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CONTENTS Foreword iii Preface to the second edition v Preface to the first
edition vi PART ONE PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICS
1.1 Kinematics 1-34 1.2 The Fundamental Equation of Dynamics 35-65 1.3
Laws of Conservation of Energy, Momemtum, and Angular Momentum 66-
101 1.4 Universal Gravitation 102-117 1.5 Dynamics of a Solid Body 118-
143 1.6 Elastic Deformations of a Solid Body 144-155 1.7 Hydrodynamics
156-167 1.8 Relativistic Mechanics 168-183 PART TWO
THERMODYNAMICS AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS 2.1 Equation of the
Gas State. Processes 184-195 2.2 The first Law of Thermodynamics. Heat
Capacity 196-212 2.3 Kinetic theory of Gases. Boltzmann's Law and
Maxwell's Distribution 213-226 2.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Entropy 227-241 2.5 Liquids. Capillary Effects 242-247 2.6 Phase
Transformations 248-256 2.7 Transport Phenomena 257-266 PART THREE
ELECTRODYNAMICS 3.1 Constant Electric Field in Vacuum 267-288 3.2
Conductors and Dielectrics in an Electric Reid 289-305 3.3 Electric
Capacitance. Energy of an Electric Field 306-324 3.4 Electric Current 325-
353 3.5 Constant Magnetic Field. Magnetics 354-379 3.6 Electromagnetic
Induction. Maxwell's Equations 380-407 3.7 Motion of Chaiged Particles in
Electric and Magnetic Fields 408-424
1.8 Let / be the distance covered by the boat A along the river as well as by
the boat B acre the river. Let v0 be the stream velocity and v' the velocity of
each boat with respect water. Therefore time taken by the boat A in its
journey / / v' + v0 v' - v0 and for the boat B Hence, On substitution 2/ 'o
Vv'2-vg Vti2-1 1-8 I where r\ = — 1.9 Let v0 be the stream velocity and v'
the velocity of boat with respect to water. A — ■ T] ■ 2 > 0, some drifting of
boat is inevitable. Let v* make an angle 0 with flow direction. (Fig.), then the
time taken to cross the rive t * . . - (where d is the width of the river) v sin 0 v
In this time interval, the drifting of the boat jc* (v'cos0 + v >' cos 0 + vj , . . -
(cot 0 + ti cosec 0) d ^ v sin 0 For jc • (minimum drifting) dQ (cot 0 + K]
cosec 0) * 0, which yields cos 0 - - — « - — n 2 I Hence, 0 - 120° 1.10 The
solution of this problem becomes simple in the frame attached with one of the
bodies. Let the body thrown straight up be 1 and the other body be 2, then for
the body 1 in the frame of 2 from the kinematic equation for constant
acceleration : r12" r0A2) + v0A2) or, But (because wu~ 0 and r^U)- 0) ' A) -
v So, from properties of triangle 0A2) - V v2 + v2-2vovocos(ji/2-0o) Hence,
the sought distance £|- voV2(l-sin0) r= 22m.
-11 Let the velocities of the paricles (say vl and v2 ) becomes mutually
perpendicular after time t. Then their velocitis become As v1 lv2 so, v1 • or,
0 0 or 0 ■Vttr** Hence, V vi g C) Now form the Eq. r12 - 1 * t + — >v12
^21" I ^12) I *> (because here m^ - 0 and Hence the sought distance 0) 8 (as I
v '0A2) V2) 1.12 From the symmetry of the problem all the three points are
always located at the vertices of equilateral triangles of varying side length
and finally meet at the centriod of the initial equilateral triangle whose side
length is a, in the sought time interval (say t). 6^720° Let us consider an
arbitrary equilateral triangle of edge length / (say). Then the rate by which 1
approaches 2, 2 approches 3, and 3 approches 1, becomes : -dl dt V - VCOS
On integrating : 3v 2 a a 3 vt so t 2a —
6 1.13 Let us locate the points A and B at an arbitrary instant of time (Fig.). If
A and B are separated by the distance s at this moment, then the points
converge or -ds point A approaches B with velocity —r- - v - u cos a where
angle a varies with time. On intergating, 0 r - J ds « J (v - u cos a) dt9 1 o
(where T is the sought time.) T t or /« J (v - u cos a) df As both A and 2?
cover the same distance in jt-direction during the sought time interval, so the
other condition which is required, can be obtained by the equation So,
Solving A) and B), we get T *x-fvxdt T uT» I vcos adit o ul B) -5 One can
see that ifu~v, or u < v, point A cannot catch B. 1.14 In the reference frame
Gxed to the train, the distance between the two events is obviously equal to /.
Suppose the train starts moving at time t« 0 in the positive x direction and
take the origin (x - 0) at the head-light of the train at t» 0. Then the coordinate
of first event in the earth's frame is and similarly the coordinate of the second
event is The distance between the two events is obviously. -0-242 km in the
reference frame fixed on the earth.. For the two events to occur at the same
point in the reference frame Ky moving with constant velocity V relative to
the earth, the distance travelled by the frame in the time interval T must be
equal to the above distance. Thus Vx - / - wx( t + x/2) / x So, 4-03 m/s The
frame K must clearly be moving in a direction opposite to the train so that if
(for example) the origin of the frame coincides with the point xl on the earth
at time t, it coincides with the point x2 at time t + x.
1.15 (a) One good way to solve the problem is to work in the elevator's frame
having the observer at its bottom (Fig.). Let us denote the separation between
floor and celing by h - 2-7 m. and the acceleration of the elevator by *v« 1-2
m/s From the kinematical formula ±v2 A) Here and O,yo 'Qy 0 So, 0 or, 0-7
s. (b) At the moment the bolt loses contact with the elevator, it has already
aquired the velocity equal to elevator, given by : v0- A-2) B)- 2-4 m/s In the
reference frame attached with the elevator shaft (ground) and pointing the y-
axis upward, we have for ^ the displacement of the bolt^ v0T* 1 i t V 1 f \ or,
Ay « B-4) @-7) + \ (- 9-8) @-7J * - 0-7 m. Hence the bolt comes down or
displaces downward relative to the point, when it loses contact with the
elevator by the amount 0-7 m (Fig.). Obviously the total distance covered by
the bolt during its free fall time 1.16 Let the particle 1 and 2 be at points B
and A at t - 0 at the distances lx and l2 from intersection point O. Let us fix
the inertial frame with the particle 2. Now the particle 1 moves in relative to
this reference frame with a relative velocity i£2- vj*- v£ and its trajectory is
the straight line BP. Obviously, the minimum distance between the particles
is equal to the length of the perpendicular AP dropped from point A on to the
straight line BP (Fig.).
B From Fig. (b), v12 - V v\ + v2 , and tan 0 - — The shortest distance AP-
AM sinG- (OA - GM) sin 0 - (/2 -/x cot 0) sin 0 or AP Vvf (using 1) The
sought time can be obtained directly from the condition that (lx -vlt) + (^-
v20 is minimum. This gives t - —* *— . 1.17 Let the car turn off the
highway at a distance x from the point D. So, CD = jc, and if the speed of the
car in the field is v, then the time taken by the car to cover the distance AC -
AD - x on the highway and the time taken to travel the distance CB in the
field B) So, the total time elapsed to move the car from point A to B AD-x
yfWi x\ v For t to be minimum , - 0 or - ax v 0 or t|2jc2» /2+jc2 or jc
9 1.18 To plot x (t\ s (t) and wx (t) let us partion the given plot vx (t) into five
segments (for detailed analysis) as shown in the figure. For the part oa : w =*
1 and v * t - v Thus, Putting f= 1, we get, For the part ab : o y- sx(t) 1 .t —
unit 7 mmmtmmt 1 2 MM 3 4 6 s t A7' = O and v = v= constants 1 Thus
Putting f= 3, Ax2= 52» 2 unit For the part b4 : w^ ■ 1 and vx - 1 - (t - 3) ■ 4
-1) ■ v .2 Thus Putting For the part 4d : So, Thus Putting Similarly 15 1 f = 4,
A jc3 - x3 - — unit x m - 1 and vx = - A - 4) - 4-1 « t-4 for ^>4 Ax4(t)-f(l-t)dt
r- 6, A*4= -1 Putting For the part d 7 : Now, Putting t- 6, *4» wx" 2 and v-
|v,|- 6 Ax@-/2 (r t= 4, Ax5 : 2 unit Vxm ~2 2G-0 -7)A- s - 1 + 2 for r2- (r-6)«
2(r-7) r<-7 14r + 48 Similarly Putting s5[t)- f 2G-t)dtm \4t-t2- 48 t- 7, s. On
the basis of these obtained expressions w^ (f), jc (r) and 5 (t) plots can be
easily plotted as shown in the figure of answersheet
10 1.19 (a) Mean velocity Total distance covered 50 cm/s A) Time elapsed m
£ xR f" X (b) Modulus of mean velocity vector 2R \<v>\ 32 cm/s B) At x (c)
Let the point moves from i to f along the half circle (Fig.) and v0 and v be the
spe at the points respectively. dt " W* We have or, v * v0 + wt t (as wt is
constant, according to the problem) t So, 0 So, from A) and C) xR x Now the
modulus of the mean vector of total acceleration w> o Ar (see Fig.) Using D)
in E), we get : w> x2 1.20 (a) we have So, and (b) From the equation r - a t A
- a t) v«-«a{l-2a0 w a -at), 0, at t * 0 and also at r = Ar a So, the sought time
Ar = a As So, v- \v] 2at) a A - 2 a t) forf > 1 2a 1 2a
13 (b) Let s be the time to cover first s m of the path. From the Eq. s = Jv dt s
= 2 2 (using 2) o or The mean velocity of particle 2\S/a /* iVs/a 1.23
According to the problem or, a vv (as v decreases with time) -I Vv dv- aj ds o
On integrating we get s - — Vq Again according to the problem /2 dv dt avv
or - or, J dv a\dt Thus a 1.24 (a) As So, and therefore r*= att^-bt /* x= atyy= -
bt -bx2 a C)
15 So, ; Diff. Eq. B) with respect to time wx= 0 and wy = -2aa So, w« V wx2
+ m^2 - 2aa (c) From Eqs. B) and C) We have v^« a j"+ a ( 1 - 2a r ) 7"* and
i?« 2 a a F So, cos - = 4 4 V2 vm> aVl + (l-2aroJ2aa On simplifying. 1 - 2 a
r0 « ±1 As, r0 * 0 , r0 m — 1.26 Differentiating motion law : jc * a sin co r, y
* a(l-coscot), with respect to time, v = a co cos cor, v » a co sin cor •* • So,
v^ a co cos cor J+ acosincorj* A) and v - a co * Const B) Differentiating Eq.
A) with respect to time w ■ -r-- -a co smcori + aco cos cor; C) at (a) The
distance s traversed by the point during the time x is given by s - J v
dr«Jacocfr«acox (using 2) 0 0 (b) Taking inner product of v and w We get, v
• w * (a co cos cor i + a co sin cor; )• (a co sin cor ( - i) + a co cos cor -; ) So,
v^ hT« - a2 co2 sin cor cos cor + a2 co3 sin cor cos cor - 0 Thus, vtL v?, i.e.,
the angle between velocity vector and acceleration vector equals —. 1.27
Accordiing to the problem dVx dVv So, w,- -^r- 0 and wr- -^- -w A)
Differentiating Eq. of trajectory, y* ajc-fejc2, with respect to time ^2bx dt dt
dt
16 So, dt a x-0 dx dt *-0 Again differentiating with respect to time 2" 7^£\2_
dt1 dt * J 2bx dt or, -w- a(Q)-2b or, dt -2bx(Q) (using 1) (using Using C) in
B) dy_ dt x- 0 •VI Hence, the velocity of the particle at the origin v = Hence,
c- 1.28 As the body is under gravity of constant accelration g, it's velocity
vector and displacemen vectors are: ^ T' (i; and V + \gt2 (F*« OaU = 0) So,
<v> over the first t seconds C) Hence from Eq. C), <v> over the first t
seconds D) For evaluating tt take or, v 2 V 0 Lt=o) But we have v = v0 at ^ -
0 and Also at t - x (Fig.) (also from energy conservation) B; Vo
21 Hence 1.35 (a) The velocity vector of the particle v * a i + fox; SO, From
A) J dx - a j dt or, jc - at B) o o And dy~ bxdt= batdt y t Integrating J dy - ab
\tdt or, y= —abt2 C) o o From Eqs. B) and C), we get, y^—x2 D) (b) The
curvature radius of trajectory y (jc) is : 3 (dyldx) ' 2 12 b 2 Let us differentiate
the path Eq. y - — jc with respect to *, dy b Sy b -f-m —x and —*rm - F) dx
a dx2 ^ From Eqs. E) and F), the sought curvature radius : 3 2 12 L36 In
accordance with the problem But wt - —r~ or vav wt = a • x So, or, vdv** ai-
dr= adx (because a is directed towards the jc-axis) V JC So, \vdv= a\ dx
Hence v ■ 2ox or, v - Vlax
24 1.42 (a) Let us differentiate twice the path equation y (x) with respect to
time. dy -f- dt lax dx (fy — ; —*r dt dt2 2a dt dt dlx 2 Since the particle
moves uniformly, its acceleration at all points of the path is normal and at the
point x * 0 it coincides with the direction of derivative d2y/dt2. Keeping in
mind that at the point x * 0, — We get dx dt dt v, 2 n x- 0 So, 2 V 1 Wn.2av-
j, or R-- Note that we can also calculate it from the formula of problem A.35
b) (b) Differentiating the equation of the trajectory with respect to time we
see that , 2 dx 2 dV rx /1\ bx**ay*~° A) which implies that the vector (b xi +
a yj) is normal to the velocity vector V the normal and the normal component
of acceleration is clearly = — f*+ -*£) which, of course, is along the tangent.
Thus the former vactor is along ,2 b x dt2 dt1 on using Wn " ( b V ♦ a V I/2 /i
/ | /t|. At jc « 0,y* ± t and so at x = 0 x- 0 Differentiating A) '(* A fit) = 0 Also
from A) 0 at x - 0 So I — I « ± v (since tangential velocity is constant « v )
Thus dt2 and This gives R * a2/b
25 1.43 Let us fix the co-ordinate system at the point O as shown in the
figure, such that the radius vector F*bf point A makes an angle 0 with x axis
at the moment shown. Note that the radius vector of the particle A rotates
clockwise and we here take line ox as reference line, so in this case obviously
the taking angular velocity co * ""~7~ anticlockwise sense of angular
displacement as positive. Also from the geometry of the triangle OAC R r sin
0 sin (n - 2 0) Let us write, or, r « 2 R cos 0. 0 Differentiating with respect to
time. at or or, v- 2R dt at [sin20i-cos20;] ~dFJ or, v*« 2R a) (sin 2 0 T-
cos2qJ So, |v| or v« 2o)jR«0-4m/.s. dv As a) is constant, v is also constant
and wt * — * 0 So, w* w. Alternate : From the Fig. the angular velocity of
the point A, with respect to centre of the circle C becomes dBQ) -dQ) 2 co =
constant dt y dt Thus we have the problem of finding the velocity and
acceleration of a particle moving along a circle of radius R with constant
angular velocity 2 co. Hence v* 2coi? and Bco/Q2 2 n R R 1.44
Differentiating (p (t) with respect to time dtp dt For fixed axis rotation, the
speed of the point A: toz- 2at A) v«toi?« 2atR or R 2at B)
27 So, <p (b) From Eq. B) Pz* -66f So, Hence P« (PJ / I » 2V3a& 1.47 Angle
a is related with | wt | and wH by means of the fomula : tana* :—r, where w*
co R and wJ« QR A) where R is the radius of the circle which an arbitrary
point of the body circumscribes. From the given equation p « -r— ■ at (here
p * -r— > as P is positive for all values of Integrating within the limit f Jco =
a \ tdt or, cosra^ /i2f4 bo, 2 and |wr|« PA- Putting the values of | wt \ and wH
in Eq. A), we get, a2tAR/4 at3 tan a * =— ■ —r- or, t atR 4 1.48 In
accordance with the problem, Pz < 0 \D\* 1 — tan a 1/3 Thus - -t— ■ A:
VaT, where A: is proportionality constant or, - I -,==m k I dt or, vco - vcoo -
•*?- A) V to i 2 When co ■ 0, total time of rotation t ■ r
28 Average angular velocity < a) > I J7 Hence < co > @ 0 12 o 1.49 We have
to * co0 - a cp ~ Integratin this Eq. within its limit for (cp) t d cp (o0-/ /:(p J
dt or, In (xr 0 0), .2.2 dt co0/3 Hence (b) From the Eq., (o * co0 -* it(p and
Eq. A) or by differentiating Eq. A) 1.50 Let us choose the positive direction
of z-axis (stationary rotation axis) along the vector . In accordance with the
equation dm. or dt rz " ™z dy nz Z^K or, toz d (oz - Pz J cp * P cos cp d cp,
Integrating this Eq. within its limit for to or, I rfaJ* poj coscpdcp o o 0) or,
Y* Posin(P Hence coz * ± V 2 po sin cp The plot (oz (cp) is shown in the
Fig. It can be seen that as the angle cp grows, the vector of first increases,
coinciding with the direction of the vector j^ (coz > 0), reaches the maximum
at cp * cp/2, then starts decreasing and finally turns into zero at cp » n. After
that the body starts rotating in the opposite direction in a similar fashion (coz
< 0). As a result, the body will oscillate about the position cp « cp/2 with an
amplitude equal to jc/2.
29 1.51 Rotating disc moves along the x-axis, in plane motion in x - y plane.
Plane motion of a solid can be imagined to be in pure rotation about a point
(say 7) at a certain instant known as instantaneous centre of rotation. The
instantaneous axis whose positive sense is directed along co of the solid and
which passes through the point/, is known as instantaneous axis of rotation.
Therefore the velocity vector of an arbitrary point (P) of the solid can be
represented as : coxr p/ A) On the basis of Eq. A) for the C. M. (C) of the
disc c a V / According to the problem vctt* QJTtt^*i'c« (&±-x-y plane, so to
satisy the Eqn. B) r£7 is directed along (- j ). Hence point / is at a distance rCI
= yy above the centre of the disc along y - axis. Using all these facts in Eq.
B), we get 0 or y« — c @ C) (a) From the angular kinematical equation co-
On the other hand x * v f, (where x is the x coordinate of the CM.) or. From
Eqs. D) and E), co Using this value of co in Eq. C) we get y • — co (
hyperbola ) 1 2 —wt and vc« wt (b) As centre C moves with constant
acceleration w, with zero initial velocity So, Therefore, Hence vc- w co co
V2jc (parabola) E)
33 where S' is a frame corotating with the second body and 5 is a space fixed
frame with origin coinciding with the point of intersection of the two axes,
but r dt aJ x Since 5 ' rotates with angular velocity w2 . However with
constant angular velocity in space, thus dt 0 as the first body rotates Is co1 x
co2. Note that for any vector 5f the relation in space forced frame (k) and a
frame (k) rotating with angular velocity oTis dt dt ICC > ""* 1 " .5ft We have
a) « ati + bt j So, (o A) (o- V (atJ + (fr2J , thus, *,,,_ 1Os Differentiating Eq.
A) with respect to time 7.81 rad/s dm i-* —« ai + 2btj B) So, and (b) V a2 +
B rad/s cos a @ Putting the values of (a) and (&);and taking t * 10s, we get a-
17° 1.57 (a) Let the axis of the cone (OC) rotates in anticlockwise sense with
constant angular velocity oT and the cone itself about it's own axis (OC) in
clockwise sense with angular velocity co^ (Fig.). Then the resultant angular
velocity of the cone. As the rolling is pure the magnitudes of the vectors <o
andco0 can be easily found from *<J \rJ (&'! Fig. ^O a)'- V , (o0- v/fl B) 0 H
cot a u v y u As a) X (Oq, from Eq. A) and B) A
36 Newton's second law of motion in projection form along jc-axis for the
blocks gives : m1gsina-k1m1g cos a + R « m1 w A) m2 g sin a - R - k^ m2 g
cos a « m2 w B) Solving Eqs. A) and B) simultaneously, we get 1 ^1 * ^ ^2 w
* g sin a - g cos a and cos a (b) when the blocks just slide down the plane, w
« 0, so from Eqn. C) 1 1 2 2 g sin a - g cos a * 0 Ifl + /W * + or, (m! + /W2)
sin a * (kx mx + k>± m2) cos a Hence tan a = 1.62 Case 1. When the body is
launched up : Let fc be the coefficeint of friction, u the velocity of projection
and / the distance traversed along the incline. Retarding force on the block -
mg sin a + kmgcosa and hence the retardation - g sin a + kg cos a. Using the
equation of particle kinematics along the incline, 0* w2-2(gsina + JfcgcosaO '
2(gsina + A:gcosa) and 0 « u - (g sin a + kg cos a) t or, u « (g sin a + kg cos
a) t B) Using B) in A) / - \r (g sin a + kg cos a) t2 C) Case B). When the block
comes downward, the net force on the body « mg sin a - km g cos a and
hence its acceleration « g sin a - k g cos a Let, t be the time required then, /= |
(gsina-*gcosa)r'2 D) From Eqs. C) and D) since -A: cos a sin a + k cos a But
— - — (according to the question), Hence on solving we get a» 016 1)
37 1.63 At the initial moment, obviously the tension in the thread connecting
ml and m2 equals the weight of m2. . (a) For the block m2 to come down or
the block m2 to go up, the conditions is and J- where T is tension and fr is
friction which in the limiting case equals long coscl Then or m2g-m1 sin a >
km1gcosa or > (k cos a + sin a) (b) Similarly in the case or, m1 g sin a - m^ g
> km1 g cos a or, < (sin a - k cos a) (c) For this case, neither kind of motion is
possible, and fr need not be limiting. Hence, 2 (k cos a + sin a) > — > (sin a -
k cos a) mi 1.64 From the conditions, obtained in the previous problem, first
we will check whethet the mass m2 goes up or down. Here, m2/m1 * r\ > sin
a + k cos a, (substituting the values). Hence the mass m2 will come down
with an acceleration (say w). From the free body diagram of previous
problem, and T - ml g sin a - km1 g cos a * m1 w Adding A) and B), we get,
m2g-m1gsh\a-kmlg cos a - (ml + m2) w {m2/mx - sin a - k cos a) g fa _ sm a
_ k cos a) B) A + m^/m^ 1 + T| Substituting all the values, w- 0-048g-005g
As m2 moves down with acceleration of magnitude w = 0.05 g > 0, thus in
vector form acceleration of m2: 1 +T| 1.65 Let us write the Newton's second
law in projection form along positive Jt-axis for the plank and the bar /r-
mxwl9 fr~ m2w2 A)
38 At the initial moment, fr represents the static friction, and as the force F
grows so does the friction force fr, but up to it's limiting value i.e. fr =*
Unless this value is reached, both bodies moves as a single body with equal
acceleration. But as soon as the force fr reaches the limit, the
777//////////////////////// bar starts sliding over the plank i.e. w2 2 vvr
Substituting here the values of wx and h>2 taken from Eq. A) and taking into
account that km2 fr= km^ g, we obtain, (at -km2g)/m2z g, were the sign "="
corresponds to the moment m t0 (say) Hence, If t £ tQy then km2g (constant),
and On this basis m>2» (at-km2g)/m2 (t) and w2 (r), plots are as shown in
the figure of answersheet. 1.66 Let us designate the x-axis (Fig.) and apply
Fx* mwx for body A : mgsina-ifcmgcosa* mw or, w = g sin a - kg cos a
Now, from kinematical equation : /seca- 0 + (l/2)wr2 or, (using Eq. A)). i.e.
t* V 2 /sec a/(sin a - Jtcos a)g « V 2 // (sin 2 a/2 - kcos1 a) g j ( sin 2 a , 2 ) a\
—-—-kcos a da 0 2 cos 2 a + 2k cos a sin a - 0 N or, tan2a- -T=>a« 49° k and
putting the values of a, k and / in Eq. B) we get tain * Is. 1.67 Let us fix the x
- y co-ordinate system to the wedge, taking the x - axis up, along the incline
and the y - axis perpendicular to it (Fig.).
39 Now, we draw the free body diagram for the bar. Let us apply Newton's
second law in projection form along x and y axis for the bar : Tcosp-mgsina-
/r» 0 A) Jsinp +N-mgcosa« 0 or, N=* mgcosa-JsinP B) But fr** kN and using
B) in A), we get J« m g sin a + kmg cos a/(cos P For T the value of (cos P + it
sin P) should be maximum C) So, d (cos ft + fcsin ft) 0 or tan P « k Putting
this value of P in Eq. C) we get, _, m g (sin a + &cos a) mm
i/Vi+*:2+jfc2/Vi+jfc2 m g (sin a + k cos a) VTTP" 1.68 First of all let us
draw the free body diagram for the small body of mass m and indicate x -
axis along the horizontal plane and y - axis, perpendicular to it, as shown in
the figure. Let the block breaks off the plane at t * t0 i.e. N ■ 0 So, or. /wg-
afosina« 0 mg A) a sin a From Fx ■ mwxy for the body under investigation :
m d yj/dt = at cos a ; Integrating within the limits for v (t) V ml dvx» a cos a I
tdt (using Eq. 1) So, ds a cos a 2 F* 2m B) Integrating, Eqn. B) for s (t) a cos
a t * 2m 3 Using the value of t« r0 from Eq. A), into Eqs. B) and C) C) m g~
cos a , m2 g3 cos a 2 a sin2 a and 5- 6 a2 sin3 a
42 1.73 Let us write Newton's second law for masses ml and m2 and moving
pully in vertical direction along positive x - axis (Fig.) : 8 - m or m2g-T =
m2w2x TX-2T= 0(asm = 0) T, « 2J A) B) ////////V77/77 C) Again using
Newton's second law in projection form for mass m0 along positive x1
direction (Fig.), we get Tx - m0 w0 D) The kinematical relationship between
the accelerations of masses gives in terms of projection on the x - axis Wlx +
W2x " ^ W>0 E) Simultaneous solution of the obtained five equations yields
[4 m1 m2 + m0 {m1 - m^) ] g In vector form / / / / / x a 1.74 As the thread is
not tied with my so if there were no friction between the thread and the ball
m, the tension in the thread would be zero and as a result both bodies will
have free fall motion. Obviously in the given problem it is the friction force
exerted by the ball on the thread, which becomes the tension in the thread.
From the condition or language of the problem wM>wm and as both are
directed downward so, relative acceleration of M - wM-wm and is directed
downward. Kinematical equation for the ball in the frame of rod in projection
form along upward direction gives : ///////, •2 A) 7v\ Newton's second law in
projection form along vertically down direction for both, rod and ball gives,
Mg-fr-MwM B) mg-fr- mwm C) Multiplying Eq. B) by m and Eq. C) by M
and then subtracting Eq. C) from B) and after using Eq. A) we get 2lMm -TP
a I T fr (M-m)t
43 1.75 Suppose, the ball goes up with accleration wx and the rod comes
down with the acceleration w2. As the length of the thread is constant, 2wp
w2 A) From Newton's second law in projection form along vertically upward
for the ball and vertically downward for the rod respectively gives, T - m g *
mwl and Mg - T'= Mw2 but T = 2 T (because pulley is massless) From Eqs.
A), B), C) and D) B-TQg B) C) D) m + AM r| + 4 (in upward direction) and
(downwards) From kinematical equation in projection form, we get T as, wx
and w2 are in the opposite direction. Putting the values of xvx and w2> the
sought time becomes T TM fM /=V2/(T] + 4)/3B-T])g= 1 -4 s 1.76 Using
Newton's second law in projection form along x - axis for the body 1 and
along negative x - axis for the body 2 respectively, we get m1w1 A) For the
pulley lowering in downward direction from Newton's law along x axis, < 0
(as pulley is mass less) 7,-21. or, 7\ = 2 T2 C) As the length of the thread is
constant so, h>2= D) The simultaneous solution of above equations yields, 2
(m2 - 2m2) g 2 (ti - 2) , "*i ////////////// 4 m + 4 (as m E) v2 ~r i**] ij tt #f»2
Obviously during the time interval in which the body 1 comes to the
horizontal floor covering the distance hy the body 2 moves upward the
distance 2h. At the moment when the body 2 is at the height 2/i from the floor
its velocity is given by the expression : 2 w2 B/*) - 2 T] + 4 T] +4 After the
body m1 touches the floor the thread becomes slack or the tension in the
thread zero, thus as a result body 2 is only under gravity for it's subsequent
motion.
44 Owing to the velocity v2 at that moment or at the height 2h from the floor,
the body 2 further goes up under gravity by the distance, 2g r| + 4 Thus the
sought maximum height attained by the body 2 : 4hQn - 2) 6r\h + 4 H 2h (Tl
+ 4) Let us draw free body diagram of each body, i.e. of rod A and of wedge
B and also draw the kinemetical diagram for accelerations, after analysing the
directions of motion of A and B. Kinematical relationship of accelerations is :
tana w B Let us write Newton's second law for both bodies in terms of
projections having taken positive directions of y and x axes as shown in the
figure. mAg-Ncos a * n*AwA (?) and Nswa = ?nBwB Simultaneous solution
of A), B) and C) yields : mA g sin a « mA sin a + mB cot a cos a A + t| cot2
a) and C) tan a (tan a + r\ cot a) Note : We may also solve this problem using
conservation of mechanical energy instead of Newton's second law. 1.78 Let
us draw free body diagram of each body and fix the coordinate system, as
shown in the figure. After analysing the motion of M and m on the basis of
force diagrams, let us draw the kinematical diagram for accelerations (Fig.).
As the length of threads are constant so, dsmM « dsM and as vmM and vM
do not change their directions that why w mM w*M I * w (say) and fmM TT
vm an<* WM tt Y
45 U/ro so, from the triangle law of vector addition wm=* yflw From the Eq.
Fx « mwx > for the wedge and block : T-N= Mwy and N *= mw Now, from
the Eq. Fy « mw , for the block mg-T-kN = mw Simultaneous solution of
Eqs. B), C) and D) yields : mg A) B) C) D) w (bn + 2m+M) (k + 2 +M/m)
Hence using Eq. A) w M 1.79 Bodies 1 and 2 will remain at rest with repect
to bar A for wa^n zwz where the sought minimum acceleration of the bar.
Beyond these limits there will be a relative motion between bar and the
bodies. For Osn'i w^, the tendency of body 1 in relation to the bar A is to
move towards right and is in the opposite sense for w fc m^. On the basis of
above argument the static friction on 2 by A is directed upward and on 1 by
A is directed towards left for the purpose of calculating w^. Let us write
Newton's second law for bodies 1 and 2 in terms of projection along positive
x - axis (Fig.). T-frx = mw or, frx= T-mw A) N2 « mw B) As body 2 has no
acceleration in vertical direction, so fc-mg-T C) From A) and C) But frl +fr2
* k (Nx or fr1+fr2*k (mg + mw) E) 7/////////////////////////
46 From D) and E) m(g-w) or w A+*) Hence mm N 1.80 On the basis of the
initial argument of the solution of 1.79, the tendency of bar 2 with respect to
1 will be to move up along the plane. Let us fix (jc - y) coordinate system in
the frame of ground as shown in the figure. From second law of motion in
projection form along y and x axes : m g cos a-N= m wsin a or, N = m(g cos
a - w sin a ) A) m g sin a + fr * m w cos a or, fr-m(w cos a - g sin a ) B) but fr
x kN, so from A) and B) ( w cos a- gsina)* k(g cos a + w sin a ) or, w ( cos a-
fcsina)sg(fc cos a + sin a) ( cos a + sin a) ' cos a - k sin a ' So, the sought
maximum acceleration of the wedge : (k cos a + sin a) g (k cot a + 1) g x max
where cot a > k cos a - k sin a cot a - k 1.81 Let us draw the force diagram of
each body, and on this basis we observe that the prism moves towards right
say with an acceleration wl and the bar 2 of mass w, moves down the plane
with respect to 1, say with acceleration w21, then, w2 « w21 + wx (Fig.) Let
us write Newton's second law for both bodies in projection form along
positive y2 and xx axes as shown in the Fig. m2g cos a -AT- m2w2{yj= m2 I
w2i{y2) + wHy2)\ " m2 \ ° + wi sina 1 or, m2 g cos a-N= m2w1 sin a A) and
N sin a « 0*1*^ B) Solving A) and B), we get m2 g sin a cos a g sin a cos a
(m1/m2) + sin a mx + m2 sin a
47 1.82 To analyse the kinematic relations between the bodies, sketch the
force diagram of each body as shown in the figure. On the basis of force
diagram, it is obvious that the wedge M will move towards right and the
block will move down along the wedge. As the length of the thread is
constant, the distance travelled by the block on the wedge must be equal to
the distance travelled by the wedge on the floor. Hence dsmM « ds^. As v^
and v*M do not change their directions and acceleration that's why w*mM
TT v^a/ an(* ™m TT V (say) and accordingly the diagram of kinematical
dependence is shown in figure. anc^ wmMssWMssW v////////////////////////// m
VtM As w m + wu, so from triangle law of vector addition. -2wmMwMco&a
*vV2(l-cosa) A) From Fx = m wx, (for the wedge), J* Jcosa+^sina* Mw B)
For the bar m let us fix (x - y) coordinate system in the frame of ground
Newton's law in projection form along x and y axes (Fig.) gives mg sinct - T -
m wm m ^ w] m w A - cosa) mgcos a-N» mwn Solving the above Eqs.
simultaneously, we get _ fflgsina C) D) 2m(l-cosa) Note : We can study the
motion of the block m in the frame of wedge also, alternately we may solve
this problem using conservation of mechanical energy. 1.83 Let us sketch the
diagram for the motion of the particle of mass m along the circle of radius R
and indicate x and y axis, as shown in the figure. (a) For the particle, change
in momentum A/? * mv (- i) - m v (/) so, | A/T| * Vz mv and time taken in
describing quarter of the circle,
49 or vdv* -glsin Integrating both the sides : v 6 fvdv* -g/f sin 9dQ 0 a/2 or,
— - g I cos 9 Hence — » 2 g cos 9 - wn (Eq. A) can be easily obtained by the
conservation of mechanical energy). From Fn - mwn T -mg cos 9 = m v I
Using A) we have T = 3 mg cos 9 Again from the Eq. Ft - m tv,: wg sin 9 =
m wt or vvf = g sin 9 B) C) HI 11IIIII II* Hence w - V wr2 + n>n2 * V (g sin
9 J + Bg cos 9 J (using 1 and 3 ) * gVl+3cos29 (b) Vertical component of
velocity, v ■ v sin 9 So, .2-2 For maximum Vy = vzsinz9- 2g / cos 9 sin z 9
(using 1) 2 d (cos 9 sin 9) which yields cos 9 V3 Therefore from B) T = 3wg
-j= - VT mg wt ut + wn un thus n un (c) We have hT- wt ut ^ But in
accordance with the problem w = 0 + w n(y) or, g sin 9 sin 9 + 2g cos 2 9 (-
cos 9) - 9 or, cos 9 or, 9-54T
50 1.86 The ball has only normal acceleration at the lowest position and only
tangential acceleration at any of the extreme position. Let v be the speed of
the ball at its lowest position and / be the length of the thread, then according
to the problem y-gsina A) where a is the maximum deflection angle From
Newton's law in projection form : Ft * mwt dv 7////////////A or, - g I sin 0 d 0 -
v dv On integrating both the sides within their limits. a 0 -g/J sin0d0« J o v
dv or, v2 = 2gl A - cos a) B) Note : Eq. B) can easily be obtained by the
conservation of mechanical energy of the ball in the uniform field of gravity.
