BASIC MEASURE AND UNCERTAINTY

Maurizka Amaliah, Aisyah Nurul Wahda, Nur Aliyah Ibrahim, Selni

Sandabunga.’
ICP A CHEMISTRY
Abstract
Experiments had been performed basic measure and uncertainty.The Purpose of
Experiments are able use basic tools measure,able determine uncertainty to single measure and
recur,understand and meaningful numeral.methodology practical is measure of length,width,and
height of beam,measure diameter of ball,measure mass of beam and ball,measure time and
temperature.to measure of long,wide,and high of beam, the first use ruler after that use caliper and
then use screw micrometer.To measure diameter of ball is used caliper and screw
micrometer.After that measure mass of beam and ball use ohauss balance 310 gram,311 gram,and
2610 gram.All of the measure do three times recur measure with different person. then measure
temperature of water with heat of water and count of temperature change every minute use
stopwatch until six minutes. From all the types of measure will get different data measure.So, from
that experiments can know every measure doing with different person will get different data and
smaller carefulness of measure tool so preciser of measure result.

Keywords : important number,mass,recur of measure,uncertainty

absolute,volume.

Problem Formulation
1. How to can use basic of measure tools ?
2. How to determine uncertainty of single measure and recur ?
3. How to determine of meaningful of numeral ?

Purpose
1. Able use basic tools measure.
2. Able determine uncertainty to single measure and recur.
3. Understand meaningful number.

Experimental Methodology

Brief Theory
Significant figures are all the numbers obtained from the measurement
results, including the last digit forecasted. Rules - rules on significant figures:
 a. All non-zero numbers are significant figures.
b. Zeros are located between two significant figures, including significant
figures.
c. Zeros are located in belakng nonzero digits and is located at the end of the
row, including significant figures unless the numbers before zero are
underlined.
d. Zeros in front of numbers is not zero, either in advance or after the decimal
point, not significant figures.
Rounding numbers. How to rounding number is
a. Number greater than five rounded up.
b. Numbers smaller than five rounded down.
c. Figures are exactly equal to five round up when the previous figure odd and
rounded down if even.
Addition and subtraction with significant figures. The results of addition
and subtraction of numbers only have one doubt. If all the numbers are not
underlined, the last digit numbers is doubtful.
Multiplication and division with important numbers. The result of the
multiplication or division of a crucial number to exact numbers can only have as
many significant figures on the number of significant figures important
a. rule
There are two kinds of scale on the bar is a small bar and a millimeter to a
centimeter to one meter in size. Accuracy of measurement is 0.5 millimeters using
a ruler. This value is obtained from the distance between two adjacent short
scratch on the bar is one millimeter. Accuracy bar is half of the smallest scale. So
½ x 1 mm = 0.5 mm
b. caliper
Vernier caliper consists of two parts, namely the fixed jaw has a major
scale (in cm) and has a sliding jaw Nonius scale (in mm). Ten major scale has a
length of 1 cm and 10 Nonius scale has a length of 0.9 cm. So different from the
Nonius scale with the main scale is 0.1 cm - 0.09 cm = 0.01 cm or 0.1 mm. So
NST = 0.1 mm. So the precision is ½ x 0.1 mm = 0.05 mm.
c. micrometer screw
The major scale indicated on the envelope and Nonius scale lies in the outer
sheath. If the outer sheath is rotated 1x then sliding jaw and outer sheath 0.5 mm
forward or backward. Because the outer sheath has a 50 scale, then one scale on
the outer sheath is equal to the distance forward / backward sliding jaw as far as
0.5 mm / 50 = 0.01 mm. So smallest scale value is 0.01 mm and the precision ½ x
0.01 = 0.005 mm.

Mass measuring instrument

a. Balance Ohauss 2610 grams
At the balance sheet has three different arms. In the first arm has a load
rating of 10 grams with a load scale value of 10 grams / 1 = 10 grams. In the
second arm has a load rating of 100 grams with two arm-scale value of 100 g / 1 =
100 grams. In the third arm possess one gram load value and the scale value of 1
gram / 10 = 0.1 grams. The measurement results can be determined by
appointment adds a load hanging with all the appointment arm balance arm.
b. Balance Ohauss 311 grams
This balance sheet has 4 different arm - the arm beda.Nilai scale 1 = 100
gram.Nilai scale arm 2 = 10 grams. Value scale arm 3 = 1 gram .Value scale 4 =
0.01 gram.Smallest scale value arms taken from the smallest scale value of four
arms then it’s smaleest scale value is 0.01 grams. The results of measurements
performed by summing the appointment of all the arm balance used.

c. Balance Ohauss 310 grams

The balance sheet has two different arm, rotate and scale Nonius scale.
NSTnya can be determined in the same manner on the calipers. Results of
measurement is determined by summing the appointment of all kengan added to
the value of the measurement of rotary and noniusnya scale.

Time and temperature measuring instrument

a. A thermometer is a device used to measure the temperature of a mercury
thermometer and zat.Smallest scale value alkohol. Smallest scale value
thermometer can be determined as well as the usual rule determines Smallest scale
value, which takes a certain limit measure and dividing by the number scale from
zero to the measure taken.
b. Stopwatch is a measure of time that is often used in the same smallest scale
value stopwatch laboratorium.How to determine smaleest scale value without
Nonius tool.
Uncertainty in Measurement Single
Single measurement is a measurement that is only done once. In a single
measurement, the value of which is used as a substitute for the true value is the
result of the measurement itself. While uncertainty is half the value obtained from
the smallest scale of the instrument used. For example, we measure the length of
an object using a ruler.
At 15.6 cm ruler measurements obtained less. Remember, the smallest
scale bar is 1 mm. It was agreed that the uncertainty in a single measurement tool
is half the smallest scale. Thus, the uncertainty in these measurements is as
follows
Because of the uncertainty values have two decimal places (0.05 mm), the
measurement results must be reported within two decimal us. That is, the value of
x should we report in three figures. The third number that we have to report our
appraiser, but the estimates should only be 0 or 5. Since the end of the object less
than 15.6 cm, then the value of the estimates is 5. Thus, the measurement of
objects using a ruler we can report the following.

