9.
1.@",i"M Draw Lewis structures for each hypothetical
SELF-QUIZ
term trace element, the modifier trace means
element is required in very small amounts.
element can be used as a label to trace atoms through
organism's metabolism.
element is very rare on Earth.
element enhances health but is not essential for the
long-term survival.
element passes rapidly through the organism.
with 31 P, the radioactive isotope 32p has
atomic number. d. one more electron.
e. a different charge.
can be represented by simply listing the number of
neutrons, and electrons-for example, 2p +; 2no; 2e­
Which one of the following lists represents the 180
ofoxygen?
8no; 6e­ d. 7p+; 2no; ge­
lOno; 8e­ e. lOp +; 8no; ge­
;9no;ge
number of sulfur is 16. Sulfur combines with
by covalent bonding to form a compound, hydrogen
Based on the number of valence electrons in a sulfur
predict the molecular formula of the compound:
b. HS 2 c. H2 S d. H 3 S2 e. H4 S
ofan atom arises from
distance of the outermost electron shell
lIril11eH1II.e
the nucleus.
existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shelL
of the potential energies of all the electron shells.
potential energy of the valence shell.
difference between the sand p orbitals.
atom has more electrons than protons.
atom has more protons than electrons.
, atom has fewer protons than does a neutral atom of
element.
Jco!~tfictents must be placed in the following blanks so
are accounted for in the products?
C1;H l2 0 6 ----+ __C 2H 6 0 + __C02
b. 2; 2 c. 1; 3 d. 1; 1 e. 3; 1
of the following statements correctly describes any
reaction that has reached equilibrium?
concentrations of products and reactants are equaL
rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.
forward and reverse reactions have halted.
Ire~lcta.nts remain.
molecule shown below, using the correct number of valence
electrons for each atom. Determine which molecule makes
sense because each atom has a complete valence shell and
each bond has the correct number of electrons. Explain what
makes the other molecules nonsensical, considering the
number of bonds each type of atom can make.
a. O=C-H c. H H
I I
H-C-H-C=O
I
H
H
I
H-O-C­
b. H
I
d.
°I
H-N=H
For Self-Quiz answers, see Appendix A.
-""4""'. Visit the Study Area at www.masteringbio.com for a
Practice Test.
EVOLUTION CONNECTION
10. The percentages of naturally occurring elements making up the
human body (see Table 2.1) are similar to the percentages of
these elements found in other organisms. How could you
account for this similarity among organisms?
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
n. Female silkworm moths (Bombyx mori) attract males by
emitting chemical Signals that spread through the air. A male
hundreds of meters away can detect these molecules and fly
toward their source. The sensory organs responsible for this
behavior are the comblike antennae visible in the photograph
here. Each filament of an antenna is equipped with thousands of
receptor cells that detect the sex
attractant. Based on what you learned
in this chapter, propose a hypothesis
to account for the ability of the male
moth to detect a specific molecule in
the presence of many other molecules
in the air. What predictions does your
hypothesis make? Design an
experiment to test one of these
predictions.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
12. While waiting at an airport, Neil Campbell once overheard this
claim: "It's paranoid and ignorant to worry about industry or
agriculture contaminating the environment with their chemical
wastes. After all, this stuff is just made of the same atoms that
were already present in our environment:' How would you
counter this argument?
CHAPTE R TWO The Chemical Context of Life 45
 of oxides (leading to acid precipitation) and increas­
amounts of CO 2 , Some CO 2 becomes dissolved in the
arne lowering pH and potentially affecting the rate of calci­
on coral reefs.
[CI~ Dissociation of Water Molecules
Acids. Bases, and pH
larto
lMtigatiol1 How Does Acid Precipitation Affect Trees?
SELF-QUIZ
control their body temperature by sweating.
llU'.llLUl<U;>
property of water is most directly responsible for the
of sweat to lower body temperature?
water's change in density when it condenses
water's ability to dissolve molecules in the air
the release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds
the absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds
water's high surface tension
ofpizza has 500 kcaL If we could burn the pizza and use
heat to warm a 50-L container of cold water, what would
approximate increase in the temperature of the water?
A liter ofcold water weighs about 1 kg.)
50°C d. 100°C
SoC e. 1°C
bonds that are broken when water vaporizes are
bonds.
hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
bonds between atoms within water molecules.
covalent bonds.
sugar
e. pasta
can be sure that a mole of table sugar and a mole of vitamin
equal in their
Ilisms in daltons. d. number of atoms.
e. volume.
many grams of acetic acid (C2 H4 0 2 ) would you use to
10 Lof a 0.1 M aqueous solution of acetic acid? (Note:
atomic masses, in daltons, are approximately 12 for
1 for hydrogen, and 16 for oxygen.)
g d. 60.0 g
g e. 0.6 g
g
llaslilrenlents show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0.
is the hydrogen ion concentration of the lake?
M d. 104 M
e.4%
8. What is the hydroxide ion concentration of the lake described
in question 7?
a. 10- 7 M
b. 10- 4 M
c. 10- 10 M
9 • ••ljt-\9"i Draw three water molecules and label the
atoms. Draw solid lines to indicate covalent bonds and
dotted lines for hydrogen bonds. Add partial-charge labels as
appropriate.
For Self-Quiz answers, see Appendix A.
-My·it.• Visit the Study Area at www.masteringbio.com for a
Practice Test.
EVOLUTION CONNECTION
10. The surface of the planet Mars has many landscape features
reminiscent of those
formed by flowing
water on Earth,
including what appear
to be meandering
channels and outwash
areas. In 2004, images Surface of Mars Surface of Earth
of Meridiani Planum
on Mars taken by NASA's Opportunity rover suggested that
liquid water was once present on its surface. For example, one
image (left, above) shows polygonal fractures in the rock.
Similar fracture patterns in rocks on Earth's surface (above,
right) correlate ''''ith the earlier presence of water. Ice exists at
the Martian poles today, and some scientists suspect a great
deal more water may be present beneath the Martian surface.
Why has there been so much interest in the presence of water
on Mars? Does the presence of water make it more likely that
life arose there? What other physical factors might also be
important?
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
11. Design a controlled experiment to test the hypothesis that add
precipitation inhibits the growth of Elodea, a common
freshwater plant (see Figure 2.19).
12. In agricultural areas, farmers pay dose attention to the weather
forecast. Right before a predicted overnight freeze, farmers
spray water on crops to protect the plants. Use the properties
of water to explain how this method works. Be sure to mention
why hydrogen bonds are responsible for this phenomenon.
SCIENCE. TECHNOLOGY. AND SOCIETY
13. Agriculture. industry. and the growing populations of cities all
compete, through political influence, for water. If you were in
charge of water resources in an arid region, what would your
priorities be for allocating the limited water supply for various
uses? How would you try to build consensus among the
different special-interest groups?
CHAPTER THREE Water and the Fitness ofthe Environment 57
 6. Which action could produce a carbonyl group?
a. the replacement of the -OH of a carboxyl group with
ttthe
Reacts hydrogen
with H20 b. the addition of a thiol to a hydroxyl
- - - - l..... ®i + + Energy c. the addition of a hydroxyl to a phosphate
Inorganic ADP d. the replacement of the nitrogen of an amine with oxygen
phosphate e. the addition of a sulfhydryl to a carboxyl
7. Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an
organic molecule behaving as a base?
a. hydroxyl d. amino
~1,,",11II"''''
Elements of Life: A Review Living matter b. carbonyl e. phosphate
mostly of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen,
sulfur and phosphorus. Biological diversity has its c. carboxyl
basis in carbon's ability to form a huge number of
with particular shapes and chemical properties. For Self-Quiz amwers, see Appendix A.

