Antennas Basic PDF

ANTENNAS
Christian RIPOLL
Année 2007-2008
ST4-RF1
1 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

ANTENNAS
Antenna Basics
Antenna Parameters :
Electrical Parameters
Electromagnetic Parameters
Antenna Types:
Linear
Aperture
Array

Antenna Basics
Antenna Parameters
Antenna Types

Antenna Basics
Antenna = final element of a Transmit/Receive radio link
A feeder feeder A

Antenna Basics : Definitions
An antenna is a passive reciprocal device

It acts as a transducer to convert electrical signals in a transmission line
or waveguide to a propagating wave in free space and vice versa.
It functions as an impedance adapter between a transmission line or
waveguide and free space.
All antennas have a radiation pattern which is a plot of the field strength
or power density at various angular positions relative to the antenna.

Antenna Basics
Antenna Parameters
Antenna Types

Description by categories (1)
From a few kHz up to several GHz

1. Wire Antennas
4 categories
I=0 - Wires
λ - Group of wires
4 - patch antennas
I
I=Imax
Coaxial cable

2. Aperture Antennas
- Parabolic antennas
- Hyperboloïd antennas
- Horns Dielectric
hyperboloïd
O
F
horn
Metallic
paraboloïd

3. Surface Wave Antennas
- Slotted waveguide
- Dielectric surface antennas
α0
Matched load

4. Frequency Independant Antennas
- Equiangular antenna
- Log antenna
λ @ F max λ @ F min
4 4
freq

5. Smart antennas
- Antenna array
- Active antenna
Ethena
Configurable from 824 to 1990 MHz

Electromagnetics : Electric field in far zone
M
Delayed Scalar potential
r
V
r 1 e− jkr
ρ ( P)
4πε ∫
u V (M ) = dv
r
P V
( )
r Delayed Vector Potential
ρ, J r µ r e− jkr
4π ∫
A( M ) = J ( P) dv
r
V
r r r
 E ( M ) = − grad V − jω A
 + conservation law of electricity
 r 1 r r
 H ( M ) = rot A divJ + jωρ = 0
 µ r r r r
[(
E (M ) = j 30k ∫∫∫ J S ∧ u ∧ u Ψdv ) ]
( )
r 1 r r 2 r V
 E ( M ) = jωεµ grad divA + k A
∫∫∫ ( )
r r r
H (M ) =
 jk
 J S ∧ u Ψdv

r 1 r 4π
H ( M ) = rot A V
 µ
Current distribution on antenna is needed
to compute the radiated fields

Transformation of fundamental formula (1)
r’
V M
Hyp : currents defined on surface

rP
( )
r
ρ, J r
u
r
[( ) ]
r r r e − jkr ′
E (M ) = j 30k ∫∫ J S ∧ u ∧ u
r ′
ds
S
( ) ( )
r r r r r r r r r r r r
O PM = PO + OM = OM − OP ′
r = PM ⋅ u = OM − OP ⋅ u = r − OP ⋅ u
r r
OP ⋅ u
1 1
En amplitude =
r' r
1/r field Propagation
decrease Extra phase shift
delay
r
E (M ) =
j 30k − jkr
r
[(
e ∫∫ J S ∧ u ∧ u e ) ]
r r r + jk (Or P⋅ur )
ds
S

Transformation of fundamental formula (2)
r
E (M ) =
j 30k − jkr
r
[( ) ]
e ∫∫ J S ∧ u ∧ u e ds = j 30k
e − jkr
r
F (u )
r
S
[( ) ]
F (u ) = ∫∫ J S ∧ u ∧ u e
r
ds
S
Gives :
Directivity and polarization of the antenna
r
r
u E =0
r r
JS JS r
E max
r
u

General Theorems (1)
Linearity
r r
ET = ∑ Ei
r i
I2 r
E2 r r
I2 E2
r r
I1 E1 r
r E1
I1

