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Neha
Khandelwal
F & LA
Sem 5
INTRODUCTION
This assignment was given for the purpose of studying screw s not only from
the aspect of understanding them technically but understanding how a screw is
used in normal day objects. From understanding How to depict a screw with a
figure, to understanding the different types of screws that are there, the
different screw drives, screw tops and their uses specific to their design. It’s
not only about understanding that a screw is an inclined plane wrapped
helically around an axis but that how the strap of a watch is put together with
the help of screws.
CONTENT
o Definition of a screw
o History
o Design
o Materials
o Classification of thread manufacturing methods
o Difference between a bolt and screw
o Nomenclature
o Types of Screw
o Screw Head shapes
o Types of screw drives and their uses
SCREW
The most common uses of screws are to hold objects together and to
position objects. The head is usually larger than the body of the screw,
which keeps the screw from being driven deeper than the length of the
screw and to provide a bearing surface.
There are exceptions; for instance, carriage bolts have a domed head
that is not designed to be driven; set screws have a head smaller than
the outer diameter of the screw; and J-bolts do not have a head and are
not designed to be driven.
Even though the concept of the screw dates back to around 200 B.C.,
the actual metal screw that is known today was not developed until the
Renaissance. Early screws had to be handmade, so no two screws were
ever alike. The time consuming process of hand filing the threads into
the screw form made mass production and use virtually impossible. In
1586, the introduction of the first screw-cutting machine by Jacques
Besson, court engineer for Charles IX of France, paved the way for more
innovations
DESIGN
On a single thread screw, the lead and pitch are identical, lead is twice the
pitch on a double thread model, and three times as much on a triple thread.
The pitch of a screw is the distance between two threads (or grooves) from the
same point on each thread. It is also more commonly known as the number of
threads per inch or centimeter. The lead of the screw measures how far it is
driven in for each revolution.
MATERIALS
Screws and bolts are made from a wide range
of materials, with steel being perhaps the
most common, in many varieties. Where
great resistance to weather or corrosion is
required, stainless steel, titanium, brass
(steel screws can discolor oak and other
woods), bronze, monel or silicon bronze may
be used, or a coating such as brass, zinc
orchromium applied.
Rolling also can be employed for making both external and internal threads,
provided the material is reasonably ductile. Today the majority of threads are
formed by rolling. External threads can be made by cutting in the following
ways:
I. On an engine lathe.
2. With a die and stock (manual).
3. With an automatic die (turret lathe or screw machine).
4. By milling.
5. By grinding.
6. By rolling.
I. On an engine lathe.
2. With a tap and holder (manual, semiautomatic, or automatic).
3. With an automatic (collapsible) tap (turret lathe, screw machine, or
special threading machine).
4. By milling.
Cutting a thread by using a single point tool on the lathe while indispensable
for single and small quantity jobs turned on the lathe, would be too slow for
production in large quantities and, moreover, would necessitate long and
expensive resetting of work turned on other machines.
There are separate standards available for both bolts and threads, as well, as
the grips, heads, etc.
NOMENCLATURE
The standard screw thread
nomenclature is illustrated. The
crests of external threads may be
either rounded or flat. The root
usually is made rounded to
minimize stress concentration at
this critical area. The internal thread
has a flat crest in order to mate
with either a rounded or V root of
the external thread. A small round
is used at the root to provide
clearance for the flat crest of the external thread. While all elements of the
thread form are based on the pitch diameter, screw thread sizes are expressed
in terms of the outside, or major, diameter and the number of threads per inch
of length.
TYPES OF SCREWS:
o Wood screw
Generally has an unthreaded shank below the head. It is
designed to attach two pieces of wood together.
o Coach screw (UK) or
lag screw/bolt (US)
o Concrete screw
A stainless or carbon steel screw for fastening wood, metal, or other materials
into concrete or masonry. Concrete screws are commonly blue in color, with or
without corrosion coating
o Drywall screw
Specialized screw with a bugle head that is designed to attach
drywall to wood or metal studs, however it is a versatile
construction fastener with many uses. The diameter of drywall
screw threads is larger than the shaft
diameter.
o Mirror screws
These are flat head wood screws with a
tapped hole in the head, which is designed to
receive a separate screw-in chrome-plated
cover. They are usually used to mount
mirrors.
o Cap screw
In places the term is used interchangeably
with bolt. In the past the term cap
screw was restricted to threaded fasteners
with a shank that is threaded all the way to
the head, but this is now a non-standard
usage.
o Hex cap screw
Cap screw with a hexagonal
head, designed to be driven by a
wrench (spanner).
o
o
o
o Machine screw
Generally a smaller fastener (less than 1⁄4 inch in diameter)
threaded the entire length of its shank that usually has a
recessed drive type (slotted, Phillips, etc.)
o Stud/threaded rod
Studs are head-less screws. They
may be threaded at both ends and
unthreaded in the middle or
completely threaded; the latter is
usually referred to as a threaded rod,
especially when it has a large aspect
ratio (that is, quite long compared to
diameter). Completely threaded
round stock is available in bar stock form and is then usually referred to as
"all-thread".
Thumb screw
A threaded fastener designed to be twisted into a
tapped hole by hand without the use
of tools.
Security screw
It’s similar to a standard screw except that once
inserted it cannot be easily removed.
SCREW HEAD SHAPES
Pan head
A low disc with chamfered outer edge
Button or dome head
Cylindrical with a rounded top
Round head
A dome-shaped head used for decoration.
Truss head
Lower-profile dome designed to prevent tampering
Countersunk or flat head
Conical, with flat outer face and tapering inner face allowing it to sink into the
material. The angle of the screw is measured as the full angle of the cone.
