6.3.

5 WIND LOAD (As per EN 1991-1-4:2009 & Singapore National Annexture)

Wind Pressure
Reference Code : SS EN 1991-1-4 : 2009 & NA to SS EN 1991-1-4 : 2009

Peak velocity pressure

q p (z) = c e (z) * q b [Eq. (4.8) under Section 4.5 (1)]
Air density
3
r = 1.194 kg/m [Section NA.2.18]
Fundamental value of the basic wind velocity
v b,0 = 20 m/sec [Section NA.2.4]
Basic wind velocity
c dir = 1 directional factor [Section NA.2.6]
c season = 1 season factor [Section NA.2.7]
vb = c dir * c season * v b,0 [Eq. (4.1) under Section 4.2 (1)P]
= 20 m/sec
Basic velocity pressure
2
qb = 1/2 * r * v b [Eq. (4.10) under Section 4.5 (1)]
= 238.8 N/m 2
Terrain category
Terrain = I [Table 4.1]
Hence,
z0 = 0.01 m [Table 4.1]
z min = 1 m [Table 4.1]
Terrain roughness
c r (z) = k r * ln(z/z 0 ) for z min <=z<=z max [Eq. (4.4) under Section 4.3.2 (1)]
= c r * (z min ) for z<z min
z 0,II = 0.05
z min = 1
z max 200
kr = 0.19 * (z 0 /z 0,II ) 0.07 [Eq. (4.5) under Section 4.3.2 (1)]
= 0.17
Terrain orography [Section 4.3.1 (1)]
c 0 (z) = 1
Wind turbulance [Section 4.4]
kl = 1 turbulance factor [Section NA.2.16]
l v (z) = k l / {c 0 (z) * ln(z/z 0 ) } for z min <=z<=z max [Eq. (4.7) under Section 4.4 (1)]
= l v (z min ) for z<z min
Mean wind velocity
v m (z) = c r (z) * c 0 (z) * v b [Section 4.3.1 (1)]
Peak velocity pressure
q p (z) = [1 + 7 * l v (z)] * 1/2 * r * v m 2 (z) [Eq. (4.8) under Section 4.5 (1)]
= c e (z) * q b
where,
c e (z) = [1 + 7 * l v (z)] * c r 2 (z) * c 0 2 (z) [after substituting the value of v m (z)]
qb = 1/2 * r * v b 2 [Eq. (4.10) under Section 4.5 (1)]

Table showing wind pressure intensity with respect to height

z l v (z) c 0 (z) c r (z) c e (z) q p (z)

m kN/m 2
0 - 1 - - 0.368
1 0.217 1 1 2 0.37
2 0.189 1 1 2 0.45
5 0.161 1 1 2 0.57
10 0.145 1 1 3 0.66
15 0.137 1 1 3 0.72
20 0.132 1 1 3 0.76
25 0.128 1 1 3 0.80
30 0.125 1 1 3 0.83
35 0.123 1 1 4 0.85
40 0.121 1 1 4 0.87
45 0.119 1 1 4 0.89
50 0.117 1 1 4 0.91

For sharp edged structural members the shape factor (c f ) is adopted as 2.0 (Cl. 7.7 from SS EN 1991-1-4:2009)
For pipes or circular members of finite length, the coefficient for the shape (c f,0 ) is adopted as 1.2
(Fig 7.28, clause 7.9.2 (3), Same as Stranded cables)
For members, wind load intensity = P w x (Dimension of member blocking the wind) x Shape factor
For pipes/conduits, wind load intensity = P w x (Largest diameter of pipe blocking the wind + 10% of piperack/tier)
x Coefficient for shape

Wind load.xlsx Wind load Page 1 of 1