M(E)
Translation
r’ 1. Same field intensity at M
M(E’)
2. Phase difference between E’ and E :
r
P ⋅⋅⋅
r M M M M M
r
δ u r
r
u
r rO
δ ⋅u 0
r 1
r2 r3 r4
O δ δ δ δ
r r r r
r e − jkr ET = E0 + E1 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + En
F (u )
r
E0 = j 30k
r r r
( )
r r r r
+ jkδ ⋅u + j 2 kδ ⋅u
r r r r
+ jkδ ⋅u ET = E0 1 + e +e + ⋅⋅⋅
E1 = E0 × e rr
r r r r
+ 2 jkδ ⋅u r r e − 1 
+ jnkδ ⋅u
E 2 = E0 × e ET = E0  + jkδr⋅ur 
e − 1 
 

r B Ordinary Symetry
I r
E
A M r 1. Currents in same directions
ET 2. E always linearly polarized
A’ r
r E′
I′ B’
r r
I B ET Mixte Symetry
r r
A E′ E 1. Currents in opposite directions
2. E always linearly polarized
A’ M
r
I′ B’

Ground effect :
Total E must be perpendicular
to ground (perfect conductor)
r r
r B ET B r
I ET
I
r r r r
A E′ E A
E′ E
A’
r M A’ M
I′ r
I′ B’
B’

Antenna Parameters
Electromagnetic Parameters
• Radiation pattern
• Radiation resistance
• Efficiency
• Gain/Directivity
• Beamwidth
• Polarization
• Effective aperture
• Effective height
Electrical Parameters
– Input impedance
– Bandwidth (VSWR)

Isotropic Source
Colatitude θ
i(t) DEF :
Radiates a Spherical wave
Azimuth φ (same intensity in all directions)

Radiated Power (1)
Power density : Total radiated power per unit area
W
P ( r ,θ , φ ) = in Watt / m
2
4πr 2
Total Radiated power is the integral : P ( r ,θ , φ )
dS
W = ∫∫ P (r ,θ , φ ) ⋅ dS
i(t)
S

Radiated Power (2)
Radiation Intensity : Total radiated power per unit angle
W
U (θ , φ ) = in Watt / st
4π
Total Radiated power is the integral : P ( r ,θ , φ )
dS
W= ∫∫∫ U (θ , φ ) ⋅ d Ω dΩ i(t)
Ω

Relation between Radiated power and Electrical
field for a point source
Poynting theorem : Total radiated power per unit area

2
Erms
P ( r ,θ , φ ) = in Watt / m
2
120π
Combining the two equations :
W
1
E Erms = 30 W in V / m
R R

Radiation Pattern Definition
Diagram representing the variations of the radiated power in the

directions around antenna in the far field zone :
( ) ( )
∃ θ 0 , φ 0 tel que U θ 0 , φ 0 = U max
P (r , θ , φ )
Power Radiation Pattern f (θ , φ ) = ≤1
Pmax (r ,θ , φ )
Properties :
– Depends on the direction (θ , φ )
– Normalized to 1 (0 in dB)
– Independant of distance r in the far field region

Relation between Radiation Pattern and
Radiated Power
U (θ , φ ) R 2 × U (θ , φ )
Power radiation f (θ , φ ) = =
Pattern
(
U θ 0 ,φ 0 ) (
R2 ×U θ 0 ,φ 0 )
P ( r ,θ , φ ) E 2 (θ , φ )
= = = f ′2 (θ , φ ) Field Radiation
Pmax (r ,θ 0 , φ 0 )
(
E 2 θ 0 ,φ 0 ) Pattern
 2D2 λ 
Equations are valid in the Far Field Zone : R > MAX  , 
 λ 2π 
f = 13.56 MHz f = 900 MHz

λ = 22m λ = 33 cm
2D2 2D2 λ
≅ 1cm = = 17 cm
λ λ 2
λ λ
= 3.5 m = 5 cm
2π 2π
Representation of the Radiation Pattern
Main lobe axis

Half-Power
Beamwidth (HPBW) Beamwidth between
First Nulls (BWFN)
1
Secondary lobes
0,8
0,6
0,4
Polar coordinates
Example : GSM sectorial antenna in horizontal
plane
Radiation pattern in dBi Linear radiation pattern (P/Pmax)

20 1
10 0.8
G(dBi)
0.6
G
-10 0.4
-20 0.2
-30 0
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
angle (°) angle (°)
90
90 120 60
120 60
150 30 150 30
180 0 180 0
210 330 210 330
240 300 240 300

270 270

Example : GSM sectorial antenna
in vertical plane
Radiation pattern in dBi Linear radiation pattern (P/Pmax)

20 1
0 0.8
G (dBi) -20 0.6
G
-40 0.4
-60 0.2
-80 0
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
angle (°) angle (°)
90 90
120 60 120 60
150 30 150 30
180 0 180 0
210 330 210 330
240 300 240 300

