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ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING
Electrical Power Engineering – GTU

Introduction:
The electrical energy is today an essential factor for the industrial and social development of any country. It
is commonly obtained from non-re-generative sources such as fossil fuels, and as consumption per capita
and population grow, its limited production needs to be efficiently managed to satisfy the increasing world
demand.
Modern electric power systems have grown and expanded geographically becoming more complex over
time. The planning, monitoring, and management of such systems, require advanced analysis and control
techniques for network interconnection, energy management and storage, and the integration of distributed
renewable energy sources in the future Smart Grid implementations.
Description:
The GTU trainer has been designed to provide students with a fully comprehensive knowledge in Electrical
Power Engineering systems, subdivided into four major study areas:
 Electric power generation
 Electric power transmission and distribution
 Electric power use
 Protection techniques
Key characteristics
Modularity
• Scaled down model of entire power distribution system

• Reconfigurable lab composed of discrete elements
• Industrial grade devices
Open SCADA Web
• Software to supervise and control all the active components of the network
• Software based learning platform structured using a didactic approach
• Open software platform for full cutomization
Didactic approach
• Multidisciplinary laboratory that covers from the most basic concepts of electrical
engineering to more advanced configurations
• Hands-on, experiment based, training platform
Skills development
• Students interact with real industrial equipment

• Platform for simulating real scenarios
• Development of analytical and troubleshooting skills
Modularity
Each trainer is composed of a set of modules representing a scaled down version of the various sections
forming a complete electrical power system.
High voltage 400 kV power transmission

lines, represented by 400 V lines in the
laboratory.
Real electrical generator is used to produce

electrical power.
Dedicated digital multifunction instruments

used for accurate measurements.
Industrial devices integrated in the system

for monitoring and protection
Industrial grade equipment has been integrated into a controlled environment, providing a flexible and
reconfigurable learning platform to study electrical power engineering applications.
Open SCADA Web
The full system is controlled by an industrial Supervision and Control Data Acquisition (SCADA) software that
communicates with all the active devices in the trainer to provide real-time measurements, system status
and system control.
The software is structured

following a didactic
approach, dividing each
unit of study into single
exercises.
The open SCADA-WEB

licence gives the teachers
the possibility to create
their own projects and
fully customize the
experiments by displaying
the parameters of interest
and controlling the
actuators for an
“intelligent” power
management.
Depending of the
configuration, the
software can be used to
monitor the system
remotely from a local or
remote PC using an
internet connection
Didactic approach:
The laboratory follows a top down architecture, dividing each topic in learning units and in single exercises
that build up knowledge progressively from the most basic concepts of electrical engineering to the more
advanced network configurations.
From bottom to top:

 Hardware components.
 Major application trainers (generation, transmission and distribution, or use).
 The smart layer that uses the knowledge and data from the single applications to create management
facilities.
From front to back:

 Technical and theoretical documentation.
 Practical experiments that reproduce some real life scenarios.
 Real life implementation.
Skills development:
This multidisciplinary laboratory is aimed at providing a progressive hands-on learning tool to be used
throughout the power electronics courseware developing skills at various levels:
Basic:
• Circuits theory: validate the basic electric laws
and circuit theory using three-phase power.
• Electrical measurements: Use of industrial
measurement devices and protection relays.
Intermediate:
• Electric machines: study of a three-phase
transformer, and alternator or a motor acting
as load.
• Power electrical engineering: generation,
transmission, distribution and use of electrical
power.
Advanced:
• Grid: Study of different network topologies.
• Energy management: Power flow control, fault
simulation and troubleshooting.
• Introduction to intelligent power systems
"Smart Grid".
POWER GENERATION
DL GTU 101-S
Introduction:
The three-phase power is the most commonly used for generation, transmission, distribution and use in the
public energy sector. Three-phase systems are more economical than single phase systems due to the
reduced amount of conductor material needed to transmit the same amount of power making them suitable
for high voltage transmission over long distances. Furthermore, it is ideal for consumers use in three-phase
(motors, heavy loads) or single-phase applications.
The generation of electrical energy is performed almost exclusively by means of high power synchronous
machines, or alternators, whose construction design depends on the type of drive, which can normally be
steam, gas or water. One major limitation of the electrical power is that it cannot be stored in large quantities
and, therefore, it has to be generated as the consumer needs it. The synchronous generator can be operated
in isolated mode, providing power to a single consumer, or it can be connected in parallel with a constant-
voltage constant-frequency grid system.
In this laboratory the main characteristics of a synchronous generator are studied as well its synchronization to the
main network and its behaviour under different load conditions.
Experiments
Generator analysis
•Winding resistance measurement
•Generator no-load test
•Generator short-circuit test
•Conventional efficiency
Load characteristics
•Active power generation.
•Inductive reactive power generation.
•Capacitive reactive power generation.
•Regulation performance analysis.
Network synchronization
•Manual synchronization: Dark lamp synchronization method, Two Bright one dark
synchronization method and parallel operation using a synchronoscope.
•Automatic synchronization using a synchronization relay.
Generator network operation