The length of the object (l)

l = x ± Δx

= (15.6 ± 0.05) cm
 The meaning of the measurement report is that we do not know the value
of x (length of object) true. However, after the measurements were taken only
once we get a value of 15.6 cm or less between 15.60 cm to 15.70 cm.
Statistically, this means no 100% guarantee that the objects contained in an
interval of length 15.60 cm to 15.7 cm or (15.60 ≤ x ≤ 15.70) cm.

Uncertainty in Measurement Recurring

In order to get accurate measurement results, we can make repeated
measurements. So how do I report the results of repeated measurements? In
repeated measurements we will get as much as N times the measurement results.
Based on statistical analysis, the best value to replace the true value x0adalah
average value of the data obtained (x0). As for the value of uncertainty (Δx) can
be replaced by the value of the standard deviation of the average value of the
sample. Mathematically it can be written as follows

Remarks:

x0: the results of measurement approaches the true value

Δx: measurement uncertainty
N: the number of the measurements were performed

In a single measurement uncertainty value (Δx) is called the absolute

uncertainty. The smaller the absolute uncertainty achieved in a single
measurement, the measurement results were closer to the truth. The uncertainty
value also determines the number of digits that should be included in the
measurement report. How do I determine the number of digits in the repeated
measurements?

How to determine the number of digits that should be included in the

repeated measurements is to find the relative uncertainty of the repeated
measurements. Relative uncertainty can be determined by dividing the
measurement uncertainty with the average value of the measurement.
Mathematically it can be written as follows.

After knowing the relative uncertainty, we can use the rules that have been
agreed upon scientists to find the number of digits that may be included in the
report of the results of repeated measurements. Rule number of digits that can be
reported in the repeated measurements are as follows.

relative uncertainty of 10% is entitled to two digits

relative uncertainty of 1% is entitled to three digits
relative uncertainty of 0.1% is entitled to four digits

Tools and Materials

1. Tools
a. Ruler
b. Caliper
c. Screw Micrometer
d. Stopwatch
e. Termometer
f. Ohaus Balance
g. Measure glass
h. Foot Three and Gauze
i. Bunsen Burner
 2. Materials
a. Enough water
b. Small Balls
c. Iron Beam

Variable Identification

Activity 1
Control Variable
1. Length
2. Width
3. Height
4. Diameter

Activity 2
Control Variable
1. Mass

Activity 3
Respon Variable
1. Time
Manipulation Variable
1. Temperature

Variable Operational Definition

Activity 1
Control Variable
1. Length is distance between two points in the room.
 2. Width is across in a area.
3. Height is distance is measured in vertical position.
4. Diameter is line segment through the center and connecting two points on
the circle, or, in modern usage, diameter means the length of the line
segment.

Activity 2
Control Variable
1. Mass is count of material in an object.

Activity 3
Respon Variable
1. Time is moment when the whole series, action, or circumstance exists or
takes place. One secon is 1 / 86,400 times a day based on the time of
rotation of the earth on its axis.
Manipulation Variable
1. Temperature is measure the degree of hotness or coldness of an object.

Work Procedure
a. Practical Activity 1
In Practical Activity 1,the first determine smallest skala value of
ruler,caliper,and screw micrometer.After that measure of beam.it is measured
long, wide, and high use ruler,second caliper,and then screw
micrometer.Measure is done three times use that measure tools and note result of
measure in table of result observation with uncertainty..Every recur measure is
done with different person.Second measure is ball.Like measure of beam, ball is
measured diameter use caliper and screw micrometer.Measure is done three
times and recur measure too. Every recur measure is done with different
person.After measure, determine result of measure in table with uncertainty.
b. Practical activity 2
 In Practical Activity 2, the first determine smallest skala value of
balance.doing measure mass of beam and ball use Ohauss balance 310 gram,311
gram,and 2610 gram.Measure is done three times and recur measure.Every recur
measure is done with different person.Note result of measure with measure
uncertainty.
c. Practical Activity 3
In practical activity 3,the first ready of measure glass,burner bunsen with
three foot,asbes precipitate and termometer.Content measure glass until ½ part
of glass and put on three foots without burner.Measure the first temperature.
After that flame of burner bunsen and waiting until flame look normal.Put of
burner bunsen under chemistry glass together operate stopwatch.Note temperatur
change is read in termometer every minute until six minutes.

Result of Experiment and Data Analysis

Result of Experiment
1. Length Measure
SSV(NST) of ruler : 1 mm
SSV (NST) of Caliper : 0,05 mm
SSV (NST) of Screw Micrometer : 0,01 mm

Table 1.1 Result of Long Measure

Object Magnitude Result of Measure (mm)

No is is Ruler Caliper Screw
Measu Measured Micrometer
red
1 Beam |20,0 ± 0,5| |20,00 ± 0,05| |19,770 ± 0,005|
Length |19,0 ± 0,5| |20,00 ± 0,05| |19,770 ± 0,005|
|20,0 ± 0,5| |20,00 ± 0,05| |19,770 ± 0,005|
 Width |20,0 ± 0,5| |20,10 ± 0,05| |19,770 ± 0,005|
|19,5 ± 0,5| |20,10 ± 0,05| |19,870 ± 0,005|
|20,0 ± 0,5| |20,10 ± 0,05| |19,860 ± 0,005|
|20,1 ± 0,5| |20,00 ± 0,05| |20,350 ± 0,005|
Height |20,0 ± 0,5| |20,00 ± 0,05| |19,350 ± 0,005|
|19,5 ± 0,5| |20,00 ± 0,05| |19,350 ± 0,005|
2 Ball |25,40 ± 0,05| |25,430 ± 0,005|
|20,50 ± 0,05| |25,380 ± 0,005|
Diameter |25,40 ± 0,05| |25,405 ± 0,005|