MMY"'·. Visit the Study Area at www.masteringbio.com for a

Practice Test.

SELF-QUIZ EVOLUTION CONNECTION

chemistry is currently defined as 8. 1.1;1"",11. Some scientists believe that life elsewhere in the
study of compounds made only by living cells. universe might be based on the element silicon, rather than
study of carbon compounds. on carbon, as on Earth. Look at the electron distribution dia­
study of vital forces. gram for silicon in Figure 2.9 and draw the Lewis dot struc­
study of natural (as opposed to synthetic) compounds. ture for silicon. What properties does silicon share with
study of hydrocarbons. carbon that would make silicon-based life more likely than,
say, neon-based life or aluminum-based life?
of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its
skeleton? SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
9. In 1918, an epidemic of sleeping sickness caused an unusual
rigid paralysis in some survivors, similar to symptoms of ad­
vanced Parkinson's disease. Years later, L-dopa (below, left), a
the term that correctly describes the relationship chemical used to treat Parkinson's disease, was given to some
these two sugar molecules: of these patients, as dramatized in the movie Awakenings.
H L-dopa was remarkably effective at eliminating the paralysis, at
I H, 90 least temporarily. However, its
H-C-OH C
I I enantiomer, D-dopa (right),
c=o H-C-OH was subsequently shown to
I I have no effect at all, as is the
H-C-OH H-C-OH
I I case for Parkinson's disease. L-dopa o-dopa
H H
Suggest a hypothesis to explain
c. enantiomers
why, for both diseases, one enantiomer is effective and the
d. isotopes
other is not.
the asymmetric carbon in this molecule:
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
o OHH H H >