270 270

Radiating regions
3 Radiation zones
– D is the equivalent diameter of the antenna
– r is distance to antenna
Nearly Fluctuating 1/r2 Law

Power Density
constant
Rayleigh Fresnel Fraunhoffer

zone zone zone

Directivity (1)
Directive gain of an antenna U (θ , φ ) Pr ( r ,θ , φ )

D= =
Uo Pr _ iso ( r ,θ , φ )
Pr ( r ,θ , φ ) = power density at some point with a given antenna

Pr _ iso ( r ,θ , φ ) = power density at the same point with a reference
antenna (isotropic source)
with same radiated power for both systems
Maximum directive gain is called Directivity

In decibels :
DdBi = 10 log D

Directivity (2)
Exercice : Directivity of an Hemispheric source
θ si θ ∈ [− 90°, 90°]
U (θ , φ ) = U (θ ) = U m

U (θ , φ ) = U (θ ) = 0 si θ ∈ [90°, 270°]

Directivity and Radiation Pattern (1)
Pmax = D × Pav
P av
Considered in direction
of maximum
P av
U max (θ 0 , φ0 )
Dmax (θ 0 , φ0 ) = 4π
W
related to radiation pattern

Directivity and Radiation Pattern (2)
Revolution diagram on z axis

O y
x U (θ , φ ) = U (θ ) ⇒ f (θ , φ ) = f (θ )
4π
Dmax (θ 0 , φ0 ) =
2
⇒ π
= π
2π ∫ f (θ )sin θ dθ ∫ f (θ )sin θ dθ
0 0

Exercice on Directivity
Exercice : Directivity of a sin2 radiation pattern

θ
U (θ , φ ) = U (θ ) = U m sin 2 θ

Gain
Ratio of Radiation Intensity over Power radiated by Isotropic Source

with same input power for both system
U (θ , φ )
G (θ , φ ) =
Wa / 4π
U max (θ 0 , φ0 )
Gmax (θ , φ ) =
Wa / 4π

Directivity and Gain
All the power supplied to the antenna is not radiated
W
Antenna efficiency: η= × 100
W + Wd
W = total radiated power
Wd = dissipated power
When antenna’s efficiency is taken into account

Directivity becomes Gain:
G =η D

Relation between Radiated power and Electrical
field
For an antenna with Gain G For an antenna with Gain G
Eiso E
W W
G = 0dB R G R
1 1
Erms _ iso = 30W in V / m Erms = 30 W G in V / m
R R

Radiation Resistance
Notion defined for wire antennas (voltage and current at input) : Ficticious
resistance that will radiate W
Ii
W
Rr = 2
Vi Ii
Note : Related to electromagnetic
and electrical parameters

Input Impedance (1/2)
ii vi =Vie jϕ
ii = Iie jϕ′
vi Vie jϕ
Zi = jϕ′
= Ri + jXi
Zi Iie
Power at antenna
Active Power Reactive Power

1 2 1 2
Ri Ii Xi Ii
2 2

Input Impedance (2/2)
Active Power
1 2
Ri Ii
2
Radiated Power Dissipated Power

1 2 1 2
Rr Ii R j Ii
2 2
Radiation resistance Rr radiates power

Ohmic resistance R j dissipates power

Relation Efficiency / Input Resistance
All the power supplied to the antenna

is not radiated
Antenna efficiency:
W Rr
η= × 100 = × 100
W +Wj Rr + R j
W : Radiated power
Wd : Dissipated power
Rd : Ohmic antenna resistance

Antenna Matching
Z a − Zc
Γa =
Zc Z a + Zc
ZA
( ) Wg Wa Za
2
Wa = Wg 1 − Γa
Example :
VSWR − 1 2 − 1
VSWR=2:1 Γa = = = 0.33
VSWR + 1 2 + 1
Wa
Wg
( )
= 1 − 0.332 = 0.89
loss of 10 log 0.89 ≅ 0.5 dB

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
EIRP is the equivalent power that an isotropic antenna

would have to radiate to achieve the same power
density at a given point as another antenna:
W : Total radiated power