From Eqs. A) and B) with 0 * a 2g/ A - cos a) * lg cos a or, cos a * — so, a *
53* 1.87 Let us depict the forces acting on the body A^(which are the force
of gravity mg and the normal reaction N ) and write equation F= mw via
projection on the unit vectors u, and un (Fig.) From Ft» mwt or, gRsinQdB =
mg sin I vdv Integrating both side for obtaining v or, e J gRsinBdQ 0 From
Fn = mwn Uv2- 2g* mgcos 0 9« m * m 0) V -/' 0 dt vdv ds dv A - cos 0) v2
mR vdv mRdQ / / f f 1/ 1 <9 B) At the moment the body loses contact with
the surface, N becomes v2 * gR cos 0 0 and therefore the Eq. B) C)
51 where v and 0 correspond to the moment when the body loses contact with
the surface. -l Solving Eqs. A) and C) we obtain cos 0 « - or, 0 - cos B/3) and
v - V 2gR/3 . 1.88 At first draw the free body diagram of the device as,
shown. The forces, acting on the sleeve are it's weight, acting vertically
downward, spring force, along the length of the spring and normal reaction
by the rod, perpendicular to its length. Let F be the spring force, and A/ be
the elongation. From, Fn ■ mwn : #sm0+,Fcos0« mco2r where r cos 0 * (/0 +
A/). Similarly from Ft « mwt NcosQ-FsinQ* 0 or, N - F sin 0/cos 0 From A)
and B) F (sin 0/cos 0) • sin 0 + F cos 0 - m co r - m to2 (/0 + A/)/cos 8 On
putting F « k A /, KA/sin20 + KA/cos20* mco2(/0 + A on solving, we get,
A/= ma/ o I 0 <r A) B) k - m co (k//w co - 1) and it is independent of the
direction of rotation. 1.89 According to the question, the cyclist moves along
the circular path and the centripetal force is provided by the frictional force.
Thus from the equation Fn « m vvn mv or mv or or v = A) For vmax, we
should have or, / r2s 0 -^-» 0, so r- /?/2 K 1.90 As initial velocity is zero thus
2wts A) As wt > 0 the speed of the car increases with time or distance. Till
the moment, sliding starts, the static friction provides the required centripetal
acceleration to the car. Thus /r* /mv, but frz kmg
52 So, w2 & k2g2 or, or, Hence vmax max 1 / /fcp \ so, from Eqn. A), the
sought distance 5 « -— «~'yj-fi- -1 * 60 m. , 2 I iv, I 1.91 Since the car
follows a curve, so the maximum velocity at which it can ride without sliding
at the point of minimum radius of curvature is the sought velocity and
obviously in this case the static friction between the car and the road is
limiting. Hence from the equation F - mw mv2 kmg * -—r— or vi VkRg so
v^ - Vfc/^g. A) We know that, radius of curvature for a curve at any point (x,
y) is given as, f 1 + (dy/dxf ]3/2 ((fy)/dx2 For the given curve, B) a ■ — cos I
— ax a la 2 and d y -a . x dx2 a 2 Substituting this value in B) we get, [1 +
(a2/a2) cos2 (jc/a) ]3/2 (a/a2) sin (*/a) *^^ *V1P For the minimum /?, — ■
— ' a 2 and therefore, corresponding radius of curvature Hence from A) and
B) 1.92 The sought tensile stress acts on each element of the chain. Hence
divide the chain into small, similar elements so that each element may be
assumed as a particle. We consider one such element of mass dmy which
subtends angle d a at the centre. The chain moves along a circle of known
radius R with a known angular speed co and certain forces act on it We have
to find one of these forces. From Newton's second law in projection form, Fx
* mwx We get 2 Jsin (da/2) - dN cos 0 - dma?R and from Fz « mwz we get
dN sinQ = gdm Then putting dm » mda/2 n and sin (da/2) * da/2 and solving,
we get, m(@2£+gcote) 2jc
53 1.93 Let, us consider a small element of the thread and draw free body
diagram for this element, (a) Applying Newton's second law of motion in
projection form, Fn - mwn for this element, (T+ dT)sm(dQ/2) + Tsm(dQ/2) -
dN- dm«>2R- 0 27 sin (d 9/2)- dN9 [negelecting the term(dT sin d Q/2) ] .
dB djl 2 or, or, dN, as A) Also, dfr- kdN From Eqs. A) and B), dT)-T- dT
kTdO- dT or dT kdQ In this case Q**n so, T 2 or, or, In — = k n C) So, 1 .
T2 1 as m2 g m B) T+dT m. (b) When — * y\, Svhich is greater than r]^ the
blocks will move with same value of m acceleration, (say w) and clearly m2
moves downward. From Newton's second law in projection form (downward
for m2 and upward for mx) we get : and m2g-J2- m2w T1-m1gm mxw D) E)
55 or, but -t)dt ax' o p « m v so v ax 6m (b) Again from the equation F dt or,
aXtx-t2)dt'= mdv* Integrating within the limits for v\t), t V* \ a\tx-t2)dt- ml
or, Thus 0 —I a_ m 2 3 ml dv o a*i2 Ix _ t m 2 [x t . . v- --- I for t* x m \ 2 3
Hence distance covered during the time interval t - x, o f J 2 3 m 12 1.98 We
have F - F{ or On integrating, When jsin m — i7 CO cor dT dt * r -cos Fosin
cor + C, r- 0, cor or mdv* (where C is v*0, so C» « ,Fosincordr integration a
mco -* o Hence, v = cos cor + mco m co ii As I cos cor £ 1 so, v « A - cos
cor) 1 mco
56 Thus s o fvd, Fot F0sin(ot Fo . (cor-sincor) mco mco (Figure in the answer
sheet). 1.99 According to the problem, the force acting on the particle of
mass m is, F * Fo cos (of dv*~~* —* M) So, m —7- * Fn cos (of or d v « —
cos (at m Integrating, within the limits. V t /F C - dv*= — I cos (of dt or v =
—— sin (at m J m(a o o It is clear from equation A), that after starting at f «
0, the particle comes to rest fro the first time at f * —. O) From Eq. A), v * I
vl - —^- sin (at for f £ — B) n v ' ■ ■ m(a (o v ' Thus during the time interval
f = jc/(o, the sought distance 2F I sin (of dt ntw J maJ From Eq. A) max m(a
— as | sin (of | d v "~* 1.100 (a) From the problem F » -rv so m — * - rv
Thus m~TXi -rv or, — » -—df On integrating lnv = - — t + C But at f * 0, v
* v0, so, C « In v( v r -£. or, In — = - — f or, v = v0 e m Thus for f -* oo, v *
0 (b) We have m — **-rv so dv* — ds K ' dt m
1.102 From Newton's second law for the bar in projection from, Fx= mwx
along x direction we get mg sin a - kmg cos a - mw or, or, or, dv / t \ v — -
gsma- axg cos a, (as k - ax), v dv m (g sin a - axg cos a) dx V X \ v dv ■ g J
(sin a - x cos a ) dx o 0 So, —= g (sin a jc - — a cos a ) ^> ^> From A) v = 0
at either 2 jc = 0, or jc = — tan a a As the motion of the bar is unidirectional
it stops after going through a distance of 2 A) tan a. a From A), for vmax, —
(sin ax - — a cos a ) * 0, which yields jc - — tan a dx 2 J a Hence, the
maximum velocity will be at the distance, jc - tan a/a Putting this value of jc
in A) the maximum velocity, max A/gsinatana a 1.103 Since, the applied
force is proportional to the time and the frictional force also exists, the
motion does not start just after applying the force. The body starts its motion
when F equals the limiting friction. Let the motion start after time r0 , then or,
a So, for t = £ r0, the body remains at rest and for t > t0 obviously t = a (t- t0)
or, mdv** a(t- tG)dt Integrating, and noting v = 0 at t » t0, we have for t > tQ
I mdv= a I (t -10 )dt or v = a 0 Thus c* «•
1.104 While going upward, from Newton's second law in vertical direction :
vdv , .9. vdv m ds kv ) or -ds m At the maximum height /*, the speed v = 0,
so 0 h f Integrating and solving, we get, m 2> m8 j 59 A) When the body falls
downward, the net force acting on the body in downward direction equals
(mg-kv2), Hence net acceleration, in downward direction, according to
second law of motion vdv kv2 vdv . g-— or, -- ds ds m m Thus /vdv p-ifcv2,
g-kv /m o d o Jds Integrating and putting the value of h from A), we get, /
VTTI vo/mg. 1.105 Let us fix x - y co-ordinate system to the given plane,
taking Jt-axis in the direction along which the force vector was oriented at the
moment t * 0, then the fundamental equation of dynamics expressed via the
projection on x and y-axes gives, F cos co t« m and F sin cor* m dt dv.. dt (a)
Using the condition v@) « 0, we obtain v. F . x met) sin cor and B) C) V m (
1 - COS @ t ) y mco D) Hence, V + V • vx y 2F ffllO sin
60 (b) It is seen from this that the velocity v turns into zero after the time
interval Af, which can be found from the relation, co — = Jt. Consequentely,
the sought distance, is fvdt SF o moo Average velocity, < v > 0 2n/a> So,
<v> mco sin o ~\dtj Bjio))- - 4F 1.106 The acceleration of the disc along the
plane is determined by the projection of the force of gravity on this plane Fx -
mg sin a and the friction force fr « kmg cos a. In our case k = tan a and
therefore fr * Fx * mg sin a Let us find the projection of the acceleration on
the derection of the tangent to the trajectory and on the x-axis : mwt= Fx cos
qp - fr « mg sin a ( cos qp - 1) m wx « Fx- fr cos cp « mg sin a A- cos cp ) It
is seen fromthis that wt ■ - wx, which means that the velocity v and its
projection vx differ only by a constant value C which does not change with
time, i.e. where vx * v cos cp. The constant C is found from the initial
condition v = v0, whence C « v0 since (p « — initially. Finally we obtain v =
v0 / A + cos qp). In the cource of time cp -* 0 and v -> Vq/2. (Motion then is
unaccelerated.) 1.107 Let us consider an element of length ds at an angle qp
from the vertical diameter. As the speed of this element is zero at initial
instant of time, it's centripetal acceleration is zero, and hence, dN- Xds cos
qp= 0, where X is the linear mass density of the chain Let T and T+dT be the
tension at the upper and the lower ends of ds. we have from, = mwt or, =
Xdswt
61 If we sum the above equation for all elements, the term J dT = 0 because
there is no tension at the free ends, so l/R "KgR I sin cp d op - Xwt f o Hence
i As wn = a at initial moment So, w - I wt 1.108 In the problem, we require
the velocity of the body, realtive to the sphere, which itself moves with an
acceleration w0 in horizontal direction (say towards left). Hence it is ad
visible to solve the problem in the frame of sphere (non-inertial frame). At an
arbitary moment, when the body is at an angle 0 with the vertical, we sketch
the force diagram for the body and write the second law of motion in
projection form n n mv or, mg cos 8 - N - mw0 sin 8 - —jr- A) At the break
off point, N - 0, 8 = 80 and let v* v0so the Eq. A) becomes, From, Ft - mwt .
vdv vdv mg sin 8 - mw0 cos 8 « m —r— - m or, v dv = R (g sin 8 + w0 cos 8
) d 8 e 0 Integrating, I v dv = I R (g sinO + m>0 cos8) J 8 0 0 - cos90) + wQ
sin 8 0 C) Note that the Eq. C) can also be obtained by the work-energy
theorem A= AJ (in the frame of sphere) 1 i therefore, mgR A - cos 80) +
mwQR sin 80 * [here mwQk sin 80 is the work done by the pseudoforce (-
mwo)] or, 2R = g A - cos 80) + w0 sin 80
63 1.111 Define the axes as shown with z along the local vertical, x due east
and y due north. (We assume we are in the northern hemisphere). Then the
Coriolis force has the components. Fcor* -2m(o)xv) >z sinG) i - vx cosQj +
vx cosG k 1 rhen the direction in which tn< 2mo> (v^ cosG - vz sinQ) i 2mco
I v%, cosG - v, le gun is fired is due north. Thus the equation of motion
(neglecting centrifugal forces) are x = 2/nco (vy sincp - vz coscp), y * 0 and z
= -g CO Integrating we get y * v (constant), z « -gt * 2 and x - 2co v sincp t +
cog f coscp Finally, 2 r si sincp+ r- coscp Now v » gr in the present case, so,
x** covsincp| —| « cosinqp *• 7 cm (to the east). 1.112 The disc exerts three
forces which are mutually perpendicular. They are the reaction of the weight,
mg, vertically upward, the Coriolis force 2mv' co perpendicular to the plane
of the vertical and along the diameter, and mco r outward along the diameter.
The resultant force is, F= m V i + co4 r2 + Bv' co): 1.113 The sleeve is free
to slide along the rod AB. Thus only the centrifugal force acts on it. The
equation is, 2 u dr mv ■ mco r where v * — dt so, or, Butv* v —* —| -v dr
dry 2 — v * --co r + constant v0 being the initial velocity when r = 0. The
Coriolis force is then, 2mco Vvq + co2 r2 = 2mco2 r Vl + v2/co2 r2 2-83 N
on putting the values.
64 1.114 The disc OBAC is rotating with angular velocity co about the axis
OO' passing through the edge point O. The equation of motion in rotating
frame is, mw M o1 B where F^ is the resultant inertial fore ^pseudo force)
which is the vector sum of centrifugal and Coriolis forces. (a) At A, Ffo
vanishes. Thus 0 * - 2mco2 Rn + 2mv' co n A where n is the inward drawn
unit vector to the centre from the point in question, here A. Thus, v'- co/? so,
(b) AtB V'2 V'2 2 _ w= —* — ■ co /?. Fk - mcoz OC + its magnitude is mco
\4R - r , where r * OB. 1.115 The equation of motion in the rotating
coordinate system is, mw * F + mco2/?+ 2m(v xco) Now, v** R 6 £T+/? sin0
cp ? and w cos -w' sin 0 e e 9 0 7? 6 /? sin 6 <p co cos 0 - co sin 0 0 2m « e£
((oR sin 0 9) + wR sul 8 cos 6 9 ^e"" ^ ® cos ® Now on the sphere, + (R 6' -
R sin 0 cos 0 cp2) + (i? sin 0<p* + 2/? cos 0 6 (j>) i* Thus the equation of
motion are, m(-RQ2-R sin2 0 cp2) * N- mg cos 0 + mco2/? sin2 0 + 2m(oR
sin2 0 cp m (/? 0 - iR sin 0 cos 0 <p ) * mg sin 0 + mco /? sin 0 cos 0 + 2mco
R sin 0 cos 0 cp mORsinOcp'+ 2J? cos 0 6<p)« -2mcoi?6cos0 From the third
equation, we get, <p » - co A result that is easy to understant by considering
the motion in non-rotating frame. The eliminating cp we get, m/?02*
mgcosQ-N m R 6' * mg sin 0 Integrating the last equation, ^2« mg(l-cos0)
65 Hence N - C - 2 cos 9) mg -12 So the body must fly off for 0 * 0O « cos "
-, exactly as if the sphere were nonrotating. 2 /s"" 2 Now, at this point Fcf *
centrifugal force * mco R sin 80 * y- mco R Fcor= Vco2i?292cos29 +
(co2R2Jsin20 x2m x2m« \ 3 co2/* 1.116 (a) When the train is moving along
a meridian only the Coriolis force has a lateral component and its magnitude
(see the previous problem) is, 2m co v cos 0 « 2m co sin X So, (Here we have
put R 6 -* v) 54000 VT 86400" 3600 X 2 2 x 2000 x 103XT-TTX-rrrr-x * 3-
77 kN, (we write Xfor the latitude) (b) The resultant of the inertial forces
acting on the train is, _^ Fw * - 2minR 6 cos 0 i£ + (mco2 /? sin 0 cos 0 + 2m
co R sin 0 cos 0 cp) i + (mw2 R sin2 0 + 2m co i? sin2 0 cp ) i* This vanishes
if 6=0, cp « - — co Thus v *= v e , v * - (We write X. for the latitude here)
Thus the train must move from the east to west along the 60* parallel with a
speed, * 115-8 m/s « 417 km/hr (o/?cosX tx^ZTx 2 4 8-64 1.117 We go to
the equation given in 1.111. Here vy « 0 so we can take y * 0, thus we get for
the motion in the x z plane. and Integrating, x * - 2co vz cos 0 z - -g 2* 2 JC -
CO g COS <pt So '2*' Tcogcoscp/3* ~cogcoscp| — 3/2 COS There is thus a
displacement to the east of |x~^64x500xlx ** 26 cm.
67 1.122 Let s be the distance covered by the disc along the incline, from the
Eq. of increment of M.E. of the disc in the field of gravity : AT + tJJ * Afr 0
+ (- mgs sin a) * - kmg cos a s - kmg I kl or, s« -7- . sin a - k cos a Hence the
sought work Ajr * - kmg [s cos a + / ] klmg A) [Using the Eqn. A)] u - -0.05 J
*r 1 - k cot a On puting the values 1.123 Let x be the compression in the
spring when the bar m2 is about to shift Therefore at this moment spring
force on m2 is equal to the limiting friction between the bar m2 and
horizontal floor. Hence kx * km2g [where k is the spring constant (say)] A)
For the block m1 from work-eneigy theorem : A * A7 * 0 for minimum
force. (A here indudes the work done in stretching the spring.) 1 2 x so, Fx-
— kxr-kmgjc* 0 or k — * F-kmlg B) From A) and B), F= kg 1.124 From the
initial condition of the problem the limiting fricition between the chain lying
on the horizontal table equals the weight of the over hanging part of the
chain, i.e. X r\ Ig * k X A - rj) Ig (where X is the linear j\J mass density of the
chain) So, a) Let (at an arbitrary moment of time) the length 'of the chain on
the table is x. So the net friction force between the chain and the table, at this
moment : /r« kN= kkxg B) The differential work done by the friction forces
dA -k\xg(-dx) C) (Note that here we have written ds * - dx., because ds is
essentially a positive term and as the length of the chain decreases with time,
dx is negative) Hence, the sought work done o J x8T^{xdx= -A-^ ^
68 1.125 The velocity of the body, t seconds after the begining of the motion
becomes v** v*+ g*i. The power developed by the gravity (m g*) at that
moment, is mjrv*= mOT' Vo + g2'K8 mg (gf - v0 sin a) A) As nig* is a
constant force, so the average power x x where Ar is the net displacement of
the body during time of flight As, nig^l Ar* so <P> * 0 1.126 We have wn -
^* at2, or, v - VaT ty t is defined to start from the begining of motion from
rest So, m>,« — * vaR —* —^ A A A Instantaneous power, P~F-v= m(wtut
+ wnut ) • (va/? rMr ), A A (where w, and ut are unit vectors along the
direction of tangent (velocity) and normal respectively) So, P« mwtVaRt=
maRt Hence the sought average power t t ma J o / o Hence <P> « maRt2
maRt It 2 1.127 Let the body m acquire the horizontal velocity v0 along
positive x - axis at the point O. (a) Velocity of the body t seconds after the
begining of the motion, r-^+sr*-(v0-*gor* (i) Instantaneous power P - F • v -
(- kmg i )'(vo-kgt)i=* - long (v0 - kgt) From Eq. A), the time of motion x *
v^/kg Hence sought average power during the time of motion T I - kmg (v0 -
kgt)dt <P> m = - —|-^ = - 2 W (On substitution) X £* From Fx * mwx -
kmg= mwx= mvx-£ or, vxdvx= -kgdx * - agxdx
69 To find v (x), let us integrate the above equation J vxdvx~ - a8 j xdx or,
v2- v^-a A) Now, P= jp'v** -majcgVvQ-agjc2 B) For maximum power, —
(vv 0x - Xgx ) « 0 which yields x - , Putting this value of jc, in Eq. B) we get,
1.128 Centrifugal force of inertia is directed outward along radial line, thus
the sought work r2 A= \ mco2rdr= -mco2(r\-r^\ = 0-20T (On substitution)
1.129 Since the springs are connected in series, the combination may be
treated as a single spring of spring constant Kl From the equation of
increment of M.E., A T + A U * A ext 1 . .i 1 A, or, A _ .». —• -«, -~.», .«. _
t2/ A/ 2 1.130 First, let us find the total height of ascent At the beginning and
the end of the path of velocity of the body is equal to zero, and therefore the
increment of the kinetic energy of the body is also equal to zero. On the other
hand, in according with work-energy theorem AT is equal to the algebraic
sum of the works A performed by all the forces, i.e. by the force JF and
gravity, over this path. However, since AT=» 0 then A = 0. Taking into
account that the upward direction is assumed to coincide with the positive
direction of the y - axis, we can write (i7 + /ngj' d r** I (F - o o h 88 w# I A -
2 ay) dy * mgh A - a/i) * 0. o whence h « I/a. The work performed by the
force F over the first half of the ascent is h/2 h/2 c c Ap** I Fvdy** 2mg I A
- ay) dy « 3 mg/4a. J y J o o The corresponding increment of the potential
energy is A G= mgh/2- mg/2a.
73 From A), B) and C) j^ -mgfcO or, vA* V5g/ From the equation Fn * rnn^
at point C \T vc mv D) \ Again from energy conservation From D) and E) 1 2
1 2 , - -mvc + mgl T- 3mg E) 1.138 Since the tension is always perpendicular
to the velocity vector, the work done by the tension force will be zero. Hence,
according to the work energy theorem, the kinetic energy or velocity of the
disc will remain constant during it's motion. Hence, the sought time f = —,
where s is the total distance traversed by the small disc during it's motion.
Now, at an arbitary position (Fig.) ds* (lo-RQ)dQ, l/R SO, S 0 or, r s * — - R
2R2 2R Hence, the required time, t I 1A 2Rv o It should be clearly
understood that the only uncompensated force acting on the disc A in this
case is the tension T, of the thread. It is easy to see that there is no point here,
relative to which the moment of force T is invarible in the process of motion.
Hence conservation of angular momentum is not applicable here. 1.139
Suppose that A/ is the elongation of the rubbler cord. Then from energy
conservation, - 0(as AJ« 0) or, or, 1^ 2 0 ~k A/2-/nghl-mgl 4* 0
76 Thus from A), B) and D), (m1 + m2) 1.144 As the closed system
consisting two particles ml and of m2 is initially at rest the CM. of the system
will remain at rest. Further as m2 « mj/2, the CM. of the system divides the
line joining m1 and m2 at all the moments of time in the ratio 1 : 2. In
addition to it the total linear momentum of the system at all the times is zero.
So, pT * - 5t and therefore the velocities of m1 and m2 are also directed in
opposite sense. Bearing in mind all these thing, the sought trajectory is as
shown in the figure. 1.145 First of all, it is clear that the chain does not move
in the vertical direction during the uniform rotation. This means that the
vertical component of the tension T balances gravity. As for the horizontal
component of the tension 7, it is constant in magnitude and permanently
directed toward the rotation axis. It follows from this that the CM. of the
chain, the point C, travels along horizontal circle of radius p (say). Therefore
we have, T cos 0 - mg and T sin 0 - mto p Thus and gtan0 no p » a—-— ~ 0-
8 cm (O mg cos 0 - 5N 7T?2 1.146 (a) Let us draw free body diagram and
write Newton's second law in terms of projection along vertical and
horizontal direction respectively. N cos a-mg + fr sin a ■ 0 fr cos a - N sin a -
mo / A) B) From A) and B) sin a fr cos a - cos a (- fr sin a + mg) = moo / r
77 So, /r« mg CD2/ sin a + cos a = 6N C) g ' (b) For rolling, without sliding,
/rs JfcN but, N' - mg cos a-mco2/sina co2/ mg I sin a + cos a k( mgcos a - m
co /sin a ) [Using C)] g Rearranging, we get, m co / ( cos a + fcsina) ss: (A:
mg cos a - mg sin a ) Thus to 2S V g (it - tan a)/A + k tan a ) / = 2 rad/s 1.147
(a) Total kinetic energy in frame K' is This is minimum with respect to
variation in V, when - 0, i.e. mt ( vT- V*J + m9 ( vT- v") - 0 or y» -v ml +
m2 Hence, it is the frame of CM. in which kinetic energy of a system is
minimum. (b) Linear momentum of the particle 1 in the K' or C frame ~^ *.
w /n^ /712 w k. mxm2 or, px » M- ( vi ~ V2 )> wnere> M- - ■ reduced mass
Similarly, p2 = fi ( v2 - vx So, |^|= |ft|-|>- |iv^ where, vrd = |v^-i^| C) Now the
total kinetic energy of the system in the C frame is f-T+f- 2—+ -2- 1 2 2x
2m2 2 ji Hence
79 1.151 After releasing the bar 2 acquires the velocity v2, obtained by the
energy, conservation : 1 2 2*K (i) Thus the sought velocity of CM. 1.152 Let
us consider both blocks and spring as the physical system. The centre of mass
of the system moves with acceleration a - towards right Let us work in the
frame of nt + tn tn centre of mass. As this frame is a non-inertial frame
(accelerated with respect to the ground) we have to apply a pseudo force ml a
towards left on the block m1 and m2 a towards left on the block As the center
of mass is at rest in this frame, the blocks move in opposite directions and
come to instantaneous rest at some instant. The elongation of the spring will
be maximum or minimum at this instant. Assume that the block m1 is
displaced by the distance x1 and the block m2 through a distance x2 from the
initial positions. From the energy equation in the frame of CM. A T+ U-A^ .
(where Here, V77777777777777777777 also includes the work done by the
pseudo forces) A7*0, U^^k(x1+x2J and W act mlF mx + ml & ( Xl + X2 or,
So, 1., ,2 mibi+x^F -k(xx+x2) * — ^^ Or» Xl 2mlF k (/Wj + m2) Hence the
maximum separation between the blocks equals 2miF 0 k (ml + m2)
Obviously the minimum sepation corresponds to zero elongation and is equal
to /0 1.153 (a) The initial compression in the spring A/ must be such that after
burning of the thread, the upper cube rises to a height that produces a tension
in the spring that is atleast equal to the weight of the lower cube. Actually,
the spring will first go from its compressed
80 state to its natural length and then get elongated beyond this natural
length. Let / be the maximum elongation produced under these
circumstances. Then Kl-mg A) Now, from energy conservation, B) (Because
at maximum elongation of the spring, the speed of upper cube becomes zero)
From A) and B), -mg K 2 2mgM A/ - — K r K2 0 Or, A/ . , Therefore,
acceptable solution of A/ equals K (b) Let v the velocity of upper cube at the
position (say, at C ) when the low.er block breaks off the floor, then from
energy conservation. or, (where / * mg/K and A / 32 ntv + 0 At the position
C, the velocity of CM; vc (spring+ two cubes) further rises up to Now, from
energy conservation, B) — —Let, the CM. of the system JL Bm)gArC2 7C1
2g 8g k But, uptil position C, the CM. of the system has already elevated by,
(A/ + /) m + 0 4mg ^ ■B At k Hence, the net displacement of the CM. of the
system, in Upward direction . 8m£ K 7 1.154 Due to ejection of mass from a
moving system (which moves due to inertia) in a direction perpendicular to it,
the velocity of moving system does not change. The momentum change
being adjusted by the forces on the rails. Hence in our problem velocities of
buggies change only due to the entrance of the man coming from the other
buggy. From the
81 Solving A) and B), we get mv , Mv and 1 M-m 2 M-m As Vi 11 v and vT
So, v, - /w v and 1 (M-m) °"u K2 (M-m) 1.155 From momentum
conservation, for the system "rear buggy with man" From momentum
conservation, for the system (front buggy + man coming from rear buggy)
MvTh ~~ ~~ ^ So, v»= + 77 m M+m PuttingThe value of v£ from A), we get
1.156 (i) Let v^ be the velocity of the buggy after both man jump off
simultaneously. For the closed system (two men + buggy), from the
conservation of linear momentum, - 0 or, 77r M+2m A) (ii) Let v be the
velocity of buggy with man, when one man jump off the buggy. For the
closed system (buggy with one man + other man) from the conservation of
linear momentum : 0- (M + m) v* + m E% v*) B) Let v£be the sought
velocity of the buggy when the second man jump off the buggy; then from
conservation of linear momentum of the system (buggy + one man) : C)
Solving equations B) and C) we get mBM+3m)i/ (M From A) and D) V2 m
— - 1 + Hence v2 > vx 1.157 The descending part of the chain is in free fall,
it has speed v * \2gh at the instant, all its points have descended a distance y.
The length of the chain which lands on the floor during the differential time
interval dt following this instant is vdt.
82 For the incoming chain element on the floor : ■ From dpy « Fv dt (where
y - axis is directed down) j 0-(kvdt)v- Fydt <k or Fy= -\v2= -2\gy g Hence,
the force exerted on the falling chain equals X v and is directed upward.
Therefore from third law the force exerted by the falling < chain on the table
at the same instant of QH.~~^ time becomes X v2 and is directed downward.
^ Since a length of chain of weight (kyg) already lies on the table the total
force on the floor is Bkyg) + (kyg) m CXyg) or the weight of a length 3y of
chain. 1.158 Velocity of the ball, with which it hits the slab, v « v2gh v 1
After first impact, v' * ev (upward) but according to the problem v'« -,so e* -
A) and momentum, imparted to the slab, -» mv - (- mv') m mv A + e)
Similarly, velocity of the ball after second impact, v" * ev' = e v And
momentum imparted « m (v\+ v" ) * m A + e) ev Again, momentum imparted
during third impact, « m A + e) e v, and so on, Hence, net momentum,
imparted * mv A + e) + mve A + e) + mve A + e) + ... - mv ~ £, (from
summation of G.P.) A-e) - V2g*7 -J-- m y/2gh I fa + 1)/ (ri - 1) (Using Eq. 1)
1-- = 0*2 kg m/s. (On substitution) 1.159 (a) Since the resistance of water is
negligibly small, the resultant of all external forces acting on the system "a
man and a raft" is equal to zero. This means that the position of the CM. of
the given system does not change in the process of motion. i.e. r£~ constant
or, Ar£- 0 i.e. "V mi Arp- 0 or, m^A^+Ar^+MAr£ = 0 Thus, m(r+/)+M/« 0,
or, (b) As net external force on "man-raft" system is equal to zero, therefore
the momentum of this system does not change, So, 0- m[v*(r) + i£(r)] £
83 1.159 (a) Since the resistance of water is negligibly small, the resultant of
all external forces acting on the system "a man and a raft" is equal to aero.
This means that the position of the CM. of the given system does not change
in the process of motion. i.e. rc « constant or, Arc » 0 i.e. mi or, Thus, m m ,
or, m +M (b) As net external force on "man-raft" system is equal to zero,
therefore the momentum of this system does not change, So, 0 * m [ v*' @ +
v%(t) ] + m v\t) or, m+M A) As v (t) or v2 (t) is along horizontal direction,
thus the sought force on the raft Mm dv* (t) m + M dt Note : we may get the
result of part (a), if we integrate Eq. A) over the time of motion of man or
raft. dt 1.160 In the refrence frame fixed to the pulley axis the location of
CM. of the given system is described by the radius vector m 2M But and
Thus A r, ml" 2M Note : one may also solve this problem using momentum
conservation. 1.161 Velocity of cannon as well as that of shell equals v 2 gl
sin a down the inclined plane taken as the positive x - axis. From the linear
impulse momentum theorem in projection form along x - axis for the system
(connon + shell) i.e. Apx - p cos a - M Vzg/sina « Mg sin a A t (as mass of
the shell is neligible) pcosa -A/V 2 gl sin a or, At- * ——: Mg sin a 1.162
From conservation of momentum, for the system (bullet + body) along the
initial direction of bullet mv0 * (m + M) v, or, v mv. o m+Af
84 1.163 When the disc breaks off the body My its velocity towards right
(along jc-axis) equals the velocity of the body M, and let the disc's velocity'in
upward direction (along y-axis) at that moment be v' From conservation of
momentum, along jc-axis for the system (disc + body) mv wv- (m+M)v* or v'
* T7 A) * x m+M v 7 And from energy conservation, for the same system in
the field of gravity : -mv2 = -(m+M) v'l + ~mvt2y + mgh! , where h' is the
height of break off point from initial level. So, -mv - -(m+M) rM +
m\+2mvy*mgt using A) Also, if h" is the height of the disc, from the break-
off point, then, v'2y - 2 gh" Hence, the total height, raised from the initial
level Mv2 2g(M+m) 1.164 (a) When the disc slides and comes to a plank, it
has a velocity equal to v = ^2gh> to friction between the disc and the plank
the disc slows down and after some time the disc moves in one piece with the
plank with velocity v' (say). From the momentum conservation for the system
(disc + plank) along horizontal towards right : mv mv- (m+M)vf or v' = — m
+M Now from the equation of the increment of total mechanical energy of a
system : - (M + m) v'2 - ^mv2 - Afr 1 m2v2 1 2 or, —(M+m) T-—mv - Air
(m+MJ 2 fr so, Hence, 2 m M + m - m A ■fr where u* rr» reduced mass I
m+M
85 (b) We look at the problem from a frame in which the hill is moving
(together with the disc on it) to the right with speed il Then in this frame the
speed of the disc when it just gets onto the plank is, by the law of addition of
velocities, v = w + y/lgh. Similarly the common speed of the plank and the
disc when they move together is m + M Then as above A *. « — (m + M)v2 -
— mvz - ^rMu Z* JL JL 1 u y2izh + — 2sh m+M 3 (m+MJ 2v« . .,., u2-
~m2uV2g7T-mg/i We see that A- is independent of u and is in fact just - \i g
h as in (a). Thus the result obtained does not depend on the choice of
reference frame. Do note however that it will be in correct to apply
"conservation of enegy" formula in the frame in which the hill is moving. The
energy carried by the hill is not negligible in this frame. See also the next
problem. 1.165 In a frame moving relative to the earth, one has to include the
kinetic energy of the earth as well as earth's acceleration to be able to apply
conservation of energy to the problem. In a reference frame falling to the
earth with velocity v0, the stone is initially going up with velocity v0 and so
is the earth. The final velocity of the stone is 0 = vo - gt and that of the earth
is vo + — gt (M is the mass of the earth), from Newton's third law, where t =
time of fall. From conservation of energy 2 1 2 1 ..r 2 , 1 ..r/ rn -mvQ + ~Mv0
+ mgh = -M v0 + u 1 2 Hence ~v0 m + I u mgh Negecting — in comparison
with 1, we get 2 v20 « 2gh or vo « W2gh The point is this in earth's rest
frame the effect of earth's accleration is of order — and M can be neglected
but in a frame moving with respect to the earth the effect of earth's
acceleration must be kept because it is of order one (i.e. large). 1.166 From
conservation of momentum, for the closed system "both colliding particles"
/WjVj + m2v2 = (m1 + m2) v -* !? 2? lCit2/) + 2D7t6*) r r r or, v* ~ LJ-z—
1-j£ -= i + 2j-4k Hence | v] = VI +4 + 16 m/s = 4*6 m/s
86 1.167 For perfectly inelastic collision, in the CM. frame, final kinetic
energy of the colliding system (both spheres) becomes zero. Hence initial
kinetic energy of the system in CM. frame completely turns into the internal
energy @ of the formed body. Hence - 1 ._► -+.2 2i 1 ._* _*,2 Now from
energy conservation AJ«-j2«-~|iv1-v2 , In lab frame the same result is
obtained as 1.168 (a) Let the initial and final velocities of ml and m2 are u± ,
u2 and v, v2 respectively. Then from conservation of momentum along
horizontal and vertical directions, we get : m m2 v2 cos 9 A) and m1v1 =
m2v2 sin 8 B) Squaring (i) and B) and then adding them, Now, from kinetic
eneigy conservation, 1 .2 1 .2 . 1 .2 C) or, m (ul - v\) i(«2 + v2) [Using C)] or,
or, Z n *t ft (VA kj ■ vl i / 2 So, fraction of kinetic energy lost by the particle
1, 1 2 1 IM 2 2 x x -m. 1- (b) When the collision occurs head on, [Using D)]
m1v1 + and from conservation of kinetic energy, D) E) A)
88 ffln TH So, ux - 2vx cos @/2) From B), C), and D) 4 mx cos2 F/2) v\ - /»!
vj or, 4 cos2 F/2) * 1 + — m2 D) 2v2 ivi m or, and putting the value of 6, we
get, — « 2 1.170 If (v^jV^) are the instantaneous velocity components of the
incident ball and ( v^, v2 ) are the velocity components of the struck ball at
the same moment, then since there are no external impulsive forces (i.e. other
than the mutual interaction of the balls) We have u sina * v-,.. , v~ ■ 0 m u
cosa * m vu + m The impulsive force of mutual interaction satisfies d g . F
(JF is along the x axis as the balls are smooth. Thus Y component of
momentum is not transferred.) Since loss of K.E. is stored as deformation
energy D, we have 2 1 -mu - ^ -mw2cos2a- 2 " 9— m w cos a - m v^ -
(mucosa- mv^) — F 2m2wcosavljK - 1 * m ( We see that D is maximum
when w2cos2a w cosa cosa and D mu2cos2a max D, rj^. max 1 2 1 Then r\ *
-—— « — cos a * ~ 1^ 4 On substiuting a » 45* x:
89 1.171 From the conservation of linear momentum of the shell just before
and after its fragmentation 3^«i£+i£+i£ A) where v1, v£ and v^ are the
velocities of its fragments. From the eneigy conservation 3r|v2 * v2 + v2 + v2
B) Now i£or v^. ■ v^- v£ « v^- v* C) where v£ ■ v*= velocity of the CM. of
the fragments the velocity of the shell. Obviously in the CM. frame the linear
momentum of a system is equal to zero, so vT+v2 + v3*0 D) Using C) and
D) in B), we get 3r|v2 * (v + v^J + (v + v£J + (v*- v[- v^f « 3V2 + 2v 2 + 2v
2 + 2 v v£ or, 2v2 + 2v1v2cos6 + 2v2 + 3(l-T|)v2«0 E) If we have had used
v2 * - vx - v3, then Eq. 5 were contain v3 instead of v2 and so on. The
problem being symmetrical we can look for the maximum of any one.