2. Mass Measure
 Ohaus Balance 2610 gram
Arm Scale Value 1 : 10 gram
Arm Scale Value 2 : 100 gram
Arm Scale Value 3 : 0,1 gram

Table 2.1 Result of Mass Measure Use Ohauss Balance 2610 gram

Object Appointment Appointment Appointment Hanging Object

of Arm 1 of Arm 2 of Arm 3 Load Mass (g)
Beam 60 0 2,6 |62,6 ± 0,1|
60 0 2,7 |62,7 ± 0,1|
60 0 2,55 |62,6 ± 0,1|
Ball 20 0 1,7 |21,7 ± 0,1|
20 0 1,65 |21,6 ± 0,1|
20 0 1,6 |21,6 ± 0,1|
  Ohauss Balance 311 gram
Arm Scale Value 1 : 100 gram
Arm Scale Value 2 : 10 gram
Arm Scale Value 3 : 1 gram
Arm Scale Value 4 : 0,01 gram

Table 2.2 Result of Mass Measure Use Ohauss Balance 311 gram

Object Appoint Appoint Appoint Appoint Object Mass (g)

ment of ment of ment of ment of
Arm 1 Arm 2 arm 3 arm 4
Beam 0 60 2 0,70 |62,70 ± 0,01|
0 60 2 0,46 |62,46 ± 0,01|
0 60 2 0,61 |62,61 ± 0,01|
Ball 0 20 1 0,61 |21,61 ± 0,01|
0 20 1 0,62 |21,62 ± 0,01|
0 20 1 0,62 |21,62 ± 0,01|

 Ohauss Balance 310 gram

Arm Scale Value 1 : 100 gram
Arm Scale Value 2 : 10 gram
Arm Scale Value 3 : 0,1 gram
Count of Nonius Scale : 10 gram
SSV(NST) of Ohauss Balance : 0,01 gram

Table 2.3 Result of Mass Measure Use Ohauss Balance 310 gram
Object Appoint Appoint Appoint Appointment Object Mass (g)
ment of ment of ment of of Arm 1
Arm 1 Arm 2 Arm 3
Beam 0 60 2,3 0,06 |62,36 ± 0,01|
0 60 2,4 0,07 |62,47 ± 0,01|
0 60 2,4 0,07 |62,47 ± 0,01|
Ball 0 20 1,7 0,02 |21,72 ± 0,01|
0 20 1,6 0,09 |21,69 ± 0,01|
0 20 1,6 0,07 |21,67 ± 0,01|

3. Temperature and Time Measure

SSV(NST) of termometer : 1ºC
First Temperature : 32ºC
SSV(NST) of Stopwatch : 0,1ºC

Table 3.1 Result of Temperature and Time Measure

No Time (s) Temperature (ºC) Temperatur Change

(Cº)
1. |60 ± 0,1| |32,0 ± 0,5| 1
2. |120 ± 0,1| |33,0 ± 0,5| 2
3. |180 ± 0,1| |35,0 ± 0,5| 2
4. |240 ± 0,1| |37,0 ± 0,5| 1
5. |300 ± 0,1| |38,0 ± 0,5| 1,75
6. |360 ± 0,1| |39,7 ± 0,5| 1,25

Data Analysis
Ruler (Beam)
 Length Measure
a. |20,0 ± 0,5| mm
b. |19,0 ± 0,5| mm
c. |20,0 ± 0,5| mm

(20,0 + 19,0 + 20,0)

𝑝̅ = = 19,7 𝑚𝑚
3

𝛿1 = |20,0 − 19,7| = 0,3 𝑚𝑚

𝛿2 = |19,0 − 19,7| = 0,7 𝑚𝑚
𝛿3 = |20,0 − 19,7| = 0,3 𝑚𝑚

𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 δmaks = ∆𝑝 = 0,7 𝑚𝑚, 𝑠𝑜 ∶

[𝑝̅ ± ∆𝑝] = [19,7 ± 0,7]𝑚𝑚

∆𝑝
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
𝑝̅
0,7
= 𝑥 100%
19,7
= 3,5% → 3 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝐹 = |𝑝̅ ± ∆p|𝑚𝑚
= |19,7 ± 0,7| mm

 Width Measure
a. |20,0 ± 0,5| mm
b. |19,5 ± 0,5| mm
c. |20,0 ± 0,5| mm

(20,0 + 19,5 + 20,0)

𝑙̅ = = 19,8 𝑚𝑚
3
 𝛿1 = |20,0 − 19,8| = 0,2 𝑚𝑚
𝛿2 = |19,5 − 19,8| = 0,3 𝑚𝑚
𝛿3 = |20,0 − 19,8| = 0,2 𝑚𝑚
𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠 = ∆𝑙 = 0,3 𝑚𝑚, 𝑠𝑜 ∶
[𝑙 ̅ ± ∆𝑙] = [19,8 ± 0,3]𝑚𝑚

∆𝑙
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
𝑙
0,3
= 𝑥 100%
19,8
= 1% → 3 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝐹 = [𝑙̅ ± ∆𝑙] 𝑚𝑚
= [19,8 ± 0,3] mm

 Height Measure
a. |21,0 ± 0,5| mm
b. |20,0 ± 0,5| mm
c. |19,5 ± 0,5| mm

(21,0 + 20,0 + 19,5)