EIRP = W × D = Wg × G Wg : Antenna input power
D : Antenna directivity
G : Antenna gain
Therefore, the power density at a distance d, from an

antenna is:
EIRP
PD =
4π d 2

Polarization (1/5)
Need to match polarization between transmitter and

receiver antennas to maximize the power transfer
i1(t)
X
Vertical Polarization
E X = E1 sin ωt
Y

Polarization (2/5)
i2(t)
Horizontal Polarization
Y
EY = E2 sin ωt
Z

Polarization (3/5)
r r
i2(t) E X = E1 sin ωt X
r r
EY = E2 sin ωt Y
i1(t) r r r
Linear Polarization ET = E X + EY
r
ET = (E1 sin ωt ) + (E2 sin ωt )
2 2
E1(t)
X r
E2(t) ET = E12 + E22
max
Y
( )  E2 
r
Z Φ ET = arctan 
 E1 

Polarization (4/5)
i2(t)
r r
i1(t) E X = E1 sin ωt X
Circular Polarization r r
ω EY = E1 sin (ωt + 90° )Y
r r r
E1(t) ET = E X + EY
r
ET = (E1 sin ωt ) + (E1 cos ωt )
2 2
X E2(t)
Y r
Z
ET = E12
( )
r
Φ ET = arctan(cotan ωt )

Polarization (5/5)
3 polarization modes
– Linear polarization
• Vertical (E plane), Horizontal (H plane)
– Circular polarization
• Right or Left
– Elliptic Polarization
• Right or Left
Use tilted or circular

when you ignore the
signal’s polarization
at receiver

Effective Aperture
Electric and Electromagnetic parameter

Defined by the ratio : integrated power in the receiver above
power density
Antenna = Aperture able to capture
power from incident plane wave
Pr WRX = Pr × Ae
W
RX
Example : Pr=cst=1W/m2
If antenna with S=Ae=1m2 WRX=1W

But must determine Ae (sometimes not obvious : wire antenna)

Z A : Impédance d' antenne
I ZT : Impédance du récepteur
V : tension induite dans l' antenne
ZA à vide
Z RX Z RX
Onde plane V
Pr en W/m 2 I : Courant induit
V
I=
(Z RX + Z A ) Ouverture effective :
Puissance délivrée au récepteur :W = RRX I 2 W

V Ae = en m 2
⇒ I= Pr
(Rr + R p + RRX )2 + ( X A + X RX )2
V2
⇒ W = RRX
(Rr + R p + RRX )2 + ( X A + X RX )2
Hypothèses : Pas de pertes joules : Rp = 0 Transfert max de puissance de l’antenne
Adaptation : X A = − X RX vers le récepteur
Rr = RRX
V2 V2
⇒ W ′ = Rr =
(2 Rr )2 4 Rr
Pb : Exprimer V en fonction de
W′ V 2
l et λ
⇒ Ae max = =
Pr 4 Rr Pr
Introduction d’un nouveau concept :
La hauteur effective d’antenne

Effective height
Def 1 :
Hauteur fictive de l’antenne qui permet de lier tension induite et champ électrique incident
V = heff E
Def 2 :
Produt de la hauteur réelle d’antenne par la valeur moyenne du courant sur l’antenne
Exemple 1 : Doublet
I = cte
Onde plane Pr
2
r I ( z ) = I = Cte ⇒ heff = l
Pr en W/m E Z RX
⇒ V = lE

he of a dipole
l I0
Onde plane Pr r
2 E
Pr en W/m
Z RX
I 0
−l
l
1 I
heff = ∫ I ( z ) dz = × l
I0 0 I0

he of a λ /2 dipole
 2π 
I ( z ) = I 0 cos y
 λ  I0
Z RX
I 0
−l
λ
 2π  4
 2π 
dans élément dy : dV = Edy cos y  ⇒ dans l' antenne ∑ dl : V = 2 ∫ E cos y dy
 λ  0  λ 
λ
λ   2π  4 λ λ λ
V = 2E   λ 
sin y = 2 E = E ⇒ heff =
2π    0 2π π π

Ae of a Doublet
W′ V2
Ae max = =
Pr 4 Rr Pr
2
2 l
Rr = 80π   
λ   l 2E 2
⇒ Ae max = 2
E2  E2
2 l 
Pr =  4× × 80π  
120π 120π λ
Ae max = 0.119λ2

Ae of a λ /2 dipole
W′ V2
Ae max = =
Pr 4 Rr Pr λ 2
E2 × 2
Ae max = π ⇒ Ae max = 0.13λ2
E2
4× × 73
Graphical representation
120π
λ
4
λ
2

