dorsal conchal sinus = conchofrontal /  Present in ruminants & pigs
frontochonchal sinus
LACRIMAL

 Excavation of the lacrimal bone

2ND LECTURE EXAM REVIEWER- PASCUAL

 +ruminants & pigs Horse= R kidney= heart shaped & heavier

Lkidney= bean shaped
*palatine sinus is not present in carnivores
Pig & LR = multilobar
CONCHAL SINUS
Dog, Horse, Small ruminants = Unilobar kidney
 Dorsal middle and ventral conchal sinuses
 Horse: dorsal conchal sinus communicates with LR = scallped surface unlike in pigs smooth yet unilobar
the frontal sinus forming the frontoconchal
Pelvis Calices
 The FRONTAL SPHENOID, ETHMOID & MIDDLE
Dog + -
CONCHAL SINUSES have individual openings Horse + -
into the ETHMOID MEASURES @the most LR + -
caudal part of the nasal cavity SR - +
 THE MAXILLARY PALATINE, VENTRAL CONCHAL
AND LACRIMAL SINUSES drain into the MIDDLE
NASAL MEATUS

CORNUAL NERVES LARYNX

-vestibular ligament is absent
LARGE RUMINANTS = corneal br of -may lingual tuberosity ang basihyoid?
ZYGOMATICOTEMPORAL NERVE

 Upper 3rd of the temporal ridge about 2.5 cm LEFT RIGHT

ventral to the base of the horn
CR CD CR MIDDLE ACC CD
 STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH: CORNUAL A
& V, PAROTID SALIVARY GLAND CR-CR
DOG & CD- + + + + +
CR
SMALL RUMINANTS =corneal br ZYGOMATICO +
HORSE + + - + +
FEMORAL NERVE, INFRATROCHLEAR NERVE & CAUDAL UNDIV
AURICULAR NERVE CR-
CR-CR
CR
RUMINANTS &CD- + + + +
3 WAYS TO BLOCK THE infratrochlear N &CD-
CR
CR
1. Block the nerve as it emerges DORSOMEDIAL to PNEUMONIA- MOST CLINICAL PROBLEM AFFECTING
the ORBIT where it may be palpable under the LUNGS IN CATTLE
skin
2. Halfway between the MEDIAL CANTHUS of eye ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION- performed after
& MEDIAL EDGE OF the base of HORN induction of anesthesia. This procedure is best
3. The corneal br of the infratrochlear nerve is accomplished in STERNAL RECUMBENCY with head &
blocked using a SHORT SUBCUTANEOUS LINE neck held in extension. Be cautious not to obstruct the
BLOCK across the forehead imemediatly above tracheal bronchus when using an ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE
the supraorbital foramen WITH INFLATABLE CUFFS

CORNUAL NERVE IS BLOCKED MIDWAY between the LUNG AUSCULTATION= on triangular area determined
LATERAL CANTHUS of eye & LATERAL PART of the base by these boundaries:
of the horn CRANIAL: cd. Border of triceps brachii

KIDNEY- nalimot ilagay sa 1st reviewer DORSAL: epaxial muscle

DOG, HORSE, RUMINANTS = R kidney more crainialy CAUDAL: curved line for identification of the basal
located than left kidney border of the lungs along the 6-10/11 ribs
2ND LECTURE EXAM REVIEWER- PASCUAL
THORACOCENTESIS- REMOVAL OF EXCESS
INFLAMATORY FLIUD FROM THE CHEST DESCENDING AORTA
* = varying origin
CANNULATION- performed @ lower 7th ICS (intercostal
space) 1. CELIAC
 Sometimes originate In common trunk
LUNGS:
with cr. Mesenteric as
 CR= APICAL celiacomessenteric Tr.
 CD=DIAPHRAGMATIC  Simple stomach animals & horse: it also
 MIDDLE-CARDIAC gives off 3 major branches:
a. Hepatic
 ACCESSORY=MEDIASTINAL
b.Splenic
RUMINANTS HAS A EPIBRONCHUS / PARABRONCHUS c.L. Gastric
THAT INSERTS ON THE RIGHT CRANIAL LOBE  In Ruminants: greatly distorted pattern
because of arteries to the rumen &
AZYGOUS V reticulum
DOG &HORSE= r. AZYGOUS *corresponds to the smaller branches
PIG= LEFT AZYGOUS of the splenic and L gastric on the
RUMINANTS= HEMIAZYGOUS simple stomach animals
* theres additional branches of celiac
LEFT AZYGOUS V= opens into the right atrium ventral and L gastric compared to other
to the cr. Vena cava or… animals and these are Ruminal a. (R.
*drains intot he CORONARY SINUS Ruminal)
A. SPLENIC
RIGHT AZYGOUS V. = present in , horses dogs and cats a. R. Ruminal a (MAIN B. SUPPLY TO RUMEN)
*drains venous blood from the thoracic * DORSAL & VENTRAL RIGHT CORONARY A.
wall(intercostal veins) and empties into the cr. Vena + anastomoses with L. Ruminal A
cava b.. L ruminal A*
*may not be present @ last few intercostal spaces c.. Reticular A*