•Alternator and synchronous motor operation.
•Dynamic power factor control of the grid.
Expansion:
Adding optional modules to the GTU 101-S configuration, the available list of experiments and system
capabilities are expanded.
DL 4250 Scope acquisition
•More accurate visualization of the following experiments:

•Inductive reactive power generation.
•Capacitive reactive power generation.
•Generator synchronization
•Dynamic power factor control of the grid.
DL GTU 101-P Generation protection
•Paramenter configuration, fault simulation, relay response measurement and oscillograph recording for the
following protections:
•Overcurrent protection
•Over-voltage and under-voltage protection
•Over-frequency and under-frequency protection
•Unbalanced load protection
•Stator-earth fault protection
•Reverse power protection
•Generator differential protection
List of modules
DL GTU101-S
DL 2108TAL-SW Three-phase supply unit 1
DL 10065N Electric power measuring module 1
DL 2109T29 Three-phase power meter 1
DL 2108T02 Power circuit breaker 1
DL 2108T02A Power circuit breaker 1
DL 2109T1T Synchronization indicator 1
DL 2109T32 Synchronoscope 1
DL 2108T25 Generator synchronising relay 1
DL 1017R Resistive load 1
DL 1017L Inductive load 1
DL 1017C Capacitive load 1
DL 1067S Automatic voltage regulator 1
DL 2108T26 Brushless motor with controller 1
DL 1026P4 Three Phase Synchronous Machine 4 poles 1
DL 1013A Universal base 1
DL HUBRS485F Communication MODBUS 1
DL 2600TTI Three-phase isolation transformer 1
DL SCADA-WEB SCADA Software Winlog Pro W-NET/I-USB Up to 256 variables sampled 1
DL PCGRID All-in-One Computer 1
DL 1155WPP Kit of cables for DL WPP 1
DL 1196 Holder for leads 1
DL T12090 120x90 working bench 1
DL A120-3M-LED Three-level work frame with LED light 1
Expansion modules
DL 4250
DL 4250 Scope acquisition 1
DL GTU 101-P
DL 2108T23 Feeder manager relay 1
DL 2108T24 Percentage biased generator differential relay 1
DL 2109T21 Single-phase current transformer 1
DL 2109T22 Three-phase current transformer 2
DL 2108T10 CT Load 1
POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

DL GTU102-S
Introduction:
Today, the public electric power is supplied almost exclusively using three-phase systems with frequency of 50 or 60
Hz, depending on the country. The major advantage of AC three-phase over DC power systems is that the electrical
power is generated economically in large power stations relatively far from the end users, transported at high
voltage over long distances with very little power loss and finally made available to the consumers providing them
with two different levels of voltage depending on the application needs.
The major components of electric power transmission and distribution systems are:
· Transformers: step up transformers increase the generated voltage to values suitable for high voltage
transmission systems, isolation transformers are used to exchange power between networks, and step down
transformers decrease the voltages to medium voltage level and further down to low voltage to be distributed
to the consumer.
· Transmission lines: overhead power lines are mainly used to transmit electrical energy from the power stations
to the consumers. However, in densely populated areas the power can only be supplied via cables. Various
voltage levels are used for transmitting power; the levels are determined by the amount of power and the
distance; the higher the transmission voltages, the lower the currents as well as the transmission losses.
However, it must also be considered that network investment costs increase with the voltage.
· Busbars, disconnectors and power circuit breakers: they are the main components found in a switching station
used for power distribution.
To evaluate the optimum network configuration complex calculations have to be carried out. In this laboratory the
basic circuits of power engineering, series and parallel connections of operating equipment (lines, transformers) as
well as circuits involving the conversion of delta connections to star connections and vice versa, are analysed.
Experiments:
DL GTU102-S
Three-phase transformers
•Transformer vector group.
•Transformer no load performance.
•Transformer short-circuit performance and equivalent circuit.
•Load performance.
•Zero impedance.
•Asymmetrical load.
•Autotransformer.
•Parallel operation.
Transmission lines
•Studies on three-phase transmission lines
•No-load performance, Ferranti effect.
•Matched load performance.
•Three-phase symmetrical short-circuits.
•Resistive-inductive load.
•Resistive-capacitive load.
•Zero-phase impedance.
•Parallel compensation for a resistive-inductive load.
•Series compensation for a resistive-inductive load.
•Three-phase asymmetric short-circuit.
•Parallel and series connection of transmission lines