Relation between effective aperture and gain
Le gain est proportionnel à l’ouverture effective
G1 Ae max1
Pour 2 antennes =
Quelconques : G2 Ae max 2
Ae max 2
Si l’antenne 1 est l’antenne isotrope : G1 = 1 ⇒ Ae max1 =
G2
G2 = 1.5 
 3λ2
λ2
Et si l’antenne 2 est le doublet : 2 ⇒A
3λ  = = = 0. 079λ2
8π ×1.5 4π
e max1
Ae max 2 = 
8π 
Ae max 2 Ae max 2 4π Ae max 2

G2 = G1 × = 1× ⇒ G2 =
Ae max1 λ 2
λ2
4π

Relation Directivity / Effective Aperture
The greater the directivity, the greater the effective aperture
4π
D= × Ae
λ2
Antenna Ae Directivity D in dB
isotropic 0.079λ2 1 0
Hertz 1.5 1.76

0.119λ2
dipole
λ /2 0.13λ2
1.64 2.14
dipole

Effective Height
Concept used for wire antenna

Allows user to determine the induced voltage at antenna :
Ri
r
Vi
E Vi = E × H e
Depends on the current distribution on antenna

(see slides on wire antennas)

Bandwidth
An antenna is frequency limited

Bandwidth is limited by :
– Maximum tolerable VSWR (specifications)
(often VSWR < 2)
– Gain variation of antenna
– Modification of Radiation pattern
defined in % with respect to the central frequency

Antenna Basics
Antenna Parameters
Antenna Types

Théorie issue de la théorie des lignes
Hypothèses : fil mince conducteur

onde stationnaire (nœuds et ventres à positions fixes)
répartition sinusoïdale
r r
E E
r
E Canalisé par la ligne
r
Courbure de E
car pas r
de champ tangentiel possible E n’est plus retenu par la structure :
Rayonnement

Pourquoi y a-t-il rayonnement ?
t=0
I
t=3T/4
t=T/8
t=T/2
t=T/4

Comment l’étudier ?
r r
Hypothèses :
I (t ) = I 0 e j ωt
1. dl<<nλλ/2 DOUBLET ELECTRIQUE

2. Variation harmonique du courant:
dl
λ/2
Doublet si dl<<λ
I=Cte dl
λ/2
l=nλ
A grande distance, les termes en 1/r2 et 1/r3
Step 1 : Étude du rayonnement de dl sont négligeables devant le terme en 1/r
Step 2 : Intégration à l Idl

E = Eθ = 60π sin θ e − jkr
λr
Eθ
H = Hφ =
120π
• E et H sont en phase et perpendiculaire entre eux et à la direction
de propagation
• Polarisation rectiligne dans le plan θ
• E est proportionnel à I

Diagramme de rayonnement du doublet
E (θ , φ )
f ′(θ , φ ) = = sin θ
Emax (θ , φ )
θ
dl
- Indépendant de φ (de révolution autour de l’axe du doublet)
- Champ rayonné nul dans l’axe
- Champ rayonné max dans direction perpendiculaire au doublet

Directivité du doublet
Dmax = D (θ = π ) =
(U θ =π
2
)
2 W
4π
W = ∫∫U (θ , φ )dΩ = U max ∫∫ f (θ , φ )dΩ
4π 4π
π
8π
W = U max ∫∫ sin 2 θ sinθdθdφ = 2πU max ∫ sin 3 θ dθ = U max
4π 0
3
Source isotrope
4πU max
⇒ D= = 1.5
8π
U max
3

Résistance de rayonnement du doublet
W
R0 = I 0 : courant efficace
I 02
8π
On a : W = U max
3
2
Emax
Comme U max = Pr max × r =2
× r2
120π
2
 dl  1
= (60π )I 02   2
I dl 1
Avec Emax = 60π 0 2
⇒ Emax
λ r λ r
2 2
 dl  240π 2 2  dl 
⇒ U max = 30π I 02   ⇒ W= I0  
λ 3 λ
2
 2  dl
A.N :
⇒ R0 = 80π  
λ dl dl
= 0.1 = 0.033
λ λ
R0 = 80π 2 0.01 = 8Ω R0 = 80π 2 0.1 = 0.8Ω

