A brief overview of well logs

WELL LOGGING
The study of the properties of rocks (& fluids) by petrophysical
techniques using electric, nuclear, and acoustical sources

Log curve shapes are determined

visually from the appearance of the
recorded data when plotted versus
depth.
 Uses of well logs

Define physical rock characteristics

• lithology
• porosity and permeability
• structure
• fracture orientation
Identify fluids
•Fresh water or brine
•Oil or gas
•Amount of saturation
Information about the well itself
• Width of hole
• Inspect hole, fractures, etc.
Choice depends on budget
and purpose.
• $100 million test well -
every log known to
mankind.
• well in area of known
geology might only have
electric and gamma ray

Calibration of seismic data

• velocities
• exact identification of reflections
 Materi Minggu ke- Tanggal

I Pendahuluan 1 2-Sep

II Wireline Logs
SP
GR
Caliper
Resistivity Log 2-3 9 &16-Sep
Neutron Log
Density Log
Sonic Logs

III Borehole Environment & Environmental Correction 3-4 16 & 23-Sep

IV Quantitative Log Analysis & Interpretaion
Fundamental of Quantitative Log Interpretaion 4 23 - Sep
Lithology Determination 4 23 - Sep
Porosity Determination 5-6 30–Sep & 7–Oct
Exercises & Responsi 7 14 - Oct
UTS 8 21 - Oct
Determination of Fluids Saturation 9 28 - Oct
Exercises & Responsi 10 4 - Nov
V Sedimentary Environments from Wireline Logs
Information on rock composition
11 25 - Nov
Information on Texture
Information on Sedimentary Structure 12 2 - Dec
Information on Facies and Sequence 13,14 9 & 16 - Dec
Interpretation of The Depositional Environments 14 16 - Dec

Exercise & Responsi 15 23-Dec

UAS 16 ?
 Grading
z Written tests (60%)
• Midterm (UTS) (30%)
• Final (30%)
z Practical Work Session (40%)
z Absensi (< 70% , kehilangan hak untuk perbaikan
nilai dan T)

z PRS tanggal 14 – 17 September 2004

 Types of well logs

1. Electric
• Spontaneous potential
• Induction
2. Nuclear
• Gamma ray
• Density
• Neutron porosity
3. Acoustic (sonic)
4. Other
• Dipmeter
• Photoelectric
• Caliper
• Imaging
• NMR
• Plus new ones
Gory details

• Instrument lowered on a wire

(wireline or borehole logs).
•Data transmitted to top.
•Hole is usually uncased, i.e. an
open hole held open by pressure
of drilling mud (or oil or foam or
air).
•Drilling fluid seeps into
surrounding formation.
•Width of drill hole may vary –
shale may cave in for example
•Want to measure properties of
uninvaded zone further from the
well.
Electric logs
Spontaneous potential (SP)
•Measures voltage difference between
electrode in well and at surface
•Shale positive; sand negative
•Identifies permeable zones (usually
sandstone) and boundaries.

Resistivity
• Uses induction and measures resistivity Sandstone
•Distinguishes type of fluid; hydrocarbon,
fresh water and brine.
•Many types and names; differ largely in
depth of penetration.
•Short penetration reflects drilling mud;
longer is due to formation water.

Usually used in combination and can be used to

make quantitative estimates of porosity,
permeability, etc.
Rocks, fresh water, and hydrocarbons are resistive;
current can only flow through rocks containing salt water.
Nuclear logs

Density and porosity logs

•Neutron density
•Amount of hydrogen ion
•Type of fluid
•Density
• can estimate porosity

Gamma ray
• Measures natural radioactivity
• Sandstone and carbonate
usually low
• Shale high
• Sandstones (or carbonates)
with feldspar, glauconite, or
mica also high due to potassium.
• Some gamma ray logs may
distinguish between potassium,
thorium, or uranium.
• Can be run in cased hole.
 PENENTUAN FASIES :
Z-PLOT
z V1 : Tuff / Lithictuff
100
Frequency (%)

(pink) : RHOB : 2.4 – 2.6;

50

NPHI:0.07 – 0.2; GR : 60 - 120

1.9 0

0.45
0.45
Sulphur 0.4 z V2 : Lithictuff / Aglomerat
2

Salt 0.4 0.4

0.35
0.35 0.35 (hijau) : RHOB : 2.0 - 2.5;
2.1

Approx Gas Corr 0.3

0.3 NPHI:0.2 – 0.4; GR : 90 - 130
2.2

0.3 0.35
RHOB .ASCII_Load [A14498634] (g/cm3)

Tuff/Lithictuff/Lava0.25
0.25 0.25
z V3 : Detrital / Ruble (epiclastic)
2.3

0.2 0.3
Lithictuff/Aglomerat 0.2
0.2 0.25
2.4

0.15
0.15 Detrital/Rubble Zone 0.15 (kuning) : RHOB : 2.0 – 2.45;
0.1 0.2
2.5

0.05 0.1 0.1 NPHI:0.1 – 0.3; GR : >90

0.15
2.6

0.05
0 0.05
0.1
z V4 : Andesit / Basalt Lava
0
2.7

0
Langbeinite 0.05 Polyhalite -0.05 (biru) : RHOB : >2.5;
2.8

0 -0.1 NPHI: <0.2 ; GR : >100

2.9

Density Porosity
0Andesit/Basalt Lava (rma = 2.71) -0.15
3

-0.05 0.075 0.2 0.325 0.450 50 100

NPHI .ASCII_Load [A14498637] (m3/m3) Frequency (%)
JTB_066
# Points Total: 1043
Start Depth: 2092.12 m # Points Plotted: 973
Stop Depth: 2344.81 m # Points Absent: 0
Sampling Rate: m # Points Cut: 41
X Max Value: 0.383 m3/m3 # > X Scale Max: 0
X Min Value: 0.0388 m3/m3 # < X Scale Min: 0
Y Max Value: 2.6709 g/cm3 # > Y Scale Max: 0
Y Min Value: 2.1009 g/cm3 # < Y Scale Min: 0
Z Max Value: 2 6709 g/cm3 # > Z Scale Max: 0
Frequency (%)
100
50
1.90