𝑡̅ = = 20,2 𝑚𝑚
3

𝛿1 = |21,0 − 20,2| = 0,8 𝑚𝑚

𝛿2 = |20,0 − 20,2| = 0,2 𝑚𝑚
𝛿1 = |19,5 − 20,2| = 0,7 𝑚𝑚
𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠 = ∆𝑡 = 0,8 𝑚𝑚, 𝑠𝑜 ∶
[𝑡̅ ± ∆𝑡] = [20,2 ± 0,8]𝑚𝑚

∆𝑡
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
𝑡̅
 0,8
= 𝑥 100%
20,2
= 3,9% → 3 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝐹 = [𝑡̅ ± ∆𝑡] mm
= [20,2 ± 0,8] mm

Caliper (Beam)
 Length Measure
a. |20,00 ± 0,05| mm
b. |20,00 ± 0,05| mm
c. |20,00 ± 0,05| mm

(20,00 + 20,00 + 20,00)

𝑃̅ = = 20,00 𝑚𝑚
3

𝛿1 = |20,00 − 20,00| = 0,00 𝑚𝑚

𝛿2 = |20,00 − 20,00| = 0,00 𝑚𝑚
𝛿3 = |20,00 − 20,00| = 0,00 𝑚𝑚
𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠 = ∆𝑝 = 0,00 𝑚𝑚, 𝑠𝑜 ∶
[𝑝̅ ± ∆𝑝] = [20,0 ± 0,05]𝑚𝑚
∆𝑝
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
𝑝̅
0,05
= 𝑥 100%
20,00
= 0,25% → 4 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝐹 = [𝑝̅ ± ∆𝑝] 𝑚𝑚
= [20,00 ± 0,05] mm

 Width Measure
a. |20,10 ± 0,05| mm
 b. |20,10 ± 0,05| mm
c. |20,10 ± 0,05| mm
(20,10 + 20,10 + 20,10)
𝑙̅ = = 20,10 𝑚𝑚
3

𝛿1 = |20,10 − 20,10| = 0,00 𝑚𝑚

𝛿2 = |20,10 − 20,10| = 0,00 𝑚𝑚
𝛿3 = |20,10 − 20,10| = 0,00 𝑚𝑚
𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠 = ∆𝑙 = 0,00 𝑚𝑚, 𝑠𝑜
[𝑙 ̅ ± ∆𝑙] = [20,10 ± 0,05]𝑚𝑚
∆𝑙
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
𝑙
0,05
= 𝑥 100%
20,10
= 0,25% → 4 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝐹 = [𝑙̅ ± ∆𝑙] 𝑚𝑚
= [20,10 ± 0,05] mm

 Height Measure
a. |20,00 ± 0,05| mm
b. |20,00 ± 0,05| mm
c. |20,00 ± 0,05| mm

(20,00 + 20,00 + 20,00)

𝑡̅ = = 20,00 𝑚𝑚
3

𝛿1 = |20,00 − 20,00| = 0,00 𝑚𝑚

𝛿2 = |20,0 − 20,00| = 0,00 𝑚𝑚
𝛿3 = |20,0 − 20,00| = 0,00 𝑚𝑚
𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠 = ∆𝑡 = 0,00 𝑚𝑚, 𝑠𝑜 ∶
[𝑡̅ ± ∆𝑡] = [20,00 ± 0,05]𝑚𝑚
 ∆𝑡
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
𝑡̅
0,05
= 𝑥 100%
20,00
= 0,25% → 4 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝐹 = [𝑡̅ ± ∆𝑡] 𝑚𝑚

= [20,00 ± 0,05] mm

Screw Micrometer (Beam)

 Length Measure
a. |19,770 ± 0,005| mm
b. |19,770 ± 0,005| mm
c. |19,770 ± 0,005| mm

(19,770 + 19,770 + 19,770)

𝑝̅ = = 19,770 𝑚𝑚
3

𝛿1 = |19,770 − 19,770| = 0,000 𝑚𝑚

𝛿2 = |19,770 − 19,770| = 0,000 𝑚𝑚
𝛿3 = |19,770 − 19,770| = 0,000 𝑚𝑚
𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠 = ∆𝑝 = 0,000 𝑚𝑚, 𝑠𝑜 ∶
[𝑝̅ ± ∆𝑝] = [19,770 ± 0,005]𝑚𝑚
∆𝑝
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
𝑝̅
0,005
= 𝑥 100%
19,770
= 0,02% → 4 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝐹 = [𝑡̅ ± ∆𝑡] 𝑚𝑚
 = [19,770 ± 0,005] mm

 Width Measure

a. |19,770 ± 0,005| mm
b. |19,870 ± 0,005| mm
c. |19,860 ± 0,005| mm
(19,770 + 19,870 + 19,860)
𝑙̅ = = 19,833 𝑚𝑚
3

𝛿1 = |19,770 − 19,833| = 0,063 𝑚𝑚

𝛿2 = |19,870 − 19,833| = 0,037 𝑚𝑚
𝛿3 = |19,860 − 19,833| = 0,027 𝑚𝑚
𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠 = ∆𝑙 = 0,063 𝑚𝑚, 𝑠𝑜
[𝑙 ̅ ± ∆𝑙] = [19,833 ± 0,063]𝑚𝑚
∆𝑙
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
𝑙̅
0,063
= 𝑥 100%
19,833
= 0,3% → 4 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝐹 = [𝑙̅ ± ∆𝑙] 𝑚𝑚
= [19,83 ± 0,06] mm

 Height Measure
a. |20,350 ± 0,005| mm
b. |19,350 ± 0,005| mm
c. |19,350 ± 0,005| mm

(20,350 + 19,350 + 19,350)

𝑡̅ = = 19,683 𝑚𝑚
3
𝛿1 = |20,350 − 19,683| = 0,667 𝑚𝑚
𝛿2 = |19,350 − 19,683| = 0,333 𝑚𝑚
𝛿3 = |19,350 − 19,683| = 0,333 𝑚𝑚
𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠 = ∆𝑡 = 0,667 𝑚𝑚, 𝑠𝑜 ∶
[𝑡̅ ± ∆𝑡] = [19,683 ± 0,667]𝑚𝑚
∆𝑡
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
𝑡̅
0,667
= 𝑥 100%
19,683
= 3,4% → 3 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝐹 = [𝑡̅ ± ∆𝑡] 𝑚𝑚