Summary : Doublet or Hertz Dipole
Realization : Waveband : Pattern Diagram :

- Vertical antenna
- Loaded by several wire - 10 HZ to 100 KHz
- Supported by pylons
Advantage : Disadvantage :
- Space required - Very weak bandwidth
Application :
- Submarine contact L<< λ I=ct
- Radio navigation on antenna
- Broadcasting (Km)

Rayonnement d’une antenne filaire quelconque
M
l
M I ( z ) = I (− z ) ⇒ I ( z ) = I 0 sin[k (l − z )]
I(z)
z
M
0
l
I(-z)
a
-l
E (θ ) = 60π
I0
[ f (a, l ,θ )]e − jkr
λr

Wire Antennas
λ
Optimal radiation when antenna is resonant : la = n ×
2
Radiation pattern depends on current distribution
λ 3λ
la = la = λ la =
2 2
78° 47°
-

Radiation Pattern of the λ /2 dipole
0 1 90 1
30 120 60
E plane 0.8 0.8 H plane
0.6 0.6
60 150 30
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
90 180 0
120 210 330
150 240 300

180 270
π 
cos cos θ  Omnidirectional
E (θ ) = 60
I0 2  in azimuth
r sin θ
π π  I0
Pour θ = : E   = 60
2 2 r

Directivity of the λ /2 dipole
Dmax (
= Dθ =π )= (
4π U θ = π )
2 = 4π
2 W ∫∫ f (θ , φ )dΩ
4π
4π
= = 1.64 ou 2.14dB
2 π 
π cos  cos θ 
2π 2  dθ
∫ sin 2 θ 1.22
0

Radiation resistance of the λ /2 dipole
U max ∫∫ f (θ )dΩ
R0 = I 0 : courant max
I 02
2
E
Comme U max = Pr max × r 2 = max × r 2
120π
2
I0  I0 
Avec Emax = 60 ⇒ Emax =  60 
2
r  r 
60 2 60 2
⇒ U max = ⇒ R0 = × 2π ×1.22
120π 120π
⇒ R0 = 73.2 Ω

Radiation resistance of the λ /2 dipole
Input impedance Behaves like an open

transmission line
Ra = 72Ω
X a = 0Ω

Effect of Ground
P P
E1
E1
I P Er Ei P
I E2′
E2
I
I
Addition of fields at P : Addition of fields at P :
E = E1 + E2 E = E1 + E2
Ground doubles gain Ground halves radiation resistance

4π
Dmax =
2 π  U max ∫∫ f (θ )dΩ
π /2 cos  cos θ  R0 =
2π  2  dθ I 02
∫ sin 2
θ
0 60 2 1.22
1.64 R0 = × 2π × = 36.6 Ω
= = 3.28 ou 5.14dB 120π 2
0 .5
Effect of Ground : Summary
Ground effect on antenna parameters

– If perfect conductor : equivalent to a total reflector
– Virtual or image antenna
– Principle : multiplication of caracteristic functions (ground x antenna)
– Strong influence on gain and input impedance
– application : λ/4 whip antenna

Summary : Main figures
Antenna λ no ground λ with ground

2 4
Gain 1.64 3.28
Radiation
resistance 73.2 36.6
λ λ
Effective height
π 2π

Input Impedance
1 + jth(αl ) tg (βl )
Ze = Zc
th(αl ) + j tg (βl )
l << λ β l << π
Zc 1
as α << β Ze ≈ − j =
4 2 βl jCω
l=λ βl = π Z e = Z cth(αl ) = 73Ω
4 2
l=λ
1
βl = π Ze = Zc high ≈ 1000 Ω
2 th(αl )
Xe
l =λ/4 Re
l =λ/2
l << λ

Influence of an inductive load at the base of a
monopole on the resonant frequency (1)
On veut Xe = 0 jLω + (− jZ c cotg βl ) = 0

2πl
On pose x =
λ
Za
π
On veut montrer qu' il existe x1 tel que x1 <
Ze 2
Zc Zc
Lω = ⇒ tgβl =
tgβl Lω
Zc 1 Z c 1× λ l Z c l 1
tg βl = × = × × = × ×
L 2πf L 2π v l L v x