B. Left Gastric A
- Appears to be the contin. Of the Celiac after
OSSA CORDIS the Left Ruminal A.- usually gives of Reticular A
-in the aortic fibrous ring a. L. Ruminal A.*
-Right: opposite the AV rings & irregularly triangular b.. L Gastroepiploic A
-Gives attachment to the SEMILUNAR VALVE OF AORTIC c.. Reticular A *
CUSPS
-SINGLE in sheep LEFT RUMINAL & RETICULAR MAY ARISE FROM
-PAIRED in goats SPLENIC A=OR LEFT GASTRIC
-CARTILAGENOUS on young
BUT RETICULAR A. USUALLY COMES FROM L RUMINAL
BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK
-in horse and ruminants, it is from Aortic arch (only br.) C. Hepatic A. = same as the other
-while in dogs it is with L subclavian both from A. Arch * GASTRODUODENAL – LAST BRANCH
2 branches: RSA & LSA i. Cr. Pancreatico Duodenal
LSA ii. R. Gastro Epiploic
1. Costocervical trunk
a. Dorsal scapular 2… CR. MESSENTERIC A
b. Supreme intercostal
c. Deep Cervical DOG
2. Vertebral A. CMN TRUNK
3. Superficial cervical a. MIDDLE COLIC
4. Internal thoracic b. R. COLIC
2ND LECTURE EXAM REVIEWER- PASCUAL
c. ILEOCOLIC
i. Colic Br NOTE: in dogs, the Deep Circumflex Iliac is a br of
ii. Mesenteric ileal br Abdominal Aorta. In other animals, it is from Ext. Iliac
iii. Cecal A A.
B. Cd. Pancreatico Duodenal
C. Jejunal Ruminants= 2
D. Ileal A. Deep Circumfle iliac
B. Deep Femoral
HORSE i. Medial Circumflex Femoral
A. Common trunk ii. Pudendoepigastric Trunk
a. R. Colic (will anastomose with Colic br of a. Cd. Epigastric A
Ileocolic a/ Ventral colic A @ Pelvic Flexure b. Ext. Pudendal a = main A. supply of UDDER
 Supplies the LDC & RDC (Dorsal Colic - Gives of Cd. Superficial Epigastric A
A.) (“ cr. Mammary A”) that will anastomose
b. Middle colic with Ventral LABIAL A (“ cd. Mammary A”)
B. Cd. Pancreatico Duodenal from INT. pudendal a
C.Jejunal
D. Ileocecocolic A 4. Int. Iliac A
i. Ileal A
ii. Lateral & Medial Cecal A DOG:. 1. Umbilical
iii. Colic br ( will supply the RVC & LVC / Ventral 2. Int. Pudendal
Colic A.) a. Prostatic/ Vaginal---Uterine A
3. Cd. Gluteal a
* other sources of Uterine Vascularization:
1. Ovarian : Ovarian br & Uterine br

RUMINANTS HORSE: 1. Int. Pudendal

a. Umbilical a
A. CD. PANCREATICODUODENAL b. Prostatic/ Vaginal ---- Uterine br
B. MIDDLE COLIC = TRANSVERSE COLON & 2. Cd. Gluteal a
descending COLON * other sources of Uterine Vascularization:
C. Ileocecocolic A 1. Ovarian : Ovarian br & Uterine br
i. RightColic = distap loop, Centrifugal Gyri 2. Ext. Iliac A ---- Uterine A
ii. Colic br. =Proximal loop & Centripetal Gyri
iii. Mesenteric Ileal Br.
iv. Cecal a RUMINANTS
*antimesenteric a 1. UMBILICAL
v. Jejunal * Uterine A
vi. COLLATERAL A ( ONLY IN LR) 2. INT. PUDENDAL
*LARGE AS THE PARENT CR. MESSENTERIC A *Ventral Labial = cd. Mammary A
3. Cd. Gluteal
3. EXT. ILIAC A 4. Prostatic/ Vaginal --- Uterine br

DOG = 1 BR : Deep Femoral A * other sources of Uterine Vascularization:

1. Ovarian : Ovarian br & Uterine br
Horse = 3: Deep Circumflex iliac, Cremasteric A /
Uterine & Deep Femoral
2ND LECTURE EXAM REVIEWER- PASCUAL
SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL A
- NO FACIAL A IN RUMINANTS
- ONLY TRANSVERSE FACIAL A

SUBCLAVIAN V
A. COSTOCERVICAL
B. SUPERFICIAL CERVICAL
C. INT. THORACIC
 CR. EPIGASTRIC V
* Cr. Superficial epigastric + cd.
Superficial epigastric v =
SUBCUTANEOUS V. / “MILK VEIN”