~alblcldle 10. Thalidomide achieved notoriety 50 years ago because of a

C-C-C-C-C-H
wave of birth defects among children born to women who
H
I I I I I
H H H H took thalidomide during pregnancy as a treatment for
.Drugs?
morning sickness. However, in 1998 the U.S. Food and Drug
functional group is not present in this molecule?
Administration (FDA) approved this drug for the treatment
HO, hO of certain conditions associated with Hansen's disease (lep­
'evH rosy). In clinical trials, thalidomide also shows promise for
I I use in treating patients suffering from AIDS, tuberculosis,
H-C-C-OH
I I and some types of cancer. Do you think approval of this
./
N ,H drug is appropriate? If so, under what conditions? What cri­
H H teria do you think the FDA should use in weighing a drug's
b. sulfhydryl c. hydroxyl d. amino benefits against its dangers?

C HAP IE R F 0 U R Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 67

 Primary Strudure

subunits

0: helix

25
----------­
The primary structure of apr9tem)s . sequence of amino Most proteins have segments of their polypeptide chains
acids. As an exampl~l~ ~~ .n, a globular protein coiled or folded in patterns that contribute to the protein's
found in the blood.~ transports vitamin A and one of the thyroid shape. These coils and folds, collectively referred to as
hormones through9ttt the body. Each of ~~ ~);~dentical polypeptide structure, are the result of hydrogen bonds between the
chains that together~ake uptr~~i);co~ed of 127 amino constituents of the polypeptide backbone (not the amino
acids. Shown here iSt)e!Ofm_cnains unravelettfor a closer look at chains). Both the oxygen and the nitrogen atoms of the
its primary structure. A ~p~~illc one of the 20 ~~ acids, indicated electronegative, \\ith partial negative charges (see Figure
here by its three-letter abbr~villt;/ .f~~~~Ch ofthe 127 positions weakly positive hydrogen atom attached to the nitrogen atom
along the chain. The pro . reiSlike the order of letters in a affinity for the oxygen atom of a nearby peptide bond.
very long word. Ifleft to ~ce, there would be 20 127 different ways these hydrogen bonds are weak, but because they are reJ)eated
of making a polypeptide~in).,27·~9;acids long. However, the times over a relatively long region of the polypeptide chain,
precise primary structure of a'pt~is~aet~ned not by the random support a particular shape for that part of the protein.
linking of amino acids, inherited gene~·lhformation. One such secondary structure is the a helix, a delicate
~~~;7' /.~;:-";;"_,,
*";\ -",j,"
together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth
shown above. Although transthyretin has only one a ""'.lA Il "!'.'VI
tertiary structure), other globular proteins have multiple
a helix separated by nonhelical regions. Some fibrous nrr,t.,ind.
as a-keratin, the structural protein ofhair, have the a helix
over most of their length.
The other main type ofsecondary structure is the ~ l"~;"""""_
As shown above, in this structure two or more regions ofthe
tide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds
parts of the two parallel polypeptide backbones. Pleated sheets
up the core ofmany globular proteins. as is the case for tr"'n~tl'.
and dominate some fibrous proteins, including the silk protein
der's web. The teamwork ofso many hydrogen bonds makes
der silk fiber stronger than a steel strand of the same weight.

Abdominal glands of the

spider secrete silk fibers

made of a structural protein

containing ~ pleated sheets.

The radiating strands, made

of dry silk fibers, maintain

the shape of the web.

/0 The spiral strands (capture

~DtI• •W-C,o_ strands) are elastic, stretching
in response to wind, rain,
Carboxyl end and the touch of insects.

82 UNIT ONE The Chemistry ofUfe

 Quaternary Structure

--- ---
--- ---

on the patterns of secondary structure is a protein's
shown above for the transthyretin polypeptide.
!1rh<'"1"hlr"
structure involves interactions between backbone
tertiary structure is the overall shape of a polypeptide
from interactions between the side chains (R groups) of the
acids. One type of interaction that contributes to ter­
is-somewhat misleadingly-called a hydrophobic
As a polypeptide folds into its functional shape, amino
hydrophobic (nonpolar) side chains usually end up in clus­
core of the protein, out of contact with water. Thus, what
interaction is actually caused by the action of
which exclude nonpolar substances as they form
bonds with each other and with hydrophilic parts of the
nonpolar amino acid side chains are close together,
interactions help hold them together. Meanwhile, hy­
between polar side chains and ionic bonds between
negatively charged side chains also help stabilize terti­
tide component, called heme, with an iron atom that binds oxygen.
These are all weak interactions, but their cumulative
Some proteins consist of two or more polypeptide chains aggre­
gated into one functional macromolecule. Quaternary structure is
the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of
