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Firearm Injuries 229

. Is it ossi e t at entr o nd is resent t the primer and copper vaporized from either
t e et is not fo nd in t e od the cartridge case or the bullet jacketing helps in
It may occur when the bullet entering the: determining:
Stomach, may be vomited out. Holes in clothing and tissues as bullet holes.
Windpipe, may be coughed up. Range of fire.
Mouth, may be spat out. Common origin of bullet fragments or shotgun
pellets found at different places.
Body and coming in contact with the bone, and
Whether or not a person has fired a gun.
exiting by the same wound from where it entered.
v.
X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX): It is the most
sophisticated tool which can detect minute traces
It is done by: of GSR found on the body of suspect. It is a
i. It is an obsolete qualitative, not a quantitative analysis.
and non-specific test. It detects GSR (nitrates and
nitrites) from the suspect’s hand by removing it Clothing may be tested for presence of GSR
in a paraffin cast or cotton swab and treating with Modified Greiss test is specific for nitrites. It uses chemicals
diphenylamine reagent. A positive test is indicated (alpha-naphthol) to produce visual display of GSR pattern and
density of particles.
by blue flecks in the paraffin.32
Sodium rhodizonate reaction detects lead from primer or
ii. It is a qualitative bullet wipe.
calorimetric chemical test, and not specific for Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) detects barium, antimony,
firearm discharges residues, but detects the lead and copper around the entry wound in clothing. It can
presence of antimony, barium and lead. be used to determine the range of fire.33

A cotton swab moistened with HCl is used to swab the hand and
then treated with triphenylmethylarsonium iodide for detection
of antimony, and sodium rhodizonate for the detection of barium
and lead.

iii. This chemical method Bullet emboli/Wandering bullet: Vascular embolization is

is useful in identifying minute traces of elements
present in the hair, nails, soil, glass pieces, paints,
GSR and drugs. It is based on the detection and
measurement of characteristic radioisotopes formed
by irradiation in a nuclear reactor. Antimony and
copper residues (from the primer) are detected
from the suspect’s hand.
iv.
Flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry
(FAAS): This analytical method utilizes high
temperatures to vaporize the metallic elements of
the primer residues, to detect and quantify them.
Measuring the antimony, barium and lead from
usually associated with small caliber, low velocity bullet, and
usually involves the arterial system. It should be suspected
whenever there is a penetrating bullet wound with failure to
discover the bullet in the expected region or to visualize the
bullet on routine X-ray. The most common sites of entry for
a bullet are the aorta, right atrium and ventricle, pulmonary
artery, and the inferior vena cava.
Lead snowstorm: This is seen in radiograph of an individual
shot with centerfire ammunition. Fragments of lead break off
the lead core as the bullet moves through the body and gets
lodged into surrounding tissue. X-ray shows small radiopaque
bullet fragments scattered along the wound track—‘lead
snowstorm’. A rifle bullet need not have to hit bone for this
phenomenon to occur.

I OI IO

NEET 13 2. Choking is seen in: AIIMS 12; COMEDK 15

A. Bolt B. Piston A. Revolver B. Pistol
C. Extractor D. Muzzle C. Shotgun D. Rifle

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230 Review of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology

DNB 09; TN 11; AIIMS 14 to its: AIIMS 09

A. Distance between a land and groove A. Size B. Shape
B. Distance between two diagonally opposite lands C. Velocity D. Weight
C. Distance between two diagonally opposite grooves
D. Number of spherical lead balls that can be made lies in its: AIIMS 10
from one pound of lead A. Size B. Shape
C. Weight D. Velocity
Manipal 09
A. 6 B. 8 to: NEET 14
C. 12 D. 2 A. Burns B. Smoke
NEET 13 C. Gunpowder D. Wads
A. Barrel B. Choke bore
C. Bullets D. Muzzle DNB 09
AIIMS 07 A. Flame B. Smoke
A. 1 B. 2 C. Unburnt powder D. Hot gases
C. 3 D. 4 NEET 13
Kerala 06 A. Punctured wound by sharp weapon
A. Duplex bullet B. Dum-dum bullet B. Lacerated wound
C. Frangible bullet D. Soft-point bullet C. Firearm entry wound
D. Stab wound
person can see the path is: AI 10 20. Abrasion collar is seen in: PGI 13
A. Tandem bullet B. Tracer bullet A. Gunshot injury
C. Dum-dum bullet D. Incendiary bullet B. Entry wound
C. Drowning
AFMC 12
D. Railway track accident
A. Gunpowder B. Primer
C. Projectile D. Wads

except: PGI 06; Punjab 09

AIIMS 12
A. Potassium nitrate B. Lead peroxide
A. Contact shot
C. Charcoal D. Sulfur
B. Close shot at a distance of 1 feet
Delhi 05, 07 C. Shot within range of 2 feet
A. KMnO4 B. HCN D. Shot within range of 3 feet
C. Nitrocellulose D. Sulfur NEET 14
A. Contact shot B. Close shot
AIIMS 12 C. Distant shot D. All of the above
A. Nitrocellulose and nitroguanidine
B. Potassium nitrate and sulphur seen in: COMEDK 15
C. Potassium nitrate and charcoal A. Close range of shotguns
D. Nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin B. Near range of shotguns
C. Close range of rifles
Karnataka 11 D. Near range of rifles
A. 3000- 000 cc of gas
B. 9000-10,000 cc of gas AI 09; NEET 13
C. 12,000-13,000 cc of gas A. Contact shot B. Close shot
D. 15,000-16,000 cc of gas C. Range within 60 cm D. Distant shot
PGI 08, 11 AP 06
A. Cartridge B. Black powder size A. Cruciate splitting B. Tattooing
C. Base of gun D. Wadding of cartridge C. Singeing of hair D. Abrasion collar

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Firearm Injuries 231

NIMS 11 AIIMS 13
A. Dirt collar, abrasion collar, tattooing A. Formication phenomenon
B. Abrasion collar, dirt collar, tattooing B. Gordon phenomenon
C. Tattooing, dirt collar, abrasion collar C. Cookie cutter phenomenon
D. Dirt collar, tattooing, abrasion collar D. Kennedy phenomenon
except:
NIMHANS 14; PGI 14
A. Entry wound is beveled in the outer table of skull
AIIMS 12
B. Abrasion collar is seen in entry wound
A. Identification of weapon
C. Harrison-Gilroy test can detect gunshot residue
B. Range of firing
D. Stellate shaped wound is seen in contact shot
C. Severity of tissue damage
D. Time of crime
DNB 10; NEET 14
A. Dirt collar B. Abrasion collar DNB 10; NEET 13
C. Tattooing D. Inverted edges A. Phenolphthalein test B. Dermal nitrate test
NEET 13 C. Benzidine test D. H2 activation test
A. Road traffic accident
B. Gunshot injury AI 11
C. Burns A. Magnifying lens B. UV rays
D. Contusion C. Infrared rays D. Energy dispersive -ray

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