Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
In the past few years, mobile technology has rapidly growing and improving from its limited
capabilities at the very first mobile phones and now supports multiple variety of
functionalities.
Triple Zero (000) is an emergency hotline in Australia just like the current 911 in the
Philippines. This application was created for Triple Zero that can run in different mobile
application platforms. This application gives the user his or her GPS coordinates to be read
out to the emergency operator, gives the caller or user an information when to call Triple
Zero, and provides information of who to call in non-emergency situations [10]. Another
mobile application named as Emergency App is a standalone application that contains a
panic button that will send alert the user's friends, family members and emergency numbers
of different departments that may provide emergency response such as police, ambulances,
and fire trucks [11].
Today, there are hundreds of existing mobile applications for disaster management. Most of
which are already quite successful with impressive feedbacks proving that technology is not
only for entertainment purposes but also as an innovative tool that is continuously evolving
to improve saving and reducing the loss of lives. The proposed system aims to allow the
residents not just to seek aid from the officials and have direct contact with them but to
participate and coordination via a pre-defined status updates whether they are safe or not
through a localized mapping feature wherein local government official can specify which
areas are affected.
Disaster Management
Natural disaster management in communication networks has become increasingly
important due to society's growing dependence on telecommunications. Among many
aspects of disaster management, network recovery during and after disasters, and robust
network design including provisioning to cope with disasters have attracted the most
attention from researchers worldwide. As additional methods, some temporary systems
such as portable terrestrial stations for satellite communications may be used.
Network recovery includes all reactions to failures that occur during and after disasters that
are done in order to minimize the bad effects caused by the disasters on networks. Different
mechanisms for network recovery have been proposed. Gardner et al. proposed a routing
algorithm pre-planned for geographically correlated failures to reduce the impact of route
changes that causes routing instability after failure [4]. Dikbiyik et al. proposed a
mechanism for reprovisioning connections under the risk of correlated cascading or
sequential failures right after the initial impact of disaster, to quickly recover disrupted
connections and minimize the risk of further failures [5]. Mukherjee suggested that if the
time and location of a disaster can be forecast, some actions should be taken before the
occurrence of disasters, such as reallocating network resources so that network elements in
the predicted disaster area are used as little as possible [6].
Different from network recovery, which is reactive, robust network design is a proactive
method of coping with with disasters. A straightforward approach is resource provisioning
to enhance the survival probability during disasters. The work in [7] is a typical example.
Another approach, which well complements the provisioning approach, is to plan physical
networks to avoid disaster-prone areas. Cao et al [8] discussed the optimization of the
physical route of undersea cables. Given a geometrical route configuration such as a
rectangular route, they minimize cable costs while maintaining a probability of connecting
two cities that is higher than the threshold. Saito proposed a spatial network design method
for determining the geographical shape of a physical network by optimizing a metric such as
the probability that every route between two given nodes intersects a disaster area [9].
Unfortunately, these works are not directly applicable if we need to take into account streets
and roads to install physical links, and if earthquakes that will occur with high probability
are specified, as mentioned above. Hence, in this work, we address the robust physical
network design problem on the basis of actual seismic hazard information provided by the
Japan Seismic Hazard Information Station (J-SHIS) operated by NIED and geographical
street maps to obtain a more practical and realistic solution. The proposed method in this
article introduces a new step in disaster management in addition to existing approaches
such as provisioning and recovering. It provides a method for geographically placing
network cables to make them robust against earthquakes on the basis of quantitative risk
evaluation. Here, the network should already contain provisioned alternative routes and
spare resources.