Republic of the Philippines

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

College of Engineering and Architecture
Mechanical Engineering Department

ME Laboratory 3
Title: Mini Steam Turbine Power Plant Experiment

Name: ________________ Date: __________

Course/Year: ___________
Group No.: ____

Introduction

This miniature of a modern-day steam turbine power plant aims to provide

important ideas on how this type of power plant works on actual situations and
conditions. Thus, this experiment aims to provide ideas to students on how components
of a steam turbine power plant system function and what are the significant
relationships between different properties like temperature, pressure, volume flow rate,
power, torque, rpm, and et cetera. Moreover, solving calculations involving some
thermodynamic properties are also discussed in this experiment. After this experiment,
students are expected to know all basic concepts about a steam turbine power plant.

Theory

The purpose of steam turbine power plant is to convert the stored chemical
energy form various types of fuel to mechanical energy through the expansion of steam
in a steam turbine from high to low pressure. Thus, this energy is then converted into
electrical energy by connecting the steam turbine into a generator; hence, this form of
energy is the most important and it is widely used in various applications and
procedures. On the other hand, steam turbine power plant is composed of different
mechanical components; each has different tasks which is vital in making the process
efficient and economical. Rankine cycle is used by engineers as a standard of reference
for comparing the performance for steam engines and for actual steam turbines; hence,
in this experiment, it follows a simple process of Rankine cycle where vapour is
expanded in an isentropic process in a single stage impulse turbine, then it is condensed
in an isobaric process. Water from the feed water tank is pump in an isentropic process
going to the furnace and then further heated until it reaches its saturated vapour state in
a constant pressure process and then moving back to the single stage impulse turbine.
Objectives

1. To be able to know how to operate the mini steam turbine power plant.
2. To know what are the basic mechanical components present in a steam turbine
power plant.
3. To assess the relationships and effects between different properties and
variables.
4. To be able to know how to compute the values of different thermodynamic
properties.

Materials

 TH 130 Mini Steam Turbine Power Plant

Machine components and specifications:

- Boiler : Fire Tube Vertical Boiler

: 7 kg/ hr steam rate
: 5 kg/ cm2 pressure gauge
- Power Supply : 220 V, 1 Ph 60 hertz
- Fuel Tank : 4 kgs Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
- Feed Water Tank : Stainless Steel with water level Gauge
- Feed Pump : Hand operated
- Steam Turbine : Single stage impulse turbine, single
nozzle
: Stainless steel casing, shaft, and nozzle
: Vacuum cast Inconel wheel
: 26,000 rpm maximum speed
- Electrical Power System : DC generator with lamp loads
- Condenser : Shell and tube type
- Safety Relief Valve : 5.5 kg/cm2 calibrated pressure
- Temperature Sensors : Thermo Coupling
- Pressure Gauges
- Temperature Indicators
- Flow Meter
- Turbine Speed Sensors and Indicators
- Dynamometer Torque Sensors and Indicators
- Voltmeter and Ammeter

 Distilled Water
 Cooling Water
 Graduated Cylinder
 Bucket Container
 Weighing Scale
 Cleaning Materials
Figure 1.1: TH 130 Mini Steam Turbine Power Plant Parts
Procedures
Test Preparation:

LPG Tank
1. Make sure the LPG tank has sufficient gas.
2. Connect the tank outlet to the power plant gas inlet.
3. Close both LPG gas regulator and flow control valves to the boiler.

Feed water Tank

1. Fill the tank with distilled water.
2. Pump water to the boiler to the maximum level.
3. Refill the feed water tank to a full level and always keep it to nearly full
level at all times.

Boiler
1. The boiler safety valve is set at the factory to operate at 5.5 kg/cm2
gauge. It is recommended that the test carried out at a pressure of not
more than 5.0 kg/cm2 gauge.

Power Output Measurement

1. Electrical Power Output
- Connect a rubber belt to the turbine and generator pulleys.
2. Mechanical Power Output
- Adjust the load screw.