= [19,7 ± 0,7] mm

Caliper (Ball)
 Diameter
a. |25,40 ± 0,05| mm
b. |25,50 ± 0,05| mm
c. |25,40 ± 0,05| mm

(25,40 + 25,50 + 25,40)

𝑑̅ = = 25,43 𝑚𝑚
3

𝛿1 = |25,40 − 25,43| = 0,03 𝑚𝑚

𝛿2 = |25,50 − 25,43| = 0,07 𝑚𝑚
𝛿3 = |25,40 − 25,43| = 0,03 𝑚𝑚
𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠 = ∆𝑑 = 0,07 𝑚𝑚, 𝑠𝑜 ∶
[𝑑̅ ± ∆𝑑] = [25,43 ± 0,07]𝑚𝑚
∆𝑑
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
𝑑̅
 0,07
= 𝑥 100%
25,43
= 0,3% → 4 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝐹 = [𝑑̅ ± ∆𝑑] 𝑚𝑚
= [25,43 ± 0,07] mm

Screw Micrometer (Ball)

 Diameter
a. |25,430 ± 0,005| mm
b. |25,380 ± 0,005| mm
c. |25,405 ± 0,005| mm

(25,430 + 25,380 + 25,450)

𝑑̅ = = 25,405 𝑚𝑚
3

𝛿1 = |25,430 − 25,405| = 0,025 𝑚𝑚

𝛿2 = |25,380 − 25,405| = 0,025 𝑚𝑚
𝛿3 = |25,405 − 25,405| = 0,000 𝑚𝑚
𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠 = ∆𝑑 = 0,025 𝑚𝑚, 𝑠𝑜 ∶
[𝑑̅ ± ∆𝑑] = [25,405 ± 0,025]𝑚𝑚
∆𝑑
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
𝑑̅
0,025
= 𝑥 100%
25,405
= 0,1% → 4 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝐹 = [𝑑̅ ± ∆𝑑] 𝑚𝑚

= [25,41 ± 0,03] mm

Mass Measure
  Ohauss Balance 2610 gram (Beam)
a. |62,6 ± 0,1| gram
b. |62,7 ± 0,1| gram
c. |62,6 ± 0,1| gram

(62,6 + 62,7 + 62,6)

𝑚
̅= = 62,6 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
3

𝛿1 = |62,6 − 62,6| = 0,0 gra𝑚

𝛿2 = |62,7 − 62,6| = 0,1 gram
𝛿1 = |62,6 − 62,6| = 0,0 gram
𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠 = ∆𝑚 = 0,1 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚, 𝑠𝑜 ∶
[𝑚
̅ ± ∆𝑚] = [62,6 ± 0,1]𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

∆𝑚
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
𝑚̅
0,1
= 𝑥 100%
62,6
= 0,1% → 4 𝐴𝑃

𝑃𝐹 = [𝑚
̅̅̅ ± ∆𝑚] gram
= [62,60 ± 0,10] gram

 Ohauss Balance 311 gram (Beam)

a. |62,70 ± 0,01| gram
b. |62,46 ± 0,01| gram
c. |62,61 ± 0,01| gram

(62,70 + 62,46 + 62,61)

𝑚
̅= = 62,59 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
3

𝛿1 = |62,70 − 62,59| = 0,11 𝑚𝑚

𝛿2 = |62,46 − 62,59| = 0,13 𝑚𝑚
𝛿1 = |62,61 − 62,59| = 0,02 𝑚𝑚
𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠 = ∆𝑚 = 0,13 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚, 𝑠𝑜 ∶
[𝑚
̅ ± ∆𝑚] = [62,59 ± 0,01]𝑚𝑚

∆𝑚
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
𝑚
̅
0,13
= 𝑥 100%
62,6
= 0,1% → 4 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝐹 = [𝑚
̅̅̅ ± ∆𝑚] mm
= [62,59 ± 0,01] mm

 Ohauss Balance 310 gram (Beam)

a. |62,36 ± 0,01| gram
b. |62,47 ± 0,01| gram
c. |62,47 ± 0,01| gram

(62,36 + 62,47 + 62,47)

𝑚
̅= = 62,43 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
3

𝛿1 = |62,36 − 62,43| = 0,07 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

𝛿2 = |62,47 − 62,43| = 0,03 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
𝛿1 = |62,47 − 62,43| = 0,03 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠 = ∆𝑚 = 0,07 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚, 𝑠𝑜 ∶
[𝑚
̅ ± ∆𝑚] = [62,43 ± 0,07]𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

∆𝑚
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
𝑚
̅
0,07
= 𝑥 100%
62,43
 = 0,1% → 4 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝐹 = [𝑚
̅̅̅ ± ∆𝑚] gram
= [62,43 ± 0,01] gram

d. Ohauss Balance 2610 gram (Ball)

d. |21,7 ± 0,1| gram
e. |21,6 ± 0,1| gram
f. |21,6 ± 0,1| gram

(21,7 + 21,6 + 21,6)

𝑚
̅= = 21,6 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
3

𝛿1 = |21,7 − 21,6| = 0,1 gra𝑚

𝛿2 = |21,6 − 21,6| = 0,0 gram
𝛿3 = |21,6 − 21,6| = 0,0 gram
𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠 = ∆𝑚 = 0,1 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚, 𝑠𝑜 ∶
[𝑚
̅ ± ∆𝑚] = [21,6 ± 0,1]𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