Oval or raised head
A decorative screw head with a countersunk bottom and rounded top.
Bugle head
Similar to countersunk, but there is a smooth progression from the shank to
the angle of the head, similar to the bell of a bugle
Cheese head
Disc with cylindrical outer edge, height approximately half the head diameter
Fillister head
Cylindrical, but with a slightly convex top surface. Height to diameter ratio is
larger than cheese head.
Flanged head
A flanged head can be any of the above head styles with the addition of an
integrated flange at the base of the head. This eliminates the need for a flat
washer.
TYPES OF SCREW DRIVES AND THEIR USES
Every threaded fastener needs a way of turning it. It may have a head with a
shape that a driver can engage, as a wrench fits a hex-head bolt or a nut, or it
may have a shaped hole into which a driver can be inserted (fastener
engineers call the hole the “recess”).
External types
All of these screw drives are characterized by a female tool and
a male fastener.
Square
A square screw drive uses square shaped fastener heads. They can be
turned with a crescent-type wrench, open-end wrench, or 12-
pointsockets.
Hex
A hex screw drive uses six-sided fastener heads. The fastener is known
as a hex head cap screw. They can be turned with a crescent-type
wrench,combination wrench, or sockets.
Pentagon
Slotted types
Slot
The slot screw drive has a single slot in the fastener head and is driven
by a flat-bladed screwdriver. The slotted screw is common
in woodworking applications, but is not often seen in applications where
a power tool would be used, due to the tendency of a power driver to slip out
of the head and potentially damage the surrounding material. The tool used to
drive a slot is called a slot-head or flat-tip.
Cross
A cross screw drive has two slots, oriented perpendicular to each other,
in the fastener head; a slotted screwdriver is still used to drive just one
of the slots. This type is usually found in cheaply made roofing bolts.
The sole advantage is that they provide some measure of redundancy: should
one slot be chewed up in service, the second may still be used.
Cruciform types
The following are screw drives based on a cruciform shape, i.e. a cross shape.
Other names for these types of drives are cross-head and cross-point.
Square nuts and four-sided heads are now mainly found in farm
equipment and on lag screws.
Clutch head
There are two types of clutch screw drives: type A and type G. Type
A, also known as a standard clutch resembles a bow tie. These were
common in GM automobiles, trucks and buses of the 1940s and
1950s. Type G resembles a butterfly. This type of screw head is commonly
used in the manufacture of mobile homes and recreational vehicles.
Bristol Spline
The Bristol screw drive is a spline shaped with four or six splines. The
main advantage to this drive system is that almost all of the turning
force is applied at right angles to the fastener axis, which reduces the
possibility of stripping the fastener. For this reason Bristol screw drives
are often used in softer, non-ferrous metals. This type of drive is
commonly used in avionics, higher-end communications equipment,
cameras, air brakes, construction and farm equipment, astronomy, and
military equipment.
Double hex
This version is even closer to a circle, further decreasing torque and increasing
stripping.
One-way
One-way screws are special screws that can only be turned in one
direction. They can be installed with a standard slotted screwdriver.
One-way screws are commonly used in commercial restroom fixtures,
to prevent vandals from tampering with them. One-way screws are only
practical when the need for removal is unlikely. They cannot be removed with
conventional tools; instead a screw extractor is used.
Polydrive
The polydrive screw drive is spline shaped with rounded ends in the
fastener head. The tool has six flat-tip teeth at equal spacing; the sizes
are determined by the diameter of the star points. Its primary
advantage over older screw drives is that it resists camming out. It is used
primarily in the automotive industry in high-torque applications, such
as brakes and driveshafts.
Protruding obstacle
Polydrive
The polydrive screw drive is spline shaped with rounded ends in the
fastener head. The tool has six flat-tip teeth at equal spacing; the sizes
are determined by the diameter of the star points. Its primary
advantage over older screw drives is that it resists camming out. It is used
primarily in the automotive industry in high-torque applications, such
as brakes and driveshafts.
Proprietary head
There are specialty fastener companies that make unusual, proprietary head
designs, featuring matching drivers available only from them, and only
supplied to registered owners. These tend to be confined to industrial uses
with which the average layperson does not have contact. One example familiar
to laypersons is the attachment for the wheels and/or spare tires of some
types of car; one of the nuts on each wheel may require a specialized socket,
provided with the car, to prevent theft. Security fasteners are also available for
bicycle wheels and seats.
Spanner
The spanner screw drive uses two round holes opposite each other and
is designed to prevent tampering. This type is seen in elevators in
the United States. The driving tool is called a spanner wrench in the
U.S. and a pin spanner in the UK.
Spline
The spline screw drive has twelve splines in the fastener and tool.
Spline drives are sized via numbers. Its primary advantage is its ability
to resist camming out, therefore it is used in high-torque applications,
such a stamper-proof lug nuts.
Torq-set
TP3
TP3 is a type of screw drive that uses a triangular recess in the screw head.
[28]
It is used on Nintendo,Gameboy, fast food promotional toys and video
games, die-cast toys and Roomba battery packs.
Tri-wing
The tri-wing, also known as triangular slotted, screw drive has three
radial slots. It is usually used on electronics equipment. Tri-wing, as the name
suggests, is a screw with three "wings" and a small triangular hole in the
center. A variation is a kind in which the three "wings" are joined in the center
(with no triangular hole). A somewhat similar-looking design in which three
short radial slots are not joined in the center is called a tri-groove screw drive.
Triple square
Hex socket
This style of head is now very common in trucks and automobiles. The walls of
the recess are not tapered. Drivers greatly outlast similar hex head drivers.
Internal Torx