Obviously it will be the same for each. For v^to be real in Eq. E) 4 vIcos26
*8Bv?, + 3 A -ti) v2) or 6(r\ - ljv2 * D - cos29)v\ So, v2i v A/ ' vi v or Hence
v2(max)« 1^1^ - v + V2(ri - 1) v - v(l + ^Uy\ - 1)) - 1 km/s Thus owing to the
symmetry Vl(max) " V2(max) = V3(max) s V f1 + V2(t| - 1)) l(max) "
V2(max) = V 1.172 Since, the collision is head on, the particle 1 will
continue moving along the same line as before the collision, but there will be
a change in the magnitude of it's velocity vector. Let it starts moving with
velocity vx and particle 2 with v2 after collision, then from the conservation
of momentum mu * mvl + mv2 or, u « vx + v2 A) And from the condition,
given, T, 1 or, vJ + v^-d-T,)^ B) From A) and B), 2 2 2 or, v\ + «2 - 2 uvj + vj
» A - tj) tf
90 or, So, 0 Vi-2ii± - 8ti u Positive sign gives the velocity of the 2nd particle
which lies ahead. The negative sign is correct for vl . So, vx « — u A - VI
-2t] ) * 5 m/s will continue moving in the same direction. Note that vx ■ 0 if
r| = 0 as it must. 1.173 Since, no external impulsive force is effective on the
system "M + m", its total momentum along any direction will remain
conserved. So from px ■ const. mu « Af vx cos 9 or, vx ■ — Mcos 8 and
from p - const mv M x sin G or, v2- — vt sin G = u tan G, [using A)] Final
kinetic energy of the system And initial kinetic energy of the system- — mu
Tf - J. So, % change = -^— x 100 -mw2tan29 + -M 2 2 2 cos2 9 1 2 — mu 1
12 xlOO 2M xlOO / I X and putting the values of 9 and — , we get % of
change in kinetic energy* - 40 % M 1.174 (a) Let the particles m^ and m2
move with velocities vx and v2 respectively. On the basis of solution of
problem 1.147 (b)
91 As v1lv2 So, p « [i Vvj + v\ where \x (b) Again from 1.147 (b) ttl\ + fifty
So, 1.175 From conservation of momentum Pi = Pi + so (pi "Pi ) ■ V / From
conservation of energy ' cosOj + px El 2m, Pi ,2 2/Wi P2_ 2m, Eliminating
p2' we get 0 1 + m, - 2/?1'jp1cos01 1- L This quadratic equation for/?]/ has a
real solution in terms ofp1 and cos Bx only if 1- m 2> or sin2 or sin 0t ^ + 1
or sin 0, ^ L This clearly implies (since only + sign makes sense) that . Q m2
ml 1.176 From the symmetry of the problem, the velocity of the disc A will
be directed either in the initial direction or opposite to it just after the impact
Let the velocity of the disc A after the collision be v' and be directed towards
right after the collision. It is also clear from the symmetry of problem that the
discs B and C have equal speed (say v") in the directions, shown. From the
condition of the problem, d ' ^ so, sin0« V4-ti2 12 cos 0 so> sin 0 V4ti 12 A)
For the three discs, system, from the conservation of linear momentum in the
symmetry direction (towards right) 2m v"sin0 + mv' or, v* 2v"sin0 + v' B)
92 From the definition of the coefficeint of restitution, we have for the discs
A and B (or C) = v" - v' sin 0 v sin 0 - 0 But e = 1, for perfectly elastic
collision, So, v sin 0 = v ' - v' sin 0 C) From B) and C), in2 v = v A - 2 sin2 0)
in2 A+2 sin2 0) 6-rf Hence we have, {using A)} - 2) 6-n Therefore, the disc
A will recoil if r\ < V2 and stop if r\ = vT. Note : One caw write the equations
of momentum conservation along the direction per- perpendicular to the
initial direction of disc A and the consevation of kinetic energy instead of the
equation of restitution. 1.177 (a) Let a molecule comes with velocity v^to
strike another stationary molecule and just ^ ^i after collision their velocities
become v x and v 2 respectively. As the mass of the each molecule is same,
conservation of linear momentum and conservation of kinetic energy for the
system (both molecules) respectively gives : and 2 A' From the property of
vector addition it is obvious from the obtained Eqs. that JL v —> v 2 = 0 ill
(b) Due to the loss of kinetic energy in inelastic collision vx > v\ + v'2 ^» —
>' so, v x • v 2 > 0 and therefore angle of divergence < 90°. 1.178 Suppose
that at time t, the rocket has the mass m and the velocity v*, relative to the
reference frame, employed. Now consider the inertial frame moving with the
velocity that the rocket has at the given moment. In this reference frame, the
momentum increament that the rocket & ejected gas system acquires during
time dt is, —*» * — > —> -■* dp * md v + \kdtu= F dt —>• dv or, m dt F-
[xu or, mw = F - \xu
95 as IT- 0, T\ T w> for thc chain inside tbe m T where X* y Similarly for
the overhanging part, IT« 0 Thus mw» F or \hw= "khg-T From A) and B), or,
B) or, dv [As the length of the chain inside the tube decreases with time, ds .
dx -dx.] or, -gh x + h o Integrating, r Lf & J vdv~ -8hJ xTh or, 1.185 Force
moment relative to point 0 ; r at lot Let the angle between M and N, 45° at
Then M-N* 72 So, 2 *2 r04 « a2 + b2 r04 or, r0 - yf±{* h cannot be negative)
It is also obvious from the figure that the angle a is equal to 45* at the
moment ,0, when a = i.e. f 0 and JV-
96 1.186 = mvogt sin -mv0gt2 cos a (-k ): Thus M @ mv0 g t cos a Thus
angular momentum at maximum height i.e. at t- T v0 sin a M\\\ Alternate : 2 /
3 g . 2 sin a cos a * 37 kg - m /s ////// /////////VT M@)«0so, M(t) j (rxmg) o 0
±?<2 00/7 1.187 (a) The disc experiences gravity, the force of reaction of the
horizontal surface, and the force R of reaction of the wall at the moment of
the impact against it. The first two forces counter-balance each other, leaving
only the force R. It's moment relative to any point of the line along which the
vector R acts or along normal to the wall is equal to zero and therefore the
angular momentum of the disc relative to any of these points does not change
in the given process. (b) During the course of collision with wall the position
of disc is same and is equal to r , Obviously the increment in linear
momentum of the ball Ap * 2mv cos a n Here, AAf - r^.xAp^ 2mvl cos a n
and directed normally emerging from the plane of figure Thus | AM|=
2mv/cosa 1.188 (a) The ball is under the influence of forces T and m g*at all
the moments of time, while moving along a horizontal circle. Obviously the
vertical component of T balance m g and
97 so the net moment of these two about any point becoems zero. The
horizontal component of T, which provides the centripetal acceleration to ball
is already directed toward the centre (C) of the horizontal circle, thus its
moment about the point C equals zero at all the moments of time. Hence the
net moment of the force acting on the ball about point C equals zero and
that's why the angular mommetum of the ball is conserved about the
horizontal circle. (b) Let a be the angle which the thread forms with the
vertical. Now from equation of particle dynamics : Tcosa* mg and Tsina*
moo /sina Hence on solving cos a « -4- A) CO / As | M | is constant in
magnitude so from figure. | AM |* 2Mcos a where M- \M,\- \Mf\ - - |r
£xmv*|« mvl/as i^l Thus| A M | = 2mvl cos a = 2 mco / sin a cos a CO (using
1). 1.189 During the free fall time t» x = y — , the reference point O moves
in hoizontal direction > (say towards right) by the distance Vx. In the
translating frame as M (O) * 0, so (-Vxi + hj)xm[gxj-Vi] -mVg%2'h +
mVh(+'k) 1(9) -mVg mVh(+k) * - Hence 1.190 The Coriolis force is.B/n v*
x S Here co is along the z-axis (vertical). The moving disc is moving with
velocity v0 which is constant. The motion is along the jc-axis say. Then the
Coriolis force is along y-axis and has the magnitude 2m v0 to. At time t> the
distance of the centre of moving disc from O is VqT (along jc-axis). Thus the
torque N due to the coriolis force is N * 2m v0 o)*VqT along the z-axis.
99 under the influence if only one other force, i.e. tension, which does not
perform any work, as it is always perpendicular to the velocity. So, From A)
and B), we get, j mvjj + mg I cos 9 = j mv2 B) vo= V2g//cos 9 1.193 Forces,
acting on the mass m are shown in the figure. A&N** mg* the net torque of
these two forces about any fixed point must be equal to zero. Tension T,
acting on the mass m is a central force, which is always directed towards the
centre O. Hence the moment of force T is also zero about the point O and
therefore the angular momentum of the particle m is conserved about O. Let,
the angular velocity of the particle be co, when the separation between hole
and particle m is r, then from the conservation of momentum about the point
0, : or co = Now, from the second law of motion for m, J= F= m(o2r Hence
the sought tension; m cog r*r m tog r04 r r 1.194 On the given system the
weight of the body m is the only force whose moment is effective about the
axis of pulley. Let us take the sense of co of the pulley at an arbitrary instant
as the positive sense of axis of rotation (z-axis) (t)-fNzdt As Mz@)-0, so, Mz
So, Mz (t) m J mgRdt** mgRt o 1.195 Let the point of contact of sphere at
initial moment (f= 0) be at 0. At an arbitrary moment, the forces acting on the
sphere are shown in the figure. We have normal reaction Mr - mg sin a and
both pass through same line and the force of static friction passes through the
point O, thus the moment about point O becomes zero. Hence mg sin a is the
only force which has effectivejorque about point O, and is given by |^|«
mgRsina normally emerging from the plane of figure. AsM(f= 0)- 0, so, AM=
M(t) = JNdt Hence, M (t) ** Nt= mgR sin at
100 Let position vectors of the particles of the system be r^and r* with
respect to the points O and O' respectively. Then we have, where f£ is the
radius vector of O' with respect to O. Now, the angular momentum of the
system relative to the point O can be written as follows; or, M - M + /r^x/A,
where, p*= T j?* B) From B), if the total linear momentum of the system,
/>*= 0, then its angular momen- momentum does not depend on the choice of
the point O. Note that in the CM. frame, the system of particles, as a whole is
at rest 1.197 On the basis of solution of problem 1.196, we have concluded
that; "in the CM. frame, the angular momentum of system of particles is
independent of the choice of the point, relative to which it is determined" and
in accordance with the problem, this is denoted We denote the angular
momentum of the system of particles, relative to the point O, by M. Since the
internal and proper angular momentum M, in the CM. frame, does not depend
on the choice of the point O\ this point may be taken coincident with the
point O of the £-frame, at a given moment of time. Then at that moment, the
radius vectors of all the particles, in both reference frames, are equal (rt = r~)
and the velocities are related by the equation, -* ** -* where v^ is the
velocity of CM. frame, relative to the £-frame. Consequently, we may write,
or, M- M+m/r^xv^V as Y mJ\- mK> wncre m== A mi- or, M- , 1.198 From
conservation of linear momentum along the direction of incident ball for the
system consists with colliding ball and phhere mv0 = mv' + j v1 A) where v'
and v1 are the velocities of ball and sphere 1 respectively after collision.
(Remember that the collision is head on). As the collision is perfectly elastic,
from the definition of co-efficeint of restitution, i or, v'- vx- -v0 B) 0-v0
101 Solving A) and B), we get, 4v, -, directed towards right. In the CM.
frame of spheres 1 and 2 (Fig.) Also, r lc As rlc JL so, , thus # - / m/2 4v0 A"
2 2 (where n is the unit vector in the sense of r\c xjp^) mvol Hence M = —-
— L199 In the CM. frame of the system (both the discs + spring), the linear
momentum of the discs are related by the relation, p1» -p^ at all the moments
of time, where, p« « p0 « p = u v^t And the total kinetic energy of the system,
J* i u vi, [See solution of 1.147 (b)] Bearing in mind that at the moment of
maximum deformation of the spring, the projection of v^j along the length of
the spring becomes zero, i.e. v^^ * 0. The conservation of mechanical energy
of the considered system in the CM. frame gives. Now from the conservation
of angular momentum of the system about the CM., 2 2 m or, Vo -1 - V, i 0 ,
as x « I o B) Using B) in A), o or, 1- ^ 2r x2) 1 "■ "I + TT or, , [neglecting As
x * 0, thus jc ^ kL
104 Hence Un-U21- u ym1m2 ^^•* ^^mmm^mm *^m *^ ^^m (b) Choose the
location of the point mass as the origin. Then the potential erfeigy dU of M
an element of mass dM = -fdx of the rod in the field of the point mass is dU=-
ym -ydx — I x where x is the distance between the element and the point
(Note that the rod and the point mass are on a straight line.) If then a is the
distance of the nearer end of the rod from the point mass. t J X a + l mM\ dx
M, (. I) — m- ym— In 1 + - x I \ a The force of interaction is F = - da mM 1
1 ymM Minus sign means attraction. 1.207 As the planet is under central
force (gravitational interaction), its angular momentum is conserved about the
Sun (which is situated at one of the focii of the ellipse) So, mv1rl- mv2r2 or,
A) From the conservation of mechanical eneigy of the system (Sun + planet),
ymsm i 2 ymsm 1 2 or, Thus, ^ [Using A)] v2- V2 y ms rx / r2 (rx B) Hence
M * mv2r2= m V 2 2r2
105 1.208 From the previous problem, if rx , r2 are the maximum and
minimum distances from the sun to the planet and vx , v2 are the
corresponding velocities, then, say, 1 2 ymms 2 2 r2 ymms ymm. T1~ r2
Y"™ rl+ r2 of L where 2d = major axis * rt + r2. The same result can also be
obtained directly by writing an equation analogous to Eq A) of problem
1.191. 1\J2 vnttti (Here M is angular momentum of the planet and m is its
mass). For extreme position r m 0 and we get the quadratic The sum of the
two roots of this equation are ymms Thus ymms £ m - -—— « constant la
1209 From the conservtion of angular momentum about the Sun. /wvorosina»
mv1r1^ /wv2r2 or, v1r1 From conservation of mechanical energy, ymsm _ _1
2 1 v2 r2 * v0 r2 sin a or, or, yms (Using 1) vo- '2 + 2YmJr1-v2r2sina- 0 So,
-2ym.± ^ sin2 W VQ^sin2a ro[l±Vl-B-r])r]sin2a] b where "H = v§ fo / Y
m,s» (wjs the mass of the Sun). A)
106 1.210 At the minimum separation with the Sun, the cosmic body's
velocity is perpendicular to its position vector relative to the Sun. If rain be
the sought minimum distance, from con- conservation of angular momentum
about the Sun (C). mvo/« mvr^ or, v- min (i) From conservation of
mechanical energy of the system (sun + cosmic body), 1 2 ymsm 1 2 + 2 So,
or, So, 2 min ..2 'mm (using 1) 2^2 2 ,2 min - 2y m2 + 4v02 v02 I2 Hence,
taking positive root 1.211 Suppose that the sphere has a radius equal to a. We
may imagine that the sphere is made up of concentric thin spherical shells
(layers) with radii ranging from 0 to a\ and each spherical layer is made up of
elementry bands (rings). Let us first calculate potential due to an elementry
band of a spherjcal layer at the point of location of the point mass m (say
point P) (Fig.). As all the points of the band are located at the distance / from
the point P, so, .„_ UK (where mass of the band) < JM Bx a sin 8) (a dB) B)
And tdM\ . Q .. —r- sin0 d& I2- a2 + r2-2areosQ C) I Differentiating Eq. C),
we get arsinQdQ D) Hence using above equations E)
107 Now integrating this Eq. over the whole spherical layer J r-a So ydM r F)
Equation F) demonstrates that the potential produced by a thin uniform
spherical layer outside the layer is such as if the whole mass of the layer were
concentrated at it's centre; Hence the potential due to the sphere at point P\
yM ,- *-J— G) r This expression is similar to that of Eq. F) Hence thte sought
potential energy of gravitational interaction of the particle m and the sphere,
yMm (b) Using the Eq., G'--*r (using Eq. 7) So G* --^r and F-/wG*--L-irr (8)
r r 1.212 (The problem has already a dear hint in the answer sheet of the
problem book). Here we adopt a different method. Let m be the mass of the
spherical layer, wich is imagined to be made up of rings. At a point inside the
spherical layer at distance r from the centre, the gravitational potential due to
a ring element of radius a equals, - ^p- dl (see Eq. E) of solution of 1.211) s»,
,.;«,._£(•„._= a-r Hence Gr - - Hence gravitational field strength as well as
field force becomes zero, inside a thin sphereical layer. 1.213 One can
imagine that the uniform hemisphere is made up of thin hemispherical layers
of radii ranging from 0 to R. Let us consider such a layer (Fig.). Potential at
point O, due to this layer is,
110 1.216 We partition the solid sphere into thin spherical layers and
consider a layer of thickness dr lying at a distance r from the centre of the
ball. Each spherical layer presses on the layers within it The considered layer
is attracted to the part of the sphere lying within it (the outer part does not act
on the layer). Hence for the considered layer r2* dF nr2drp) or, dPAnr (where
p is the mean density of sphere) or, Thus (The pressure.must vanish at r = R.)
or, p - |/l - (r*/K2)) yM2/nR4, Putting p - M/D/3) **3 Putting r « 0, we have
the pressure at sphere's centre, and treating it as the Earth where 3 3 2 mean
density is equal to p - 5*5 x 10 kg/m and R ■ 64 x 10 km we have, p - 1-73 x
1011 Pa or 1-72 x 106 atms. 1.217 (a) Since the potential at each point of a
spherical surface (shell) is constant and is equal to qp« - ^r-, [as we have in
Eq. A) of solution of problem 1.212] We obtain in accordance with the
equation 17 = -J^mcp* -<pf dm HI) R m ym2 " 22? 1 . (The factor — is
needed otherwise contribution of different mass elements is counted twice.)
(b) In this case the potential inside the sphere depends only on r (see Eq. (C)
of the solution of problem 1.214) -2 \ <P 3 ym 2R 1- 3R Here dm is the mass
of an elementry spherical layer confined between the radii r and r + dr: dm**
Djtr2drp)» r2dr
112 99 / h\~2 From the statement of the problem, it is obvious that in this
case h«R „ 99 (. 2h\ . R /6400 „. 111115 Too" (x-*j or h' So" (W1™- 32km (j
( In the other case if h' be the sought height, than j) ot2m[l+i) From the
language of the problem, in this case ti is not very small in comparision with
R. Therefore in this case we cannot use the approximation adopted in the
previous case. Here, A + j) -2* So, ~«±V2-1 As -ve sign is not acceptable h'=
(V2 -1)*- (V2 -1N400km * 2650km 1.221 Let the mass of the body be m and
let it go upto a height h. From conservation of mechanical energy of the
system 1 2 Using *—j- * g, in above equation and on solving we get, 1.222
Gravitational pull provides the required centripetal acceleration to the satelile.
Thus if h be the sought distance, we have mv2 ymM ,D .. 2 w so, ——tt« -1
=■ or, (/? + /*) v = vM or, Rv2 + hv2= gR29 as g 2R2-n 2 Hence «• - ^ v2
1.223 A satellite that hovers above the earth's equator and corotates with it
moving from the west to east with the diurnal angular velocity of the earth
appears stationary to an observer on the earth. It is called geostationary. For
this calculation we may neglect the annual motion of the earth as well as all
other influences. Then, by Newton's law, 2 yMm I 2jt
115 1.227 For a satellite in a circular orbit about any massive body, the
following relation holds between kinetic, potential & total energy : J«-£, U =
1E A) Thus since total mechanical energy must decrease due to resistance of
the cosmic dust, the kintetic energy will increase and the satellite will 'fall',
We see then, by work energy theorm o j. 2 j otrfr dv So, mvav - av vat or, -=-
m v2 Now from Netow's law at an arbitray radius r from the moon's centre.
v2 vM — si-^- or v r - /vM V— v r (M is the mass of the moon.) Then V--
where £= moon's radius. So 7 x ax m 0 f()^^^ where g is moon's gravity. The
averaging implied by Eq. A) (for nondrcular orbits) makes the result
approximate. 1.228 From Newton's second law 2 or vo* V jT " 1*67km/s
mv0 From conservation of mechanical energy 0 or, ve« Y ^5. » 2-37 km/s2
B)
116 In Eq. A) and B), M and R are the mass of the moon and its radius. In
Eq. A) if M and R represent the mass of the earth and its radius, then, using
appendices, we can easily get v0* 7-9 km/s and vc= 11-2 km/s. 1.229 In a
parabolic orbit, E - 0 o 1 2 yMm n r^^ /yM So 2mV' J?~* °r V" ^V where M
- mass of the Moon, R « its radius. (This is just the escape velocity.) On the
other hand in orbit 2d yMm mvf R = ' o or vf f R2 f Thus Av= A-V2) V3^ " -
°*70 km/s- 1.230 From 1.228 for the Earth surface and ve Thus the sought
additional velocity XV This 'kick' in velocity must be given along the
direction of motion of the satellite in its orbit 1,231 Let r be the sought
distance, then yM 2 or Tlr or (nR-ry r nR yfnr- (nR-r) orr« ™ « 3-8 x 104 km.
V T| + 1 1.232 Between the earth and the moon, the potential energy of the
spaceship will have a maximum at the point where the attractions of the earth
and the moon balance each other. This maximum RE. is approximately zero.
We can also neglect the contribution of either body to the p.E. of the
spaceship sufficiently near the other body. Then the minimum energy that
must be imparted to the spaceship to cross the maximum of the RE. is clearly
(using E to denote the earth)
117 With this eneigy the spaceship will cross over the hump in the P.E. and
coast down the hill of p.E. towards the moon and crashland on it. What the
problem seeks is the minimum eneigy reguired for softlanding. That reguies
the use of rockets to loving about the braking of the spaceship and since the
kinetic energy of the gases ejected from the rocket will always be positive,
the total eneigy required for softlanding is greater than that required for
crashlanding. To calculate this eneigy we assume that the rockets are used
fairly close to the moon when the spaceship has nealy attained its terminal
velocity on the moon 2yMo — where Mo is the mass of the moon and Ro is
its radius. In general dE = vdp and since the speed of the ejected gases is not
less than the speed of the rocket, and momentum transfered to the ejected
gases must equal the momentum of the spaceship the energy E of the gass
ejected is not less than the kinetic energy of spaceship Addding the two we
get the minimum work done on the ejected gases to bring about the
softlanding. « ym On substitution we get 1-3 x 108 kJ. 1.233 Assume first
that the attraction of the earth can be neglected. Then the minimum velocity,
that must be imparted to the body to escape from the Sun's pull, is, as in 1-
230, equal to where v\ « yMs/rtr** radius of the earth's orbit, Ms « mass of
the Sun. In the actual case near the earth, the pull of the Sun is small and does
not change much over distances, which are several times the radius of the
Earth. The velocity v3 in question is that which overcomes the earth's pull
with sufficient velocity to escape the Sun's pull. Thus where R « radius of the
earth, ME * mass of the earth. Writing vx2 « yME /R, we get 16-6 km/s
118 1.5 DYNAMICS OF A SOLID BODY 1.234 Since, motion of the rod is
purely translational, net torque about the CM. of the rod should be equal to
zero. For the translational motion of rod. F mwe B) From A) and B) 2oF2 qj i
1/2 F2 * mwc 1.235 Sought momentN* FxF- (ai + bj)x(Ai and arm of the
force /« -=• 1.236 Relative to point 0, the net moment of force : - abT+AB{-
T)~ (ab-AB)T A) Resultant of the external force F-F^ + ^« AJ+bV B) As N'F
= 0 (as N±F) so the sought arm / of the force F ab-AB /- N/F- 1.237 por
coplanar forces, about any point in the same plane, \ rL x Fi (where Ftut * Y
Fi * resultant force) or, N^ * r x Thus length of the arm, / * Here obviously
[F^ | = IF and it is directed toward right along AC. Take the origin at C. Then
about C, N~ I yfl aF + -j^F- VJaF 1 directed normally into the plane of
figure. (Here a = side of the square.) Thus N= F-j= directed into the plane of
the figure. Hence /- V '■ Jjf - j Thus the point of application of force is at the
mid point of the side BC.
120 putting all the vallues we get, Iz» 2- gnvm (b) Consider an element disc
of radius r and thickness dx at a distance x from the point 0. Then r-x tana
and volume of the disc « nx2lan2adx Hence, its mass dm « n x tana dx-p
(where A 1 2 i p * density of the cone - m/— nR h) p Moment of inertia of
this element, about the axis OAy r2 dl= dm — ( n x tan a dx ) 2 2 x tan a h
Thus the sought moment of inertia / tan a I x dx. dx 0 n pR A-h 4 as tana = —
h Hence 3m R 10 / 2 / putting p h ! .240 (a) Let us consider a lamina of an
arbitrary shape and indicate by 1,2 and 3, three axes coinciding with jc, y and
z - axes and the plane of lamina as x -y plane. Now, moment of inertia of a
point mass about x - axis, dlx » dm y Thus moment of inertia of the lamina
about this axis, lx- f dmy Similarly,' Iy - Cdmx and Iz = J dmr 2 =
fdm(x2+y2) as r- Vx7Ty7 Thus, Iz - Ix + Iy or, I3 « (b) Let us take the plane
of the disc as x -y plane and origin to the centre of the disc (Fig.) From the
symmetry Ix « Iy. Let us consider a ring element of radius r and thickness dry
then the moment of inertia of the ring element about the y - axis. xCO
121 dlz= dmr2 ^ Thus the moment of inertia of the disc about z- axis 2m f 3 .
~~T I r dr R J mR o But we have Thus 2 mR dx 1.241 For simplicity let us
use a mathematical trick. We consider the portion of the given disc as the
superposition of two- complete discs (without holes), one of positive density
and radius R and other of negative density but of same magnitude and radius
R/2. As (area) a (mass), the respective masses of the considered discs are
Dm/3) and (-ml3) respectively, and these masses can be imagined to be
situated at their respective centers (CM). Let us take point O as origin and
point x - axis towards right Obviously the CM. of the shaded position of
given shape lies on the x - axis. Hence the CM. (C) of the shaded portion is
given by (-m/3)(-£/2)+Dm/3H R * * ~6 Thus CM. of the shape is at a
distance R/6 from point O toward x - axis Using parallel axis theorem and
bearing in mind that the moment of inertia of a complete homogeneous disc
of radius m0 and radius r0 equals — m0 r^. The moment of inetia of the
small disc of mass (- m / 3) and radius R/2 about the axis passing through
point C and perpendicular to the plane of the disc 2 *x Similarly \mR mR' 27
Thus the sought moment of inertia, 15 he 2-'
122 1.242 Moment of inertia of the shaded portion, about the axis passing
through it's certre, /4 3 \ 3 7*r P r 24 Now, \fR « r + dr> the shaded portion
becomes a shell, which is the required shape to calculate the moment of
inertia. Now, _ 5 3 7™ n p / r +5r ar Neglecting higher terms. 2 2 r - — 1.243
(a) Net force which is effective on the system (cylinder M + body m ) is the
weight of the body m in a uniform gravitational field, which is a constant.
Thus the initial acceleration of the body m is also constant. From the
conservation of mechanical energy of the said system in the uniform field of
gravity at time t« A t : AT+ AG « 0 or or. — ( 2m + M) v - mg A/i« 0 [ as v «
co/? at all times ] But v Hence using it in Eq. A), we get — ( 2m + M ) 2w
ish - mg tJt 0 or w From the kinematical relationship, 2mg R Bm+M)R Thus
the sought angular velocity of the cylinder gt (b) Sought kinetic energy. 2 -
— i A)
123 1244 For equilibrium of the disc and axle 2J« mg or J« mg/2 As the disc
unwinds, it has an angular acceleration C given by 27> mgr / * / /p« 27> or
The corresponding linear acceleration is mgr Since the disc remains
stationary under the combined action of this acceleration and the acceleration
(-w) of the bar which is transmitted to the axle, we must have mgr2 wrm o
1245 Let the rod be deviated through an angle qp'from its initial position at
an arbitrary instant of time, measured relative to the initial position in the
positive direction. From the equation of the increment of the mechanical
energy of the system. AT- A or, or, 2 3 co = I jP/ coscp dcp = jF7 sincp Thus,
co V6F sincp Ml 1.246 First of all, let us sketch free body diagram of each
body. Since the cylinder is rotating and massive, the tension will be different
in both the sections' of threads. From Newton's law in projection form for the
bodies mx and m2 and noting that wx - w2 ■ w = $R> (as no thread
slipping), we have (m1 > m2) ■ mxw= mx and T2-m2g= m2w A) Now from
the equation of rotational dynamics of a solid about stationary axis of
rotation, i.e. Nz- I Pz, for the cylinder. or, (T^T^R- /p - mtf2p/2 B)
Simultaneous solution of the above equations yields (mx - m2 ) g Ti mi (m +
4m, and 2 m R I m1 + m2 + y T2 m2(m + 4m1
126 dM. 1.251 Let us use the equation , z « ^relative to the axis through O A)
For this purpose, let us find the angular momentum of the system Mz about
the given rotation axis and the corresponding torque N^ The angular
momentum is Mz * Tec + mvR /W/i 2 m 0^2 [where /= —R and v* coi? (no
cord slipping)] 4* So, dMz IT fMR mR B) The downward pull of gravity on
the overhanging part is the only external force, which exerts a torque about
the z -axis, passing through O and is given by, Hence from the equation dt
(MR z* JX8R Thus, 2mgx >0 Note : We may solve this problem using
conservation of mechanical energy of the system (cylinder + thread) in the
uniform field of gravity. 1.252 (a) Let us indicate the forces acting on the
sphere and their points of application. Choose positive direction of x and cp
(rotation angle) along the incline in downward direction and in the sense of
oT(for undirectional rotation) respectively. Now from equations of dynamics
of rigid body i.e. Fx - mwa and Ncz « Ic Pz we get : mg sin a -/r« mw and
But /r* kmg cosa In addition, the absence of slipping provides the
kinematical realtionship between the accelerations : w= $R D) The
simultaneous solution of all the four equations yields : 2 2 k cos a ^ — sin a,
or k ^ — tan a (b) Solving Eqs. A) and B) [of part (a)], we get : N A) B) C)
127 As the sphere starts at t axis, for pure rolling wc« -gsina. 0 along positive
x vc@ E) Hence the sought kinetic energy as a) * v/R) 1.253 (a) Let us
indicate the forces and their points of application for the cylinder. Choosing
the positive direction for x and cp as shown in the figure, we write the
equation of motion of the cylinder axis and the equation of moments in the
CM. frame relative to that axis i.e. from equation Fx - mwc and Nz « Ic pr n 2
mg-2J- mwc; 2TR - As there is no slipping of thread on the cylinder we- ptf
From these three equations T« ^L« 13N, p« ~£« 5xl02rad/s2 (b) we have So,
wc * —g > 0 or, in vector form '2 3 1.254 Let us depict the forces and their
points of application corresponding to the cylinder attached with the elevator.