Condenser
1. Connect the water inlet to the water supply.
2. Connect the cooling water outlet to the laboratory water discharge.
3. Turn the cooling water flow control valve to a flow rate of about 2.5
liters per minute.
 Condensate
1. Condensate beaker must be weighted before the test and reweighed after
the test with the time duration recorded by a stopwatch.
2. Condensate before or after the test is collected in an alternate beaker
provided.

Plant Start Up:

Start Up the Boiler
1. Adjust the LPG tank outlet pressure regulator to 0.3 kg/cm2.
2. Open the boiler fuel flow meter control valve to about 0.3 liters per
minute or lower but should not exceed to 3.5 liters per minute.
3. Start the boiler burner using burner knob or outside igniter.
Boiler Control
At any given fuel flow rate, the saturated steam temperature is related
to pressure. Steam pressure is controlled by steam flow control valve. Steam
rate is determined by weighing the condensate.
1. When boiler pressure reaches a required level, slowly open the steam
supply valve, steam flow control valve to maintain the required pressure.
Steam is now discharged to temporary discharge line through the
discharge valve.
2. If the boiler pressure reaches the required pressure too fast just for
example, before the super heater temperature is heated up to the required
level, (in case of super heater is used), temporarily reduce the boiler fuel
flow to delay reaching the required pressure.
3. If water level in the boiler is below the maximum, use the feed pump to
keep the boiler level to full.
NOTE: Keep the discharge valve closed during the test.

Turbine Generator Test:

1. Connect the turbine to the generator by a belt.
2. Observe that both voltmeter and ammeter readings are “0”.
3. Turn on one light load lamp.
4. Direct the steam to the turbine by opening the valve going to the turbine and
closing the other valve that is for discharge.
 5. Turn on the condenser cooling water and adjust the flow rate of about 4 liters
per minute.
6. After the turbine is running at a steady load with measurable condensate, record
the condensate volume and start the stopwatch.
NOTE: The starting volume should be at a mark volume scale.
7. Place the beaker at the condenser discharge under the table at the same time
start the stopwatch.
8. Record the turbine speed, voltage and current.
9. Record the temperatures, pressures fuel flow rates, and cooling water flow rate.
10. After a period of test, record the condensate volume and stop the watch.
NOTE: The final volume should be at a marked volume level.
11. Repeat steps 3, 7 and 10 by turning on one more light load at a time until the
turbine is below 5000 rpm.
12. Take all recorded data for calculations.

Turbine Mechanical Power Test:

In this case, a mechanical dynamometer is used.
1. Turn on the turbine as per step 1 to 7.
2. Record turbine speed and all data as per step 9 and 10.
3. Apply the load by adjusting the load screw. When higher load is applied to the
turbine its speed will be reduced.
4. Wait until the speed is approximately stable before the readings are taken as per
step 2.
5. Repeat the earlier step at a load increment of 1 N.mm. until turbine
speed is lower than 3,000 rpm.
6. Take all recorded data for calculations.

Saturated Steam Test

The turbine can be run on saturated steam (without super heater) and
tests can be carried out as per the Turbine Generator and Turbine Mechanical Power
Test.
Plant Shutdown
After completing the experiment, the plant shutdown procedures are as follows.
1. Direct steam from the turbine through the temporary discharge valve.
2. Turn off fuel flow at the flow meters to the boiler.
3. Turn off the boiler outlet valve. The boiler is left to slowly cool down.
4. Turn off the condenser cooling water flow.
5. Disconnect water supply and discharge from the condenser.
6. Return the condensate to the feed water tank.
7. Close the LPG gas tank regulator valves.

Formulas

Rankine Cycle Efficiency

Where; h= Enthalpy
nt= Rankine cycle efficiency
Wp=Work of the Pump

Fuel Consumption Where; mft= Total mass flow rate of the LPG fuel for boiler
pLPG=Specific density of LPG fuel at standard condition
qfb=Actual volume flow rate of LPG to the boiler
qfs=Actual volume flow rate of LPG to the superheater

Heat Input from LPG Fuel

a.The total heat input by LPG fuel:

b.The heat input by LPG fuel to the boiler:

c.The heat input by LPG fuel to superheater:

Where; Qit= Total heat input by LPG fuel

Qf= 10,915.7 kCal/kg = 45.86 Mj/kg (given value by gas manufacturer)
Qib= Heat input by LPG fuel to the boiler
Qis= Heat input by LPG fuel to superheater
mft= Total mass flow rate of the LPG fuel for boiler

mfs= Mass flow rate of the LPG fuel to superheater

Boiler Efficiency (w/o Super heater)

h1 can be determined from the equation;

Where; nb= Boiler Efficiency

mc= Weight of the condensate dividing by time measurement
kg/min
v0= specific volume of saturated feed water at initial
temperature
Qib=Total heat from fuel
Steam Turbine or steam Engine Mechanical Power Output

Where; F= Ws-Wp
Ws= Spring balance reading
Wp= Prony brake weight
N= Engine Speed
r= Brake drum/ dynamometer radius
Turbine Indicated power input
Theoretical turbine indicated power input from steam flow

Where; Pi=Indicated power input from

Stem flow
nt= Rankine cycle efficiency
Wp=Work of the Pump
Turbine-Generated Electrical Power Output

Where; Poe=Turbine-Generator Electrical

Power output
V=Voltage
A=Current
Turbine-Generator Efficiency

Where; Poe=Turbine-Generator Electrical

Power output
Pi=Turbine Indicated Power
ntg=Turbine-Generator Efficiency
V=Voltage
A=Current
mc= Weight of the condensate dividing by time
measurement kg/min
h=Enthalpy of the states

Thermal Efficiency of the Steam Turbine

nth= (Turbine mechanical shaft power/ total heat energy input to the turbine)

Where; nth= Thermal Efficiency of the Steam Turbine

mc= Weight of the condensate dividing by time
measurement kg/min
Pom= Turbine mechanical shaft power
h=Enthalpy
Efficiency of the Steam Turbine

Where; nm= Efficiency of the Steam Turbine

Pom= Turbine mechanical shaft power
Pi=Energy transferred by fluid flow

Overall Power Plant Efficiency

Mechanical

Electrical

Thermal efficiency if the ideal Rankine cycle

 Where; nm= Over all Mechanical Efficiency
noe= Over all Electrical Efficiency
nt= Over all Thermal Efficiency
Pom= Turbine mechanical shaft power
Qf= 10,915.7 kCal/kg = 45.86 MJ/kg (given value by gas manufacturer)
mft= Total mass flow rate of the LPG fuel for boiler
and superheater
Poe=Turbine-Generator Electrical
Power output
Condenser Heat Transfer Efficiency

Where; nc=Efficiency of the condenser

mw=Mass flow rate of cooling water

mc=Mass flow rate of the condensate steam mass

flow rate, Condensate mas diving by testing time
measurement

Energy Balance
At the Boiler

At the Superheater

At the Turbine
Flow energy transferred to the turbine = Turbine mechanical power + Energy loss dues
to radiation, convection and friction at the turbine.

Where; mc=Mass flow rate of the condensate

steam mass flow rate, Condensate mas
diving by testing time measurement
Pom= Turbine mechanical shaft power
At the condenser
Flow energy+ transferred to the condenser = energy absorbed by cooling water +
Energy loss due to radiation, convection and friction at the condenser

Where; mc=Mass flow rate of the condensate

steam mass flow rate, Condensate mas
diving by testing time measurement
mw=Mass flow rate of cooling water
Sample Calculations

TEST RUN WITH GENERATOR AND LAMP LOAD

Reference Data:

Cp = Average value of Specific heat of water = 4.1792 kJ/kg-K

ρ = Average value of density if water = 1000 kg/m3
ρair = 1.161 kg/m3 at standard condition (from ESSO FUEL TEXT)
ρLPG = 2.425 kg/m3 at NTP condition (at 15 oC)
= 2.34 kg/m3 at standard condition (At 0 oC) and propane:
butane ratio = 20:80
Qf = Lower heating value of LPG at propane: butane = 20:80
= 10915.7 kCal/kg = 45.70 MJ/kg
1W = 1Nm/s = 1 J/s, 1 kg/cm2 = 98.0665 kpa = 14.223 psi

Typical Test Data at Shaded Row (Generator)