these polypeptide subunits. For example, shown above is the com­
plete, globular transthyretin protein, made up of its four polypep­
tides. Another example is collagen, shown below left, which is a
fibrous protein that has helical subunits intertwined into a larger
triple helix, giving the long fibers great strength. This suits collagen
fibers to their function as the girders of connective tissue in skin,
bone, tendons, ligaments, and other body parts (collagen accounts
for 40% of the protein in a human body). Hemoglobin, the oxygen­
binding protein of red blood cells shown below right, is another ex­
ample of a globular protein with quaternary structure. It consists of
four polypeptide subunits, two of one kind ("0'. chains") and two of
another kind ("~ chains"). Both 0'. and ~ subunits consist primarily
of O'.-helical secondary structure. Each subunit has a nonpolypep­

give the protein a unique shape.

of a protein may be reinforced further by covalent

disulfide bridges. Disulfide bridges form where two
mOlllorners, amino acids with sulfhydryl groups (-SH) on
chains (see Figure 4.10), are brought close together by
of the
The sulfur Hydrophobic
interactions and
van der Waals
interactions

0'. Chains
Hemoglobin
Collagen

CHAPTER FIVE The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 83

 8. Construct a table that organizes the following terms, and label
the columns and rows.
phosphodiester linkages polypeptides monosaccharides
SELF-QUIZ
peptide bonds triacylglycerols nucleotides
term includes all others in the list? glycosidic linkages polynucleotides amino acids
d. carbohydrate ester linkages polysaccharides futty acids
e. polysaccharide
9. 1.1ihW..M Draw the polynucleotide strand in Figure 5.27a
and label the bases G, 1~ C, and T, starting from the 5' end.
molecular formula for glucose is C6 H 120 6 . What would be Now draw the complementary strand of the double helix, using
Ie mc)lecuiar formula
for a polymer made by linking ten glu­ the same symbols for phosphates (circles), sugars (pentagons),
molecules together by dehydration reactions? and bases. Label the bases. Draw arrows showing the 5' ~ 3'
C60H120060 d. C60HlOOOSO direction of each strand. Use the arrows to make sure the sec­
c;,H I2 0 6 e. C6oHlllOSl ond strand is anti parallel to the tlrst. Hint: After you draw the
C60HI020S1 first strand vertically, turn the paper upside down; it is easier to
draw the second strand from the 5' toward the 3' direction as
enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between
you go from top to bottom.
monomers only if the monomers are the a. form.
'S For Self-Quiz answers, see Appendix A.
of the following could amylase break down?
IIIV(Ol!.en. starch, and amylopectin
_&hlalt.• Visit the Study Area at www.masteringbio.com for a
and cellulose Practice Test.

walls
EVOLUTION CONNECTION
rgy amylopectin, and cellulose
rgy 10. Comparisons of amino acid sequences can shed light on the
of the following statements concerning unsaturated evolutionary divergence of related species. Would you expect
all the proteins of a given set ofliving species to show the same
,They are more common in animals than in plants.
degree of divergence? Why or why not?
:e
They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty

SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
generally solidify at room temperature.
contain more hydrogen than saturated fats having 11. During the Napoleonic Wars in the early 1800s, there was a sugar
same number of carbon atoms. shortage in Europe because supply ships could not enter block­
have fewer fatty acid molecules per fat molecule. aded harbors. To create artill­
100
cial sweeteners, German
level of a protein least affected by a disruption in scientists hydrolyzed wheat
bonding is the starch. They did this by adding
level. d. quaternary leveL hydrochloric acid to heated 50
Dr,'nl'l~rv level. e. All structural levels are starch solutions, breaking

equally affected. some ofthe glycosidic linkages

f the following pairs of base sequences could form a between the glucose

o~------------~

of a normal double helix of DNA? monomers. The graph here Time----..

shows the percentage of glyco­

sidic linkages broken over time. Why do you think consumers

found the sweetener to be less sweet than sugar? Sketch a glyco­

sidic linkage in starch using Figures 5.5a and 5.7b for reference.

-IUU"""v with 5' -GCAT-3' Show how the acid was able to break this bond. Why do you

think the add broke only 50% ofthe linkages in the wheat starch?

Biological Inquiry: A Workbook of Investigative Cases Explore large

that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the
bonds that join nucleotides together. What would
to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes?
two strands of the double helix would separate.
phosphodiester linkages between deoxyribose sugars
be broken.
purines would be separated from the deoxyribose
ieOllVl'ibOl,e sugars.
bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.