Newton's second law for solid in vector form in the frame of elevator, gives :
2T + /ng*+ m (- m^) * mw A) The equation of moment in the CM. frame
relative to the cylinder axis i.e. from 2TR mR P mR2 W 2 r 2 R [as thread
does not slip on the cylinder, w'
129 Solving the Eqs., we get 3Jcmg_ B-3*)' 3*mg 2-3* and w c(max) m mg
2-3* 2-3* 1.257 (a) Let us choose the positive direction of the rotation angle
cp, such that wa and pz have identical signs (Fig.). Equation of motion, Fx -
mw^ and Ncz = Ic P2 gives : Fcos a-fr= mw^ifrR-Fr* /CP2 = ymR2 p2 In the
absence of the slipping of the spool w = p R From the three equations wcx (b)
As static friction (fr) does not work on the spool, from the equation of the
increment of mechanical energy A^ = AT. .2 . •■■ .. .„ r> 2 R •cx-
Tm(l+yJ>v It-wc lC0SCC " J F [cos a - (r/R) 1 , r vv = —' ——\ f J , where
cos a > — c (l) ' /? A) 2 m A + y) Note\that at cos a - r/R, there is no rolling
and for cos a < r/R , wcx < 0, *'.e f/*e spool will move towards negative x-
axis and rotate in anticlockwise sense. 1.258 For the cylinder from the
equation N ~ /p about its stationary axis of rotation. „ r or p = — A) 2 v mr K
' For the rotation of the lower cylinder from the equation Ncz - /c P2 mr2 , ,
4T 2 mr Now for the translational motion of lower cylinder from the Eq. Fx -
mwa : As there is no slipping of threads on the cylinders : C)
130 Simultaneous solution of A), B) and C) yields 1.259 L*t us depict the
forces acting on the pulley and weight A, and indicate positive direction for x
and qp as shown in the figure. For the cylinder from the equation Fx= m $
and Ncz= TA-2T-Mwc and For the weight A from the equation A) B) mWx
C) As there is no slipping of the threads on the pulleys. wa wc+ 2 P* " wc+ 2
wc " 3 Simultaneous solutions of above four equations gives : \M+9m 1.260
(a) For the translational motion of the system (mx+ m^)y from the equation :
Fx -T ■" V./Wi + "*2\ "'a "'> ^c -* ' \"*1 **" "*2' \ / Now for the rotational
motion of cylinder from the equation : m.r1 2F Fr= -4—P or pr« — 2 K K mi
B) But c + P r» Ifly tfl^ (/Hj + C) (b) From the equation of increment of
mechanical energy : AT = Here AT- 7@, so, T(t)~ A^ As force F is constant
and is directed along Jt-axis the sought work done. A^ = Fx (where x is the
displacement of the point of application of the force F during time interval t)
133 where N is the normal reaction of the edge or, gtf cos p - m . A) From the
energy conservation law, But mR4 mR2 « |mK2, 77//////////0 (from the
parallel axis theorem) Thus, From A) and B) N aC gi?(l-cosp) B) The angle p
in this equation is clearly smaller than or equal to a so putting p = a we get
where No is the corresponding reaction. Note that N this turning if No > 0.
Hence, v0 must be less than o. No jumping occurs during max G cos a - 4)
1.265 Clearly the tendency of bouncing of the hoop will be maximum when
the small body A, will be at the highest point of the hoop during its rolling
motion. Let the velocity of CM. of the hoop equal v at this position. The
static friction does no work on the hoop, so from conservation of mechanical
energy; Ex « E2 2 2 -mgR= imBvJ + JW + imW~| +mgR or, or, 3v2« \%-2gR
A) From the equation Fn « mwn for body A at final position 2 : ~| R B)
134 As the hoop has no acceleration in vertical direction, so for the hoop, N +
JST-mg C) From Eqs. B) and C), tn v ?f D) As the hoop does not bounce, N
2t 0 E) So from Eqs. A), D) and E), or 3R * Hence vo£ 1.266 Since the lower
part of the belt is in contact with the rigid floor, velocity of this part becomes
zero. The crawler moves with velocity v, hence the velocity of upper part of
the belt becomes 2v by the rolling condition and kinetic energy of upper part
1 lm\ 2 2 = — \ — \ Bv) = mv , which is also the sought kinetic energy,
assuming that the length of the belt is much larger than the radius of the
wheels. 1.267 The sphere has two types of motion, one is the rotation about
its own axis and the other is motion in a circle of radius R. Hence the sought
kinetic energy \l\<»l (i) where /x is the moment of inertia about its own axis,
and I2 is the moment of inertia about the vertical axis, passing through 0, But,
/x * -^mr and 72 ■ -^mr + mR (using parallel axis theorem,) B) In addition to
<*>!-■: and <°2 » J Using B) and C) in A), we get T' « j- mv2 10 1 + 1R 2
1.268 For a point mass of mass dm, looked at from C rotating frame, the
equation is ■pi —> n y/ —>' ► dmw = f + dmu> r +2dm(v xco) y where r =
radius vector in the rotating frame with respect to rotation axis and v *
velocity in the same frame. The total centrifugal force is clearly Rc is the
radius vector of the CM. of the body with respect to rotation axis, also where
we have used the definitions mRc= y. dmr and mvc - \ dmv
136 1.271 When the cube is given an initial velocity on the table in some
direction (as shown) it acquires an angular momentum about an axis on the
table perpendicular to the initial velocity and (say) just below the C.G.. This
angular momentum will disappear when the cube stops and this can only by
due to a torque. Frictional forces cannot do this by themselves because they
act in the plain containing the axis. But if the force of normal reaction act
eccentrically (as shown), their torque can bring about the vanishing of the
angular momentum. We can calculate the distance Ax between the point of
application of the normal reaction and the C.G. of the cube as follows. Take
the moment about C.G. of all the forces. This must vanish because the cube
does not turn or tumble on the table. Then if the force of friction is fr /r
|=JVAjc But N = mg and fr « kmgy so Ax= ka/2 1.272 In the process of
motion of the given system the kinetic energy and the angular momentum
relative to rotation axis do not vary. Hence, it follows that Initial angular
momentum Initial velocity Axis ± to the initial velocity on the table 1M 1 2,2
l 1M/ CO (co is the final angular velocity of the rod) and Ml Ml co, co From
these equations we obtain co co0/|l + 3M) M and v'« co0// Vl+3m/M 1.273
Due to hitting of the ball, the angular impulse received by the rod about the
CM. is equal (i) to p —. If co is the angular velocity acquired by the rod, we
have ml2 pi 6p Hm2 OXWml In the frame of CM., the rod is rotating about
an axis passing through its mid point with the angular velocity co. Hence the
force exerted by one half on the other = mass of one half x acceleration of
CM. of that part, in the frame of CM. m 8 2ml = 9N
137 1.274 (a) In the process of motion of the given system the kinetic energy
and the angular momentum relative to rotation axis do not vary. Hence it
follows that 1 2 1 ,2 1 —mv - — mv +-r fMl2) CO and I fl Mi co From these
equations we obtain 3m -AM 3m* AM As V t t v^so in vector form v v. and
co 4v /(l+4m/3A/) 3m-4M 3m + AM (b) Obviously the sought force provides
the centripetal acceleration to the CM. of the rod and is Afto2i- 8Mv 2 / A +
4M/3m f 1.275 (a) About the axis of rotation of the rod, the angular
momentum of the system is conserved. Thus if the velocity of the flying
bullet is v. mvl ml1* Ml 2 N CO CO mv M 3 3mv Ml as m « M Now from
the conservation of mechanical energy of-the system (rod with bullet) in the
uniform field of gravity If ,2 2\ml Ml 2 ^ a) — A-cosa ) B) [because CM. of
rod raises by the height — A - cosa) ] Solving A) and B), we get M\^ II m . a
m2" (b) Sought Ap m (o>/) + M f Ml -mv I where. co/ is the velocdty of the
bullet and o> — equals the velocity of CM. of the rod after the impact.
Putting the value of v and co we get Ap — — mv « M This is caused by the
reaction at the hinge on the upper end.
138 (c) Let the rod starts swinging with angular velocity g>', in this case.
Then, like part (a) <Ml2 mvx- 7MX I a) or o) « , 3mvjc Ml Final momentum
is mjceo , r ,M, M ,, 3 x 0 f L Li So, This vanishes for Pf-Pi-mvl—-! 1.276
(a) As force F on the body is radial so its angular momentum about the axis
becomes zero and the angular momentum of the system about the given axis
is conserved. Thus MR G>0 + m oH R MR go or oo0i 1 + 2m (b) From the
equation of the increment of the mechanical energy of the system : AJ-A
1MR2 MR act Putting the value of go from part (a) and solving we get 1 +
2m M 1.277 (a) Let z be the rotation axis of disc and qp be its rotation angle
in accordance with right-hand screw rule (Fig.), (qp and qp' are to be
measured in the same sense algebraically.) As Mz of the system (disc + man)
is conserved and Mz^ initUd ^« 0, we have at any instant, or, m2/2 dtp' On
integrating or, 0 m m2/2 dip' A) This gives the total angle of rotation of the
disc.
140 (v' is the final velocity of the disc and to angular velocity of the rod) For
the closed system linear momentum is also conserved. Hence mv - mv' + Y]
mvc B) (where vc is the velocity of CM. of the rod) From Eqs A) and B) we
get vc * — and v - v' * r\vc Applying conservation of kinetic energy, as the
collision is elastic 1 2 1 ,2 1 2 1 y\fnl 2 2 1 +- C) or Then 0 0 0 v - V » 4t|vc
and hence v + v' » 4vc , 4-Y] 4 + T1 v and a) 12 v 7 D 1 Vectorially, noting
that we have taken v parallel to v So, J7* « 0 for T| « 4 and w* 1 f v for r| > 4
c 1.280 See the\ diagram in the book (Fig. 1.72) (a) When the shaft BB' is
turned through 90° the platform must start turning with angular velocity Q so
that the angular momentum remains constant. Here 70(o0 or, The work
performed by the motor is therefore /OoH 2 2 If the shaft is turned through
180°, angular velocity of the sphere changes sign. Thus from conservation of
angular momentum, /Q-/Oo>0» /Oo>0 (Here - /0 co0 is the complete angular
momentum of the sphere i. e. we assume that the angular velocity of the
sphere is just - co0). Then and the work done must be, 1^ 2 2 1 2 2_I 0 2 2 2
141 (b) In the case (a), first part, the angular momentum vector of the sphere
is precessing with angular velocity Q. Thus a torque, co 0 i is needed. o 1.281
The total centrifugal force can be calculated by, 2 » 1 t co xdx= -rmlQ@ o
Then for equilibrium, / and, = ^m/nco2 /0 Thus rx vanishes, when CO o = 6
rad/s Then T2~ mgj - 25 N 72* 0 A 0 B Tng cr 1.282 See the diagram in the
book (Fig. 1.71). (a) The angular velocity co*about OO' can be resolved into
a component parallel to the rod and a component co sin0 perpendicular to the
rod through C. The component parallel to the rod does not contribute so the
angular momentum 1 7 M * / co sin0 » — m I co sin0 12 Also, Mz= Msin0=
— m/2cosin20 This can be obtained directly also, (b) The modulus of M does
not change but —> —> the modulus of the change of M is | A M \. AM| -
2Msin(9O-0)« ^- m 12 co sin20 (c) Here Mx = McosB = /co sin0 cos0 Now
dM dt = 7cosin0cos0 CO dt —r dt 1 24 1 ,2 2.2^ = ^rm/ co sin 0 24 as A/
precesses with angular velocity co.
142 1.283 Here M= /co is along the symmetry axis. It has two components,
the part /cocosG constant and the part M1« Jco sin0 presesses, then dM dt I
a) sinB to' » mg/ sinB or, eo'« precession frequency 0-7 jad/s (b) This force is
the centripetal force due to precession. It acts inward and has the magnitude
ma)'2/sin6 - 12mN. p* is the distance of the i th element from the axis. This is
the force that the table will exert on the top. See the diagram in the answer
sheet t 1.284 See the diagram in the book (Fig. 1.73). 1 2 The moment of
inertia of the disc about its symmentry axis is —■ m R . If the angulai
velocity of the disc is to then the angular momentum is —mR co. The
precession frequency being 2k n, we have dM dt 1 2 — mR eo x 2nn 2 This
must equal m (g + w) /, the effective gravitational torques (g being replaced
by g + w in the elevator). Thus,
146 In addition to it, V(//2) e = 1/2 From Eqs. A), B) and C) x x- as x < < I
Vuff So, mgl —°- 2/ 1/3 or, jc= / mg 2nEd = 2-5 cm 1.295 Let us consider an
element of the rod at a distance x from the free end (Fig.). For the considered
element T - T' are internal restoring forces which produce elongation and dT
provides the acceleration to the element. For the element from Newton's law :
m dT « (dm) w « As free end has zero tension, on integrating the above
expression, T<& — - -r I Jm 4/* Elongation in the considered element of
lenght dx : a - Thus total elengation Hence the sought strain SEl a I E-L 2SE
1.296 Let us consider an element of the rod at a distance r from it's rotation
axis. As the element rotates in a horizontal circle of radius r, we have from
Newton's second law in projection form directed toward the axis of rotation :
- (dm)co2r or, -dT fm , \ 2 m 2 j ydr (o r* -r-co rdr
147 At the free end tension becomes zero. Integrating the above experession
we get, thus Thus m>?(l2-r2) I nnx> I \-r- l2 Elongation in elemental length
dr is given by : (where S is the cross sectional area of the rod and T is the
tension in the rod at the considered element) or, 2SE I Thus the sought
elongation dr I 2SE o \-r- 1 dr dr or, ma?I 21 (SI p) 2 2SE 3 3SE 1 D CO / @
3 E (where p is the density of the copper.) 1.297 Volume of a solid cylinder
r21 ^r x2rArl rcr^A/ 2Ar A/ SO, -7^ ■ But longitudinal strain A/// and
accompanying lateral strain A r/r are related as Ar A/ Using B) in A), we get :
AV A/ V * / A/ - / * E (Because the increment in the length of cylinder A/ is
negative) AV -F V * I But So, A - 2 |x) A) B) C)
148 Thus, AV - —^ A - 2 \x) E Negative sign means that the volume of the
cylinder has decreased. 1.298 (a) As free end has zero tension, thus the
tension in the rod at a vestical distance y from its lower end T- ^gy (l) Let dl
be the elongation of the element of length dy> then T Tnsydy - T^dy= z\ _/ -
pgydy/E (where p is the density of the copper) SE SIE Thus the sought
elongation a/ Ja/- pgf^f- \pgi2/E B) (b) If the longitudinal (tensile) strain is e
* —, the accompanying lateral (compressive) strain is given by e' - — - - |A e
C) Then since V * Jir/we have AV 2A r A/ « A - 2|*) j [Using C)] where — is
given in part (a), \x is the Poisson ratio for copper. 1.299 Consider a cube of
unit length before pressure is applied. The pressure acts on each face. The
pressures on the opposite faces constitute a tensile stress producing
longitudianl com- compression and lateral extension. The compressions is ^
and the lateral extension is \i ^ E t The net result is a compression *z A - 2[x)
in each side. E tt &V ty,. * x ^ r AV oAl Hence — = - -±r A - 2 \x) because
from symmetry — = 3 —
149 (b) Let us consider a cube under an equal compressive stress a, acting on
all its faces. CO Then, volume strain = - ky where A: is the bulk modulus of
elasticity. So 5L ^ ° km E or, [i * — if £ and P are both to remain positive.
1300 A beam clamped at one end and supporting an applied load at the free
end is called a cantilever. The theory of cantilevers is discussed in advanced
text book on mechanics. The key result is that elastic forces in the beam
generate a couple, whose moment, called the moment of resistances, balances
the external bending moment due to weight of the beam, load etc. The
moment of resistance, also called internal bending moment (I.B.M) is given
by I.B.M. = EI/R Here R is the radius of curvature of the beam at the
representative point (jc, y). I is called the geometrical moment of inertia of
the cross section relative to the axis passing through the netural layer which
remains unstretched. (Fig.l.). The section of the beam beyond P exerts the
bending moment N(x) and we have, If there is no load other than that due to
the weight of the beam, then where p = density of steel. Hence, at x « 0 L 2 Z
I 'ds 2EI Here b = width of the beam perpendicular to paper. A/2 Also, / -A/2
HCnCe>l«|0- E# 12* @.121 km)
150 1.301 We use the equation given above and use the result that when y is
small Thus m Thus _ R dx2 ' dx2 EJ (a) Here N(x)= N0\s a constant. Then
integration gives, dy dx" But \a\ " 0 f°r ^ " 0> so Ci * 0- Integrating again, 7
2EI where we have used y * 0 for x « 0 to set the constant of integration at
zero. This is the equation of a parabola. The sag of the free end is " y{x" '"
2EI (b) In this case N(x)- F(l- x) because the load F at the extremity is
balanced by a similar force at F directed upward and they constitute a couple.
Then dll.l dx2" El ■ t , .. dy F(lx-x2/2) _ Integrating, ^ y—^ '- + C1 As before
Cx = 0. Integrating again, using y » 0 for x « 0 llx2 x3\ - here X Ft El 3 El
Here for a square cross section a/2 =\ -a/2 = a4/12. 1302 One can think of it
as analogous to the previous case but with a beam of length 1/2 loaded
upward by a force F/2. ^ F I 1 On using the last result of the previous
problem. " 1 2 1.303 (a) In this case N(x)= —pgbh(l-x) where b = width of
the girder. Also / - b h3/12. Then,
153 (b) For a solid cylinder we must integrate over r. Thus xt \ 2nr3 drq>G
nrAGqp J / 2/ o 1.306 Clearly JV /In? dr I <pG 327 d./2 using G« 81GPa =
84x10 10 N m = 5x 10m, ^= 3x 10~2m 71 71 cp * 2*0° * — radians, / = 3 m
31 X 84 X 31 32x3x90 <625-81)xlON-m = 0-5033 x 103 N-m « 0-5 k N-m
1.307 The maximum power that can be transmitted by means of a shaft
rotating about its axis is clearly N co where N is the moment of the couple
producing the maximum permissible torsion, (p. Thus ~ . (o =* 16-9 kw 2/
1308 Consider an elementary ring of width dr at a distant r from the axis. The
part outside exerts a couple N + -r- dr on this ring while the part inside exerts
a couple N in the opposite direction. We have for equilibrium dN^ dr
154 where dl is the moment of inertia of the elementary ring, p is the angular
acceleration and minus sign is needed because the couple N (r) decreases,
with distance vanshing at the outer radius, N (r^ « 0. Now dl m Inrdr r4 Thus
dN r5dr or, N * T / 2 2x (r2 " r )> on integration dr 1309 We assume that the
deformation is wholly due to external load, neglecting the effect of the weight
of the rod (see next problem). Then a well known formula says, elastic
energy per unit volume - —stress x strain »-o£ This gives ——Ez ~ 0-04 kJ
for the total deformation energy. 2 p 1310 When a rod is deformed by its own
weight the stress increases as one moves up, the stretching force being the
weight of the portion below the element considered. The stress on the
element dx is pnr2(l-x)g/nr2~ pg(l-x) The extension of the element is kdx=
d&x= p g(l-x) dx/E jq 1 2 Integrating A/ * -pg/ /E is the extension of the
whole rod. The elastic energy of the element is Integrating AC/- l l-x m
155 1.311 The work done to make a loop out of a steel band appears as the
elastic energy of the loop and may be calculated from the same. If the length
of the band is £ the radius of the loop R - -—. Now consider an element 2 jc
ABCD of the loop. The elastic energy of this element can be calculated by
the same sort of arguments as used to derive the formula for internal bending
moment. Consider a fibre at a distance z from the neutral surface PQ. This
fibre experiences a force/? and undergoes ds Z an extension ds where ds =
Zdyy while PQ * s * R d (p. Thus strain — = —. If a is the s R cross sectional
area of the fibre, the elastic energy associated with it is _. 2 2 Rdq> a
Summing over all the fibres we get Ely v 72 E Idy YiTZaZ= For the whole
loop this gives, ing I dcp- 2 ji, B using EIk _ 2EIn R I 6/2 Now So the energy
is -6/2 1 K2Ehb3 12 = 0-08 kJ 1.312 When the rod is twisted through an
angle 8, a couple 21 9 appears to resist this. Work done in twisting the rod by
an angle cp is then N(Q) nr G ——— cp2 = 7 J on putting the values. o 3 i
1.313 The energy between radii r and r + dr is, iJy differentiation, —-t—G cp
Its density is k r dr G cp2 _ 1 2nrdrl I ,2 2 1.314 The energy density is as
usual 1/2 stress x strain. Stress is the pressure p g h. Strain is x p gh by
defination of p. Thus 1 2 3 u = — p (p g/i) - 23-5 kJ/m on putting the values.
159 \z\ \ht forct, *cfcft& «a fot piston Y>t F and foe lengfo oi foe cylinder be
I. Then, work done - Fl A) £^WVjv&% ^tmnXVV* ^tottm lot points A and
B,p~ -pv2 where p is the density and v is the velocity at point B. Now, force
on the piston, B) where A is the cross section area of piston. Also, discharge
through the orifice during time interval t - Svt and this is equal to the volume
of the cylinder, i.e., 5 V- Svt or v From Eq. A), B) and C) work done — St C)
(as Aim V) 1323 Let at any moment of time, water level in the vessel be H
then speed of flow of water through the orifice, at that moment will be v»
y/lgH In the time interval dt, the volume of water ejected through orifice, dV-
svdt On the other hand, the volume of water in the vessel at time t equal! V-
SH Differentiating C) with respect to time, A) B) D) Eqs. B) and D) C All
SdH* svdt or rfr* —==r,frOmr2) o Integrating, V2h Thus, s g 1324 In a
rotating frame (with constant angular velocity) the Eulerian equation is 2p(v*'
x 3) + poJr*« p dt In the frame of rotating tube the liquid in the "column^ is
practically static because the orifice is sufficiently small. Thus the Eulerian
Eq. in projection form along 7* (which is
164 1332 Let us consider a coaxial cylinder of radius r and thickness dry then
force of friction or dv viscous force on this elemental layer, F» 2nrly\—. dr
This force must be constant from layer to layer so that steady motion may be
possible. FJr r Integrating, or, 2 7i I r\dv. A) dv 0 or, Putting F\n S S 2nlv\v
B) r = Rv we get Fin — * 2 7t lr\ v0 R2 ijt__I-LLJi \ From B) by C) we get,
V= Vf In r/R2 0 In R/R2 Note : The force F is supplied by the agency which
tries to carry the inner cylinder with velocity v0 . 1.333 (a) Let us consider an
elemental cylinder of radius r and thickness dr then from Newton's formula ,
d(o „ , 2 dw> xrlnr — ^ 2tzIr\r — 1 dr * dr and moment of this force acting
on the element, or, dr 2 ji / t^ do * N -j r dr B) As in the previous problem N
is constant when conditions are steady (O Integrating, Till] I dlD« N I — o
or, Putting i / N C) co « co2 , we get 2 Jl / T] C02 * -Z" D)
165 From C) and D), 2R2 @ « @, (b) From Eq. D), N R\ r2 R\R2 1334 (a)
Let dV be the volume flowing per second through the cylindrical shell of
thickness dr then, dV= - Bnrdr) v0 and the total volume, / 1 \ R2 f r - R 1 r3' r
- — K ji 4 * ° 2 (b) Let, dE be the kinetic energy, within the above cylindrical
shell. Then dT= - 2 Ulxrldrp)v2 L, 1±L r- R2 dr Hence, total energy of the
fluid, R T- 0 2r3 ri' R2 RA. nR2plv20 (c) Here frictional force is the shearing
force on the tube, exerted by the fluid, which 1 C^V equals - r] S —. Given,
So, v= v, o And at dv
168 1.8 RELATIVISTIC MECHANICS 1.340 From the formula for length
contraction c2 , So, v_ c4 v- cVtiB-ti) 1.341 (a) In the frame in which the
triangle is at rest the space coordinates of the vertices are @00), a a 2 ' 29 a a
2 y 2> , all measured at the same time t. In the moving frame the
corresponding coordinates at time t' are A : « 0, 0), B : '2' 2' The perimeter P
is then 1/2 ij = fl/l+V4-3p2 (b) The coordinates in the first frame are shown at
time u The coordinates in the moving frame are, @,0,0) A:(vf',0,0),B:(|Vl-
p2+vt', a The perimeter P is then 1 /O , C : (aVl - p2 + W , O,o x 2* a(Vl-p2
+V4-p2 j here p = V c 1342 In the rest frame, the coordinates of the ends of
the rod in terms of proper length /0 A : @,0,0) B : (/0 cos0o , lQ sin0o , 0) at
time u In the laboratory frame the coordinates at time /' are A : (vtf, 0,0), B :
f/0 cos0o V1 - p2 + vt\ lo sin0o, 0 j
170 Thus, VA/ Vl- p So At' or and /0« cV(A/'J-(AO 1346 The distance
travelled ii} the laboratory frame of reference is vA t where v is the velocity
of the particle. But by time dilation Af- \ So v- cVl-(AVA02 VI - vVc2 Thus
the distance traversed is 1347 (a) If x0 is the proper life time of the muon the
life time in the moving frame is VI - vVc and hence / VI - vVc Thus
xo«fvnv7? (The words "from the muon's stand point" are not part of any
standard terminology) 1348 In the frame K in which the particles are at rest,
their positions are A and B whose coordinates may be taken as, A : @,0,0),B-
(Io,0,0) In the frame K' with respect to which K is moving with a velocity v
the coordinates of A and B at time t' in the moving frame are A - « 0,0) B -
(l0 Vl-P2 + vt\ 0,0l Suppose B hits a stationary taiget in K after t'B while A
hits it after time tB + A/. Then, So, vAf Zo 1349 In the reference frame fixed
to the ruler the rod is moving with a velocity v and suffers Lorentz
contraction. If /0 is the proper length of the rod, its measured length will be !-
/0Vl-p2, c
171 In the reference frame fixed to the rod the ruler suffers Lorentz
contraction and we must have Vl - P2 - /0 thus /0 and 1-p Ax, or v«c Vl- Ax,
1350 The coordinates of the ends of the rods in the frame fixed to the left rod
are shown. The points B and D coincides when * cx-vt0 or ro« -^ The points
A and E coincide when 0 /oVl-p2 -vh> Thus A/ 8 D or -1 *o = 1-p2- 1- (O-
\>tfi0) From this 2 c2 At/I o 1351 In Kq, the rest frame of the particles, the
events corresponding to the decay of the particles are, A : @,0,0,0) and @,/q,
0,0) - B In the reference frame Ky the corresponding coordintes are by
Lorentz transformation A: @,0,0,0), B: lo :2Vl-P2'Vl-p2 ,0,0 Now by Lorentz
Fitzgerald contraction formula. Thus the time lag of the decay time of B is vl
vl * 3. .2 B decays later (B is the forward particle in the direction of motion)
1352 (a) In the reference frame K with respect to which the rod is moving
with velocity v, the coordinates of A and B are
173 So at time If x > 01' < 0, if x < 0, f' > 0 and we get the diagram given
below "in terms of theJC-clock". The situation in terms of the K! clock is
reversed. 1355 Suppose x (t) is the locus of points in the frame K at which the
readings of the clocks of both reference system are permanently identical,
then by Lorentz transformation t' VI - V2/c2 t- Vx (t)) So differentiating x (t)
Let tan/i8, 0^ 8<oo, Then x(t) tan/t6 (l-Vl-tan/t28 cos/t8 sin/t 8 1- cos h 6 cos
/i 8 - 1 - / V cos /i 8 - 1 c tan/t — • (tan /t 8 is a monotonically increasing
function of 8) 1356 We can take the coordinates of the two events to be A :
@,0,0, 0) B : (Ar, a, 0, 0) For B to be the effect and A to be cause we must
have Ar > In the moving frame the coordinates of A and B become
A:@,0,0,0),fl: L Y(a-7Ar),0,0 where y Since (AT'J-4 c At- we must have A/'
>
176 c2 Vt'y c ,z- 0 Thus Ar* / V- (v2) v'W Hence tan 8' v'V /y dt 1.365 v v +
M>d!f In ^ the velocities at time f and t + dt are respectively v and v + M>*fr
along x - axis which is parallel to the vector V. In the frame K' moving with
velocity V with respect to Ky the velocities are respectively, v-V . v + wdt-V
and vV a- 1 - (V + V r - The latter velocity is written as v-V wdt v-V wV v-V
l_v' l-v~ 11-^ c c Also by Lorentz transformation 1- J dt f ^-^^:/c2 , 1 - vV/c
Vi - y2/c2 Vi - Thus the acceleration in the K' frame is w dt' '-7' f V2) 3/2 (b)
In the K frame the velocities of the particle at the time / and t + di are
repectively @, v, 0) and @, v + wdt> 0) where V is along jc-axis. In the IC
frame the velocities are M and (- V, (v + wdi) Vl - V2/c2 , (A respectively
177 Thus the acceleration w dt' » w We have used dt' dt along the y-axis. Vl -
1366 In the instantaneous rest frame v * V and w w 3/2 (from 1.365a) c2 So,
3/2 w'df is constant by assumption. Thus integration gives W t Integrating
once again x W 1367 The boost time x0 in the reference frame fixed to the
rocket is related to the time x elapsed on the earth by dt 0 0 1 + 1/2 dt (Wx)/c
dt o >'tV ./^ - —7 In ViTF w 1368 m m, Vl-p: For 1369 We define the
density p in the frame K in such a way that pdxdydz is the rest mass dmQ of
the element That is pdxdydz- p0 dx0 dyQ dz0 , where p0 is the proper density
> ^0 are tne dimensions of the element in the rest frame Kq. Now dy- dy0,
dz- dz0, dxm dx
178 if the frame K is moving with velocity, v relative to the frame KQ. Thus
Po Defining r\ by p = p0 A + y\) We get 1 + r\ or 1370 We have V.-4 or, -=■
- 1 2 mov or, = J A+r,J A+rj) lo or A 2 2 moc +p 2 2 p +moc or So C - V ■ 1-
/ 1 + K p c\ / 2 / -1/2 x!00% 1371 By definition of r\> mov v2 1 T]mov or 1 -
■ ""T or v* c xl00% 1372 The work done is equal to change in kinetic energy
which is different in the two cases Classically i.e. in nonrelativistic
mechanics, the change in kinetic energy is 2 i-m0 c2 (@-8J - @-6J \-
^moc20-28 - 044 m0 c: Relativistically it is, mQc moc Vl - @-8J Vl - @-6J
°*6 °*8 = 0-416 m0c2= 0-42 m0c2 m0c2 A-666-1-250)
180 1.377 In the frame fixed to the sphere :- The momentum transferred to
the eastically scattered particle is 2mv 1- The density of the moving element
is, from 1.369, n and the momentum transferred per unit time per unit area is
,, 2 mv 1 p * the pressure * —z== n —z= 2mnv2 c2 In the frame fixed to the
gas :- When the sphere hits a stationary particle, the latter recoils with a
velocity v +v 2v i V cr m-2v The momentum transferred is 1 + v2/? 2mv and
the pressure is . 2mv n • v 1- l- 1.378 The equation of motion is mov
Integrating v/c 1- Vi-p3 moc ~, using v* 0 for t» 0 or, Frt 2 ot> v or x fJ Vi2
+ kCJ F c + constant or using jc » 0 at t« 0, we get, x / 2\2 m0c
161 1379 x « Va2 + c f, SO X * V = c2t or, V.-4 ^- Thus d c2 > moc 1.380
jr_ £- dt OT0V vr: /w, 0 Vi- m0 -j v • v Thus * w vi-p- , IV* V, IV, V _ p2)
2K/2 1381 By definition, c2 mQ c E = m0 vx cmodx where ds Thus, 2 2 c dt
dx is the invariant interval dx' (dx - Vdt) d!z- 0) Vl - V2/c2 F, 1382 For a
photon moving in the x direction > Py In the moving frame, e' Note that 1383
As before e 1 1-8 lf "T7 or 3c E = dt dx_ ds
183 1387 We have m0c2y 0 Hence (m0 cz - Erf - cLp\ « (E2 + E3¥ - l c4 m2)
c - 2m0 c2 Ex The L.H.S. = (ml c4 - £xJ - c The R.H.S. is an invariant We
can evaluate it in any frame. Choose the CM frame of the particles 2 and 3. In
this frame R.H.S. = (E'2 + E\f = (m2 ^ m^f c4 Thus or 2mQc /n3Jc4 f O K. or
2 2 2 + ml - (m2 -r m3) 2m0 1388 The velocity of ejected gases is u realtive
to the rocket. In an earth centred frame it is v - u 1- vu 7 in the direction of
the rocket The momentum conservation equation then reads (m + dm) (v +
dv) + v -u (- dm) - mv or mdv- v - u c2 - V = 0 Here - dm is the mass of the
ejected gases, so - u + mdv - = 0, or mdv + u ' 2^ V dm= 0 (neglecting 1 - —z
since w is non- relativistic.) Integrating (p= -|, _p u I dm n t 1-t I —- 0, In -g
m 1-P The constant * — In m0 since 0 initially. u/c Thus i- fe m o .u/c m «
constant m o
185 fPlV p\V\ RT2 or p2 Pi T, T2 But, So, P'l-P'2 Pl or, Pl 2 PlT2 (PlT2 -p'2-
Ap 0-08 atm 2.3 Let the mixture contain vx and v2 moles of H2 and He
respectively. If molecular weights of H2 and Hc are Mx and M2, then
respective masses in the mixture are equal to Therefore, for the total mass of
the mixture we get, m =* m1 + m2 or m » vx Jl/j + v2 M2 A) Also, if v is the
total number of moles of the mixture in the vessels, then we know, B) v = v
Solving A) and B) for vx and v2, we get, (vM2-m) m- l= M2-M1 ' M2-Mx
Therefore, we get m, 1 (v M2 - m) 1- M2-Mt and m (m - v Mx) -y^ —— M2-
Mx or, x (v M2 - m) (m - v Mx One can also express the above result in
terms of the effective molecular weight M of the mixture, defined as, m= RT
v Thus, Using the data and table, we get : M2-M 1-M/M2 3-0 g and, — = 0-
50
186 2.4 We know, for the mixture, N2 and CO2 (being regarded as ideal
gases, their mixture too behaves like an ideal gas) pV=vRT, so pQV~ vRT
where, v is the total number of moles of the gases (mixture) present and V is
the volume of the vessel. If vx and v2 are number of moles of N2 and CO2
respectively present in the mixture, then v - vx + v2 Now number of moles of
N2 and CO2 is, by definition, given by /Wj m2 v^-and, v2-_ where, m1 is the
mass of N2 (Moleculer weight = Mx) in the mixture and m2 is the mass of
CO2 (Molecular weight = M^) in the mixture. Therefore density of the
mixture is given by V (vRT/P0) pQ mx + m2 pQ (ml + m^ Mx M2 RT vx +
v2 ■ 1-5 kg/m on substitution (a) The mixture contains vx, v2 and v3 moles
of O2> N2 and CO2 respectively. Then the totai number of moles of the
mixture v - v1 + v2 + v3 We know, ideal gas equation for the mixture pV-
vRT or A 2 3) or, p - — » 1-968 atm on substitution (b) Mass of oxygen (O2)
present in the mixture : m1 * VjMj^ Mass of nitrogen (N2) present in the
mixture : m2 » v2 M2 Mass of carbon dioxide (CO2) present in the mixture :
m3 - v3 M3 So, mass of the mixture m = m1 + m2 + m3= vx Mr + v2 M2 + v
., . . -Al_ . ,, mass of the mixture Moleculer mass of the mixture : M - Vl +
V2 + V3 total number of moles 36-7 g/mol. on substitution
187 2.6 Let px and p2 be the pressure in the upper and lower part of the
cylinder respectively at temperature Jq. At the equilibrium position for the
piston : + pxS But So, p2S or, p2 (m is the mass of the piston.) RTn Pi * —v"
(where Vq is the initial volume of the lower part) RT0 0 or, mg Let T be the
sought temperature and at this temperature the volume of the lower part
becomes V, then according to the problem the volume of the upper part
becomes r\f V Hence, From A) and B). RTC mg RT S * V 1 ~Zj --T or, T o
1--1V vM-6 11' As, the total volume must be constant, V0(l+tl)« V(l+T]') or,
V Putting the value of V in Eq. C), we get A+tT) T0(r\2-l)r]' = 0-42 kK 2.7
Let pj be the density after the first stroke. The the mass remains constant , or,
Similarly, if p2 is the density after second stroke or, p2 Pi Po In this way after
nth stroke. n p« V+AV Po Since pressure a density, B)
191 2.14 We have, ^« - pg (See 2.13) A) But, from p - Cpn (where C is, a
const) -J- - Crip" B) We have from gas low p « p — J, so using B) P " P^T>
°r T" ~RCp n -1 Thus, But, = dh dp dp dh Thus ^ /? RT Integrating, we get C)
rc("-1)p 7^Fi M 2.15 We have, dp - - pgdh and from gas law p « -=^= /? A)
(where p0 is the pressure at the surface of the Earth.) P Poe > • [Under
standard condition, p0 « 1 atm, T ■ 273 K Pressure at a height of 5 atm « 1 x
e^*9****™^4*273 m Q>5 atm Pressure in a mine at a depth of 5 km = 1 x e"
M x 9'81 x (" 5000>/8314 x m = 2 atm.] 2.16 We have dp « -pgdh but from
gas law /? = 77^^ Thus djP = $RT at const, temperature M So, p Integrating
within limits J P J RT
194 So, dp 7 Mco rdr or' I dp J 7 0 P M(O 0 Thus, ?.21 For an ideal gas law
*'M*T So, p- 0082x 300 x -~~-atms - 279-5 atmosphere For Vander Waal
gas Eq. p + —j\ (V-vb)' vRT, where V or, av2 mRT/M am2 V-vb mb V2M
M-pb 2.22 (a) r RT a (The pressure is less for a Vander Waal gas than for an
ideal gas) or, <* A + RT or, , (here V^ is the molar volume.) 1-35 x 1-1 x A-
0-039) 0-082 x @-139) (b) The corresponding pressure is a RT JL a a 1-35 0-
961
195 So, or. Pi'Pi R(T2-TX) P2-P1 V-b or, b=V- P2-P1 Also, P2"Pl_ _£ 1 ~
V: 1 T - i2 or, Tr2 T —T V i2 ^1 a -Pi T2-Tx Using Tx - 300 K, px - 90 atms,
J2 - 350 K, p2 « 110 atm, 7« 0-250 litre a * 1-87atm. litreVmole2, b* 0045
litre/mole 2.24 P RT a 7 or, 7 W; RTVd-2a(V-by V2(V-b) -1 \RTV3-2a(V-
bJl 2.25 For an ideal gas k0 RT Now k RTV 21 -1 2 %- RTV Now 1- K>K
2a 1 ., to leading order in a, 2a 2b a RTV>T °r T<hR If a, b do not vary much
with temperature, then the effect at high temperature is clearly determined by
b and its effect is repulsive so compressibility is less.