•Series connection of two lines.
•Parallel connection of two lines.
•Transmission line with earth-fault compensation

•Earth fault on a line with an isolated star point.
•Petersen suppression coil.
Power distribution
•Three-pole double busbar systems
•Basic double busbar system.
•Double busbar system with load.
•Busbar coupling.
•Network topologies
•Radial network.
•Meshed network.
Expansion:
Adding optional modules to the GTU 102-S configuration, the available list of experiments and system
DL GTU102.1-P Transformer protection
•Paramenter configuration, fault simulation, relay response measurement and oscillograph recording for
the following protections:
•Time overcurrent protection
•Transformer differential protection
DL GTU102.2-P Transmission line protection
•Paramenter configuration, fault simulation, relay response measurement and oscillograph recording for the
following protections:
•Inverse time overcurrent protection
•Earth-fault protection
•Undervoltage and overvoltage protection
•Directional power protection
•Protection of parallel connected lines
DL 2108T22 Distance protection
•Paramenter configuration, fault simulation, relay response measurement and recording for the following
protections:
•Overvoltage protection
•Undervoltage protection
•Distance protection
List of modules
DL GTU102-S
DL 1013T1MR Motorized variable three-phase power supply 1
DL 1080TT Three-phase transformer 2
DL 2109D51 Digital Vector group meter 1
DL 2109D20 Digital AC/DC multirange ammeter 1
DL 7901TT Overhead line model 2
DL 7901TTS Overhead line model 110Km 1
DL 2108T04 Petersen Coil 1
DL 2108T02/2 Double busbar with two disconnectors 3
Expansion modules
DL GTU102.1-P
DL 2108T21 Differential transformer relay 1
DL GTU102.2-P
DL 2108T13 Inverse time overcurrent relay 1
DL 2108T18 Earth-fault relay 1
DL 2108T22
DL 2108T22 Distance protection relay 1
Current and voltage transformers

DL GTU103.1-S
Introduction:
In electrical power supply systems, currents and voltages are constantly measured and monitored to ensure
that they remain within certain limits. In general, the current and voltage values are so high that they cannot
be measured directly.
Special transformers have to be used to reduce these values to a level that can be measured safely and
economically. These values are needed in order to provide information on the health of the system, to
calculate the amount of power supplied to a customer and to rapidly switch off sections of a network in case
of a fault event to avoid its propagation that could result in the collapse of the entire power supply system.
Experiments:
DL GTU103.1-S
Current transformer
•Single phase current transformer operation
•Single phase current transformer load test
•Three-phase current transformer
•Three-phase current transformer summing circuit - zero-phase sequence of a three
phase system.
•Summation current transformer
Voltage transformer
•Single-phase voltage transformer – Transformation ratio and influence of load.
•Three-phase voltage transformers and fault to ground.
•Two single-pole voltage transformers.
List of modules
DL GTU103.1-S
DL 1013T1MR Motorized variable three-phase power supply 1
DL 2109T25 Summation current transformer 1
DL 2109D20 Digital AC/DC multirange ammeter 1
DL 2108T10 CT load 1
DL 2108T11 VT load 1
DL 2109T23 Single-phase voltage transformer 1
DL 2109T24 Three-phase voltage transformer 1
DL 2109D10 Digital AC/DC multirange voltmeter 1
Protection relays DL GTU103.2-S
Introduction:
Dedicated protection relays are used for monitoring each section of the power system (generators,
transformers and transmission lines), to recognize a damaged system component for a specific fault event
(under/over voltage, under/over frequency, over-current, earth-fault, reverse power, etc.), and to disconnect
it quickly and reliably, protecting humans and the other healthy parts of the system while maintaining the
power distribution.
Experiments
DL GTU103.2-S
Protection relays
•Paramenter configuration, fault simulation, relay response measurement and
oscillograph recording for the following protections:
•Definite time overcurrent protection
•Undervoltage protection
•Overvoltage protection
Expansion:
Adding optional modules to the GTU 103.2-S configuration, the available list of experiments and system
DL GTU103A-S Generation protection
•Over-voltage and under-voltage protection
•Over-frequency and under-frequency protection
•Stator-earth fault protection
•Reverse power protection
•Generator differential protection
DL GTU103B-S HV line protection