biological molecules further with the case "I'jcture Perfect~
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
12. Some amateur and professional athletes take anabolic steroids
to help them "bulk up" or build strength. The health risks of
this practice are extenSively documented. Apart from health
considerations, how do you feel about the use of chemicals to
enhance athletic performance? Is an athlete who takes anabolic
steroids cheating, or is such use part of the preparation
that is required to succeed in competition? Explain.

CHAPTER FIVE The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 91

 CONCEPT 6.6
The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes
structures and activities in the cell (pp. 112-118)
... Roles of the Cytoskeleton: Support, Motility, and
Regulation The cytoskeleton functions in structural sup­
port for the cell and in motility and signal transmission.
... Components of the Cytoskeleton Microtubules shape
the cell, gUide organelle movement, and separate chromo­
. somes in dividing cells. Cilia and flagella are motile
~pendages containing microtubules. Primary cilia also play
sensory and signaling roles. Microfilaments are thin rods
functioning in muscle contraction, amoeboid movement,
cytoplasmic streaming, and microvillus support. Intermediate
filaments support cell shape and fix organelles in place.
Activity Cilia and Flagella
_+.I~Miii_ 6.7
Extracellular components and connections between
cells help coordinate cellular activities (pp. 118-122)
... Cell Walls of Plants Plant cell walls are made of cellulose
fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins. Cellu­
lose deposition is oriented along microtubules.
... The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells Animal
cells secrete glycoproteins that form the ECM, which func­
tions in support, adhesion, movement, and regulation.
... Intercellular Junctions Plants have plasmodesmata that
pass through adjoining cell walls. Animal cells have tight
junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.
... The Cell: A living Unit Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts
Activity Cell Junctions
Activity Review: Animal Cell Structure and Function
Activity Review: Plant Cell Structure and Function
TESTING YOUR KNOWLEDGE
SELF-QUIZ
1. Which statement correctly characterizes bound ribosomes?
a. Bound ribosomes are enclosed in their own membrane.
b. Bound and free ribosomes are structurally different.
c. Bound ribosomes generally synthesize membrane proteins
and secretory proteins.
d. The most common location for bound ribosomes is the
cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.
e. All of the above.
2. Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system?
a. nuclear envelope d. plasma membrane
b. chloroplast e. ER
c. Golgi apparatus
3. Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled
amino acids into proteins. This "tagging" of newly synthesized
proteins enables a researcher to track their location. In this
124 UNIT TWO The Cell
case, we are tracking an enzyme secreted by pancreatic
What is its most likely pathway?
a. ER-+Golgi-+nucleus
b. Golgi-+ER-·lysosome
c. nucleus->ER-"'Golgi
d. ER-~Golgi·-+vesicles that fuse with plasma mE!mlJrane
e. ER->lysosomes->vesicles that fuse with plasma
4. \X'hich structure is common to plant and animal cells?
a. chloroplast d. mitochondrion
b. wall made of cellulose e. centriole
c. central vacuole
5. Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?
a. mitochondrion d. chloroplast
b. ribosome e. ER
c. nuclear envelope
6. Which cell would be best for studying Iysosomes?
a. muscle cell d. leaf cell of a plant
b. nerve cell e. bacterial cell
c. phagocytic white blood cell
7. Which structure-function pair is mismatched?
a. nucleolus; production of ribosomal subunits
b. lysosome; intracellular digestion
c. ribosome; protein synthesis
d. Golgi; protein trafficking
e. microtubule; muscle contraction
8. Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in
ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide
be found within the
a. mitochondria. d. lysosomes.
b. ribosomes. e. endoplasmic
c. peroxisomes.
9. I.U¥li. From memory, draw two cells, showing the
structures below and any connections between them.
nucleus, rough ER, smooth ER, mitochondrion,
chloroplast. vacuole. lysosome. microtubule. cell wall,
microfilament, Golgi apparatus, intermediate IH"UI"l1~
plasma membrane, peroxisome, ribosome, nucleolus.
pore, vesicle, flagellum, microvilli. plasmodesma
For Self-Quiz Answers, see Appendix A.
-My·lft- Visit the Study Area at www.masteringbio.com for
Practice Test
10. Which aspects of cell structure best reveal ""'lU,.IUIUtl!
\X'hat are some examples of specialized modifications?
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
11. Imagine protein X, destined to go to the plasma
Assume that the mRNA carrying the genetic message
tein X has already been translated by ribosomes in a
If you fractionate the cell (see Figure 6.5), in which
would you find protein X? Explain by describing its