198 vR (To T\ v^ro(l-H) "y-iU"°r «(y-i) \ / During the second phase (under
isobaric process), A2«/>A7- vR&T Thus from first law of thermodynamics :
G2- AC/2+A2-^^+vi?Ar Y -1 vRT0(n- Y-l n(Y-D Hence the total amount of
heat absorbed vRTQ A - n) vRT0(n -l)y "(Y-l) 2.33 Total no. of moles of the
mixture v - vx + v2 At a certain temperature, U» Ux + U2 or v Cv Thus V
Similarly v + v, Y2 Thus ZL R v, r + pttVio\is problem R Y2 15-23/mo\e.K
199 and Yi - Y2 ~ 23-85 J/mole. K Now molar mass of the mixture (M) Total
mass 20 + 7 Total number of moles 1 1 36 Hence cv * -~r * 0-42 J/g -K and
cp M 0-66 J/g-K 2.35 Let S be the area of the piston and F be the force
exerted by the external agent Then, F +pS « p0S (Fig.) at an arbitrary instant
of time. Here p is the pressure at the instant the volume is V. (Initially the
pressure inside is A (Work done by the agent)» \ F dx »/(Po-/>)S<&-/(Po-
/>)^ o ^o -fp*iy -/ = vRT(r\ -l-\nr))= RT(r\-l-\ny\) (For v * 1 mole) 2.36 Let
the agent move the piston to the right by r. In equilibirium position,
PlS+F0gm,mP2S> Or> Fagent* &2 Work done by the agent in an
infinitesmal change dx is (p2-Pi)Sdx- ip2-p^ By applying pV» constant, for
the two parts, P i (Vo + Sx) * p0 Vo a nd p2 G0 - Sx) * /?0 Vo So, (wherc
When the volume of the left end is r\ times the volume of the right end (Vo +
V) - ri G0 - V), or,
202 2.41 Since here the piston is conducting and it is moved slowly the
temperature on the two sides increases and maintained at the same value.
Elementary work done by the agent = Work done in compression - Work
done in expansion i.e. dA» p2 dV-p1 dV» (p2 -px) dV where p1 and p2 are
pressures at any instant of the gas on expansion and compression side
respectively. From the gas law px (Vo + Sx) » vRT and p2 (VQ - Sx)« vRTy
for each section (x is the displacement of the piston towards section 2) So, P2
"Pi m vRT 2Sx vRT 2V V02 - V2 (as Sx - V) So vRT 2V - v2 Also, from the
first law of thermodynamics = -dU= -iv-^—dT (as dQ - 0) y- 1 D So, work
done on the gas = - dA » 2v dT Thus R or, Y-1 dT vRT 2V-dV V2-V2> VdV
When the left end is r\ times the volume of the right end. (Vo + V) = T) (Vo -
V) or ^ On integrating dT T VdV o o or \n4r- (Y-1) 0 Y-1 In Vo - In V02 <
1- Hence r= 1- fa-1) "h + i 2 V / f(r, + IJ ) 4n m 1 2 o
204 Thus from A) and B) pdV (pdV+ Vdp) or, pdV(k - 1) + kVdp « 0 (where
k Y-l another constant) or, 0 or, pdVn + Vic^p * 0 (where k-1 ratio) Dividing
both the sides by pV dV dp n V p On integrating n In V + In />« In C (where
C is constant) or, In (pV") - In C or, pV* - C (const.) 2.45 In the polytropic
process work done by the gas vR[r,-7>] (where Tt and T* are initial and final
temperature of the gas like in adiabatic process) vR and Ac/* — By the first
law of thermodynamics Q « AJ7 + A (Tf-T)vR 1 Y-l «- v/? [n - According to
definition of molar heat capacity when number of moles v = 1 and AT= 1
then Q - Molar heat capacity. Here, Cn« , R(?~Y\, <0 for l<n<y n (/i - 1) (y -
1) 2.46 j^t the process be polytropic according to the law pVn = constant
Thus, So, or, Pfi \ J / p a or In P = n In a or n In a In the polytropic process
molar heat capacity is given by
206 2.49 (a) AU- -^yAJ and Q- vCnAT where Cn is the molar heat capacity
in the process. It is given that Q - - AU So, CAT- -2- AT, or C R y-1—' ~» y-
l (b) By the first law of thermodynamics, dQ » dU + dA, or, 2vCndT = pdV,
or, ^-^+ /wJY = 0 2RV vRT So- f^^^-O, or, ^-^2- constant (c) ^^g^^ But
from part (a), we have Cn - - Y-l __ R (nj)R ... ... Thus . ' . '——which yields
Y-l (n - 1) (y - 1) 1+Y "- 2 From part (b); we know TV™~ ^ - constant So, -
^r * \T7"\ * ti^^2 (where T is the final temperature) t \yoj Work done by the
gas for one mole is given by 2RT0[l-i\ll-iyi] n-1 Y-l 2.50 Given p** aTa (for
one mole of gas) /nlA"a So, pT ■ a or, p or, p1~av~a^ aR~a or, pV^*'^*
constant polytropic exponent n ■ (a) In the polytropic process for one mole of
gas : . RtsI RAT 1 - n I. a RAT (l-a) a-1 (b) Molar heat capacity is given by R
R R R R Y-l _^_! 7? (l-a)
207 2.51 Given LT« aVa or, aVa, or, aV or, or s — Cv pV Ra pV 1-a Ra
constant * a (y - 1) as y-l So polytropric index n ■ 1 - a. (a) Work done by the
gas is given by Hence 4 -vfl AT , ArT vRAT A « — and Ac/ ■ r- n-1 y-l -
ALT (y-l) ALT (y-l) n-1 a 'By the first law of thermodynamics, Q * ALT + A
(as n * 1 - a) = ALT + ALT(y-l) a = ALT (b) Molar heat capacity is given by
R R R 1 + y-1 R y-1 n-1 y-1 1-a-l R R — (as n * 1 - a) y-1 a 2.52 (a) By the
first law .of thermodynamics dQ= dU+dA- vCvdT+pdV Molar specific heat
according to definition dQ CvdT+pdV vdT vdT vRT _ We have T=Toe aV
aV After differentiating, we get dT * aToe -dV So, Hence t a Toe RToe Cv+
C, v aVTQeav ] (b) Process is p= poe aV RT
208 So, C= C 2.53 Using 2.52 (a) C = We havep Therefore RTdV V dT or, r
u a v xr je -V R a RT R poea A+aV) (for onc molc of ^y or, /?I=jp0Vr+a
RdT-podV, So, Hence P0 1 + a R ' R R + aR yR aR (b) Work done is given
by = C R {P2X2 Pill R R (for one mole) Y-l (Po + - (p0 + ^ By the first law
of thermodynamics Q « AC/+A Y-l Y-l . 2 + a In — 2.54 (a) Heat capacity is
given by RT dV C m Cv + — — (see solution of 2.52) v + We have or, T T --
— a a After differentiating, we get, dV J^ dT~ a
210 . „ _ RTdV _ RTdV and C=CV + —— so, Cv—— T^-pVor' ^-^T or> v
Integrating both sides, we get — 3—- - In T + In Co « In PP-1 So, lnJ.C0«--
g- rC0«e-^v or, Je^^- -^-- constant pV u Co TD'TT (c) C« Cv + flp and C» c
So, Cv+flp«Cv+ —— so, <*P~-ydf RT RTdV, RT f , * x or, <i — * — —
(as p - — for one mole of gas) or, ^- a or, <*V« oiiJ or, dT"- — y So,r « — +
constant or V - cJ « constant a 2.56 (a) By the first law of thermodynamics A
« Q - AG or, - CdJ - CvdJ * (C - Cv) dl (for one mole) Given C - ~ So, a In tj-
CVTO fa-1) - alnt) + rOl-1) »-?£ ♦»-?£♦* Given or, or, or, Integrating both
sides, C* i a we a y R Y-l dV V get so C 1 d RT* 1 a ,7 N ai RTdV^ / ' RJ2 1
dT Y — 1 T [y — 1) a a r ir r
211 or, or, or, or, 2.57 The work done is if RT RK pV RK constant *t V2-b
RT\n T7 , -h a Vb 2.58 (a) The increment in the internal energy is Atf- dV
But from second law dV On the other hand P" T RT a -P V-b or, 7 So, AU« a
(b) From the first law RT , C and \ a fJL AU* RT\n V2-b 2.59 (a) From the
first law for an adiabatic dQ= dU+pdV = From the previous problem 'dU\ 0
dU ar dV dV- a So, 0
212 This equation can be integrated if we assume that Cv and b are constant
then R dV dT . /? , or, lnJ+—ln(V- v constant or, (b) We use Jl/C. rftf Now,
So along constantp, Thus On differentiating, 0 - constant v2 Cp- Cv+ ^ or, df
(V-bf V2 RT/V-b RT la (V-bf V3 RT V-b R dT V-b and C - R 1_2*(V-&)'
2.60 From the first law Q - Uf-Ui+A** 0, as the vessels are themally
insulated. As this is free expansion, A » 0, so, C/^ » C/,. tix2 But #XV So, -
aV2v or, Substitution gives AT- - 3 K 2.61 Q= Uf-U.+A** Uf-Uiy (as A » 0
in free expansion). So at constant temperature. -«v2 0'33 kJ from the given
data.
214 fa) For monoatomic gases i - 3 sound v ▼ 9 rms * Vf- °-75 (b) For rigid
diatomic molecules i - 5 sound V rms 2.68 For a general noncollinear,
nonplanar molecule 3 3 mean energy - - k T (translational) + - kT (rotational)
+ C N - 6) kT (vibrational) ■ CiV^ - 3) kT per molecule 3 For linear
molecules, mean energy » —kT (translational) + kT (rotational) + CN - 5) kT
(vibrational) 3 N - — I kT per molecule Translational energy is a fraction 1
and 1 in the two cases. 2.69 (a) A diatomic molecule has 2 translational, 2
rotational and one vibrational degrees of freedom. The corresponding energy
per mole is 3 1 ~J?7, (for translational) +2x —RTy (for rotational) + 1 xRT,
(for vibrational) » -RT Thus, 2*' and Y* C 9 7 (b) For linear N- atomic
molecules energy per mole 3N - - \RT as before So, 3N-j\R 6AT-3 (c) For
noncollinear N- atomic molecules 3N Cv - 3 (N - 1) R as betore B68) y 3AT-
2_ N-2/3 3* AT-1 2.70 In the isobaric process, work done is A « />^/w « RdT
per mole. On the other hand heat transferred Q - C Now C =* CiV - 2) i? for
non-coil inear molecules and C — IR for linear molecules
217 2.78 The root mean square angular velocity is given by 1 2 i —/co - 2x-
kT B degrees of rotations) or co - V^ - 6-3 x 1012 rad/s 2.79 Under
compression, the temperature will rise TVy~1= constant, 7V27';* constant or,
r (if * V^'- To VJJ" or, T-xf2" So mean kinetic energy of rotation per
molecule in the compressed state kT - k 70 ri^1' - 0-72 x 100 J 2.80 No. of
collisions ■ -n <v> « v 4 vT v' «' <v'> 1 Now, —* ■ — V « <V> T| (When
the gas is expanded r| times, n decreases by a factor r|). Also mV) -TV or r»Ti
F so, — ■ —ri - ti < v ^ i.e. collisions decrease by a factor y\ ~7~ , i - 5 here.
In a polytropic process pVn » constant., where n is called the polytropic
index. For this process pVn m constant or TVn "x » constant Then dQ=
CdT= dU+pdV= CvdT+pdV - -RdT + — dV= -RdT-——RdT= T-—T 2 K Z
/I — 1 Z W- 1 / • * Now C- R so 7--^ 1 i , i-2 or, -—7 - r- - 1 - ~7r~ or v'
Now — 1 i~l 1 /1V-2 /1V-2 dzl PI PI ti «-2 times - —~r times 2*52
218 2.82 If a is the polytropic index then pVa » constant, TVa Now Hence
Then v " n <v> " V ▼ 7 1 1 t 7 - - — or a » -1 a-1 2 constant -1/2 -1/2 2 + 2
2.83 v. 45 km/s, 51 km/s and v__- v rms Y p km/s 2.84 (a) The formula is 4 2
-«2j . V i/ e dut where u * — Now Prob J rf/(«) (b) Prob v- v. rmr <6r| 0-0166
Prob Prob rms <5r| u -vr 4 e 2 2 12 V3 . 00185
219 2. T-T Av - 384K (b) Clearly v is the most probable speed at this
temperature. So V m v or 7 mv 342 K 2.86 (a) We have, vl 2 / 2 V2 2/2 v: v:
2 2/ 2 o OkT 1/ — V / V 2 £*r\l i 2' p Of 2 2 V (In So 7- ———~- - 330K vi
2A:ln-~ (b) F (v) x — I — comes from F (v) dv - J / (w), £iv Thus P2 m m T|
now mv or -r-Tlnri o Thus m 2.87 nty N o Av = N 363 K 1 — 2 2 2 -v/v o }
222 2 V -v/v v 3/2 « lnm^v. /mir vl ~ 3it7 ^-—- , Putting the values we get v -
1-60 km/s
220 2.89 dN(v) N4v2dv _vV For a given range v to v + dv (i.e. given v and
dv ) tbis is maximum when 0 -4 2 2 - V /V or, o .. Thus . 2 p m 3 2.90 3/2
Thus dn(v)=N 2.91 <v > = 0 by symmetry 00 00 00 |vj ^ ~ 2«F dvxj I e ut
dvx = I vx e ikt dvx J I - mv 2kT dv. — 00 0 0 0 00 00 du/Je du o 0 oo 00 Vf
!> o o 2Vjc 2.92 00 A)/ 'V 2 mv oo v** o 00 00 m xe -X Jl 2VJC -x dx 2Vjc
m m 2.93 Here vdA = No. of molecules bitting an area dA of the wall per
second 00 -JdN(vx) vxdA
221 or, 00 1/2 mv m 00 1/2 o n BkT\ -u . hn where <v> « 2.94 Let, dn (vx) »
n 1/2 m \ -mv~/2MTi *' " ' 2 ji *7 ' " * be the number of molecules per unit
volume with x component of velocity in the range vx to Then 00 I
2mvx'vxdn(vx) o 00 1/2 2mvtn 00 o 1 2*7 f 2 -«2 - 2mn—r= I ire yfn m J o
00 4=nkT- \ -x dx 00 2.95 3/2 2nkT mv e~?kT Anv dv — 0 00 3/2 m 1 2kT C
^T I 2 m J -X e~xdx o m \ I 2m \ J16 m?t\ n2 MTJ n<v>
222 3/2 2.96 dN(v)-N m 2nkT or, e 4 ji v dv 3/2 v dN(t) J dt iTtkT dz Now,
or, 1 2 dv 1 e« -mv so — ■ — 2 ae mv 3/2 dt 2jtifc7J /n VJt i.e. VJl The most
probable kinetic energy is given from i -1/2 dt _ > 2 kT The corresponding
velocity is v "/r V 2.97 The mean kinetic energy is 00 0 Thus o kT E/2) C/2)
2 VJt -3/2 3/2 26 If 6 ti - 1% this gives 0-9 % 00 2.98 -3/2 oo e (e0 » Jt7)
223 (In evaluating the integral, we have taken out Ve" as Ve^ since the
integral is dominated by the lower limit.) 2.99 (a) F(v)-Av3e"mv2/2tr For the
most probable value of the velocity '2kT This should be compared with the
value v » "^ for the Maxwellian distribution. 1 2 (b) In terms of energy, 8 - —
mv 3 ^-mv AB* F (e) - Av* e 3/2 =mAe V2me m2 From this the probable
energy comes out as follows : F (e) - 0 implies . o or 2.100 The number of
molecules reaching a unit area of wall at angle between 6 and 0 + dQ to its
normal per unit time is v <■ oo dv « I dn (v) —^ v cos 0 J 4jt v- 0 00 3/2 c-
mv/2*r v3 dvsin G cos 9 d 9 x 2 n 0 N 7 /2tr \1/2 n\ sin0cos0d0 I mn J 2.101
Similarly the number of molecules reaching the wall (per unit area of the wall
with velocities in the interval v to v + dv per unit time is 6- x/2 dv » I J/i (v)
—— v cos 0 J 4ji e. o
224 6- n/2 2 jt e- o 3/2 2 iinO cos9 dQ x 2;t 3/2 iTikTj 2.102 If the force
exerted is F then the law of variation of concentration with height reads -
FZ/kT « „ Fbh/kT _ t? Wlnii .^20 n(Z)-noe-FZ/kT So, ^ eFAMT or F- ^^ - 9
x 100 N 2.103 Here F- f ^Apg» ^^ or Na= 6*Tlnl\ 6 #* a fA In the problem, -
*- = 1*39 here mg 9-8 m/s2A p = 0-2 x 103kg/m3 5m, J = 4 x 10m,g = 9-8
m/s2, A p = 0-2 x 103kg/m and /? = 8-31 J/k ^ xr 6x8-31 x 290 x In 2 1A26 r-
^ in23 , -l Hence, Nn = ——ttttzxr—t x 10 = 6-36 x 10 mole * jt; x 64 x 9-8
200 x 4 concetration of TTF^f Ho M concentration ofJV2 u e~Mn So more
^2 at ^e bottom, 1.39 here / 21O^ /# \ -mtgh/kt ,,\ -m.gh/kT ^* They are equal
at a height h where — - e*hlmi-mJ'kT tr In n, - In «, or n = g mi - m 2.106 At
a temperature J the concentration n(s) varies with height according to
~mgz/kT nQe 00 This means that the cylinder contains I 11B ) dz o 00 «oitr
dz = mg o particles per unit area of the base. Clearly this cannot change. Thus
n0 kT** po= pressure at the bottom of the cylinder must not change with
change of temperature.
229 2.119 Since the absolute temperature of the gas rises n times both in the
isochoric heating and in the isobaric expansion Pi " nP2 aiu* ^2 " n ^i • Ci -
Gii + fin where Qn = Cp (« - 1) 7\ and j212 - Cv Tx Heat rejected is G'2 =
Q'21 + e'22 where Thus T| C'9 Gi 1- /1 - 1 + v [l - — 1 « - 1- 777j > 77 n ny
2.120 (a) Here p2 />0 -1 But VJ or, Q' RTt 0 Y-l Inn In Temp n To AV,
adiahaJUc P1.V1 Pojh Qa isofhermat _ In n _ Thus ti - 1 , on using Cv n1 v
y-l (b) Here V2 - «VX, Pl Vx - and />! (n K^ - p0 Vj or or Thus — lnw 7o
adiabcttic isothermat •To
230 2.121 Here the isothermal process proceeds at the maximum temperature
instead of at the minimum temperature of the cycle as in 2.120. adubatk
adiabatic V 0?) (Po,Vo,To) isothermal (PhV,Jo) (a) Here pl Vx Pi vi ~ Po vo
or Pi vi i.e. Or V, « VnrtY-l 1- Yony V, RT« T0U-± CVTO Inn- Thus C'2 -
(b) Here V2 - -^,/>„ Vo -/>i ^i rt-?7Y „ VS-1*-^7 or Vx- «(Y/Y-1}70 7, 0 n
n« C Thus 1- n\nn 2.122 The section from (pl9 Vv To) to (p2, 72, Tq/w) is a
polytropic process of index a. We shall assume that the conesponding
speciflc heat C is + ve. Here, dQ = CdT= CvdT+pdV Now/?Va« constant or
TV01" constant. sopdV= Then C We have px Vx a-l a-l Y-l a-l RT0 PlVx n n
PO V0 = P\ Vl * nPi V2> PO V0 isothermal \ L Poly tropic of \ V
234 6A dT " T On the other hand 6A » dpdV« |^| dTdV while dUn +pdV
fdU) dV +P dV Hence 2.130 (a) In an isochoric process the entropy change
will be V+dv CvdT For carbon dioxide y - 1*30 so, AS= 19-2 Joule/°K-mole
(b) For an isobaric process, Inn Cplnf » 25 Joule/'IC-mole 2.131 In an
isothermal expansion AS- vR\n -f- SO, eLS/VR m 2.0 tjmes \ \ \ t isotherm \ \
\ 2.132 2.132 The entropy change depends on the final & initial states only,
so we can calculate it directly along the isotherm, it is AS = 2/? Inn = 20J/°K
(assuming that the final volume is n times the inital volume) 2.133 If the
initial temperature is Jo and volume is Vo then in adiabatic expansion. so, Tx
where n* — Vx being the volume at the end of the adiabatic process. There is
no entropy change in this process. Next the gas is compressed isobarically
and the net entropy change is AS m M cMai
238 2.144 Here aSn or S = 1 i-1 n Then Clearly 2.145 We know, n a"n n C <
0 if n < 0. 5-5 o CdT T o assuming C to be a known constant. !S - 5,v Then
2.146 (a) C= T T (b) (c) W= AQ-AU Since for an ideal gas Cv is constant
and At/- (U does not depend on V) 2.147 (a) We have from the definition B-1
TdS = area under the curve To (Sj - So) z> Thus, using T!= 1- 12. n' 1+1 21,
1 — n- 1 0 2 In (b) HcrcQi- ^-E1-50)(ri + r0) 1 1- 2Ti 7, + Jo 70-7! n + 1 T
OO So,7b
239 2.148 In this case, called free expansion no work is done and no heat is
exchanged. So internal energy must remain unchanged U* « £/,-. For an ideal
gas this implies constant temperature Tf ■ Tp The process is irreversible but
the entropy change can be calculated by considering a reversible isothermal
process. Then, as before J ^» I - vRlnn - 20-1 J/K 2.149 The process consists
of two parts. The first part is free expansion in which U* ■ t/(-. The second
part is adiabatic compression in which work done results in change of
internal energy. Obviously, vo 0= UF-Uf+fpdV, Vr 2V0 vf Now in the first
part p* ■ — p^ V*» 2VQ, because there is no change of temperature, In the
second part, p V- -pQ BV0f - 27" 1p0 Vj 4mt V pdV 2 V, o ■1-7 Y ■ ~ 2V. o
R T Thus A 17- Up-Ui = —~-BY-l) The entropy change AS = AS'/ + AS/7
tSj = /? In 2 and ZiuS1^ = 0 as the process is reversible adiabatic. Thus AS =
/? In 2. 2.150 In all adiabatic processes by virtue of the first law of
thermodynamics. Thus, For a slow process, A' = I pdV where for a quasistatic
adiabatic process pVy = constant. On the other hand for a fast process the
external work done is A" < A'. In fact A" » 0 for free expansion. Thus U'*
(slow) <U"* (fast) Since U depends on temperature only, T* < T'*
Consequently, p", >p'f (From the ideal gas equation pV = RT)
240 2.151 Let Vx - Vo, V2 - n Vo Since the temperature is the same, the
required entropy change can be calculated by con- considering isothermal
expansion of the gas in either parts into trie whole vessel. Vl + ^2 Vl + ^2
Thus AS- AS7+AS/7« vtR\n \ + v2mn \ 2 - vxRIn A + n) + v2l* In ^-^ - 51
J/K 2.152 Let c1« speciGc heat of copper specific heat of water = c2 To 97 +
273 Then AS- I ^ I n^c2 In — -mlcx In — 7 + 273 rQ Tq is found from 280
m«> Co + 370 mi c, o - 280) - mx q C70 - Jo) or To using cx - 0-39 J/g °K,
c2 - 448 J/g °K, To ~ 300°K and A5 - 28-4 - 24-5 « 3-9 J / °K 2.153 For an
ideal gas the internal energy depends on temperature only. We can consider
the process in question to be one of simultaneous free expansion. Then the
total energy 17= UX^U2. Since T, +72 Ux= CvTlf U2= CVT29 U« l£v and
iJ^ + T^ll is the final temperature. The entropy change is obtained by
considering isochoric processes because in effect, the gas remains confined to
its vessel. / ' T AS- I -i=- - I C=£-« Cvln Since (Tx + TJ2 * (Tx -72J +
4T1T2, AS > 0 2.154 (a) Each atom has a probability — to be in either
campartment Thus (b) Typical atomic velocity at room temperature is^ 10
cm/s so it takes an atom 10" sec to cross the vessel. This is the relevant time
scale for our problem. Let T = 10 ~ sec, then in time t there will be t/T
crossing or arrangements of the atoms. will be large enough to produce the
given arrangement if - 2 ^ 1 or JV^ x 2 ^ 1 or JV^ r^r x In 2
242 2.5 LIQUIDS. CAPILLARY EFFECTS 2.160 (a) '3 4x490xl0'3 N 1-5 x
10"* (b) The soap bubble has two surfaces , ^ <n6N ^ 1*307x10 —r- 13
atmosphere m2 m2 so 8a 8x45 — 3 -t »•> .. -t n — 3 3x10 -3 x 10 « 1-2 x 10
"^ atomsphere. 2.161 The pressure just inside the hole will be less than the
outside pressure by 4 a/d. This can support a height h of Hg where , 4a , 4a
pg*.T or *- — 4 x 490 x 10 200 13-6 x 103x 9-8x 70x 10 136 x 70 - -21 m of
Hg 2.162 By Boyle's law or d) 3 U 1- 3B f ( 8a -1) Thus 2.163 The pressure
has terms due to hydrostatic pressure and capillarity and they add P ' Po +
PS* + /. 5x9-8xlO3 4x-73xl0 1 + 4x10 -6 x 10 " 51 atoms » 2-22 atom. 2.164
By Boyle's law or 4a\ n 4a ji 6 or g p » 4-98 meter of water
244 2.170 Let h be the height of the water level at a distance x from the edge.
Then the total eneigy of water in the wedge above the level outside is. E= I
xbydx-h- pg^-2| dxh-acosO J 2 J r i J 2 2 ~ 2 a cos 9 , -2 —h xpgby 2 2 a cos
0' *Pgocp rp,. . . . . . 2 a cos 0 Inis is minimum when h « xpgby 2.171 From
the equation of continuity / 1_ 2 !*- 4 a2 cos2 8 JC -ar-v or We then apply
Bernoulli's theorem v + constant P 2 The pressure p differs from the
atmospheric pressure by capillary effects. At the upper section 2a neglecting
ihc curvature in the vertical plane. Thus, 2a 2 no. i* 1 4 2 V or n4-l Finally,
the liquid coming out per second is, 2.172 The radius of curvature of the drop
is R1 at the upper end of the drop and R2 at the lower end. Then the pressure
inside the drop is pQ + — at the top end and pQ + — at the bottom /<! R2
end. Hence 2a 2a or 2a(R2-R{) h 1 To a first approximation/?!- /?2- — so
R2-R1& — pg/t3/a. » 0-20 mm if /t - 2-3 mm, a = 73 mN/m
245 2.173 We must first calculate the pressure difference inside the film from
that outside. This is Here 2 rx |cos 9 |« h and r2 „ - /? the radius of the tablet
and can be neglected. Thus the total force exerted by mercury drop on the
upper glass plate is 2 Jt/?2 a [cos 8 | h typically We should put hi n for h
because the tablet is compresed n times. Then since Hg is nearly,
incompressible, tvR h = constants so R -» /tv^T. Thus, , , ir 2jii?2a|cos9| 2
total force * r-* n h Part of the force is needed to keep the Hg in the shape of
a table rather than in the shape of infinitely thin sheet. This part can be
calculated being putting n » 1 above. Thus 2jt/?2a|cosG| 2 nR2 a | cos = or wg
+ m _ 2 jc /? a jcos 91, 2 ,v n«, = —' l (rr - 1) « 0-7 kg hg 2.174 The pressure
inside the film is less than that outside by an amount a (— + — I where rx
and r2 are the principal radii of curvature of the meniscus. One of these is
small being given by /*» 2^ cos 9 while the other is large and will be ignored.
Then p » . a where ^ « area of the water film between the plates. h XT A Ml _
Now A = — so F when 9 (the angle of contact) = 0 2.175 This is analogous to
the previous problem except that : A = nR" 2nR2a nA - « 0*6 kN So h 2.176
The energy of the liquid between the plates is 2 1 2a 2 a2/ 7 pgd This energy
is minimum when, h 2a and 2 a2/ the minimum potential energy is then Exmn
= - The force of attraction between the plates can be obtained from this as
min 3d 2 a2/ Pg (minus sign means the force is attractive.) Thus Fm _ 13N
246 2.177 Suppose the radius of the bubble is x at some instant. Then the
pressure inside is 4a p0 + —. The flow through the capillary is by Poiseuille's
equation, Cnr4 4a . idx %x\l x dt Jir4a Integrating —z—j-t« K (R - x ) where
we have used the fact thaij t» 0 where x » R. This gives t - — 4 as the life
time of the bubble corresponding to x = 0 ar 2.178 If the liquid rises to a
height ti, the energy of the liquid column becomes rr 2» h - , 1 /i^a\ 2?i a £«
pgnrh- — -2nrha** — pgn\rh-2— This is minimum when rh « and that is
relevant height to which water must rise. 98 At this point, 2 jia 2?ia2 Since .E
« 0 in the absence of surface tension a heat Q « must have been liberated. Pg
2.179 (a) The free energy per unit area being a, iiad2 - (b) P» 2nad because
the soap bubble has two surfaces. Substitution gives F » 10 jaJ 2.180 When
two mercury drops each of diameter d merge, the resulting drop has diameter
dx where ^d^^dsx2 or, dx- The increase in free energy is AF- n22/sd2a-
2nd2a« 2nd2a B"y3- 1) - -1-43 2.181 Work must be done to stretch the soap
Him and compress the air inside. The former is simply 2ax4jtl* « SnR a,
there being two sides of the film. To get the latter we note that the
compression is isothermal and work done is v ■ v 4a) pdV where VQp0« />o
+ ~£ V m V. i 0 •v; 4 Jt 3 4a Po R and minus sign is needed becaue we are
calculating work done on the system. Thus since pV remains constants, the
work done is Va £ pVln V Po So A'- ZnR2a+pV\rv£- Po
247 2.182 When heat is given to a soap bubble the temperature of the air
inside rises and the bubble expands but unless the bubble bursts, the amount
of air inside does not change. Further we shall neglect the variation of the
surface tension with temperature. Then from the gas equations Po 4a\ 4
Differentiating or Now from the first law or — r3 « vR 7, v = Constant 3r 4nr
dr = vRdT vRdT Po 8a 3r vCvdT+ vRdT 3r C= C 4a r 8a P037 4aN r using
2.183 Consider an infinitesimal Carnot cycle with isothenns at 7- dT and 7.
Let A be the work da done during the cycle. Then A« [aG-</7)-aG)]6a« -
Where 6a is the change in the area of film (we are considering only one
surface). T-dT Then tj = dT fir by Carnot therom. or qoo or q= -T T dT 2.184
As before we can calculate the heat required. It, is taking into account two
sides of the soap film da 6ax2 dT Thus da da* Now AF= 2a6a so, At/- AF +
TA5- 2|a- r-j=l 5o
249 2.190 Some of the heat used in heating water to the boiling temperature
J= 100°C = 373 K The remaining heat » g-mcAJ (c » specific heat of water,
AJ« 100 K) is used to create vapour. If the piston rises to a height h then the
volume of vapour will be - ^(neglecting water). Its mass will be p0 sh p0 sh
Mq x M and heat of vapourization will be —~—. To this must b^ added the
work Kl RT done in creating the saturated vapour - posh. Thus ^ RT ( o)
quantity of saturated vapour must condense to heat the water to boiling point
J= 373°K (Here c » specific heat of water, To « 295 K « initial water
temperature). The work done in lowering the piston will then be mc(T-T0)
RT q * M RT since work done per unit mass of the condensed vapour is p V
» — M —RT 2.192 ^- AD Pv2a Pv 4a M Given AP- --- -x_ - x t,^. r.^ 4aiii or
For water a» 73 dynes/cm, M« l»8gm, p,« gm/cc, J* 300K, and with r\~ 001,
we get dm 0-2J 2.193 In equilibrium the number of "liquid" molecules
evaporoting must equals the number of "vapour" molecules condensing. By
kinetic theory, this number is 1 -/8 kT 1 4 Its mass is 1 4 4 v Jt m VkT , „+/ m
» r\nkT y -—77 ' °*35 where/?0 is atmospheric pressure and T= 373 K and M
= molecular weight of water.