∆𝑚
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
𝑚̅
0,1
= 𝑥 100%
21,6
= 0,4% → 4 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝐹 = [𝑚
̅̅̅ ± ∆𝑚] gram
= [21,60 ± 0,10] gram

e. Ohauss Balance 311 gram (Ball)

a. |21,61 ± 0,01| gram
b. |21,62 ± 0,01| gram
 c. |21,62 ± 0,01| gram

(21,61 + 21,62 + 21,62)

𝑚
̅= = 21,62 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
3

𝛿1 = |21,61 − 21,62| = 0,01 gra𝑚

𝛿2 = |21,62 − 21,62| = 0,00 gram
𝛿3 = |21,62 − 21,62| = 0,00 gram
𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠 = ∆𝑚 = 0,01 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚, 𝑠𝑜 ∶
[𝑚
̅ ± ∆𝑚] = [21,62 ± 0,01]𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

∆𝑚
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
𝑚
̅
0,1
= 𝑥 100%
21,62
= 0,5% → 4 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝐹 = [𝑚
̅̅̅ ± ∆𝑚] gram
= [21,62 ± 0,01] gram

f. Ohauss Balance 310 gram (Ball)

d. |21,72 ± 0,01| gram
e. |21,69 ± 0,01| gram
f. |21,67 ± 0,01| gram

(21,72 + 21,69 + 21,67)

𝑚
̅= = 21,69 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
3

𝛿1 = |21,72 − 21,69| = 0,03 gra𝑚

𝛿2 = |21,69 − 21,69| = 0,00 gram
𝛿3 = |21,67 − 21,69| = 0,02 gram
𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠 = ∆𝑚 = 0,03 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚, 𝑠𝑜 ∶
 [𝑚
̅ ± ∆𝑚] = [21,69 ± 0,03]𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

∆𝑚
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
𝑚
̅
0,03
= 𝑥 100%
21,69
= 0,1% → 4 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝐹 = [𝑚
̅̅̅ ± ∆𝑚] gram
= [21,69 ± 0,03] gram

Error Spreading

a. Beam Volume
 Ruler
𝑉 = 𝑝̅ . 𝑙 .̅ 𝑡̅
= 1,97𝑐𝑚 × 1,98𝑐𝑚 × 2,02𝑐𝑚
= 7,879𝑐𝑚3
𝛿𝑣 𝛿𝑣 𝛿𝑣
𝑑𝑣 = | | 𝑑𝑝 + | | 𝑑𝑙 + | | 𝑑𝑡
𝛿𝑝 𝛿𝑙 𝛿𝑡
𝑑𝑣 = |𝑙𝑡|𝑑𝑝 + |𝑝𝑡|𝑑𝑙 + |𝑝𝑙|𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑙𝑡 𝑑𝑝 𝑝𝑡 𝑑𝑙 𝑝𝑙 𝑑𝑡
= + +
𝑣 𝑝𝑙𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑡
= + +
𝑣 𝑝 𝑙 𝑡
∆𝑝 ∆𝑙 ∆t
∆𝑣 = | + + |𝑣
𝑝 𝑙 𝑡
0,07 0,03 0,08
∆𝑣 = | + + | 7,879
1,97 1,98 2,02
= |0,0355 + 0,01515 + 0,0396|7,879
= |0,09|7,879
= 0,709 mm³
 ∆𝑣
𝐾𝑅 = × 100%
𝑣
0,709
= 100%
7,879
= 5,1%(3 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
𝐷𝐾 = 100% − 𝐾𝑅
= 100% − 5,1%
= 94,9%
𝑉 = |𝑣 ± ∆𝑣|𝑚𝑚3
= |7879,000 ± 0,709|𝑚𝑚3

 Caliper
𝑉 =𝑝×𝑙×𝑡
= 20,00 𝑚𝑚 × 20,10𝑚𝑚 × 20,00𝑚𝑚 = 8040𝑚𝑚3
∆𝑝 ∆𝑙 ∆t
∆𝑣 = | + + | 𝑣
𝑝 𝑙 𝑡
0,05 0,05 0,05
∆𝑣 = | + + | 8040
20,00 20,10 20,00
= |0,0025 + 0,0025 + 0,0025|8040
= |0,0075|8040
= 60,3 mm³
∆𝑣
𝐾𝑅 = × 100%
𝑣
60,3
= 100%
8040
= 0,75%(4 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
𝐷𝐾 = 100% − 𝐾𝑅
= 100% − 0,75%
= 99,25%
𝑉 = |𝑣 ± ∆𝑣|𝑚𝑚3
= |8040,0 ± 60,3|𝑚𝑚3
 Screw Micrometer
𝑉 = 𝑝̅. 𝑙 .̅ 𝑡̅
= 19,770𝑚𝑚 × 19,833𝑚𝑚 × 19,863𝑚𝑚
= 7788,25𝑚𝑚3
∆𝑝 ∆𝑙 ∆t
∆𝑣 = | + + |𝑣
𝑝 𝑙 𝑡
0,005 0,063 0,513
∆𝑣 = | + + | 7788,25
19,770 19,833 19,863
= |0,00025 + 0,003 + 0,0077|7788,25
= |0,01095|7788,25
= 85,28 mm³
∆𝑣
𝐾𝑅 = × 100%
𝑣
85,28
= 100%
7788,25
= 1,095%(3 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
𝐷𝐾 = 100% − 𝐾𝑅
= 100% − 1,095%
= 98,905%
𝑉 = |𝑣 ± ∆𝑣|𝑚𝑚3
= |7788,250 ± 0,615|𝑚𝑚3

b. Ball Volume
 Caliper
1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑑 3
6
1
= × 3,14 × (25,43)3
6
1
= × 3,14 × 16445,197
6
1
= × 51637,92
6
 = 8606,32 𝑚𝑚3
∆𝑑
∆𝑣 = 3 | |𝑣
𝑑
0,07
= 3| | 8606,32
25,43
= 3|0,0028|8606,32
= 72,29 mm³
∆𝑣
𝐾𝑅 = × 100%
𝑣
72,29
= 100%
8606,32
= 0,34% (4 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
𝐷𝐾 = 100% − 𝐾𝑅
= 100% − 0,34%
= 99,66%
𝑉 = |𝑣 ± ∆𝑣|𝑚𝑚3
= |8606,32 ± 72,29|𝑚𝑚3