•Protection of radial feeder
•Undervoltage and overvoltage protection
•Protection of parallel connected lines
DL 2108T22 Distance protection

•Paramenter configuration, fault simulation, relay response measurement and recording for the following
protections:
•Distance protection
DL GTU103C-S Transformer protection
•Resticted earth fault
•Transformer differential protection
List of modules
DL GTU103.2-S
DL 1080TT Three-phase transformer 1
Expansion modules
DL GTU103A-S
DL 10065N Electric power measuring module 1
DL 2109D11-2 Double digital voltmeter with synchronization 1
DL 1067S Automatic voltage regulator 1
DL 1026P4 Three Phase Synchronous Machine 4 poles 1
DL 1013A Universal base 1
DL 2108T24 Percentage biased generator differential relay 1
DL 2108T10 CT Load 1
DL GTU103B-S
DL 7901TT Overhead line model 2
DL 2108T13 Inverse time overcurrent relay 1
DL 2108T18 Earth-fault relay 1
DL 2108T22
DL 2108T22 Distance protection relay 1
DL GTU103C-S
DL 2108T21 Differential transformer relay 1
ENERGY MANAGEMENT
DL GTU104-S
Introduction:
In some countries, the electric energy consumption levels have reached levels that exceed the available supply.
There is an increasing need to optimize and reduce this level of use and find alternative, more efficient and
renewable power sources.
Electric companies use electric meters installed at the consumers facilities to measure the power delivered to them
for billing purposes. Modern solid state electricity meters are able to measure both active and reactive power,
demand and maximum use of power, or allow different rates to be applied in different periods of the day.
Most electrical installations act as inductive loads on the mains network. These loads include equipment with coils
or windings, such as motors and transformers that produce a time delay between the voltage and current variables.
Energy consumers, in particular larger ones such as industrial plants, are obliged, either by contract or for economic
reasons, to compensate the reactive power consumed by their equipment.
The integration of distributed renewable energy systems tied to the main grid create a bidirectional flow of energy
that needs to be properly managed, using metering and advanced power electronics conversion techniques.
In this laboratory, several types of user can be simulated using static and dynamic loads to study power factor
compensation, energy consumption, load profiling and the optimization of electrical power use.
Experiments
DL GTU 104-S:
Complex loads, energy and power consumption
•Three-phase consumers with star and delta connections (R, L, C, RL, RC and RLC loads).
•Dynamic load:
•Study of an asynchronous motor as three-phase load
•Power measurement in the case of energy-flow reversal.
•Active energy consumption
•Reactive energy consumption:
•for symmetric and asymmetric RL loads.
•in the event of a phase failure.
•in the event of over-compensation (RC load).
•for active loads.
•Maximum power demand.
Power factor compensation

•Manual power factor compensation:
•Calculating parameters for compensation capacitors.
•Compensation using various capacitors.
•Automatic power factor compensation.
Energy Management
•Load profiling and efficiency
•Mixed load energy consumption analysis with and without power factor compensation.
List of modules
DL GTU104-S
DL 2108TAL-SW Three-phase power supply 1
DL 1021/4 Three-phase asynchronous machine 4P cage , 1.5kW , 50 / 60Hz 1
DL 2108T26BR Braking resistor for brushless motor nominal 5.4Nm 1
DL 2108T19 Reactive power controller 1
DL 2108T20 Switchable capacitor battery 1
DL 4236 Load Manager 1
DL 4251 Digital HMI gateway 1
DL 1013A Universal Base 1

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ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING

Electrical Power Engineering – GTU

• Scaled down model of entire power distribution system

Open SCADA Web

• Students interact with real industrial equipment

High voltage 400 kV power transmission

Real electrical generator is used to produce

Dedicated digital multifunction instruments

Industrial devices integrated in the system

Open SCADA Web

The software is structured

The open SCADA-WEB

From bottom to top:

From front to back:

Generator network operation

DL 4250 Scope acquisition

•More accurate visualization of the following experiments:

DL GTU 101-P Generation protection

POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

•Parallel and series connection of transmission lines

•Transmission line with earth-fault compensation

DL GTU102.1-P Transformer protection

DL GTU102.2-P Transmission line protection

DL 2108T22 Distance protection

Current and voltage transformers

Protection relays DL GTU103.2-S

DL GTU103A-S Generation protection

DL GTU103B-S HV line protection

DL 2108T22 Distance protection

DL GTU103C-S Transformer protection

Power factor compensation

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