250 2.194 Here we must assume that \l is also the rate at which the tungsten
filament loses mass when in an atmosphere of its own vapour at this
temperature and that r\ (of the previous problem) •» 1. Then RT - 0-9 nPa M
from the previous problem where p = pressure of the saturated vapour. 2.195
From the Vander Waals equation RT a pm V-b" v2 where V=* Volume of
one gm mole of the substances. For water V« 18 c.c. per mole « 1-8 x 10"
litre per mole a =■ 5'47 atmos litre2 mole2 If molecular attraction vanished
the equation will be w RT for the same specific volume. Thus a 5*47 a a A/?
= —j = "T5—TIT x 10 atmos •» VI x 10 atmos 2.196 The internal pressure
being —j, the work done in condensation is v £L JL This by assumption is
Mq, M being the molecular weight and Vx, V being the molar volumes of the
liquid and gas. Thus p, = —~ « ^r?-« p q V2 Vi where p is the density of the
liquid. For water p» « 3*3 x 10 atm 2.197 The Vandar Waal's equation can be
written as (for one mole) RT a At the critical point Mh and BVt T dV 2
vanish. Thus T n RT 2a RT la 0 « n + —r or (V-b? V* (V-bf V 2RT 6 a RT
3a " (V-bK VA °r (V-bK" V4
251 Solving these simultaneously we get on division MCr This is the critical
molar volume. Putting this back 2a _ 8a Finally Per From these we see that 4
f b2 lTCr Pc 27 b3 a b v2 VMCr > Vmo> 0T 1Cr 4a " 27b2 a/9b 27 a 9b 3 bR
2 w a 27 b2 RZ Cr Sa/27b 8 2.198 Cr a/27 R?Cr Thus and 8 a/27 b Sb = R
k2m 64a 27 Cr 0^082 x 304 73x8 = 0 043 litre/mol Per or a 64 3-59 atm-
litre" 2.199 Specific volume is molar volume divided by molecular weight.
Thus yMCr 3RTCr 3 x -082x562 litre 471£c Cr~ M " SMpc ' 8x78x47 g * g
2.200 a M (Vm -b)-RT a or ym~b 8 T V, or a Per Vl MCr V - 8 3T' where or
When Jt = m , X AfCr Cr 27 fc i 3 8 3 8 12 and v » -, x » - x 24 x - » - 2.201
(a) The ciritical Volume VMCr is the maximum volume in the liquid phase
and the mimmum volume in the gaseous. Thus 1000 rpax 18 x 3 x -030 litre -
5 litre
252 (b) The critical pressure is the maximum possible pressure in the vapour
phase in equilibrium with liquid phase. Thus 5-47 /W" JiT2~ 27x-03x-03-
22&toM»l*« 2.202 'cr- 21 bR 8 3-62 27 -043 x -082 M 44 Pcr - 36 - 3 x 43 -
304K gm/c.c. » 0-34gm/c.c. 2.203 The vessel is such that either vapour or
liquid of mass m occupies it at critical point. Then its volume will be VCr M
g The corresponding volume in liquid phase at room temperature is where p =
density of liquid ether at room tmeperature. Thus V using the given data (and
p ■ 720gm per litre) 2.204 We apply the relation (J» constant) pdV «/ to the
cycle 1234531. Here & dS=& dU« 0 So £ pdV= 0 This implies that the areas
I and II are equal. This reasoning is inapplicable to the cycle 1231, for
example. This cycle is irreversible because it involves the irreversible
transition from a single phase to a two-phase state at the point 3. v 2.205
When a portion of supercool water turns into ice some heat is liberated,
which should heat it upto ice point. Neglecting the variation of specific heat
of water, the fraction of water turning inot ice is clearly where c » specific
heat of water and q •» latent heat of fusion of ice, Clearly - 1 at t » - 80°C
253 2.206 From the Claussius-Clapeyron (C-C)equations q12 qui& the
specific latent heat absorbed in 1 -* 2 A = solid, 2 = liquid) 273 x -091 .
atmxcm3xK _ x I - 333 joule 3 x latmxcm 2L_ « lO, AJ= --0075K Joule
Joule 2.207 Here 1 = liquid, 2 = Steam T/f fe 2250 0-9 2.208 From C-C
equations dp TV2 Assuming the saturated vapour to be ideal gas jr- g. n- and
/>« /?0 11 + —^ AJU 1-04 atmosphere 2.209 From C-C equation, neglecting
the voolume of the liquid dp <?i2 Mq p Mq dT Now pV= -r;RT or m « ^L for
a perfect gas So —» - "zr (V is Const = specific volume)
258 2.226 The volodty of sound in N2 is so, 2.227 (a) \>l if p< Now <-fc7,
for O, ofOis 0-7 Pa. (b) The corresponding n is obtained by dividing by JfcT
and is 1-84 x 1020 per 3 14 ^ / m » 1*84 per c.c. and the corresponding mean
distance is "TTj. n lO @484I/3 x 10 < - 1*8 x 10" m ~ 048 urn. 5 2^28 (a) v -
- -V2xd2n<v>= -74x 1010s"l (see 2.223) (b) Total number of collisions is -nv
« l-OxlO^scm Note, the factor — • When two molecules collide we must not
count it twice. 1.129 (a) d is a constant and n is a constant for an isochoric
process so X is constant for an isochoric process. (b) X» ~t= ^ — aTfor an
isobaric process. y/ld2P <v> Vf 1 . v « —r— a -zr ■ = for an isobaric
process. 2.230 (a) In an isochoric process X is constant and v a Vf aVpV aVp
a Vn kT (b) X» -7= 5— must decrease n times in an isothermal process and v
must increase V2d2 n times because <v > is constant in an isothermal
process.
2.231 (a) XaJ Thus XaVand But in an adiabatic process |y - —here 7VY " * «
constant so TV2''5 •■ constant or (b) Xa- P — ap~Uy But of—I - constant or
— ap~Uy or \P) P Thus M. M. xJL ill (c) XaV But TV^5- constant or
VaT'5/2 Thus Xa7/2 2.232 In the polytropic process of index n pVH «
constant, TV* "l - constant and /?x" R T* - constant (a) KaV 1/2 1-w -»♦! va
* V T - V 2 7- 7 2 (b) Xa-, TnapH~l or Tapx'n w p> so Xa/j7* <v> /> i-1+.L
111 —r— a-4-»a/7 2 2 T (c) Xaj, "nl 259
260 2.233 (a) The number of collisions between the ;nolecules in a unit
volume is 1 1 A2 2 2 V2 V2 This remains constant in the poly process pV~d
« constant Using B.122) the molar specific heat for the polytropic process
pVa« constant, is ^l 4j ^2 4 It can also be written as —R A+20 where i - 5 Vr
i (b) In this case -jt- - constant and so pV » constant It can also be written as
— (i + 1) 2.234 We can assume that all molecules, incident on the hole, leak
out. Then, , dt dt or dn- -n A ,„ « -n — 4v/S <v> x Integrating n « w0 e~t/x.
Hence <v > = 2.235 If the temperature of the compartment 2 is rj times more
than that of compartment 1, it must contain — times less number of
molecules since pressure must be the same when the big hole is open. If M »
mass of the gas in 1 than the mass of the gas in 2 must be —. So immediately
after the big hole is closed. M o M ni o m o ' n mVx\ where m - mass of each
molecule and n\, n2 are concentrations in 1 and 2. After the big hole is closed
the pressures will differ and concentration will become nl and n2 where M 1
* m Vr\ On the other hand nl <V1 > " n2 <V2 > ^e* nl = ^H n2
264 2.247 Let 7* temperature of the interface. Then heat flowing from left =
heat flowing into right in equilibrium. Thus, Ki-V T-T2 U or 7 / rp 'l I * J h \
2,248 We have or h T 'l >us result Ki 'i M l2 7 n K K2 i + 1 7 r-r2 '2 • K2J2 '2
7,-7, or k /l^2 Kt -K- 2.249 By definition the heat flux (per unit area) is — = -
a-T-ln7= constant = ax dx In 71/72 ;— Integrating In where 7X « temperature
at the end x * 0 x/7 So 7= 7\ J2] and a In 7/72 2.250 Suppose the chunks have
temperatures Tv 72 at time t and 7X - dTx, 72 + aT2 at time dt + t. Thus
xdT^ C2dT2 2) where A7« 7^7 Hence A7- where — x KS I
268 Hence force of interaction between these two spheres, 1 [4-398 x 102]2 9
x 19.348 N . 4jie0 i2 33 Let the balls be deviated by an angle 6, from the
vertical when separtion between them equals x. Applying Newton's second
law of motion for any one of the sphere, we get, T cos 0 « mg A) B) and
JsinG- Fe From the Eqs. A) and B) Fe tanG- — mg But from the figure x x
tan 6 2/ as x«l D) or l_ 2/ From Eqs. C) and D) mgx 11 Thus Differentiating
Eqn. E) with respect to time 2 Jt £0 mg jt E) dt I dx dt According to the
problem — - v - a/Vx (approach velocity is — ) B n e0 mg J so, jr I a dq 3
3.4 Let us choose coordinate axes as shown in the figure and fix three
charges, qt, q2 and q3 having position vectors rl9 r2 and r3 respectively.
Now, for the equilibrium of q3 - 0
269 or, ft because or, or, Also for the equilibrium of r2""r3 rl""r3 I r2 - r3 I
lrl-r3l 0 or, ft = -ft r2""rl Substituting the value of rj we get, -ftft 3.5 When
the charge <?0 is placed at the centre of the ring, the wire get stretched and
the extra tension, produced in the wire, will balance the electric force due to
the charge q0. Let the tension produced in the wire, after placing the charge
qo> be J. From Newton's second law in projection form Fl 1 mw n. TdQ- 4ne
0 r 2nr or, 3.6 Sought field strength dQ - (dm)Oy J- 8 jt2 e 0 « 4'5 kV/m on
putting the values. 3.7 Let us fix the coordinate system by taking the point of
intersection of the diagonals as the origin and let k be directed normally,
emerging from the plane of figure. h fild Hence the sought field strength :
272 3.12 (a) The given charge distribution is shown in Fig. The symmetry of
this distribution implies that vector E at the point O is directed to the right,
and its magnitude is equal to —> —> the sum of the projection onto the
direction of E of vectors dE from elementary charges dq. The projection of
vector dE onto vector E is dE cos qp = cos qp, where dq = KR dtp - Xq R cos
cp dcp. Integrating A) over cp between 0 and 2 jc we find the magnitude of
the vector E: ^0 , P = — I 4 x E0RJ 0 2 j cos cp a cp It should be noted that
this integral is evaluated in the most simple way if we take into account that
<cos2 qp > = 1/2. Then 2k 1 V cos cp d cp «■ <cos cp> 2 n « jl 0 (b) Take an
element S at an azimuthal angle cp from the jc-axis, the element subtending
an angle d cp at the centre. The elementary field at P due to the element is Xq
cos opdcpR ^ z— alone SP with components 4mo(x2+R2) 6 cos cp d cp R
where x { cos 0 along OP, sin 0 along OS } cos 0 (x2 + R 2 The component
along OP vanishes on integration as I cos cp d cp « 0 o The component alon
OS can be broken into the parts along OX and OY with Xo R 2 cos qp d qp 2
2 3/2 x { cos ^ a^onS OX, sin cp along On integration, the part along OY
vanishes. Finally s For x»R E = 4e 0 2 4 Jt e0 x: where p =
273 3.13 (a) It is clear from symmetry considerations that vector E must be
directed as shown in the figure. This shows the way of solving this problem :
we must find the component dEr of the field created by the element dl of the
rod, having the charge dq and then integrate the result over all the elements of
the rod. In this case 1 Xdl dE cosa nEo r\ cosa, whereX = ~- is the linear
charge density. Let us reduce this equation of the fonn convenient for
integration. Figure shows that dl cos a « r0 d a and r0 cos n Consequently, dE
X r0 d a 4 jc eor cos a d a r 4 n eo r\ This expression can be easily integrated :
dl E = -i 2 I cos a d a = 2 sin an 4 jc tor J 4 ji e0 r u o where a0 is the
maximum value of the angle a, sin a Thus [sole o- a , E~ that i NaK? q/2a 2 4
ji e0 r - in this case a Ja2 + r also E 2 4?ti q 4 jceo r2 q '^a2 + r2 for r »t for r
» a as of the field of a point charge. (b) Let, us consider the element of length
dl at a distance / from the centre of the rod, as shown in the figure. fy Then
field at P, due to this element. f i va \ y \dl ^l^ V P 4mo(r-l f if the element
lies on the side, shown in the diagram, and dE other side. 4 jc £0 (r + /)' if it
lies on Hence E= I dE« I ^-h J J 4jieo(r-/J o o On integrating and putting X »
^-, we get, £ r 4 n e 0 For r» a,
274 3.14 The problem is reduced to finding Ex and E viz. the projections of E
in Fig, where it is assumed that X > 0. Let us start with Ex. The contribution
to Ex from the charge element of the segment dx is 1 "kdx . n 4jte 0 A) w Let
us reduce this expression to the form convenient for integration. In our case,
dx= r da/cos a, r = y/cosa. Then X dE. sin a d a. * 4;ieo;y Integrating this
expression over a between 0 and Jt/2, we find Ex= X/4jte0y. In order to find
the projection Ey it is sufficient to recall that dEv differs from dEx in that sin
a in A) is simply replaced by cos a. This gives dE « (X cos a d a )/4 Jt e0 y
and E = X/4 Jt e0 y. We have obtained an interesting result : Ex = E
independently of y, i.e. E is oriented at the angle of 45° to the rod. The
modulus of E is 3.15 (a) Using the solution of 3.14, the net electric field
strength at the point O due to straight parts of the thread equals zero. For the
curved part (arc) let us derive a general expression i.e. let us calculate the
field strength at the centre of arc of radius R and linear charge density X and
which subtends angle 90 at the centre. From the symmetry the sought field
strength will be directed along the bisector of the angle 0O and is given by
V2 -e/2 X (R dQ) 4m0R2 a 2 In our problem 0O = Jt/2, thus the field strength
due to the turned part at the point V2 k f . f . _ = — which is also the sought
result. dE (b) Using the solution of 3.14 (a), net field strength at O due to
stright parts equals V2 2 n tQR and is directed vertically down. Now using
the solution of 3.15
275 (a), field strength due to the given curved part (semi-circle) at the point O
becomes — and is directed vertically upward. Hence the sought net field
strengh becomes zero. 3.16 Given charge distribution on the surface_o = a •
r* is shown in the figure. Symmetry of this distribution implies that the
sought E at the centre O of the sphere is opposite to a dq= o B x r sin 9) r d 9
= (?• r*) 2 ji r2 sin 9 d 9 - 2 ji a r3 sin 9 co^ d 9 Again frgm symmetry, field
strength due to any ring element dE is also opposite to a i.e. dE \\ a. Hence dq
r cos 9 4 jt e0 (r sin 9 + r cos 9) B Jt a r3 sin 9 cos 9 d 9) r cos 9 (- a*) sing
the result of 3.9) 4 ji e0 r" a - a r 2e sin 9 cos2 d 9 o Thus j ^r f si e0 J o sin 9
cos2 9dQ 7?" a r 2 a r Integrating, we get E * - — j « - — 3.17 We start from
two charged spherical balls eadj of radius R with equal and opposite charge
densities + p and - p. The centre of the balls are at + — and- — respectively
so the z* z* equation of their surfaces are -* a a to be small. The distance
between * R or r - -cos9* /? and r + -^089* R, considering the two surfaces in
the radial direction at angle 9 is acos9 | and does not depend on the azimuthal
angle. It is seen from the diagram that the surface of the sphere has in effect a
surface density o = o0 cos9 when o0 = pa. Inside any uniformly charged
spherical ball, the field is radial and has the magnitude given by Gauss's
theorm 4ji 3 -j-r p/e0 or In vector notation, using the fact the V must be
measured from the centre of the ball, we get, for the present case E - P 3e o -
*■ a r+2
276 "Or* 0 = 3eo* When E*is the unit vector along the polar axis from which
0 is measured. 3.18 Let us consider an elemental spherical shell of thickness
dr. Thus surface charge density of the shell a = p dr = (a*- r*) dr. Thus using
the solution of 3.16, field strength due to this sperical shell a r 3 e dr o Hence
the sought field strength E= - 3e rdr = - 0 o 6e0* 3.19 From the solution of
3.14 field strength at a perpendicular distance r < R from its left end 4 Jt eor 4
Jt eor Here er is a unit vector along radial direction. Let us consider an
elemental surface, dS = dy dz flux of E (r) over the element dS is given by C)
dz(r dQ) a figure. Thus E-dS 4 jieor 4 Jt eor (r 4jte drdQ( 0 2x The sought
flux, $ = - 7-^— \ dr \ d 9 = - ^. & 4jt£0J J 2e0 0 0 If we have taken dS | T (- i
)> then <E> were XR 2e0 Hence 1*1 XR 2e 0 3.20 Let us consider an
elemental surface area as shown in the figure. Then flux of the vector E
through the elemental area, EdS= EdS dS (r d 9) dr 2ql r dr dQ 4jteo(r2 3/2
278 3.23 Take a section of the cylinder perpendicular to its axis through the
point where the electric field is to be calculated. (All points on the axis are
equivalent.) Consider an element S with azimuthal angle cp. The length of the
element is R^d(pyR being the radius of cross section of the cylinder. The
element itself is a section of an infinite strip. The electric field at O due to
this strip is ^- ^^ R ACO o0 cos cp (R dtp) 2ne0R along SO This can be
resolved into a0 cos cp d cp 2 Jt e o cos cp along OX towards O sincp along
YO On integration the component along YO vanishes. What remains is a0cos
a 2;te o o '0 along XO i.e. along the direction cp = jl 3.24 Since the field is
axisymmetric (as the field ^\H^&YS&$ ^fe^fcfi lament), we conclude that
the flux through the sphere of radius R is equal to the flux through the lateral
surface of a cylinder having the same radius and the height 2Rt as arranged in
the figure. Now, But Thus E-dS- ErS E -- tr R -5- %2itR-2R- 4naR R R 3.25
(a) Let us consider a sphere of radius r < R then charge, inclosed by the
considered sphere, 4nr2 Po(l-j)dr A) o o Now, applying Gauss' theorem, E
4nr2= q'wclosed y (Where E is the projection of electric field along the radial
line.) f c or, Po --bUr o 3e o r - 4R
279 And for a point, outside the sphere r > R. R I 4;tr dr p0 11 - — (as there
is no charge outside the ball) o \ ' inclosed Again from Gauss' theorem,
Er4nr* 4nrdr r_ R 0 or, Po r2e 0 *} R_ 4R Po*: 12 r (b) As-magnitude of
electric field decreases with increasing r for r > Ry field will bo maximum for
r < R. Now, for Er to be maximum, dr 4R = 0 or 3r or r= rm= — Hence Po*
max '0 3.26 Let the charge carried by the sphere be qy then using Gauss'
theorem for a spherical surface having radius r > Ry we can write. 2
^inclosed losed q 1 I a 0 e0 zQJr On integrating we get, 2 fcQ Z, fcQ The
intensity E does not depend on r when the experession in the parentheses is
equal to zero. Hence 2 q = 2no.R and 2e 0 3.27 Let us consider a spherical
layer of radius r and thickness dry having its centre coinciding with the centre
of the system. Then using Gauss' theorem for this surface, r2= pdV 0 o ar'4
71 r2dr f o 0
280 After integration 4nr4 3 eoa or, 3 ea r Now when a r < < 1, Er« -— And
wnen ar > > 1, Er** I 3 e0 a rA 3.28 Using Gauss theorem we can easily
show that the electric field strength within a uniformly charged sphere is E =
-^— 13 e0 The cavity, in our problem, may be considered as the
superposition of two balls, one with the charge density p and the other with -
p. Let P be a point inside the cavity such that its position vector with respect
to the centre of cavity be r_ and with respect to the centre of the ball r\. Then
from the principle of superposition, field inside the cavity, at an arbitrary
point P, 3e, a Note : Obtained expression for E shows that it is valid
regardless of the ratio between the radii of the sphere and the distance
between their centres. 3.29 Let us consider a cylinderical Gaussian surface of
radius r and height h inside an infinitely long charged cylinder with charge
density p. Now from Gauss theorem : T? i j ^inclosed (where Er is the field
inside the cylinder at a distance r from its axis.) - . pJir h or, Er2nrh= or Er 2e
0 Now, using the method of 3.28 field at a point ', inside the cavity, is F- o a o
281 3.30 The arrangement of the rings are as shown in the figure. Now,
potential at the point 1, - potential at 1 due to the ring 1 + potential at 1 due to
the ring 2. 4ke0R 4 K eo Similarly, the potential at point 2, CP2" 4^R+^T
Hence, the sought potential difference, Q . -q - cp2 * Acp * 2 4ke0R 4 ji e0
(/?2 + a2) 1/2 1- Vl + (a/RJ 3.31 We know from Gauss theorem that the
electric field due to an infinietly long straight wire, at a perpendicular
distance r from it equals, Er « . So, the work done is / Erdr r (where x is
perpendicular distance from the thread by which point 1 is removed from it.)
A(Pi2 Hence 2jte o 3.32 Let us consider a ring element as shown in the
figure. Then the charge, carried by the element, dq = B Jt R sin 0) R d 0 a,
Hence, the potential due to the considered element at the centre of the
hemisphere, 1 dq 2koR sin 0a*0 oR . Q ,Q -_» » -—sin 0a 0 2e0 4 Jie o So
potential due to the whole hemisphere a/2 oR Ro C . *-2T0J S1 0 sin 0 d 0 2e
o Now from the symmetry of the problem, net electric field of the hemisphere
is directed towards the negative y-axis. We have a ,_ 1 dqcosQ at - y 4 Jt e0 2
2e sin 0 cos 0 dQ o re/2 re/2 Thus E — fsi 2e0 J Sl o sin 0 cos 6 d a C . = -—
I si 4e0J a sin 2 0 d 0 = -^--, along YO 4e o
284 3.38 From Gauss' theorem intensity at a point, inside the sphere at a
distance r from the centre is given by, Er ■^— and outside it, is given by Er »
~. 3 e0 . 4 n e0 r (a) Potential at the centre of the sphere, R 00 00 <Po E-d7 3e
o o 0 4 ji e0 r >dr=3s2 '0 as as p 3_q_\ 4nR (b) Now, potential at any point,
inside the sphere, at a distance r from it s centre. R 00 i-rdr 3e0 J 4?ie0 r2 On
integration : cp (r) 1- <Po 1- 3.39 Let two charges +# and -^ be separated by a
distance /. Then electric potential at a point at distance r>> I from this dipole,
+£. 4 ji e0 r+ 4 ji e0 r_ 4 ji e( 0 r+ But r _ - r + - From Eqs. A) and B), / cos 9
p cos 9 0 r_ / cos 9 and r+ r_ '0 - r 2 z 4 Jt e0 r 4 Jt e0 r 3 4?te0r where p is
magnitude of electric moment vector. xt zr dW 2/? COS 9 Now, Er« - - ^ 4 ji
e0 r and dcp /? sin 9 8 4jie0r3 So £= 4?ie0r V4cos29 +sin29 3.40 From the
results, obtained in the previous problem, p sin 9 2/? cos 9 —^- 5- and £fi
431 e0r3 e 4 31 From the given figure, it is clear that, Ez = cos 9 - EQ sin 9 4
n e0 r C cos2 9-1) A)
286 Also, <P 2 m, r/cos8 X/cosO 2xe0r 3.43 The potential can be calculated
by superposition. Choose the plane of the upper ring as x * 1/2 and that of the
lower ring as x = - 1/2. Then <P 4*eo[# 4 Jt e 0 (x + //2J V1 4 ji e0 [i?2 + x2
- Ir]172 4 ji e0 [R2 + jc2 + 2 1- bc qlx 4 n e0 (R2 + x2) J72 For The electric
field is E - - 4 ■f T- 4jteo(*2+*2K/2 2(i?2+;c2M/2 2 572 For M»/?f ,£:- 4 ji
e0 (i?2 + jc2) The plot is as given in the book. 3.44 The field of a pair of
oppositely charged sheets with holes can by superposition be reduced to that
of a pair of unifosm opposite charged sheets and discs with opposite charges.
Now the charged sheets do not contribute any field outside them. Thus using
the result of the previous problem (-q) \2nrdrx 4*zo(r2+x2) 2K/2 «2 2 R +x
oxl 4 en y3/2 oxl 2e, dcp a I ~ dx" ~ 2 e o (R2 + 3/2 olR The plot is as shown
in the answersheet.
287 3.45 For x> 0 we can use the result as given above and write ~ ± al 2 En
1- 1/2 for the solution that vanishes at a. There is a discontinuity in potential
for | x\ * 0. The solution for negative x is obtained by o -+ -o. Thus olx 1/2 +
constant Hence ignoring the jump olR ►2 ^ v2x3/2 for large [*| cp <■ ± to
2e0 (/T + xl) P j r P and £«- j (where p ** nR o I) 3.46 HereE 0 and a/ (a)
/Talong the thread. E does not change as the point of observation is moved
along the thread. F- 0 (b) p along rT On 3ieor (c) /Talong 2;te0r2 8 2jte0r2'
3.47 Force on a dipole of moment p is given by, a? 9 a/ In our problem, field,
due to a dipole at a distance /, where a dipole is placed, P Hence, the force of
interaction, 2jie0/3 ,- 24xlO6N 3.48 -dcp» £• Jr^ a(ydx+xdy)** ad(xy) On
integrating, cp = - a xy + C 3.49 - F ^ or, 2axydx-¥a(j^ -y2)dy ad (j^ y) - ay2
dy
288 On integrating, we get, / 2 3 3.50 Given, again - dcp * E • dr=* (ayi + (ax
+ bz)j + byk)* (dx i + dyj + = a (y dx + ax Jy) + b (z dy + y dz) * ad (x y) +
bd (yz) On integrating, cp = - (a xy + b yz) + C 3.51 Field intensity along jc-
axis. *" 3 ax2 A) dx Then using Gauss's theorem in differential from e0 so, p
(x) = 6a e0 jc. 3.52 In the space between the plates we have the Poisson
equation d2q>_ _Po dx2 ~ e0 or, cp« --—jc2+Ajc+5 where p0 is the constant
space charge density between the plates. We can choose cp @) = 0 so B = 0
Po ^2 A q> Po Then w (d) = A cp = AJ - -^^ or, A = —-r- + ^ 2g ^ 2 Now £--
-1^*—^-^-° forx-0 dx e0 if A- ^ + ^-- 0 d 2e0 2 e0 Acp then p0 = eo Also E
{d) = 3.53 Field intensity is along radial line and is £ §JE. _ 2 a r A) From the
Gauss' theorem, eo, where dq is the charge contained between the sphere of
radii r and r + dr. r Hence 4;tr2£r» 4jit2 x (-2ar) - — JV2 p (r')dr' B) 0 o
Differentiating B) p = - 6 £0 a
290 3.58 Using the concept of electrical image, force on the dipole p* dE dE
F » p —r, where E is field at the location of j?*due to (- or, \F as, \E\ dE_ dl
32*e0/4 z 3*59 To find the surface charge density, we must know the electric
field at the point P (Fig.) which is at a distance r from the point O . Using the
image mirror method, the field at P, E- 2£cosct« 2 2—5-« 3~—5 4ke0x x
2keoA +r Now from Gauss' theorem the surface charge density on conductor
is connected with the electric field near its surface (in vaccum) through the
relation a « e0 Eny where En is the projection of E onto the outward normal
n^with respect to the conductor). As our field strength E 11 «Tso 3M (a) The
force F1 on unit length of the thread is given by where Ex is the field at the
thread due to image charge : E, - B1) Thus 4m0l minus singn means that the
force is one of attraction. (b) There is an image thread with charge density- X
behind the conducting plane. We calculate the electric field on the conductor.
It is E(x)-EAx) I I on considering the thread and its image. Thus
291 3.61 (a) AtO, EAO) « 2 00 2ktol So 2*/ /"Kdx 4*eo(*2 + r2) (** + (x2 +
r2) (x2 + r2I72 27te0 00 00 4 > on putting .2 2 I Hence a(r)- b0E, 3.62 It can
be easily seen that in accordance with the image method, a charge -q must be
located on a similar ring but on the other side of the conducting plane. (Fig.)
at the same perpendicular distance. From the solution of 3.9 net electric field
at O, (- /0 where «*is outward normal with respect to the conducting plane. rt
Now Hence a where minus sign indicates that the induced carge is opposite in
sign to that of charge q>0. 3/2 -4 3.63 Potential qp is the same for all the
points of the sphere. Thus we calculate its value at the centre O of the sphere.
Thus we can calculate its value at the centre O of the sphere, because only for
this point, it can be calculated in the most simple way.
292 where the first term is the potential of the charge qy while the second is
the potential due to the charges induced on the surface of the sphere. But
since all induced charges are at the same distance equal to the radius of the
circle from the point C and the total induced charge is equal to zero, cp' * 0,
as well. Thus equation A) is reduced to the form, <P 4JI£O / 3.64 As the
sphere has conducting layers, charge -q is induced on the inner surface of the
sphere q and consequently charge + q is induced on the outer layer as the
sphere as a whole is uncharged. Hence, the potential at O is given by, <Po =
+4isU 4 n e0 r 4 n e0 R1 4m0R2 It should be noticed that the potential can be
found in such a simple way only at 0, since all the induced charges are at the
same distance from this point, and their distribution, (which is unknown to
us), does not play any role. 3.65 Potential at the inside sphere, V a 4 ji e0 a
4m0b Obviously When %m 4,i And when r £ b = 0 for b_ a by = 1 - - / r,
using Eq. A). 3ie0r 4?ie0l aj j ^ iw 4jie0r 4 Jt 60 1 r a 3.66 (a) As the metallic
plates 1 and 4 are isolated and conncted by means of a conductor, (Pi = cp4.
Plates 2 and 3 have the same amount of positive and negative charges and
due to induction, plates 1 and 4 are respectively negatively and positively
charged and in addition to it all the four plates are located a small but at equal
distance d relative to each
293 other, the magnitude of electric field strength between 1-2 and 3 - 4 are
both equal in magnitude and direction (say E). Let E' be the field strength
between the plates 2 and 3, which is directed form 2 to 3. Hence E \ \ E
(Fig.). According to the problem E'd- Acp- cp2-cp3 A) o In addition to T 1
T4 or, 0- - Ed + Acp -Ed or, Acp* 2Ed or E Hence Acp 2d B) (b) Since E a a,
we can state that according to equation B) for part (a) the charge on the pla^te
2 is divided into two parts; such that 1 / 3 rd of it lies on the upper side and 2
/ 3 rd on its lower face. Thus charge density of upper face of plate 2 or of
plate 1 or plate 4 and lower face of e0 Acp - and charge density of lower face
of 2 or upper face of 3 3a = eo£ a' » e0 E » e( Acp 3 e0 Acp Hence the net
charge density of plate 2 or 3 becomes o + o'' - ^r~> which is obvious 2d
from the argument 3.67 The problem of point charge between two conducting
planes is more easily tackled (if we want only the total charge induced on the
planes) if we replace the point charge by a uniformly charged plane sheet Let
a be the charge density on this sheet and Ex, E2 outward electric field on the
two sides of this sheet. i lien i-t ■% ~ "*^9 The conducting planes will be
assumed to be grounded. Then Ex x = E2(l- *). Hence — (/ - x), E2 = -—x (
), 2 e0 / e0 This means that the induced charge density on the plane
conductors are (f) - -jx Hence - ^(/ -x\ q2** - y x
294 3.68 Near the conductor E - £« — This field can be written as the sum of
two parts Ex and E2. Ex is the electric field due to an infinitesimal area dS.
Very near it a 27 The remaining part contributes E2 o 27 on o both sides. In
calculating the force on the element dS we drop E1 (because it is a self-
force.) Thus .2 dF_ dS a 27 a 0 3.69 The total force on the hemisphere is n/2
2 S O 2e cosQ-lnRs'mQRdQ o o n/2 *R2o2 C 2e0 J cos 9 sin 8 d G o X2X
4__\ 2* 3.70 We know that the force acting on the area element dS of a
conductor is, d?= \oldS A) It follows from symmetry considerations that the
resultant force F is directed along thez-axis, and hence it can be represented
as the sum (integral) of the projection of elementary forces A) onto the z-axis
: dFz - dF cos 9 B) For simplicity let us consider an element area dS =
2nRsinQRdG(Fig.). Now considering that E * a/e0. Equation B) takes the
from 71 O2R2 . f » sin t '0 cos3 G J cos G
295 Integrating this expression over the half sphere (i.e. with respect to cos 0
between 1 and 0), we obtain F' ■ F = —~— 4e0 nop 3.71 The total
polarization isP ■= (e - 1) e0 JE. This must equals —rrr- where nois the
concemtation of water molecules. Thus 2-93 x 10 on putting the values 3.72
From the general formula E « (-, where r * / and r* f f 4jte0 /3> This will
cause the induction of a dipole moment. Thus the force, /3 a/4^e0 /3 "
4jt2e0/7 3.73 The electric field E at distance x from the centre of the ring is, 4
Jt e0 (FT + jO The induced dipole moment is p** fizQE - 4 Jt (tf2 + jc2) The
force on this molecule is ± R This vanishes for x ■ "T^ (apart from * ■ 0, jc «
oo) It is maximum when = 0 or, (/?2-2jc2)(/?2+x2)-4x!2(^2 + x2)-8jc2(/?2-
2jc2)- 0 or, /*4-13*2/*2 + 10x4= 0 or, *2= ^-(l3± Vl29 \ ^—V13 ± Vl29 (on
either side), Plot of Fx{x) is as shown in the answersheet.
298 3.78 Let the field in the dielectric be E making an angle a with nTihen
we have the boundary conditions, Eo cos a0 = e E cos a and Eo sin c0 = £ sin
a So E = Eo V sin a0 + -^ cos2 a0 and tan a « e tan a0 e In the dielectric the
normal component of the induction vector is Dn = a= e0£0cosa0 e0 Eo cos a0
or, a = e0£0cosa0 e-1 3.79 From the previous problem,a' = e0 -—— Eo cos 8
n Bo ^ Length I (a) 6 (b) D (eo£osin0 - e 60JE0sin9) = - (e - 1) eoEo /sin 9 —
dDx 3.80 (a) divZ)= —— = p and D = p/ dx e e , l<d and o and <p(x) 0
constant for l> d , / > ^ then cp (jc) 0 0 2e by continuity. On the basis of
obtained expressions Ex (x) and cp (jc) can be plotted as shown in the figure
of answersheet.