T1 = 34 oC pa = 101.3 kpa abs = 1.013 bar abs. = 1.03 kg/cm2

T2 = 162 oC p1 = 5.0 kg/cm2 = 490.33 kpa gauge = 591.83 kpa abs.
= 5.918 bar abs.
T5 = 100 oC p2 = 0.5 kg/cm2 gauge
T6 = 66 oC N = 12505 rpm
T7 = 33 oC qfob = 2.5 lpm
T8 = 44 oC qw = 4.0 lpm
T10= 34 oC mc = 1.389 x 10-3 kg/s

Sample Calculations – Generator

Enthalpy of saturated steam from the boiler

h0 = Cp∆T = (4.1972 kJ/kg-K) (33) = 138.507 kJ/kg

h1 = h0 = 138.507 kJ/kg
h2 = h(sat 162°C) = 2760.26 kJ/kg (from steam table)
h4 = h(sat 1 atm) = 2676.1 kJ/kg (from steam table)
h5 = Cp∆T = (4.1972 kJ/kg-K) (66) = 277.015 kJ/kg
h6 = Cp∆T = (4.1972 kJ/kg-K) (33) = 138.507 kJ/kg
h7 = Cp∆T = (4.1972 kJ/kg-K) (44) = 184.676 kJ/kg

Steam Rate or Steam Consumption

The steam rate ms is equal to the condensate flow rate mc;

mc = Weight of the condensate dividing by time measurement, kg/s
mc = (303 g) / (218 s) = 1.389 g/s x 1kg/1000 g = 1.389 x 10-3 kg/s
Therefore;
ms = 1.389 x 10-3 kg/s
Electrical Power Output

Poe = VA
= 15.1 x 0.303
= 4.575 W

Theoretical Turbine Indicated Power Input

P1 = mc (h2 – h4)
= 1.389 x 10-3 kg/s (2760.3 kJ/kg – 2676.1 kJ/kg) (1000 W/kW)
= 116.898 W

Efficiency of Turbine-Generator, ŋtg

Poe
ŋtg = 𝑥 100%
Pi

4.575
ŋtg = 𝑥 100%
116.898

ŋtg = 3.913 %

Actual Volume and Mass Flow Rate of LPG

The corrected volume flow rate can be estimated form equation below:

𝑃𝑡 1 1.53 1
𝑞𝑓𝑏 = 𝑞𝑓𝑜𝑏 = (√𝑃 ) (√𝑆.𝐺.) = 2.5 𝑙𝑝𝑚 (√1.03) (√2.016) = 2.14 𝑙𝑝𝑚
𝑎𝑡𝑚

Where:

qfb = actual fuel flow rate of boiler

qfob = observed fuel flow of boiler
pt = absolute pressure at LPG regulator = 0.5 + 1.03 = 1.53 kg/cm2
patm = standard atmospheric pressure = 1.03 kg/cm2
𝑝 2.34
𝑆. 𝐺 = 𝑝𝐿𝑃𝐺 = 1.161 = 2.016
𝑎𝑖𝑟

Mass Flow Rate of LPG Fuel:

𝑚𝑓𝑏 = 𝑞𝑓𝑏 𝜌𝐿𝑃𝐺

(2.14 𝑙𝑝𝑚)
𝑚𝑓𝑏 = 𝑥 2.34 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
1000𝑙/𝑚3

𝑚𝑓𝑏 = 0.834 𝑥 10−4 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

Overall Power Plant Efficiency (Electrical)
𝑃𝑜𝑒
ŋ𝑜𝑒 = 𝑚 𝑥 100 %
𝑓𝑏 𝑄𝑓

4.575 𝐽/𝑠
ŋ𝑜𝑒 = 𝑘𝑔 𝐽 𝑥 100 %
0.834 𝑥10−4 𝑥 45.7𝑥106
𝑠 𝑘𝑔

ŋ𝑜𝑒 = 0.124 %
 TEST RUN WITH PRONY BRAKE

Reference Data:

Cp = Average value of Specific heat of water = 4.1792 kJ/kg-K

ρ = Average value of density if water = 1000 kg/m3
ρair = 1.161 kg/m3 at standard condition (from ESSO FUEL TEXT)
ρLPG = 2.425 kg/m3 at NTP condition (at 15 oC)
= 2.34 kg/m3 at standard condition (At 0 oC) and propane:
butane ratio = 20:80
Qf = Lower heating value of LPG at propane: butane = 20:80
= 10915.7 kCal/kg = 45.70 MJ/kg
1W = 1Nm/s = 1 J/s, 1 kg/cm2 = 98.0665 kpa = 14.223 psi

Typical Test Data at Shaded Row (Generator)

T1 = 33 oC pa = 101.3 kpa abs = 1.013 bar abs. = 1.03 kg/cm2

T2 = 160 oC p1 = 5.0 kg/cm2 = 490.33 kpa gauge = 591.63 kpa abs.
= 5.916 bar abs.
T5 = 98 oC p2 = 0.5 kg/cm2 gauge
T6 = 66 oC N = 21062 rpm
T7 = 34 oC qfob = 2.5 lpm
T8 = 45 oC qw = 4.0 lpm
T10= 35 oC mc = 1.383 x 10-3 kg/s

Sample Calculations – Prony Brake

Enthalpy of saturated steam from the boiler

h0 = Cp∆T = (4.1972 kJ/kg-K) (33) = 138.507 kJ/kg

h1 = h0 = 138.507 kJ/kg
h2 = h(sat 160°C) = 2758.1 kJ/kg (from steam table)
h4 = h(sat 1 atm) = 2676.1 kJ/kg (from steam table)
h5 = Cp∆T = (4.1972 kJ/kg-K) (66) = 277.015 kJ/kg
h6 = Cp∆T = (4.1972 kJ/kg-K) (34) = 142.704 kJ/kg
h7 = Cp∆T = (4.1972 kJ/kg-K) (45) = 188.874 kJ/kg

Actual Volume and Mass Flow Rate of LPG

The corrected volume flow rate can be estimated form equation below:

𝑃𝑡 1 1.53 1
𝑞𝑓𝑏 = 𝑞𝑓𝑜𝑏 = (√𝑃 ) (√𝑆.𝐺.) = 2.5 𝑙𝑝𝑚 (√1.03) (√2.016) = 2.146 𝑙𝑝𝑚
𝑎𝑡𝑚

Where:

qfb = actual fuel flow rate of boiler

qfob = observed fuel flow of boiler
pt = absolute pressure at LPG regulator = 0.5 + 1.03 = 1.53 kg/cm2
 patm = standard atmospheric pressure = 1.03 kg/cm2
𝑝 2.34
𝑆. 𝐺 = 𝑝𝐿𝑃𝐺 = 1.161 = 2.016
𝑎𝑖𝑟

Mass Flow Rate of LPG Fuel:

𝑚𝑓𝑏 = 𝑞𝑓𝑏 𝜌𝐿𝑃𝐺

(2.146 𝑙𝑝𝑚)
𝑚𝑓𝑏 = 𝑥 2.34 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
1000 𝑙/𝑚3

𝑚𝑓𝑏 = 0.837 𝑥 10−4 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

Heat Input by LPG:

Qib = mfb x Qf
= (0.837 x 10-4 kg/s) (45.70 x 106 J/kg) = 3825.09 J/s
= 3825.09 J/s x 1 kJ/ 1000J = 3.825 kJ/s

Steam Rate or Steam Consumption

The steam rate ms is equal to the condensate flow rate mc;

mc = Weight of the condensate dividing by time measurement, kg/s
mc = (1042 g) / (753 s) = 1.389 g/s x 1kg/1000 g = 1.383 x 10-3 kg/s
Therefore;
ms = 1.383 x 10-3 kg/s

Boiler Efficiency

(𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟−𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)

ŋ𝑏 = 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥100
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙

𝑚𝑐 (ℎ2 −ℎ1 )
ŋ𝑏 = 𝑥 100%
𝑄𝑖𝑏

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
1.383𝑥10−3 (2758.1−138.501)
𝑠 𝑘𝑔
ŋ𝑏 = 𝑘𝐽 𝑥 100% = 94.71 %
3.825
𝑠