 Screw Micrometer
1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑑 3
6
1
= × 3,14 × (25,405)3
6
1
= × 3,14 × 16396,7433
6
1
= × 51485,77396
6
= 8580,96 mm3
∆𝑑
∆𝑣 = 3 | |𝑣
𝑑
0,025
= 3| | 8580,96
25,405
= 3|0,00098|8580,96
= 25,23 mm³
 ∆𝑣
𝐾𝑅 = × 100%
𝑣
25,23
= 100%
8580,96
= 0,29% (4 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 )
𝐷𝐾 = 100% − 𝐾𝑅
= 100% − 0,29%
= 99,71%
𝑉 = |𝑣 ± ∆𝑣|𝑚𝑚3
= |8580,96 ± 25,23|𝑚𝑚3

Kind Mass
a. Beam
1. Ruler
𝑚 62,43
𝜌= = = 0,0079 g/mm³
𝑣 7879

uncertainty 𝜌 = 𝑚𝑣 −1
𝛿𝜌 𝛿𝜌
𝑑𝑝 = | | 𝑑𝑚 + | | 𝑑𝑣
𝛿𝑚 𝛿𝑣
𝑑𝑝 = |𝑣 −1 |𝑑𝑚 + |𝑚𝑣 −2 |𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝜌 𝑣 −1 𝑑𝑚 𝑚𝑣 −2 𝑑𝑣
=| | + | |
𝜌 𝑚𝑣 −1 𝑚𝑣 −1
𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑣
=| |+| |
𝜌 𝑚 𝑣
∆𝑚 ∆𝑣
∆𝜌 = | + |𝜌
𝑚 𝑣
0,070 0,709
∆𝜌 = | + | 0,0079
62,430 7,879
∆𝜌 = |0,001 + 0,089|0,0079
∆𝜌 = |0,09|0,0079
∆𝜌 = 0,0000711 g/mm³
∆𝜌
𝐾𝑅 = 100%
𝜌
 0,0000711
= 100%
0,0079
= 1,43% (3 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
𝐷𝐾 = 100% − 𝐾𝑅
= 100% − 1,43%
= 98,57%
𝜌 = |𝑝̅ ± ∆𝜌|
𝑔
= |0,0079000 ± 0,0000711| ⁄𝑚3

2. Caliper
𝑚 62,43
𝜌= = = 0,0078 g/mm³
𝑣 8040

∆𝑚 ∆𝑣
∆𝜌 = | + |𝜌
𝑚 𝑣
0,07 60,3
∆𝜌 = | + | 0,0078
62,43 8040
∆𝜌 = |0,0011 + 0,0075|0,0078
∆𝜌 = |0,0086|0,0078
∆𝜌 = 0,00007
∆𝜌
𝐾𝑅 = 100%
𝜌
0,00007
= 100%
0,0078
= 0,90% (4 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 )
𝐷𝐾 = 100% − 𝐾𝑅
= 100% − 1,282%
= 98,718%
𝜌 = |𝑝̅ ± ∆𝜌|
𝑔
= |0,00780 ± 0,00007| ⁄𝑚3

3. Screw Micrometer
 𝑚 62,43
𝜌= = 7788,25 = 0,0080 g/mm³
𝑣

∆𝑚 ∆𝑣
∆𝜌 = | + |𝜌
𝑚 𝑣
0,070 0,651
∆𝜌 = | + | 0,0080
62,430 7788,25
∆𝜌 = |0,0011 + 0,00008|0,0080
∆𝜌 = |0,0012|0,0080
∆𝜌 = 0,0000096 g/mm³
∆𝜌
𝐾𝑅 = 100%
𝜌
0,0000096
= 100%
0,0080
= 0,12% (4 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
𝐷𝐾 = 100% − 𝐾𝑅
= 100% − 0,12%
= 99,88%
𝜌 = |𝑝̅ ± ∆𝜌|
𝑔
= |0,0080 ± 0,0000096| ⁄𝑚3

Ball
1.Caliper
𝑚 21,69
𝜌= = 8606,32 = 0,0025 g/mm³
𝑣

0,08 72,29
∆𝜌 = | + | 0,0025
21,69 8608,32
∆𝜌 = |0,0037 + 0,0084|0,0025
∆𝜌 = |0,0121|0,0025
∆𝜌 =0,00003 g/mm³
∆𝜌
𝐾𝑅 = 100%
𝜌
0,00003
= 100%
0,0025
= 1,2% (3 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
 𝐷𝐾 = 100% − 𝐾𝑅
= 100% − 1,2%
= 98,9%
𝜌 = |𝑝̅ ± ∆𝜌|
𝑔
= |0,00250 ± 0,00003| ⁄𝑚3

2.Screw Micrometer

𝑚 21,617
𝜌= = 8580,96 = 0,0025 g/mm³
𝑣

∆𝑚 ∆𝑣
∆𝜌 = | + |𝜌
𝑚 𝑣
𝑜,𝑜8 25,23
∆𝜌 = | + |0,0025
21,69 8580,96

∆𝜌 = |0,0037 + 0,0029|0,0025
∆𝜌 = |0,0066|0,0025
∆𝜌 = 0,0000165 g/mm³
∆𝜌
𝐾𝑅 = 100%
𝜌
0,0000165
= 100%
0,0025
= 0,66% (4 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
𝐷𝐾 = 100% − 𝐾𝑅
= 100% − 0,66%
= 99,34%
𝜌 = |𝑝̅ ± ∆𝜌|
𝑔
= |0,0025000 ± 0,0000165| ⁄𝑚3