Influence of an inductive load at the base of a
monopole on the resonant frequency (2)
π π
Za − 0 −
2 2
π λ
Ze x1 Il existe bien x1 tel que x1 <
2
donc l1 <
4
Exercice : Extraire la self nécessaire pour rendre les antennes résonantes
l =λ
8 l =λ L=
1
× Zc ×
1
tg (βl1 )
4
ω
1 1 −8
L= × 50 × = 10 H = 10nH
2π 10 9 1
Superturnstile
Realization : Waveband : Pattern Diagram :
- Vertical alignment - 5 MHZ to 1 GHz

- Super Turnstile
- No radiation in the H plan - One antenna per frequency
- Modulated antennas
Application :
- Telecom
- FM and TV

Yagi antenna
Specifications
Electrical ASP-998
Power Rating 125 watts
Gain 8 dBd (10 dBi) typical
Frequency Range ASP-998, 806-894 MHz
ASPG998, 890-960 MHz
VSWR 1.5:1
Impedance 50 ohms
Polarization Vertical
Front to Back Ratio ASP-998, >11dB
ASPG998, >10 dB
E-plane Beamwidth ASP-998, 42-51°
ASPG998, 44-50° E-Plane
H-plane Beamwidth ASP-998, 53-68°
ASPG998, 55-64°
Mechanical
Rated Wind Velocity 120 mph (193 km/h)
Length 23.2 inches (58.9 cm)
Radiator Material DURA-COAT aluminum
Reflector Material DURA-COAT aluminum
Mounting Material Zinc-plated steel bracket, U-Bolt
Mounting Length 1.5 inches (3.81 cm)
Mounting Diameter 1 inch (2.54 cm)
Weight 1.2 lb (0.55 kg)
Shipping Weight 2 lb (0.91 kg)
Shipping Dim 26.5 x 8 x 1.5 inches (67.3 x 20.3 x 3.8 cm)
Cable 2.25 ft (0.68 m) PRO-FLEX™
http://www.antenna.com
H-Plane

Other antenna types
Horn antenna
Slot antenna
Reflector antenna
Patch antenna (printed)

Radiating Apertures
– Caracterized by an aperture in a surface separating 2 media

– Radiation characteristics (pattern, directivity, …) will depend on surface
illumination (amplitude and phase)

Horn Antenna
Applications
– Medium gain ( around 15-20 dB) (mind the secondary lobes!)
– For high power (spatial communications)
r
E
wave guide
Radiating aperture

Slot Antenna (1/3)
Slotted waveguide
– Radiation due to cuts in the wall
radian
longitudinal transversal

Slot Antenna (2/3)
Principles
– Each cut is a source , fed by induced currents on the surface waveguide

– Appropriate choice of cuts positions and shapes allow the user to design a
proper radiation pattern with linear or circular polarization
Applications
– Very good integration (low profile)
– High frequency operation (above 1GHz)
– Very interesting for array antenna

Slot Antenna (3/3)
Realization : Wideband : Pattern Diagram :

- Embedded slot
More or less directing - 100 MHZ to 10 GHz
- Alignment of the slot
- Plated antennas - Mono frequency
- High gain - Very narrow Bandwidth
Application :
- Electronic pointing
- TV – Broadcasting
- Telecom Aeronautical
- Military application

Reflector Antennas (1/4)
– Parabolic dish used in telecommunications :

• Hertzian link (4 à 12 GHz)
• Terrestrial stations for spatial telecommunications
• Satellite antennas
– Characteristics
• HPBW < 1°
• Very high gain : 30 to 50 dB

– Working Principle of a parabolic antenna
All the rays come out parallel :

narrow radiation pattern, so high gain
Primary source :
Secondary source : Illumination of the parabola
Reflect the primary

Effective Aperture
Effect Aperture is equal to Physical Aperture

if illumination law of parabola is uniform (depends
On primary source : dipole, horn or log antenna)

Trends in reflector antennas (4/4)
Cassegrain antenna (double reflectors) for low noise spatial application

Periscopic antenna for hertzian link
Multi-band antenna
Multi-beam antenna
– Multiple beam (uncoherent sources)
– Conformed beam (coherent sources)

Printed elements or Patch antenna (1/5)
Description :
– Copper deposited on substrate with rear ground plane
Input to patch L
Patch
E
Ground Plane
Substrate

Printed elements or Patch antenna (2/5)
Principle :
– Polarization and radiation pattern depends on antenna shape and feed
r r
E E r
E