Steam Turbine Mechanical Power Output

Pom = 1.0472 x 10-4 TN W

Where T = Torque = 5.03 N-mm
N = Engine Speed = 21062 rpm

Hence Pom = 1.0472 x 10-4 x 5.03 x 21062

Pom = 11.094 W
Theoretical Turbine Indicated Power Input:

Pi = mc (h2 – h4)
Pi = 1.383 x 10-3 kg/s (2758.1 – 2676.1)
Pi = 0.11340 kW = 113.40 W

Steam Turbine Efficiencies:

Thermal Efficiency of the steam turbine

𝑃
ŋ𝑡ℎ = 𝑚𝑜𝑚 𝑥 100 %
ℎ 𝑐 2

11.094 𝐽/𝑠
ŋ𝑡ℎ = 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝐽 𝑥 100 %
1.383 𝑥10−3 𝑥 2758.1 𝑥 1000
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽

ŋ𝑡ℎ = 3.11 %

Efficiency of the steam turbine, ŋm

𝑃𝑜𝑚
ŋ𝑚 = 𝑥 100 %
𝑃𝐼

𝐽
11.094
𝑠
ŋ𝑡ℎ = 𝐽 𝑥 100 %
113.40
𝑠

ŋ𝑡ℎ = 9.78 %

Overall Power Plant Efficiency:

Mechanical
𝑃
ŋ𝑜𝑚 = 𝑚 𝑜𝑚𝑄 𝑥 100 %
𝑓𝑏 𝑓

11.094 𝐽/𝑠
ŋ𝑜𝑚 = 𝑘𝑔 𝐽 𝑥 100 %
0.837 𝑥10−4 𝑥 45.70 𝑥 106
𝑠 𝑘𝑔

ŋ𝑜𝑚 = 0.29 %

Theoretical Efficiency of ideal Rankine Cycle

ℎ −ℎ
ŋ𝑡 = ℎ2 −ℎ4 𝑥 100 %
2 0

𝑘𝐽
(2758.1−2676.1)
𝑘𝑔
ŋ𝑡 = 𝑘𝐽 𝑥 100 %
(2758.1−138.507)
𝑘𝑔

ŋ𝑡 = 3.36 %
Condenser Heat Transfer Efficiency:

𝑚𝑤 (ℎ7 −ℎ6 )
ŋ𝑐 = 𝑥 100 %
𝑚𝑐 (ℎ4 −ℎ5 )

where mw = qw ρ
mw = 4.0 lpm x 1 kg/l x 1 min/60sec
mw = 0.066kg/s

Hence
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
(0.066 )(184.676−138.507)
𝑠 𝑘𝑔
ŋ𝑐 = 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 100 %
(1.383𝑥10−3 )(2676.1−277.015) 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑠

ŋ𝑐 = 91.83 %

Energy Balance

At the Boiler
𝑚𝑓𝑏 𝑄𝑓
ℎ𝑙𝑏 = − (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )
𝑚𝑐

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
(0.837𝑥10−4 )(45.70𝑥103 ) 𝑘𝐽
𝑠 𝑘𝑔
ℎ𝑙𝑏 = 𝑘𝑔 − (2758.1 − 138.507) 𝑘𝑔
(1.383𝑥10−3 )
𝑠

𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑙𝑏 = 326.198
𝑘𝑔

At the Turbine
𝑃𝑜𝑚
ℎ𝑙𝑒 = (ℎ2 − ℎ4 ) − 𝑚𝑐

𝐽
𝑘𝐽 11.094
𝑠
ℎ𝑙𝑒 = (2758.1 − 2672.3) 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑘𝑔 𝐽
(1.383𝑥10−3 )(1000 )
𝑠 𝑘𝐽

𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑙𝑒 = 81.57 𝑘𝑔

At the Condenser

𝑚𝑐 (ℎ4 −ℎ5 )−𝑚𝑤 (ℎ7 −ℎ6 )

ℎ𝑙𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
1.383𝑥10−3 (2676.1−277.015) −(0.066 )(184.676−138.507)
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑠 𝑘𝑔
ℎ𝑙𝑐 = 𝑘𝑔
1.383𝑥10−3
𝑠

𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑙𝑐 = 195.792 𝑘𝑔
Calculations
Discussion and Analysis

Conclusion

Reference