22/4/2018 Electrochemical Cell: Definition,Diagram.

Working,Experiment,Cell Notation

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Electrochemical Cell
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Understanding Electrochemical Cell: Batteries are everywhere in modern societies. They

provide electric current to start automobiles and power a host of products such as pocket
calculators, digital watches, radio, tape recorder etc. The reactions carried out electrochemically
cause less pollution. They are becoming more eco-friendly with the advancement of the
technology. Electrochemistry is the branch of science that deals with the interconversion of
chemical and electrical energy.

What is Electrochemical Cell – De nition

A device employed to convert the chemical energy of a reaction into electrical energy.

It is also commonly referred to as a Galvanic or Voltaic cell after the names of Galvani (1780)
and Volta (1800) who were the rst to work in this eld. 

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A reaction is carried out in two separate half-cells. The electrons are lost in one cell and
gained in the other.

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22/4/2018 Electrochemical Cell: Definition,Diagram.Working,Experiment,Cell Notation
The substance which loses the electrons and the one which accepts the electrons should
not be in direct contact with each other. The electron transfer must take place through an
external circuit.

Electrochemical Cell Diagram

In Electrochemical process heat energy is not produced. It is due to the fact that chemical
energy gets transformed into electrical energy. The cell is made up of two half-cells, In each of
which a half-reaction takes place. So the two partial reactions which occur simultaneously are
known as half-cell reactions. The Experiment of this electrochemical will clear more. A video is
given below.

Electrochemical Cell Experiment

Let us illustrate the principle by taking an example of Daniell cell (in which Zn-CuSO4. reaction
takes place).

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Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)

Ionic equation is:

Zn(s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Zn2+ (aq) + Cu(s) 

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22/4/2018 Electrochemical Cell: Definition,Diagram.Working,Experiment,Cell Notation

It consists of two beakers one containing a solution of ZnSO4 (1M) and zinc plate is dipped it.
The other beaker contains CuSO4 solution (1M) and a copper plate is dipped in it. The two
solutions are connected by means of a salt bridge. A salt bridge is a U-shaped tube containing a
concentrated solution of an inert electrolyte like KCl, KNO3, NH4NO3, etc., or solidi ed solution
of an electrolyte in Agar-Agar and gelatin. The ends of the salt bridge are plugged with glass
wool or cotton. The salt in the bridge is such that it does not react chemically with either of the
two solutions connected by it.

Copper-Zinc voltaic cell

Working of Electrochemical cell

When the two metallic plates are joined through a connecting wire, the reaction takes place and
the following observations are recorded:

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22/4/2018 Electrochemical Cell: Definition,Diagram.Working,Experiment,Cell Notation
De ection of the needle in voltmeter takes place from zinc to the copper plate. It is due to
the fact that plugs electrons ow from zinc to the copper plate. The ow of electrons
constitutes an electric current, since electrons, negative electricity ows from zinc to the
copper plate, the conventional current, i.e., positive electricity ows from copper to
zinc plate. Thus zinc plate serves as a negative electrode and copper plate serves as a
positive electrode.
Zinc plate loses its weight. It is due to the fact that zinc gets oxidized to zinc ions which go
into the solution

Zn(s) → Zn2+ (aq) + 2e–

Such electrode at the surface of which oxidation, i.e., loss of electrons takes place is known as
an anode.

 Copper plate gains weight. It is due to the fact that copper ions get reduced to metallic
copper which is deposited on the copper plate.

Cu2+(aq) + 2e–  → Cu(s)

Such electrode at the surface of which reduction, i.e., the gain of electrons takes place is
known as a cathode.

The solution remains electrically neutral. It is due to the fact that salt bridge maintains
electrical neutrality in both the solutions.

Must Read:  Electrode Potential and Types (http://googlegalaxyscience.com/electrode-

potential/)

Function of Salt bridge in Electrochemical cell

The functions of the salt bridge are:

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1.  To complete the circuit.

2.  Prevent intermixing of the solutions of both the half cells.
3. To maintain electrical neutrality in the solutions of both half cell.

In the oxidation half cell, Zn will lose electrons and would change to Zn2+ ions. So positive
charge may accumulate in this half-cell due to excess of Zn2+ ions. This prevents the release of
electrons from the zinc plate. Similarly, in the reduction of half-cell, Cut2+ ions, would gain
electrons and would be deposited as Cu on the electrode. So the negative charge would
accumulate due to the excess of SO42- ions in this half-cell. This prevents the ow of electrons
up to the copper plate.

These negative ions (anions) of the electrolyte in the salt bridge would move to the oxidation
half cell in order to neutralize excess of zinc ions. Similarly, the positive ions (cations) move to
the reduction half-cell, in order to neutralize the excess of sulfate ions so as to maintain the
electrical neutrality in both the half-cells.

In the absence of salt bridge, the current would have stopped owing in circuit due to
accumulation of opposite charges in the two half-cells

Electrochemical Cell Notation

The galvanic cells are represented with the help of certain notations and conventions, which are
given below: 

The anode is written on the left-hand side and is represented by writing metal or solid
phase rst and then the metal ions. The two are separated by a semicolon or a vertical line.
For example,

Zn(s); Zn2+(aq) or Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq)

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22/4/2018 Electrochemical Cell: Definition,Diagram.Working,Experiment,Cell Notation
The cathode is written on the right-hand and is represented by writing metal ions rst and
the metal. The two are separated by a semicolon or vertical line. For example,

Cu2+(aq); Cu (s) or Cu2+ (aq) Cu (s)

When a salt bridge is used, it is indicated by two vertical lines separating the two half cells.

Anode || Cathode

Now let us represent the view of the above convention

Zn(s); Zn2+(aq) (1M) || Cu2+(aq) (1M); Cu (s) 

Electrochemical Cell vs Electrolytic Cell

Mobile View:

Electrochemical Electrolytic cell

Chemical energy is converted Electrical energy is converted into

into electrical energy in the cell. chemical energy in the cell

Ions are discharged only on the cathode. lons are discharged at both electrodes.

The anode is negative while Cathode is a Anode is positive electrode and cathode is
positive electrode. a negative electrode.

The electrodes are present in di erent Both the electrodes are present in the
compartment same Compartment.

A salt bridge or porous partition is needed No salt bridge or porous partition

between the two electrodes. is needed between the two electrodes.

Electrochemical Cell Examples

Q- Suggest a cell notation for the net cell reaction.

Cd + Ni2+ → Cd2+ + Ni
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Solution. The given reaction Cd + Ni2+ – Cd2+ + Ni can be split into two half-cell reactions as
22/4/2018 Electrochemical Cell: Definition,Diagram.Working,Experiment,Cell Notation

Cd → Cd2+ +2e– (oxidation)

Ni2+ + 2e– → Ni (reduction)

Since oxidation occurs at the anode of the cell, the negative electrode or the anode
is represented as Cd | Cd2+.
As the reduction takes place at the cathode of the cell, positive electrode or the cathode is
denoted by Ni2+ | Ni.
Combining the anode and the cathode electrodes, using salt bridge, the cell notation is
Cd | Cd2+ || Ni2+/Ni

This is for the electrochemical cell. if you like feel free to share with others.

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