Printed element or Patch antenna (3/5)
Specifications
Electrical
Gain 8.0 dBi
Frequency Range 2300-2500 MHz
VSWR 1.5:1
Power 10 watts
Impedance 50 ohms
Polarization Vertical
Front to Back Ratio >25dB
E-plane Beamwidth 60°+-5°
H-plane Beamwidth 80°+-5°
Mechanical
Depth 1.6 inches (4.1 cm)
Radiator Material Brass
Reflector Material Brass
Mounting Integrated
Windload(fatal) 208kph
Weight 0.145 kg
Cable not supplied
Connector SMAfemale
http://www.antenna.com


Advantages
– Low cost (depends on substrate) and low weight
– Planar structure (integration)
– Very low profile (vehicules or missiles)
– Easy integration in array antenna

Antenna Array (1/7)
Grouping the antennas

– Constructive field superposition
– Array factor
Interactions between antennas
– Mutual impedances
Smart antennas
– principles

Antenna Array (2/7)
Wave front
A2 , φ 2
A1 , φ1

Antenna Array (3/7)
Array factor
– For N identical antennas with same amplitude :
Garray = N × G1element

Antenna Array (4/7)
To increase directivity
90 30
120 60
20
150 30
θ
10
180 0
Ai , φi
identical for all sources
210 330
240 300
270

Antenna Array (5/7)
90
30
120 60
20
θ 150 30
10
180 0
Ai , φi
identical for all sources 210 330
240 300
270

Antenna Array (6/7)
Focusing and scanning antennas
90
1
120 60
0.8
θ 0.6
150 30
0.4
0.2
180 0
same Ai 210 330
φi +1 = φi
240 300
270

Antenna Array (7/7)
Focusing and scanning antennas
90
1
120 60
0.8
θ 0.6
150 30
0.4
0.2
180 0
same Ai 210 330

φi +1 = φi + 45°
240 300
270

Smart antenna (1/4)
Diversity by switching or combination of antennas

Dynamic focusing
• Adaptive antennas at transmission
• Adaptive antennas at reception
Powerful signal processing
• Decision criteria (good or false target)
• Tracking

Smart antenna (2/4)
Switching diversity 90
2
120 60
1.5
150 1 30
0.5
180 0
210 330
240 300
270
The Base Station Antenna is choosen

according to the terminal position

Smart antenna (3/4)
Interest :
– Reception : reduce the strong interferers in one or more directions (null in
radiation pattern)
– Transmission : avoid pollution of other systems
– Interferences reduction
• Inter and intra cell interference reduction

Smart antenna (4/4)
Configurable from 824 to 1990 MHz

Future
Slot antennas, integration

Wideband antennas (UWB)
Smart antennas
Electrically small antennas

Antennas Basic PDF

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ANTENNAS

1 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

2 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

3 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

Antenna = final element of a Transmit/Receive radio link

4 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

An antenna is a passive reciprocal device

5 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

6 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

From a few kHz up to several GHz

7 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

8 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

3. Surface Wave Antennas

9 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

4. Frequency Independant Antennas

10 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

Configurable from 824 to 1990 MHz

11 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

12 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

Hyp : currents defined on surface

13 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

14 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

15 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

16 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

17 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

18 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

19 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

20 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

Power density : Total radiated power per unit area

21 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

Radiation Intensity : Total radiated power per unit angle

Total Radiated power is the integral : P ( r ,θ , φ )

22 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

Poynting theorem : Total radiated power per unit area

23 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

Diagram representing the variations of the radiated power in the

24 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

f = 13.56 MHz f = 900 MHz

Main lobe axis

Radiation pattern in dBi Linear radiation pattern (P/Pmax)

210 330 210 330

240 300 240 300

27 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

Radiation pattern in dBi Linear radiation pattern (P/Pmax)

210 330 210 330

240 300 240 300

28 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

Nearly Fluctuating 1/r2 Law

Rayleigh Fresnel Fraunhoffer

29 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

Directive gain of an antenna U (θ , φ ) Pr ( r ,θ , φ )

Pr ( r ,θ , φ ) = power density at some point with a given antenna

with same radiated power for both systems

Maximum directive gain is called Directivity

30 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

Exercice : Directivity of an Hemispheric source

31 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

32 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

Revolution diagram on z axis

33 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

Exercice : Directivity of a sin2 radiation pattern

34 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll

Ratio of Radiation Intensity over Power radiated by Isotropic Source