Object Tools Measure Result of Experiment

 Volume (𝑚𝑚3 ) Kind Mass (𝑔⁄𝑚𝑚3 )
Ruler |7879,000 ± 0,709| |0,0079000 ± 0,0000711|
Beam Caliper |8040,0 ± 60,3| |0,00780 ± 0,00007|
Srew Micrometer |7788,250 ± 0,615| |0,0080000 ± 0,0000096|
Ruler - -
Caliper |8606,32 ± 72,29| |0,00250 ± 0,00003|
Ball
Screw
|8580,96 ± 25,23| |0,0025000 ± 0,0000165|
Micrometer

Discussion
To perform measurements of length, mass, time, and temperature were done
first is to prepare the tools and materials required for the measurement. In the
measurement of the length, the tool used is the ruler, vernier caliper, micrometer
screw. length measurement, the tool used is the ruler, calipers, micrometers
sekrup.Untuk mass measurement tool used is the balance ohauss 2610 grams, 311
grams, 310 grams. For the measurement of time and temperature used a stopwatch
and thermometer. At length measurements performed measurements of length,
width, and height of the beam by using a ruler, calipers and screw micrometers.
Measure repeatedly performed three times by different people at each of the
gauge. After the measurement of the diameter of the ball, using a vernier caliper
and micrometer screw. measurements were also carried out repeated three times
by different people at each measuring instrument.
In the mass measurement using a balance beam and ball ohauss 2610 grams,
311 grams and 310 grams. Mass measurements performed repeatedly by three
different people at each measuring instrument. on measuring time and temperature
used a stopwatch and thermometer. How to measure temperature is to heat the
water up to ½ measuring cup and heated using a Bunsen burner. Measuring cup
placed on a tripod and gauze. Before heated, the temperature of the water is
measured first. Water is heated for 6 minutes and every minute measured with a
stopwatch. So, every minute recorded temperature changes that occur up to 6
minutes.
From the experiments on the measurement of the length, width, and height
of the beam and measuring the diameter of the ball will get different measurement
results of each person and could have been the result of the measurement of the
third person is the same. In addition, these measurements can be seen from the
more rigorous means of measuring the more precise measurement results.
Similarly, the measurement of the mass of the beam and ball. On the measurement
of time and temperature can be seen that when the water is heated, there will be
changes in temperature every minute.
After all measurements are recorded, the data analysis will be performed that
will show the relative uncertainty (KR) of the measurement. Based on the analysis
of the data that has been obtained by measuring the length of the beam is made
using a ruler who gained KR mecapai 3.5%; KR width measurement to 1%; KR
height measurements reached 5.1% so that significant figures obtained were 3. In
measuring the length of the beam by using a vernier caliper measurements of
length, width, and height KR 0% so that the total important number amounted
4.When the importance of measuring the length of the beam using a micrometer
screw, measuring the length and width of only 0.3%, so that the importance of
numbered 4; KR height measurement at 3.4% so that the importance of numbered
3. On the measurement of the diameter of the ball using calipers KR only 0.3%
and using a micrometer screw KRnya only 0.1% so there are four important
numbers.
Measurements of mass balance beam with ohauss 2610 grams, 311 grams,
310 grams of KR only 0.1% so figure 4. The importance of a ball with a mass
measurement using the same measuring instrument with a mass of beams, KR
0.4%; 0.5%; 0.1%, so there are four important numbers.
Volume measurements with a ruler KR beam reached 5.1%. Volume
measurement beam with calipers, KR is only 0.75%. Volume measurement beam
with a micrometer screw, KR reached 1,095% so that the importance of a ball 3.
Volume Measurement with calipers, KR is only 0.34%, so there are four
important numbers. Volume Measurement ball with a micrometer screw so that
the figure of 0.29% importance number amounted 4. The density of the beam by
using a ruler KR reached 1.43% so that the importance number amounted 3. The
density of the beam by using a vernier caliper KR only 0.90% so that the
importance numbered amounted 4. the density of the beam by using a micrometer
screw KR is only 0.12%, so there are four important numbers. On the density of
the ball by using a vernier caliper KR reached 1.2% so that the importance of a 4.
The density of the beam by using a micrometer screw KR is only 0.66%, so there
are 4 important figures.
The results obtained in accordance with the theory that the smaller the
relative uncertainty, the higher the accuracy achieved in the measurement. This
can be seen from the number of percent relative uncertainty. Due to the lower
number of percent relative uncertainty, the more significant figures obtained then
showed the higher accuracy obtained.

Conclusion and Discuss

Conclusion
Each measuring instrument has the smallest scale value of each and
different, I read it was also dependent on the measuring instrument. The
smaller the accuracy of a measuring instrument, the more precise the
measurement anyway. How to determine a single uncertainty by dividing the
second smallest scale value at a measuring tool then reports the results of X =
(x ± Δx) [X], whereas in repeated measurements must be determined the
average value of the measurement result is then determined to obtain the
maximum deviation Δx . Then the results are reported as diatas.Angka
important to obtain exact figures of a measurement. Rules - rules on significant
figures: All non-zero numbers are significant figures, Zeros located between
two significant figures including important numbers, Zeros located behind the
numbers is not zero and is located at the end of the row, including significant
figures unless the number before zero are underlined, zeros in advance nonzero
digits, either in advance or after the decimal point, not significant figures.
Discuss
In measuring the required accuracy of measurement so that any
measurement result or value is not too far from the actual measurement results.

Refrences
http://fisikazone.com/ketidakpastian-pengukuran/
Kanginan,Marthen.2012.Fisika Untuk SMA Kelas X Semester 1.Jakarta : Penerbit
Erlangga.
Foster,Bob.2004.Fisika SMA untuk Kelas X.Jakarta : Penerbit Erlangga.