(b) p' - - div P = - div (e -1) eo£ = - p (e-D o' - Pin-p2n> wnere n *s the
normal from 1 to 2. - Pln, (P2 - 0 as 2 is vacuum.) 299 3.81 I d 2 '/■" P A = 0
as Dr rt oo at r - 0 /Thus, 3 e e o For By continuity of Dr at r = /? ; B so,
3e0r> C * + and cp = - 2 6 e e o 5+ r 3 e0 6 e e0 , by continuity of op. See
answer sheet for graphs of E (r) and cp (r) -♦ 1 ^ f r3 0>) p' 3.82 Because
there is a discontinuity in polarization at the boundary of the dielectric disc, a
bound surface charge appears, which is the source of the electric field inside
and outside the disc. We have for the electric field at the origin. Jo'dS ^ 4 71
e0 r3 where r « radius vector to the origin from the element dS.
300 a' « P » P cos 8 on the curved surface n (Pn =0on the flat surface.) Here 0
« angle between r and P By symmetry, E will be parallel to P. Thus 2* Em -
Pcos8i? 8 o where, r » /? if d « /?. So, Em - and Pd 4e0R 3.83. Since there are
no free extraneous charges anywhere -> dDx divD« —-- 0 or, £> - Constant
dx x But D' - 0 at oo , so, D » 0, every where. Thus, £-3 1 d2 So, <P +
constant Hence, cp (+ d) - cp (- d) 2PQd 4P0d 3.84 (a) We have Dx * D2> or,
e Also, or> Hence, e + 1 and El o and e + 1 (b) Dj » D2> or, e o o Thus, —
and eo£o
301 3.85 (a) Constant voltage acros the plates; 3.86 (b) Constant charge
across the plates; Ex(l 0 or El At the interface of the dielectric and vacuum,
Elt The electric field must be radial and A Elm E2 ,a<r<b eoer Now, q 4 ^ e
or, cD o e + 1 3.87 In air the forces are as shown. In AT-oil, F'-* F'« F/z and
mg->mg 1- Po Since the inclinations do not change Po — si — e p or, or, Po
P P- Po T where p0 is the density of K-oil and p that of the material of which
the balls are made. 3.88 Within the ball the electric field can be resolved into
normal and tangential components. En m Eco&B,Et* E sin 9 Then, Dn ■ tt0E
cos 9 and e0£cos8 or, a'» (e - 1) e0E cos 9 so> and total charge of one sign,
302 J (e- tzR2e0 (e - \)E o (Since we are interested in the total charge of one
sign we must intergrate co§ 6 from 0 to 1 only). 3.89 The charge is at A in
the medium 1 and has an image point at A' in the medium 2. The electric field
in the medium 1 is due to the actual charge q at A and the image charge q' at
A'. The electric field in 2 is due to a corrected charge c[ at A. Thus on the
boundary between 1 and 2, In COS 0 - 4 neor COS 0 '2n A 2 4 Jieor it , 2 4 Jt
eor cos 0 sin 0 + 4?ie sul 0 sin 0 The boundary conditions are and E u *q"m
q-q' q"-q + q' So, .it e-1 (a) The surface density of the bound charge on the
surface of the dielectric 2/i e-1 cos 0 » - 2;ir 00 Total bound charge . e-1 f I
1S>-—[?J 23C(/2 + o 3/2 £ + l 3.90 The force on the pdint charge q is due to
the bound charges. This can be calculated from the field at this charge after
extracting out the self field. This image field is e -1 q E: imagc + l4;ieoB0:
Thus, e-1 16jte0/2
304 The image charge must have magnitude - so that the tangential
component of the electric field may vanish. Now, '0 _2J 2 cos 6 2 n e0 e r3
Then P. This is the density of bound charge on the surface. 3.94 Since the
condenser plates are connected, E1h+E2{d-h)= 0 3.95 3.96 and or, o Ph 1 =
£0E2 &2 Thus, E2d- —« 0, or, E2 8 Ph o 1 i d Given P« ar^ where r^
distance from the axis. The space density of charges is given by, p' = - div P
m - 2a On using. div 7*= — —(r^r^1" 2 In a uniformly charged sphere, 7*
Po -+ 3e or, o 3e o The total electric field is 3e o Por~ p0 where p 6 r « - P
(dipole moment is defined with its direction being from the -ve charge to +ve
charge.) The potential outside is _+ cp = 4 ji e0 I r - 6r| I' 4 ji e0 r3 ' 4jc ^ »
where p0 » - — /? p0 dr is the total dipole moment.
307 But, a- cv s So, 3.104 (a) We point the jt-axis lowards right and place the
origin on the left hand side plate. The left plate is assumed to be positively
charged. Since e varies linearly, we can write, z(x) = a + bx where a and b
can be determined from the boundary condition. We have e = ex at x = 0 and
e = e2 at x = dy Thus, e2- 1 Now potential difference between the plates d d
qp. — qp_ = I E-dr= I —dx o I a od o e o e2- In — Hence, the sought
capacitance,C = - SL _ oS + — cp__ In and the space density of bound
charges is Sde2(x) 3.105 Let, us mentally impart a charge q to the conductor.
Now potential difference between the plates, cp+ - cp_ * I E - dr _ I ._— m
£X IT P Hence, the sought capacitance, ^ In 4nz0a In /
300 3.106 Let X be the linear chaige density then, E m At Jt a /\i £i and, '2m
(i) B) t oq z\2 c2 The breakdown in either case will occur at the smaller value
of r for a simultaneous breakdown of both dielectrics. From A) and B) 2> fe
the sought relationship. 3.107 Let, X be the linear charge density then, the
sought potential difference, /X f X 2 x e0 e2 r J 2 3i e0 e2 r ih Now, as,
E1R1e< E2 R2 e2> so + — In R3/R2 82 is the maximum acceptable value,
and for values greater than E1 Rx will take place, Henctf, the maximum
potential difference between the plates, EXRX l " ~ ~ 1 34QS Let us suppose
that linear charge density of the wires be X then, the potential difference, V+
- "V- " <P " (" V)" 2 cp. The intensity of the electric field created by one of
the wires at a distance x from its axis can be easily found with the help of the
Gauss's theorem, X X f b-a In b-a Then, cp - I E dx a Hence, capacitance, per
unit length, a lnfe/a dielectric breakdowB
309 3.109 The field in the region between the conducting plane and the wire
can ht obtained by using an oppositely charged wire as an image on the other
side. Then the potential difference between the wire and the plane, Acp « I E
- dr b I 2 ji e0 r 2 n e0 Bb - r) dr 2jte0 2 Jt e0 In a 2 Jt e, 26-a In o 26 -a a In
—, as b» a 2 Jt e0 a Hence, the sought mutual capacitance of the system per
unit length of the wire 2 Tit o Acp In 26/a 3.110 When 6 » a, the charge
distribution on each spherical conductor is practically unaffected by the
presence of the other conductor. Then, the potential cp+ (cp_ ) on the positive
(respectively negative) charged conductor is q I Thus cp+ - and C 2jte0ea.
Note : if we require terms which depend on —, we have to take account of
distribution of charge on the conductors. 3.111 As in 3.109 we apply the
method of image. Then the potentical difference between the +vely charged
sphere and the conducting plane is one half the nominal potential difference
between the sphere and its image and is 1 Thus C = Acp . for a.
310 3.112 <=> (a) Since <px = <pB and cp2 - <pA The arrangement of
capacitors shown in the problem is equivalent to the arrangement shown in
the Fig. c c c and hence the capacitance between A and B is, C= (B) From the
symmetry of the problem, there is no P.d. between D and E.. So, the
combination reduces to a simple arrangement shown in the Fig and hence the
net capacitance, '0 C C y+2- c 3.113 (a) In the given arrangement, we have
three E0S capacitors of equal capacitance C = —r~ and the first and third
plates are at the same potential. Hence, we can resolve the network into a
simple form using series and parallel grouping of capacitors, as shown in the
figure. Thus the equivalent capacitance 0 2 ~ 3
311 (b) Let us mentally impart the charges +q and -q to the plates 1 and 2 and
then distribute them to other plates using charge conservation and electric
induction. (Fig.)* As the potential difference between the plates 1 and 2 is
zero, ft ft (wherc or, ?2 = 2ql9 The potential difference between A and B,
Hence the sought capacitane, 3eo5 0 cp q2/C 2qx/C 2 2d 3.114 Amount of
charge, that the capacitor of capacitance Cx can withstand, q1 = Cx V1 and
similarly the charge, that the capacitor of capacitance C2 can withstand, q2 =
C2 V2. But in series combination, charge on both the capacitors will be same,
so, qm&x> that the combination can withstand = Cx Vv as C1 V1 < C2 V2,
from the numerical data, given. Now, net capacitance of the system, and
hence, V. r "max max •-» / ft Co- 1 L J c c C1U2 ~=r = 9kV 3.115 Let us
distribute the charges, as shown in the figure. Now, we know that in a closed
circuit, - Acp * 0 -So, in the loop, DCFED, ft or, Again in the loop DGHED,
A 1^ W ^2 A) B) D
313 Hence the RD. accross the left and right plates of capacitors, q and
similarly .d + C 3.119 Taking benefit of trie foregoing problem, the amount
of charge on each capacitor 3.120 Make the charge distribution, as shown in
the figure. In the circuit, 12561. - Acp = 0 yields - 4 c c -S- 0 or, and in the
circuit 13461, or, o C, Now - cpB _ fc c2 c3 - x + C2) (C3 + C4) It becomes
zero, when (C2C3-C1C4)= 0. or 3.121 Let, the charge ^ flows through the
connecting wires, then at the state of equilibrium, charge distribution will be
as shown in the Fig. In the closed circuit 12341, using -Aqp= 0 -HCV-4) or, q
= = 006 mC C, (l/Cx + 1/C2 + 3.122 Initially, charge on the capacitor Cl or
C2, —, as they are in series combination (Fig.-a) 12
314 when the switch is closed, in the circuit CDEFC from - Acp * 0, /(Fig. b
) -pr- 0 or And in the closed loop BCFAB from - Acp = 0 Cx C2 A) B) J+1o
Cr I From A) and B) qx = 0 Now, charge flown through section 1 « and
charge flown through section 2= - q1- q = - 3.123 When the switch is open,
(Fig-a) ,1 St- ■in I and when the switch is closed, a, = £ C, and q0 = ^ C,
Hence, the flow of charge, due to the shortening of switch, \ Ci - C2 through
section 1 = qx- qo= ? C} ^ — = - 24 u C through the section 2 = - q2- (%) = -
C = - 36 and through the section 3 = q2-(q2- qj - 0 = ^ (C2 - Cx) = - 60 lH, ll
-=
315 3.124 First of all, make the charge distribution, as shown in the figure. In
the loop 12341, using - Acp » 0 -0 A) Similarly, in the loop 61456, using -
Acp - 0 C -I2-O B) From Eqs. A) and B) we have — +1 Hence, 3.125 In the
loop ABDEA, using - Aqp = + Qi - 0 0 A) Similarly in the loop ODEF, O -
=r- 0 B) f Solving Eqs. A) and B), we get, C2 " Cl C1 Now, (Pi - cp0 = <Pi -
- —-p, , as (cp0 = 0) 4 8 1 f 3 0 And using the symmetry, cp2 = and The
answers have wrong sign in the book. 3.126 Taking the advantage of
symmetry of the problem charge distribution may be made, as shown in the
figure. In the loop, 12561, - Acp - 0
317 3.128 As the chain is of infinite length any two charge of same sign will
occur symmetrically to any other charge of opposite sign. So, interaction
energy of each charge with all the others, .111 U= -2 But and putting x - 1 we
get In 2 up to up to oo 00 A) From Eqs. A) and B), U 1 1 1 l-2 + l --2<72ln2
4 Jieoa up to 00 B) 3.129 Using electrical image method, interaction energy
of the charge q with those induced on the plane. U 4 Jt e0 B1) 8 Jt e0 / 3.130
Consider the interaction energy of one of the balls (say 1) and thin spherical
shell of the other. This interaction energy can be written as fdyq - f . ^ J 4jie J
(r) q1 r2 sin 0 d 0 dr 2eo(/ 2lr cos 0) 1/2 Ur ^—jdr \ dxp2(r) l-r :4nr2drp2(r) Jt
e0 / ri Hence finally integrating 00 0 J 4n 3.131 Charge contained in the
capacitor of capacitance C1 is q in it : x qp and the energy, stored 2C1 2
Now, when the capacitors are connected in parallel, equivalent capacitance of
the system, C = Cx + C2 and hence, energy stored in the system :
319 + Heat liberated = as only the cell with e.m.f. ^ is responsible for
redistribution of the charge. So, 1 o C 6, So - - C &; + Heat liberated - C 1 2
Hence heat liberated » -C^ 3.134 Self energy of each shell is given by ^p,
where cp is the potential of the shell, created only by the charge q, on it.
Hence, self energy of the shells 1 and 2 are : The interaction energy between
the charged shells equals charge q of one shell, multiplied by the potential cp,
created by other shell, at the point of location of charge q. So, - fli Hence,
total enegy of the system, 4 Jie o 2R, 3.135 Electric fields inside and outside
the sphere with the help of Gauss theorem : Sought self energy of the ball 00
0 Hence, U 4nto5R and 3.136 (a) By the expression I — e0sE2dV= I —
se0E24nr2dr, for a spherical layer. To find the electrostatic energy inside the
dielectric layer, we have to integrate the upper expression in the limit [a, b] b
.2 u 1 f 2e°eJ 4 n £0 e 4 Jir2dr i 8 Jt e0 e 1.1 a b 27 mJ
320 3.137 As the field is conservative total work done by the field force, 2
4jte 0 1 R 8jte O 3.138 Initially, energy of the system, Ui s ^ + W12 where,
Wx is the self energy and W12 is the mutual energy. So, «'-\ <l% and on
expansion, energy of the system, Z, ^r JC £q ■t\<j ^r JC £i Now, work done
by the field force, A equals the decrement in the electrical energy, q (q0 +
q/2) ( \ \\ i.e. A- 4 jc e 0 Alternate : The work of electric forces is equal to the
decrease in electric energy of the system, A = U--Uf In order to find the
difference Ui - Up we note that upon expansion of the shell, the electric field
and hence the energy localized in it, changed only in the hatched spherical
layer consequently (Fig.)» h- vf 2 where Ex and E2 are the field intensities
(in the hatched region at a distance r from the centre of the system) before
and after the expansion of the shell. By using Gauss' theorem, we find 1 4 jc
e< and o r As a result of integration, we obtain 4 jc e0 r2 4 jc e 0
321 3.139 Energy of the charged sphere of radius r, from the equation Um i !
„__£ q2 If the radius of the shell changes by dr then work done is 4Tcr2Fudr
= - dU = ^/SnE0r2 Thus sought force per unit area, D n M2 . a 4 Jt r (8 ji e0 r
) 4;irx8jte0r 2 e0 3.140 Initially, there will be induced charges of magnitude -
q and +# on the inner and outer surface of the spherical layer respectively.
Hence, the total electrical energy of the system is the sum of self energies of
spherical shells, having radii a and b, and their mutual energies including the
point charge q. -qq qq -qq or 8 ;o 1 1 Finally, charge q is at infinity hence,
Ur= 0 Now, work done by the agent = increment in the energy urut 8jie o n a
3.141 (a) Sought work is equivalent to the work performed against the
electric field created by one plate, holding at rest and to bring the other plate
away. Therefore the required work, A agent where E ■ -— is the intensity of
the field created by one plate at the location of other. Z E 0 So, a Alternate :
A ext = AU (as field is potential) 2eo5 £* Cr» kJ ^O Crv kJ (b) When voltage
is kept const., the force acing on each plate of capacitor will depend on the
distance between the plates. So, elementary work done by agent, in its
displacement over a distance dxy relative to the other, dA= -F^dx But, S o(x)
and o(x) = z0V Hence, 2 OX — x1 x2
324 and the total polarization energy is 0 Then, total energy is The actual
height to which the liquid rises is determined from the formula § This gives h
« -^—i-L2_ 2eoepg 3.145 We know that energy of a capacitor,U » Hence,
from .F = — dx we have, dc I dx I Now, since </« iJ, the capacitance of the
given capacitor can be calculated by the formula of a parallel plate capacitor.
Therefore, if the dielectric is introduced upto a depth x and the length of the
capacitor is /, we have, j-qERx 2xRto(l-x) + d From A) and B), we get, 3.146
When the capacitor is kept at a constant potential difference V, the work
performed by the moment of electrostatic forces between the plates when the
inner moveable plate is rotated by an angle rfcp equals the increase in the
potential energy of the system. This comes about because when charges are
made, charges flow from the battery to keep the potential constant and the
amount of the work done by these charges is twice in magnitude and opposite
in sign to the change in the energy of the capacitor Thus Nz • a- 5cp Now the
capacitor can be thought of as made up two parts (with and without the
dielectric) in parallel. Thus . ^J . 2rf 2rf as the area of a sector of angle qp is -
K2 ep. Differentiation then gives (e-1) The negative sign of Nz indicates that
the moment of the force is acting clockwise (i.e. trying to suck in the*
dielectric).
or (c) Between 1 and 3 From the loop 15621 ^ ^R or, Then, *hReq I2R+I2R
Hence, (o 3.151 Total resistance of the circuit will be independent of the
number of cells, 327 R B Rx B if R. (RX + 2R)R R+2R+R or, R2 + 2RRX-
2R2 = 0 On solving and rejecting the negative root of the quadratic equation,
we have, Rx-R 3.152 Let Ro be the resistance of the network, iA 'VWW Ri
Ro <=> **> B 0 2 ^ then, i?0 = — — or Rq-RQR1-R1R2 0 On solving we
get, VP 1+4-^ 6Q
328 3.153 Suppose that the voltage V is applied between the points A and B
then = 7fl=7 where R is resistance of whole the grid, /, the current through the
grid and 70, the current through the segment AS. Now from symmetry, 1/4 is
the part of the current, flowing through all the four wire segments, meeting at
the point A and similarly the amount of current flowing through the wires,
meeting at B is also 7/4. Thus a current 7/2 flows through the conductor AS,
i.e. Hence, 3.154 Let us mentally isolate a thin cylindrical layer of inner and
outer radii r and r + dr respectively. As lines of current at all the points of this
layer are perpendicular to it, such a layer can be treated as a cylindrical
conductor of thickness dr and cross-sectional area 2 ji rl. So, we have, dr dr
dR Sir) - P rl and integrating between the limits, we get, R " ■ b I S + ■i «• I
3.155 Let us mentally isolate a thin spherical layer of inner and outer radii r
and r + dr. Lines of current at all the points of the this layer are perpendicular
to it and therefore such a layer can be treated as a spherical conductor of
thickness dr and cross sectional area 4 ji r . So dr A) And integrating A)
between the limits [a, ft], we get, a ft Now, for ft -* oo, we have 4 3.156 In
our system, resistance of the medium R where p is the resistivity of the
medium 4* a i ft The current 4* 9 a 1" ft
329 a i . -dq d(C w) ^dq> Also, i m —*■ = - v T' » - C -f-, Jr A J* ' So,
equating A) and B) we get, dw j = j» - C j , as capacitance is constant. at at at
B) ±- a or, At 4ji a or, in Hence, resistivity of the medium, At 4 nab Cp(b-a) 4
Jt At ab 3.157 Let us mentally impart the charge +^ and -q to the balls
respectively. The electric field strength at the surface of a ball will be
determined only by its own charge and the charge can be considered to be
uniformly distributed over the surface, because the other ball is at infinite
distance. Magnitude of the field strength is given by, So, current density j »
— ^ P 4 ji e0 a2 and electric current 4na = 2 £_ p4m0a4 But, potential
difference between the balls, Peo Hence, the sought resistance, qp+ - qp_
2#/4 Jt e0 a 0 3.158 (a) The potential in the unshaded region beyond the
conductor as the potential of the given charge and its image and has the form
cp = A rl r2 where rv r2 are \he distances of the point from the charge and its
image. The potential has been taken to be zero on the conducting plane and
on the ball --^ -7 <S"^ 1' '
331 or, and A - - VAn - a ln We then calculate the field at a point P which is
equidistant from 1 & 2 and at a distance r from both : Then —j— f-lx 2sin0 2
ln//fl I r VI 1 2 In I/a and (b) Near either wire and Then Which gives 3.160
Let us mentally impart the charges Then capacitance of the network, oE - - p
21n//a 1 21n//a a V V R K In I/a and -q to the plates of the capacitor. 1 ee 0
<P A) Now, electric current, Hence, using A) in B), we get, ee, as 7t f ^ B)
Cq? = —^ 1-5 ji A -o P eeo 3.161 Let us mentally impart charges +9 and -q
to the conductors. As the medium is poorly conducting, the surfaces of the
conductors are equipotential and the field configuration is same as in the
absence of the medium. Let us surround, for example, the positively charged
conductor, by a closed surface 5, just containing the conductor, ; as ; f t then,
1 / jdS JoEndS and So, <P <P 0 RC = — = p ee0 a u
332 3.162 The dielectric ends in a conductor. It is given that on one side (the
dielectric side) the electric displacement D is as shown. Within the conductor,
at any point A, there can be no normal component of electric field. For if
there were such a field, a current will flow towards depositing charge there
which in turn will set up countering electric field causing the normal
component to vanish. Then by Gauss theorem, we easily derive a « Dn « D
cos a where a is the surface charge density at A. The tangential component is
determined from the circulation theorem E-dr= 0 It must be continuous across
the surface of the conductor. Thus, inside the conductor there is a tangential
electric field of magnitude, d)t)eCtV\C 77 Dsina eoe at A . This implies a
current, by Ohm's law, of JD since ^(Conductor) 3.163 The resistance of a
layer of the medium, of thickness dx and at a distance x from the first plate of
the capacitor is given by, o(x) S K) Now, since a varies linearly with the
distance from the plate. It may be represented as, x , at a distance x from any
one of the plate. From Eq. A) dR a _dx x S / or, R. 1 f dx S J o2 - ax 0 a, + ;
— °2 In — r In S (a2 - a,) o Hence, . V l~ R- °2 din — a. 3.164 By charge
conservation, current j, leaving the medium A) must enter the medium B).
Thus j cos ax = j2 cos 0L2 m F Another relation follows from
334 Hence charge induced in the slice per unit area da = zo-[{z(x) + dz(x)}
{p(x) + dp(x)}-t (x) p (x) ] = e0-d[e (x) p (x) ] Thus, dQ= told[e(x)p(x)]
Hence total charge induced, is by integration, 3.168 As in the previous
problem - Cp(jc)- C(p0+Plx) frl - 1) Po where p0 + px d = r] p0 or, d By
integration V= J Cp(x)dx = o 711118 C - Thus volume density of charge
present in the medium dQ Sdx = tQdE (x)/dx 2e0 V (r\ - 1) Po X - 3.169 (a)
Consider a cylinder of unit length and divide it into shells of radius r and
thickness dr Different sections are in parallel. For a typical section, / 1 \ 1 2jc
r dr 2 jc r dr (a/r2) \ / Integrating, i<12a2jca _ 2 jca t ^ _2 or, R1 = —2~",
where 5= jc/c (b) Suppose the electric filed inside is Ez = Eo ( Z axis is along
the axiz of the conductor). This electric field cannot depend on r in steady
conditions when other components of E are absent, otherwise one violates the
circulation theorem § E-dr = 0 The current through a section between radii (r
+ dr, r) is 1 3 E Inrdr ^ E « 2jtr d oc/r Thus / = - - ^ £ 0 2 oc Hence E = —x—
when S = jlR2 2
335 3.170 The formula is, or. or, C or, 1 -e -t/RC 0 -t/RC Hence, t = RC In
Thus t = 0.6 \aS. o Vo-V In 10, if V= 0-9 3.171 The charge decays according
to the foumula Here, RC « mean life = Half-life/ln 2 So, half life= J= RC In2
But, Hei\ce, p = 13 7-x = 1.4xlO"Q-m In 2 3.172 Suppose ^ is the charge at
time t. Initially q = C §, at Then at time f, 0. But,i So = - -p (- si (- sign
because charge decreases) Z -IR 0 RC or, or, dt ae t1]/*c- l R q= +Ae -tr\/RC
, from gr = c | at r = 0 Hence, Finally, »■ ^ -t^/RC 3.173 Let r * internal
resistance of the battery. We shall take the resistance of the ammeter to be =
0 and that of voltmeter to be G. Initially.^- |_/r,/-
337 or, So, 3.176 (a) Current, i R « R2-Rv which is the required resistance.
oc, as |- aR (given) w^-^ii?= naR - naR= 0 3.177 As the capacitor is fully
charged, no current flows through it So, current L(as And hence, t -12 + iR T
A -0-5V 3.178 Let us make the current distribution, as shown in the figure.
Current i * |—— (using loop rule) So, current through the resistor Rv _D pp -
1-2 A R Aj + R /V2 + i\j R2 and siinilary, current through the resistor R2, 0-8
A xR o 3.179 Total resistance' /-x 0 /-x 0 IR+xR 0 R o IR+xR 0 Vo V
339 3.183 Indicate the currents in all the branches using charge conservation
as shown in the figure. Applying loop rule, - A<p = 0 in the loops 1A781,
1B681 and B456B, respectively, we get R2 k 6 , 5 '3*3 +'1*2 -lo = 0 (i) 6,—e
B) and C) £*4= Solving Eqs. A), B) and C), we get the sought current 1- -ir)
R2 R3 to A B 3 T% 3.184 Indicate the currents in all the branches using
charge conservation as shown in the figure. Applying the loop rule (- A (p -
0) in the loops 12341 and 15781, we get -0 A) and Solving Eqs. A) and B),
we get B) 8 t (/t R 1 Hence, the sought p.d. Si = -1 V 3.185 Let us distribute
the currents in the paths as shown in the figure. Now, (Pi - <p2 ■ iR\ + *i^2
A) B) and ^ - cp3 » iRx + Simplifying Eqs. A) and B) we get + R2 0-2 A
3.186 Current is as shown. From Kirchhoff's Second law ?2 V3 k+h
142 M90 The equivalent circuit may be drawn as in the figure. Resistance of
the network * RQ + \R/3) Let, us assume that e.m.f. of the cell is §, then
current Ro + (R/3) Now, thermal power, generated in the circuit P= i2R/3 o +
(R/3) dP (R/3) For P to be maximum, ^r- * 0, which yields = 3R0 S>Rt 3.191
We assume current conservation but not KirchhofTs second law. Then
thermal power dissipated is o 22 u - Rx+R The resistances being positive we
see that the power dissipated is minimum when R, This corresponds to usual
distribution of currents over resistance joined is parallel, 3.192 Let, internal
resistance of the cell be r, then -ir A) where i is the current in the circuit. We
know that thermal power generated in the battery. Q = ?' B) Putting r from A)
in B), we obtain, Q = (| - V) i = 0-6 W In a battery work is done by electric
forces (whose origin lies in the chemical processes going on inside the cell).
The work so done is stored and used in the electric circuit outside. Its
magnitude just equals the power used in the electric circuit We can say that
net power developed by the electric forces is =-2-0W 2 R Minus sign means
that this is generated not consumed.
343 3.193 As far as motor is concerned the power delivered is dissipated and
can.be represented by a load, Ro . Thus V 2 and P- I2R0 ^ (*„+*) This is
maximum when Ro = R and the current / is then The maximum power
delivered is 4R V2 V2 The power input is -=—— and its value when P is
maximum is — R + Rq 2a The efficiency then is — « 50% 3.194 If the wire
diameter decreases by 6 then by the information given V2 P * Power input *
— * heat lost through the surface, H. R Now, H <* A - 6) like the surface
area and V2 So, ■£- A - 6J - A A - 6) or, V2 A - 6) - constant But V«l+T] so
A+ T]J A - 6) - Const - 1 Thus 6 - 2 T| - 2% 3.195 The equation of heat
balance is Put So, or, or, where A C 9 + fc § « — d is a constant. Clearly |- 0
at r= 0, r2 ,^ SO or, i A ,,2 V2 CR' kt/c + A V2 V '" C^R and hence,
344 3.196 Let, WA-<pB** <p Now, thermal power generated in the
resistance Rxf R, i'2R. ^ Rn R^ Rn + R. For P to be independent of R3 dP R
x> A—* « dR. R. - 0, which yeilds 12 Q 3.197 Indicate the currents in the
circuit as shown in the figure. Appying loop rule in the closed loop 12561, -
Acp = Owe get ii*-!! + «!-<> A) and in the loop 23452, (i-i1)JR2 +
%2-»1JR- 0 B) 6 Solving A) and B), we get, So, thermal power, generated in
the resistance R, P- L2R For P to be maximum, R R^ + R-^ R2 + RR dP R 0,
which fields R "T& Hence, 3.198 Let, there are x number of cells, connected
in series in each of the n parallel groups then, n x = N or, x * — Now, for any
one of the loop, consisting of x cells and the resistor R> from loop rule Soyi
iR + —jcr- n N n 0 xr R + — n Nr n2 , using A)
346 During the process of discharging of the capacitor, the current tho' the
resistors R1 and R2 is the same at all the moments of time, thus Ht « Rt and
H2 oc R2 So, H*x 3.200 When the plate is absent the capacity of the
condenser is c d When it is present, the capacity is Cm (a) The energy
increment is clearly. 2 2 2(l-rO (b) The charge on the plate is CV q.« initially
and fy- CV finally. CVr\ CV2r\ A charge l has flown through the battery
charging it and withdrawing — l units of energy from the system into the
battery. The energy of the capacitor has decreased by 1 CV2t\ just half of
this. The remaining half i.e. —— l must be the work done by the external
agent in withdrawing the plate. This ensures conservation of energy. 3.201
Initially, capacitance of the system = Ce. 1 2 So, initial energy of the system :
Ut ■ ~ (C e) V 1 2 and finally, energy of the capacitor : Uf** -^C V Hence
capacitance eneigy increment, V2- -\ CV1 (e - 1)- -0-5mJ From energy
conservation AU' Acdl+Aagmt (as there is no heat liberation) But A^= (Cf-
C^V2- (C-Ce)V2-
347 A - e) V- 0-5 m J 3.202 If Co is the initial capacitance of the condenser
before water rises in it then 1 2 zo2lnR ui " 2C°V ' where C° * ~ (R is the
mean radius and / is the length of the capacitor plates.) Suppose the liquid
rises to a height h in it. Then the capacitance of the condenser is + (e - 1) A)
and energy of the capacitor and the liquid (including both gravitational and
electrosatic contributions) is i Ea2nR u ±^ + pgBxRhd) | If the capacitor were
not connected to a battery this energy would have to be minimized. But the
capacitor is connected to the battery and, in effect, the potential energy of the
whole system has to be minimized. Suppose we increase h by 5/t. Then the
energy of the capacitor and the liquid increases by bh 2d (e-l)V2 + pgBnRd)h
and that of the cell diminishes by the quantity Acdl which is the product of
charge flown and V e0 BnR) ~ bh ° V, (e - 1) V2 d In equilibrium, the two
must balance; so e0 (e - 1) V2 2d 0 (e - l)V7 pgdh Hence h ■ 3.203 (a) Let us
mentally islolate a thin spherical layer with inner and outer radii r and r + dr
respectively. Lines of current at all the points of this layer are perpendicular
to it and therefore such a layer can be treated as a spherical conductor of
thickness dr ry and cross sectional area 4 ji r . Now, we know that resistance,
dr dr S(r) r4nr: Integrating expression A) between the limits,
348 o b or, _£_ a Capacitance of the network,C 111 a b and also, q~ Cqp '
where g is the charge at any arbitrary moment Ry as capacitor is discharging.
From Eqs. B), C), D) and E) we get, 1 1 P 4 jieoe a'b a or. Integrating ■ MM*
*»#• ^kJ 0 dt pee0 B) C) D) E) Hence q « #0 e p eo8 (b) From energy
conservation heat generated, during the spreading of the charge, H » £7. - Uf
[because A^ « 0] 2 _ _ _2 2 4 ft eoe 8 ji eoe 3.204 (a) Let, at any moment of
time, charge on the plates be (qQ - q) then current through the resistor, i = -
or, dt , because the capacitor is discharging. Now, applying loop rule in the
circuit, or, or, dq 1 — —
350 where N ■ is the number of turns of the ring. If co changes (and there is
time for the electron to rearrange) then B also changes and so does <3>. An
emf will be induced and a current will flow. This is —co/jR e The total
charge flowing through the ballastic galvanometer, as the ring is stopped, is
2m e Nnr2/ — <o/R e_ INnrO) /car ' m~ qR = qR 3.207 Let, n0 be the total
number of electorns then, total momentum of electorns, A) Now, /- PSxvd- ^-
Sxvd. ^vd B) Here Sx = Cross sectional area, p = electron charge density, V =
volume of sample From A) and B) p- — IU 0-40 jaNs e 3.208 By definition
nevd= j (where vd is the drift velocity, n is number density of electrons.) ml
tk l Then x - — vd J So distance actually travelled nel < v > Sm < v>x- : (<v>
= mean velocity of thermal motion of an electron) 3.209 Let, n be the volume
density of electrons, then from / - p Sx vd, /» neSx | <v*> | « neSx- neSJ So,
t~ —j—- 3 pis. (b) Sum of electric forces _* ~-* (nv) eE\= \nS lepjl where p
is resistivity of the material. - nSlep-** nelpl* 1-0|iN
352 1 2 then -zmv -ecp= Const. = 0, as the electron is initially emitted with
neligible energy. 2 qp V « ^ V m m ▼ m -2/3 so, ;= _pv= (/ is measued from
the anode to cathode, so the - ve sign.) V 3.212 E = - So by the definition of
the mobility + V and (The negative ions move towards the anode and the
positive ion towards the cathode and the total current is the sum of the
currents due to them.) On the other hand, in equilibrium n+ - n_ I So, n+=
n_= / (wJ + m0) d — * 2-3xl08cm~3 3.213 Velocity = mobility x field or, v =
m — sin co r, which is positive for 0 & co t £ ji So, maximum displacement
in one direction is 2uV0 0 20 At co= coo, *„„- /, so, /m - / 2«V0 Thus m-
3.214 When the current is saturated, all the ions, produced, reach the plate. —
~ • sat , <n9 -3 -1 Then, n- - — - 6 x 10 cm s ev (Both positive ions and
negative ions are counted here) The equation of balance is, -r- ■ ni - rn
353 The first term on the right is the production rate and the second term is
the recombination ry rate which by the usual statistical arguments is
proportional to n (= no of positive ions x no. of -ve ion). In equilibrium, dt so,
neq - V — - 6 x 107 cm 3.215 Initially n~ n0- Vn. /r Since we can assume
that the long exposure to the ionizer has caused equilibrium to be set up. Afer
the ionizer is switched off, dn 2 dt dn 1 or rdt= -—r, or, rt- — +constant n2 n
nil But n - nft at t - 0, so, rt n n0 The concentration will decrease by a factor r)
when n0 iil or, /a= = ■ 13 ms 3.216 Ions produced will cause charge to decay.