0.45
0.45
Sulphur 0.4
2

Salt 0.4 0.4

0.35
0.35 0.35
2.1

Approx Gas Corr 0.3

RHOB .ASCII_Load [A14499222] (g/cm3)

0.3
2.2

0.3 0.35
Tuff/Lithictuff 0.25
0.25 0.25
2.3

0.2 0.3
Lithictuff/Aglomerat 0.2
0.2 0.25
2.4

0.15
0.15 Detrital/Rubble Zone 0.15
0.1 0.2
2.5

0.1 0.1
0.05 0.15
2.6

0.05 0.05
0 0.1
0
2.7

0
Langbeinite 0.05 -0.05
Polyhalite
2.8

0 -0.1
2.9

Density Porosity
0Andesit/Basalt Lava (rma = 2.71) -0.15
3

-0.05 0.075 0.2 0.325 0.450 50 100

NPHI .ASCII_Load [A14499225] (m3/m3) Frequency (%)
JTB_068
# Points Total: 2105
Start Depth: 2070.03 m # Points Plotted: 2079
Stop Depth: 2390.68 m # Points Absent: 0
Sampling Rate: m # Points Cut: 22
X Max Value: 0.413 m3/m3 # > X Scale Max: 0
X Min Value: 0.0284 m3/m3 # < X Scale Min: 0
Y Max Value: 2.6992 g/cm3 # > Y Scale Max: 0
Y Min Value: 1.7173 g/cm3 # < Y Scale Min: 4
Z Max Value: 2 6992 g/cm3 # > Z Scale Max: 0
 100
Frequency (%)
50
1.9 0

0.45
0.45
Sulphur 0.4
2

Salt 0.4 0.4

0.35
0.35 0.35
2.1

Approx Gas Corr 0.3

0.3 0.3
2.2

0.35
Tuff/Lithictuff 0.25
RHOB .WELLEDIT [A16298444] (g/cm3)

0.25 0.25
2.3

0.2 0.3
Lithictuff/Aglomerat 0.2
0.2 0.25
2.4

0.15
0.15 Detrital/Rubble Zone 0.15
0.1 0.2
2.5

0.1 0.1
0.05 0.15
2.6

0.05 0.05
0 0.1
0
2.7

0
Langbeinite 0.05 -0.05
Polyhalite
2.8

0 -0.1
2.9

Density Porosity
0Andesit/Basalt Lava (rma = 2.71) -0.15
3

-0.05 0.075 0.2 0.325 0.450 50 100

NPHI .ASCII_Load [A15971749] (m3/m3) Frequency (%
JTB_176
# Points Total: 871
Start Depth: 2090 m # Points Plotted: 870
Stop Depth: 2177 m # Points Absent: 0
Sampling Rate: m # Points Cut: 1
X Max Value: 0.42 m3/m3 # > X Scale Max: 0
X Min Value: 0.02 m3/m3 # < X Scale Min: 0
Y Max Value: 2.59413 g/cm3 # > Y Scale Max: 0
Y Min Value: 2.05057 g/cm3 # < Y Scale Min: 0
Z Max Value: 2 59413 g/cm3 # > Z Scale Max: 0
Frequency (%)
100
50
1.90

0.45
0.45
Sulphur 0.4
2

Salt 0.4 0.4

0.35
2.1

Approx Gas Corr 0.35 0.35

0.3
RHOB .WELLEDIT [A16297753] (g/cm3)

0.3
2.2

0.3 0.35
Tuff/Lithictuff/Lava/II/VI
Tuff/Lithictuff 0.25
0.25 0.25
2.3

0.2 0.3
Lithictuff/Aglomerat 0.2
0.2 0.25
2.4

0.15
0.15 Zone 0.15
Detrital/Rubble Zone/
0.1 0.2
2.5

0.1 0.1
0.05 0.15
2.6

0.05 0.05
0 0.1
0
2.7

0
Langbeinite 0.05 Polyhalite -0.05
2.8

0 -0.1
2.9

Density Porosity
0Andesit/Basalt Lava/I/II (rma = 2.71) -0.15
3

-0.05 0.075 0.2 0.325 0.450 50 100

NPHI .ASCII_Load [A14547040] (m3/m3) Frequency (%)
JTB_113
# Points Total 466
Start Depth: 2057.21 m # Points Plotted: 445
Stop Depth: 2169.97 m # Points Absent: 0
Sampling Rate: m # Points Cut: 22
X Max Value: 0.4161 m3/m3 # > X Scale Max: 0
X Min Value: 0.0325 m3/m3 # < X Scale Min: 0
Y Max Value: 2.57146 g/cm3 # > Y Scale Max: 0
Y Min Value: 1.97054 g/cm3 # < Y Scale Min: 0
Z Max Value: 2 57146 g/cm3 # > Z Scale Max: 0
 NS 1 NES 1

NS 1 NES 1

GS

GS

NS 2 NES 2

NS 2 NES 2
Sedimentary/ Stratigraphic Cycle of Reservoirs