Clearly, r\CV~ decrease of charge* n^Adt" —j q) or, f * « " 4-6 days n^ed
Note, that niy here, is the number of ion pairs produced. 3.217 If v « number
of electrons moving to the anode at distance x, then dv ax -r~-av or v - vne dx
u Assuming saturation, /= evoead 3.218 Since the electrons are produced
unifonnly through the volume, the total current attaining saturation is clearly,
d o Thus, j= — = en. I ■ (ead-l A Ma
358 3.222 Magnetic induction due to the arc segment at O, and magnetic
induction due to the line segment at O, Ho i r^ . , So, total magnetic induction
at O, * — [jt - cp + tan cp] « 28 [i T I 3.223 (a) From the Biot-Savart law, So,
magnetic field induction due to the segment 1 at Oy also B2 = J34» 0, as d/tf
and Hence, i?0» B1+B2+B3+ B4 ' 2 ji-(p (b) Here, ^ Ho i . .co * - — — sin
45 , 3 4% b d Ho 1 . -co BA« — 7- sin 45°, 4 4 6 4jt z, 5 /(a? 4 / b '/ f and So,
Bo 0 1 Anal A fsin45o+-^-tsin45° + 0 Anb Anb 2a + b
357 3.224 The thin walled tube with a longitudinal slit can be considered
equivalent to a full tube and a strip carrying the same current density in the
opposite direction. Inside the tube, the former does not contribute so the total
magnetic field is simply that due to the strip. It is B (I/2nR)h r where r is the
distance of the field point from the strip. 3.225 First of all let us find out the
direction of vector B at point O. For this purpose, we divide the entire
conductor into elementary fragments with current di It is obvious that the
sum of any two symmetric fragments gives a resultant along JSTshown in the
figure and con- consequently, vector B will also be directed as shown ~" j dB
sin cp A) 0 di sincp So, B 2nR Ho 2k2 R o Hence i sin op a cp, as di= — aw
\i0i/n2R 3.226 (a) From symmetry - 0+ A D „ 4jiJ? (b) From symmetry 4 R
Bx+B2+B3 Ho i Ho / 3ji /? 2 Ho i 1 + (c) From symmetry 3.227 B Q 1 or, 2-
0 ji T, (using 3.221)
358 3.228 (a) B1+B2+B3 So, (b) 5 Mo < So, 0-34 (c) Here using the law of
parallel resistances So, Hence Thus B o Thus, -1, and *!« -i An # 011 ^i T
3.229 (a) We apply circulation theorem as shown. The current is vertically
upwards in the plane and the magnetic field is horizontal and parallel to the
plane. IV T dfc 2Bl or, B (b) Each plane contributes \iQ — between the
planes and outside the plane that cancel. Thus f \iQi between the plane 0
outside.
359 3.230 We assume that the current flows perpendicular to the plane of the
paper, by circulation theorem, IBdl- \L0Bxdl)j or, \ioxjy Outside, 2Bdl-
\ioBddl)j or, B » \i0 dj | x\ st d. 3.231 It is easy to convince oneself that both
in the regions. 1 and 2, there can only be a circuital magnetic field (i.e. the
component B^. Any radial field in region 1 or any Bz away from the current
plane will imply a violation of Gauss' law of magnetostatics, B must
obviously be symmetrical about the straight wire. Then in 1, or, In 2, B. 2nr
B9-2nr- 0, or 3.232 On the axis,/? 0 i?, along the axis. 1 00 00 Thus, I B-dr* I
Bxdx= r — 00 Jdx (R2 + x2K/2 — 00 Ho/tf x/2 ; -a/2 sec t 5 f-f-, on putting x
5 sec 0 fltanG 3C/2 -K/2 00 The physical interpretation of this result is that J
Bx dx can be thought of as the circulation — 00 of B over a closed loop by
imaging that the two ends of the axis are connected, by a line at infinity (e.g.
a semicircle of infinite radius). 3.233 By circulation theorem inside the
conductor r2 or, 1 -r i.e., Similarly outside the conductor,
360 - \iojz7tR2 or, R So, 2.234 We can think of the given current which will
be assumed uniform, as arising due to a negative current, flowing in the
cavity, superimposed on the true current, everywhere including the cavity.
Then from the previous problem, by superposition. If / vanishes so that the
cavity is concentric with the conductor, there is no magnetic field in the
cavity. 3,235 By Circulation theorem, By • 2 ji r - \i0 j j (r') x 2 ji r' dr' or
using B - fcrainside the stream, <p bra + 1- VL0fj(r')r'dr' So by
differentiation, Hence, (a + 1) bra - (i0; (r) r ■ 3.236 On the surface of the
solenoid there is a surface current density —♦ A » nle A ^, Then, k o where
r0 is the vector from the current element to the field point, which is the centre
of the solenoid, Now, - ew x rZ« R ez -1/2 Thus, B- B. Vo*! -» D2 I dz —A
—x2jc^ I —=—7T 4* J (R +2T) -1/2 3/2
361 tan 2R cos ad a (on putting z = R tan a) -tan -l / 2R 1/2 ina= \ionl 3.237
We proceed exactly as in the previous problem. Then (a) the magnetic
induction on the axis at a distance x from one end is clearly, 00 00 V*nl _ d2
f dz 1 td2 C dz 4» J [«2 + (z-jcJ]3/2 2^° J (z2 + /? 0 x a/2 1 f 2^onI J 1 -\ionl
tan * 1- x> 0 menas that the field point is outside the solenoid. B then falls
with x. x < 0 means that the field point gets more and more inside the
solenoid. B then increases with (x) and eventually becomes constant, equal to
\ionl. The B -x graph is as given in the answer script. (b) We have, B o 1-
VF+ 0 or, VR2+x2 1-2ti Since r| is small (~ 1%), x0 must be negative. Thus
xQ « - |jc0 | and 1-2ti or, 2Vt|A-ti) 3.238 If the strip is tightly wound, it must
have a pitch of h. This means that the current will flow obliquely, partly
along e and partly along e^ Obviously, the surface current density is, h h
363 R o R R2 4* 3.241 Using 3.237, the magnetic field is given by, 1- At the
end,£« —\ionl= "zBq, where Bo is the field deep inside the solenoid. Thus, $
= — [i0 nfS = %/2y where ^> = [i0 nIS is the flux of the vector B through the
cross section deep inside the solenid. 3.242 Byljzr* \x0NI or, B <p Then, rss
4 jc In T], where t] - b/a 3.243 Magnetic moment of a current loop is given by
pm - «i S (where « is the number of j- 2 ^0 i turns and 5, the cross sectional
area.) In our problem, n = 1, 5 = jri? and 5 = T"B" L K So, m 2kBR 3,244
Take an element of length rd 6 containing — • rdQ turns. Its magnetic
moment is normal to the plane of cross section. We resolve it along OA and
OB. The moment along OA integrates to n jvd o A 4 cos - 0 0 while that
along OB gives 31 /Nd2I 1 i — srnedQ--Nd I B o
364 3.245 (a) From Biot-Savart's law, the magnetic induction due to a
circular current carrying wire loop at its centre is given by, The plane spiral is
made up of concentric circular loops, having different radii, varying from a to
b. Therefore, the total magnetic induction at the centre, (i) where — i is the
contribution of one turn of radius r and dN is the number of turns in 2r the
interval (r, r + dr) N J 2r i.e. b-a Substituting in equation A) and integrating
the result over r between a and b, we obtain, s In — ^nr dr — _ .,r In 2r (b-a)
2(b-a) a (b) The magnetic moment of a turn of radius r is pm = inr and of all
turns, b C au C • N 7iiN(bsa2 2 N A 7iiN(bs-a2) r dr = ——7 :—L b dr 7: b-a
3 (b-a) a $.246 (a) Let us take a ring element of radius r and thickness dr, then
charge on the ring element., dq- a 271 rdr and current, due to this element, at
- •* — - a co r dr 2 ji II st' So, magnetic induction at the centre, due to this
element : dB ■ — r C \i0o<x>rdr \i0 and hence, from symmetry : B - J dB - I
— o 0 (b) Magnetic moment of the element, considered, dpm = (di) Ttr2 = a
co rfr ji r2 = o 71 (o r3 dr Hence, the sought magnetic moment, ajicor3dr-
acoji~ 4 4~ 0
365 3.247 As only the outer surface of the sphere is charged, consider the
element as a ring, as shown in the figure. The equivalent current due to the
ring element, 7T- 2jc B nr sin 9 rd 9) a and magnetic induction due to this
loop element at the centre of the sphere, O, .„ l*o ,. 2 n r sin 6 r sin 6 cus m
— ai 4 „. sin2 9 di r° 4ji r [Using 3.219 (b) ] Hence, the total magnetic
induction due to the sphere at the centre, Oy n/2 TSivQ J B S'-f in2 2 n r2 sin
9 d 9 sin2 9 a 2jt [using A)] 0 Hence, B- 1*0 a cor 4* - 29pT o 3.248 The
magnetic moment must clearly be along the axis of rotation. Consider a
volume element dV It contains a charge 4n/3R to revolve around the axis and
constitute a current. dV. The rotation of the sphere causes this charge rffx CO
Its magnetic moment will be So the total magnetic moment is R n A-88 I I —
^rsinOdQx 0 0 The mechanical moment is cor2sin29 co 4 , So, § 3.249
Because of polarization a space charge is present within the cylinder. It's
density is p « - div P^« - 2a Since the cylinder as a whole is neutral a surface
charge density a must be present on the surface of the cylinder also. This has
the magnitude (algebraically)
366 a x 2tlR - 2 a nR 2 or, a When the cylinder rotates, currents are set up
which give rise to magnetic fields. The contribution of p and a can be
calculated separately and then added. For the surface chaige the current is
(for a particular element) CO ? aRx 2nRdxx — - aR (odx 2k Its contribution
to the magnetic field at the centre is \i0R2(aR2<x)dx) 2(x2+R2)s/2 and the
total magnetic field is - 00 00 /VL0R2(aR2a>dx) n0a*4co C dx m
_.________— I ___________ _ , 9 _»9v 3/9 <"> I , 9 00 — 00 As for the
volume chaige density consider a circle of radius r, radial thickness dr and
length dx. The current is- 2a x 2 k r dr dx x — • -2ardra)dx 2n The total
magnetic field due to the volume charge distribution is 2+ r2f/2 R oo R oo ^r
I dx 2 n r co ^^—r-^r « - I a ja0 co r dr I dx (jc + r ) J 2(jr + r) ^ J 0-oo v/ 0 -
oo R /9 a ji0 cor dr x 2 * - ji0 a co R so, B * 2^ + Bv - 0 o 3.250 Force of
magnetic interaction,/7,^ « e (io< J5 ) Where, D ^ ^ So, ___ _£ 4?i r3 1 er
And Feu= &= e \Fmag\ 2 M « v „ \mag\ 2 Hence, -» — « - v un eft IF I lc - 1-
OOxlO
367 3.251 (a) The magnetic field at O is only due to the curved path, as for
the line element, dl ]*\ rJ Hencc> Thus = 0-20 N/m (b) In this part, magnetic
induction B at O will be effective only due to the two semi infinite segments
of wire. Hence B= 2- Jt/ 4*1- (-*) nsm2("*) Thus force per unit length, Til
3.252 Each element of length dl experiences a force BIdL This causes a
tension T in the wire. For equilibrium, Tda= BIdl, where da is the angle
subtended by the element at the centre. BIdl Then, 7= do. = BIR The wire
experiences a stress BIR nd2/4 This must equals the breaking stress om for
rupture. Thus, T B 7i d2 o m max 4IR 3.253 The Ampere forces on the sides
OP and O' P are directed along the same line, in opposite directions and have
equal values, hence the net force as well as the net torque of these forces
about the axis OO' is zero. The Ampere-force on the segment PP and the cor-
corresponding moment of this force about the axis OO' is effective and is
deflecting in nature.
368 In equilibrium (in the dotted position) the deflecting torque must be
equal to the restoring torque, developed due to the weight of the shape. Let,
the length of each side be / and p be the density of the material then, UB (/
cos G) = (SI p) gtrsin G + {S I p) g --sin 0 + (S/p)g/sin8 or, Hence, B
2Spg/2sin9 tan 9 3.254 We know that the torque acting on a magnetic dipole.
But, pm « i 5 n, where n is the normal on the plane of the loop and is directed
in the direction of advancement of a right handed screw, if we rotate the
screw in the sense of current in the loop. On passing a current through the
coil, this torque /////// acting on the magnetic dipol, is counterbalanced kj by
the moment of additional weight, about 0. Hence, the direction of current in
the loop must '*^ I it) be in the direction, shown in the figure. p^xB - - / x
Amg or, NiSB** A/wg/ kmgl \ I o s So, B NiS 0-4 T on putting the values.
3.255 (a) As is clear from the condition, Ampere's forces on the sides B) and
D) are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. Hence the net effective
force on the frame is the resultant of the forces, experienced by the sides A)
and C). Now, the Ampere force on A), Ho "' F, - -r- o 2k r and that on C), «o*
2it ■1 + 21 So, the resultant force on the frame « Fl - F3, (as they are
opposite in nature.)
369 0-40 >iN. (b) Work done in turning the frame through some angle, A * fi
d 4> ■ i C^ - <$,), where <$f is the flux through the frame in final position,
and <£-, that in the the initial position. Here, I ^/l " I 3>J - <$ and <bi - - so,
A<I> - 2 <I> and A - i 2 <£> Hence, A » 2i I ; a In 2ji r x [ 2r\ -1 3.256 There
are excess surface charges on each wire (irrespective of whether the cunent is
flowing through them or not). Hence in addition to the magnetic force Fm,
we must take into account the electric force F^ Suppose that an excess charge
X corresponds to a unit length of the wire, then electric force exerted per unit
length of the wire by other wire can be found with the help of Gauss's
theorem. 4 n e0 / 4 n e0 where / is the distance between the axes of the wires.
The magnetic force acting per unit length of the wire can be found with the
help of the theorem on circulation of vector B •p m 4* 2i2 \*~ Fe where i is
the current in the wire. B) * Now, from the relation, X * C <p, where C is the
capacitance of the wires per unit lengths and is given in problem 3.108 and
qp = iR or, i-JEL C) rj X mR v ' Dividing B) by A) and then substuting the
value of — from C), we get, A. Up (In TlJ The resultant force of interaction
vanishes when this ratio equals unity. This is possible when R= Rq, where
370 0 3.257 Use 3.225 The magnetic field due to the conductor with
semicircular cross section is B = n2R Then 3.258 We know that Ampere's
force per unit length on a wire element in a magnetic field is given by. —* .
A A A dFn = i(nxB) where n is the unit vector along the direction of current.
A) Now, let us take an element of the conductor i2, as shown in the figure.
This wire element is in the magnetic field, produced by the current ii9 which
is directed normally into the sheet of the paper and its magnitude is given by,
Ho A B 2nr B) From Eqs. A) and B) A . .* - . A dFn = — dr{nxB\ (because
the current through the element equals — dr Ho A A dr r Hence the magnetic
force on the conductor : a + b So, dFn = r±J-l?L towards left (as n lrB ). n 2jt
b - v n -«i In I rlr ^T1 I — (towards left) . —7— in — 2k b a h (towards left).
Then according to the Newton's third law the magnitude of sought magnetic
interaction force In + b a 3.259 By the circulation theorem B = \x0 i, where i
= current per unit length flowing along the plane perpendicular to the paper.
Currents flow in the opposite sense in the two planes and produce the given
field B by superposition. The field due to one of the plates is just —B. The
force on the plate is, 1 B? — B x ix Length x Breadth - -— per unit area. 2
2\i0 (Recall the formula F = Bit on a straight wire)
371 B lf1 +n2 3.260 (a) The external field must be —-—, which when
superposed with the internal field —— (of opposite sign on the two sides of
the plate) must give actual field. Now 2 *l-*2 1 • or, Thus, F- (b) Here, the
external field must be Bx-B2 Br Pl+B2 upward with an internal field, —-—,
upward on the left and downward on the right Thus, i = t • D D ^ D d and F=
— (c) Our boundary condition following from Gauss' law is, Bx cos 9j « B2
cos 92. where i - current per unit length. 2 The external field parallel to the
plate must be - (The perpendicular component Bx cos Bj, does not matter
since the corresponding force is tangential) B* sin2 Ql - B2 sin2 92 Thus, F =
^ per unit area 0 per unit area. The direction of the current in the plane
conductor is perpendicular to the paper and beyond the drawing. 3.261 The
Current density is —, where L is the length of the section. The difference in
pressure produced must be, 1 IB = —7- x B x (abL)/ab - — aL a sin '\ >\ /1 -
B2 sin 92 a
372 3.2B Let t - thickness of the wall of the cylinder. Then, J= 1/2 nRt along
z axis. The magnetic field due to this at a distance r III-- < r < R + -I is given
by, r2-[R-' or> Now, F= I JxBdV I *♦* RL~ 2nRL 3 8n2R2t2r 2nRL x 2 71
rLdr 8 M2 f 3.243 When self-forces are involved, a typical factor of —
comes into play. For example, the £* force on a current carrying straight wire
in a magnetic induction B is BIL If the magnetic induction B is due to the
current itself then the force can be written as, 0 If B (/') a /', then this
becomes, F - | B (I) 11 In the present case, B(T)= \ionl and this acts on nl
ampere turns per unit length, so, F 1. Area 2 Ixnlxlxl 1 2r' Ho" 7 pressure /?
3.244 The magnetic induction B in the solenoid is given by B - |i0 n/. The
force on an element dl of the current carrying conductor is, This is radially
outwards. The factor — is explained above.
376 Here, 5' « B cos G, H' - — 5sin0, 5' - \iBsinQ, H'~ — cos G 71 Mo 1--)
and Mo Only Jn contributes the surface integral and -S n lower lower x (b) ^
F-rfrt. {Bt-B't)l= r 3.275 Inside the cylindrical wire there is an external
current of density —=-. This gives a magnetic txR field H^ with —7T or, R2
' MMo u-1 /r Y/r From this Btn = T and / = -^ =■ = ——T = Magnetization.
Hence total volume molecular current is, r- R The surface current is obtained
by using the equivalence of the surface current density to Jx nf this gives rise
to a surface current density in the z-direction of - The total molecular surface
current is, The two currents have opposite signs. 3.276 We can obtain the
form of the curves, required here, by qualitative arguments. From y H-dh* /,
we get H (x » 0) - H (x « 0) - nl Then B (x » 0) - \i\ionl B(x -<0)= \ionl Also,
B(x<0)= \i0H(x<0) / (jc < 0) - 0 B is continuous at x = 0, if is not These give
the required curves as shown in the answer- sheet.
377 3.277 The lines of the B as well as H field are circles around the wire.
Thus nr Hx xr+H2TLr= I or, Also Thus 1= \i2H2[i0= = B2= B H, \i2 nr and
B 3.278 The medium I is vacuum and contains a circular current carrying coil
with current /. The medium II is a magnetic with permeability \i. The
boundary is the plane z- 0 and the coil is in the plane z = /.To find the
magnetic induction, we note that the effect of the magnetic medium can be
written as due to an image coil in II as far as the medium I is concerned. On
the other hand, the induction in II can be written as due to the coil in I,
carrying a different current. It is sufficient to consider the far away fields and
ensure that the boundary conditions are satisfied there. Now for actual coil in
medium /, Bx Br X I 2p cos 0' W PmSm so, B2 = where B cos 0 - sin 0 ) and
2T (- 3 sin 0' cos 0') pm = / (jt or), a = radius of the coil. Similarly due to the
image coil, Bz = B cos2 0' - sin2 0'), Bx = C sin 0' cos 0'), p'm = /' (* a2 ) As
far as the medium II is concerned, we write similarly - B cos2 0' - sin2 0'), Bx
= = I"{na2)
378 The boundary conditions are, pm +p'm - p"m (from Bu ~Pm+P'm= -\p"m
(from Hlt = 7^) Thus, /" /, 7 /, r f / Ji + 1 |A + 1 In the limit, when the coil is
on the boundary, the magnetic field enverywhere can be obtained by taking
the current to be —^—/. Thus, B = —+ Bn 3.279 We use the fact that within
an isolated uniformly magnetized ball, Hr - - J/3, , where J is the
magnetization vector. Then in a uniform magnetic field with induction BQy
we have by superposition, or, ^ + 2^ 3^ also, 3.280 The coercive force Hc is
just the magnetic field within the cylinder. This is by circulation theorem, Hc
= f = 6 Wm (from (y H-d7*= /, total current, considering a rectangular
contour.) 3.281 We use 0 Neglecting the fringing of the lines of force, we
write this as + —b= 0 or, 101 A/m The sense of H is opposite to B 3.282
Here,* H-dl= NI or, J tt Hence, pi = 3.283 One has to draw the graph of \i =
\i0NI-Bb JD , so, = 3700 NI\iQ-Bb versus if from the given graph. The \x - H
graph starts out horizontally, and then rises steeply at about H = 0-04 k A/m
before falling agian. It is easy to check that \i « 10,000.
382 ~dt BR2dq> BR co, 2 dt where co is the angular velocity of the disc. But
as it starts rotating from rest at t - 0 with an angular acceleration p its angular
velocity co (t) = fit. So, in 2 According to Lenz law the first half cycle current
in the loop is in anticlockwise sense, and in subsequent half cycle it is in
clockwise sense. 2 Thus in general, |^ « (- 1) nBR t9 where n in number of
half revolutions. The plot ^ (f), where tn = V2 k n/$ is shown in the answer
sheet 3.293 Field, due to the current canying wire in the region, right to it, is
directed into the plane of the paper and its magnitude is given by, B = -—
where r is the perpendicular distance from the wire. 2k r r r As B is same
along the length of the rod thus motional e.m.f. 2 and it is directed in the
sense of (v*x B ) So, current (induced) in the loop, m R 2 nRr 3.294 Field,
due to the current carrying wire, at a perpendicular distance x from it is given
by, Motional e.m.f is given by dl There will be no induced e.m.f. in the
segments B) and D) as, v*^ t d I and magnitude of e.m.f. induced in 1 and 3,
will be (a + x)} respectively, and their sense will be in the direction of (v*x
B). So, e.m.f., induced in the network = 61-69 fas 5i > av\ioi 2k 1 1 x a+x
2kx(ci+x)
383 3.295 As the rod rotates, an emf. dtl is induced in it The net current in the
conductor is then R A magnetic force will then act on the conductor of
magnitude BI per unit length. Its direction will be normal to B and the rod
and its torque will be R dxBx Obviously both magnetic and mechanical
torque acting on the CM. of the rod must be equal but opposite in sense. Then
for equilibrium at constant co or, R mgR D Or 2 2 mga sin cor sin cor (a3B2
co + 2 mgR sin co r) 2 aB 2 aB (The answer given in the book is incorrect
dimensionally.) 3.296 From Lenz's law, the current through the connector is
directed form A to B. Here |^ = vBl between A and B where v is the velocity
of the rod at any moment. For the rod, from Fx = mwx or, mg sin a - HB -
mw For steady state, acceleration of the rod must be equal to zero. Hence, mg
sin a = i IB A) But, R From A) and B) v - vBl R mg sin a R B212 3.297 From
Lenz *s 1 aw, the current through the copper bar is directed from 1 to 2 or in
other words, the induced crrrent in the circuit is in clockwise sense. Potential
difference across the capacitor plates, C or> <1 " C
384 Hence, the induced current in the loop, dt ~ dt But the variation of
magnetic flux through the loop is caused by the movement of the bar. So, the
induced e.m.f. ^ = B Iv and, Hence, dt dt dt = CBlw Now, the forces acting
on the bars are the weight and the Ampere's force, where Famp= HB(CBlw)
B= Cl2B2w. From Newton's second law, for the rod, Fx = mwx or, mg sin a -
C I2B2 w = mw Hence w = mgsina Cl2B2 + gsina m 1.298 Flux of By at an
arbitrary moment of time t : B -S « B —— cos co ty From Faraday's law,
induced e.m.f., §^ dt / 2 \ Bn — cos co r \ / dt B na co . z sm co t. and induced
current, in Bit a 2R Now thermal power, generated in the circuit, at the
moment t = t: 2 ' 2 \ B%a co — sin co t R and mean thermal power generated,
1 r 2 — I sin co t dt R J 0 dt 2R a2 B 0 Note : The claculation of ^n which
can also be checked by using motional emf is correct even though the
conductor is not a closed semicircle , for the flux linked to the rectangular
part containing the resistance R is not changing. The answer given in the
book is off by a factor 1/4.
385 3.299 The flux through the coil changes sign. Initially it is BS per turn.
Finally it is - BS per turn. Now if flux is <$ at an intermediate state then the
current at that moment will be -N dt R So charge that flows during a sudden
turning of the coil is q= [idt= -^[<D-(-<D)]« 2NBS/R J R Hence, 1 qR 2NS
0-5 T on putting the values. 3.300 According to Ohm's law and Faraday's law
of induction, the current i0 appearing in the frame, during its rotation, is
determined by the formula, Ldl o ^ dt dt Hence, the required amount of
electricity (charge) is, fio dt- - 3>2- Since the frame has been stopped after
rotation, the current in it vanishes, and hence A /0 = 0. It remains for us to
find the increment of the flux A<$> through the frame Let us choose the
nonnal n to the plane of the frame, for instance, so that in the final position,
n*is directed behind the plane of the figure (along B ). * Then it can be easily
seen that in the final position, <$>2 > 0> while in the initial position, $x < 0
(the normal is opposite to B ), and A <£ turns out to be simply equal to the
fulx through the surface bounded by the final and initial positions of the
frame : b + a A <£> <£>2 + jl - J B a dr, b-a where B is a function of r, whose
form can be easily found with the help of the theorem of circulation. Finally
omitting the minus sign, we obtain, A<X> Mo a 11 b + a 3301 As By due to
the straight current carrying wire, varies along the rod (connector) and enters
linerarly so, to make the calculations simple, B is made constant by taking its
average value in the range [a, b].
388 In figure (c) in both the conductor, clockwise; and there is no current in
the connector to obey the charge conservation. In figure (d) in the left side of
the figure, clockwise. 3.305 The loops are connected in such a way that if the
current is clockwise in one, it is anticlockwise in the other. Hence the e.m.f.
in loop b opposes the e.m.f. in loop a. d 2 id e.m.f. in loop a ■ — (a B) - a -~
(Bo sin cor) Similarly, e.m.f. in loop b = b Bo co cos cor. Hence, net e.m.f. in
the circuit «■ (a - b ) Bo co cos cor, as both the e.m.f *s are in opposite sense,
and resistance of the circuit = 4 (a + b) p Therefore, the amplitude of the
current (a2 - b2) Bo co 4 (a + b) p 0-5 A. 3.306 The flat shape is made up of
concentric loops, having different radii, varying from 0 to a. Let us consider
an elementary loop of radius r, then e.m.f. induced due to this loop = n r J5 co
cos cor. ° dt and the total induced e.m.f., a / (*r2B0<x>coso)t)dN, A) o where
ji r 2 co cos cor is the contribution of one turn of radius r and dN is the
number of turns in the interval [r, r + dr\ So, dN- @)dr B) a 2 /2 tf tzBq(o cos
co tN a - (jt r B0<n cos cor) — dr « r 0 1 2 Maximum value of e.m.f.
amplitude ^^ = — nB0(&Na 3.307 The flux through the loop changes due to
the variation in B with time and also due to the movement of the corinector.
So, d(B-S) dt dips) dt as 5 and B are coll iniear 1 2 But, 5, after r sec. of
beginning of motion « J5r, and S becomes = l — wt , as connector starts
moving from rest with a constant acceleration w. So,
391 2 11 3.315 Given Z, * \xQn V~ \xon lonR , where R is the radius of the
solenoid. Thus, So, length of the wire required is, v 4nLl0 /= nlo2nR = V -
010km. 3316 From the previous problem, we know that, VL14K /' = length
of the wire needed- V , where / ■ length of solenoid here. Po'' Now, R = -—,
(where S = area of crossection of the wire. Also m = p S V) , RS Rm Thus,
Po PPo where p0 = resistivity of copper and p = its density. c ,. Rm LI
Equating, = —7-— PPo H-o'4 ^ ^0 mR or, 4 jr pp0 / 3.317 The current at
time t is given by, The steady state value is, 70 - —• R and ^ r-L-lnr=^ or> '•-
itar^-1'491 3.318 The time constant x is given by 1 1 x - —- — P05 where,
p0 - resistivity, /0 - length of the winding wire, S - cross section of the wire.
But m « / p0 5 Z, So eliminating 5,x = ^ '0 ppo/o m/p/0
393 3.322 For a single current carrying wire,/? - ~— (r > a). For the double
line cable, with current, flowing in opposite directions, in the two conductors,
, between the cables, by superposition. The associated flux is, d-a C I J drxl
M. d Ho. T .fl . In — = — In ri x /, per unit length an n r nan Ho Hence, JL =
—\nr\ 1 n is the inductance per unit length. 3.323 In a superconductor there is
no resistance, Hence, T dl L — = + dt dt So integrating, na2B because A<$>
= Of - ^, Of = n a2 B, Ot = 0 Also, the work done is, A = J '%Idt = I I dt dt - l
T T2- l \T C V H 3.324 In a solenoid, the inductance Z, = HM-qW V= |i Ho
—-—, where S - area of cross section of the solenoid, / - its length, V - 57, N
= nl ■ total number of turns. When the length of the solenoid is increased, for
example, by pulling it, its inductance will decrease. If the current remains
unchanged, the flux, linked to the solenoid, will also decrease. An induced
e.m.f. will then come into play, which by Lenz's law will try to oppose the
decrease of flux, for example, by increasing the current. In the
superconducting state the flux will not change and so, = constant Hence, - =
j-, or, /= Io - = Io A +11) 3.325 The flux linked to the ring can not change on
transition to the superconduction state, for reasons, similar to that given
above. Thus a current / must be induced in the ring, where, 3> na2B naB L /.
8a_^ / ft Sa ^ In —- r b /
394 3326 We write the equation of the circuit as, r\ dt for t £ 0. The current at
t - 0 just after inductance is changed, is i - "H d ' so ^at ^e ^ux through the
inductance is unchanged. We look for a solution of the above equation in the
form i= A+Be -t/c L Substituting C - — ,J5- t| - 1,A - ^ Thus, - lj e -t)Rt/L di
3.327 Clearly, Lj(= R(I-i) =?-/?/ So, ZLj This equation has the solution (as in
3.312) 1 <^> R T-i 7 R 3.328 The equations are, Li Then, jt (I1i1-Z2i2)= 0
or, Lli1-L2i2SSi constant But initially at t - 0, ix - ^ ™ ^ so constant must be
zero and at all times, L2 h = i 5 In the final steady atate, current must
obviously be ix + i2 - ■?■ . Thus in steady state 3.329 Here,J5 at a distance r
from the wire. The flux through the frame is obtained as, 2 it In a Thus, Z,12
= * 12 a
395 3.330 Here also, B » -— and 2 nr Thus, / fhdr N [i\iohN a 3.331 The
direct calculation of the flux 3>2 is a rather complicated problem, since the
configuration of the field itself is complicated. However, the application of
the reciprocity theorem simplifies the solution of the problem. Indeed, let the
same current / flow through loop 2. Then the magnetic flux created by this
current through loop 1 can be easily found. Magnetic induction at the centre
of the loop, : B = 2b So, flux throug loop 1, : <£>12 = 2b and from
reciprocity theorem, <Pl2 " *21 > *21 = '21 1 2- \iQjia i 2b So, Mo 3332 Let
pm be the magnetic moment of the magnet M. Then the magnetic field due to
this magnet is, n / trtn r r The flux associated with this, when the magnet is
along the axis at a distance x from the centre, is 3 (pf- r) f 4 Ji. - ^o r 2ji
where,<l>2= -—p I —■=— *n *J (x + 0 and 3 1*0A HP, m f l So, a' 2 (x2 +
a2f/2 / 2 2V (* +P) 3/2 PjSf 2n n J (x + o A _ 1
396 When the flux changes, an e.m.f. - N ^~r- is induced and a current - —
ZL-r- flows. The dt R dt total charge qy flowing, as the magnet is removed to
infinity from x = 0 is, or, 3.333 If a current / flows in one of the coils, the
magnetic field at the centre of the other coil is, 2aqR B \xoa2l 3/2 2/ , as /» a.
The flux associated with the second coil is then approximately \x0 jc a 1/2 I
Hence, \x0 na dl, 3.334 When the current in one of the loop is 7: = at, an
e.m.f. L12—7—= L12a, is induced i the other loop. Then if the current in the
other loop is 72 we must have, This familiar equation has the solution, -tR
L12 ex / L \ I2 = —-— 1 - e 2 which is the required current R 3.335 Initially,
after a steady current is set up, the current is flowing as shown. In steady
condition i20 = ^ , i10 = -~ • a Ro When the switch is disconnected, the
current through Ro changes from i10 to the right, to i20 to the left. (The
current in the inductance cannot change suddenly.). We then have the
equation, dL In == U. dt This equation has the solution / The heat dissipated
in the coil is, L I Sw R. 0 0 + KoyLdt Rl™ *2(R + R0)~ 2R(R+R0)
397 3.336 To find the magnetic field energy we recall that the flux varies
linearly with current Thus, when the flux is 3> for current i, we can write <(>
= A L The total energy inclosed in the field, when the current is /, is [\idt= f J
* J W [\idt f N^ J * J dt N A i di o The characteristic factor — appears in this
way. 3.337 We apply circulation theorem, H-2nb- NIy or, H» NI/2nb. Thus
the total energy, %2a2 b BE. Given N,/, b we know Hy and can find out B
from the B -H curve. Then W can be calculated. 3.338 From 6 H-dr*= NIy
B_ Mo NI Also, B ■ u,iinH. Thus, H = r ^ ^u nd+\xb Since B is continuous
across the gap, B is given by, NI B in the magnetic and the gap. «2 ^—xSxb
(b) The flux is So, Energy wise; total energy B2 M- j 2 u
398 The Ly found in the one way, agrees with that, found in the other way.
Note that, in calculating the flux, we do not consider the field in the gap,
since it is not linked to the winding. But the total energy includes that of the
gap. 3.339 When the cylinder with a linear charge density X rotates with a
circular frequency co, a surface current density (charge / length x time) of . is
set up. The direction of the surface current is normal to the plane of paper at
Q and the contribution of this current to the magnetic field at P is dB dS
where e is the direction of the current. In magnitude, |i^<r^= r, since £*is
normal to r*and the direction of dB is as shown. It's component, dB» cancels
out by cylindrical symmetry. The component that survives is, dBn ; cos 0 J
dQ- where we have used dS cos 0 d Q and I d Q = 4 jt, the total solid angle
around any point. The magnetic field vanishes outside the cylinder by similar
argument. The total energy per unit length of the cylinder is, 8% a 3.340 wE
= -£0£ , for the electric field, l w B for the magnetic field. B Thus, when
3.341 The electric field at P is, B 3 x 108 V/m ql .2 3/2
399 To get the magnetic field, note that the rotating ring constitutes a current
i the corresponding magnetic field at P is, q co/2 ji, and B. a2 i 3/2 • Thus, W
M f qlx2 ) 4 Jt e0 ji0 a i 1 f I a2 co w or, M fE 2 4 /i e0 \x0 co a // P 3342 The
total energy of the magnetic field is, BB dV-irl J-BdV. The second term can
be interpreted as the energy of magnetization, and has the density -\rt 3.343
(a) In series, the current I flows through both coils, and the total e.m.f.
induced, when the current changes is, f dt dt or, (b) In parallel, the current
flowing through either coil is, — and the e.m.f. induced is Equating this to -
Z/ —, we find V = —L at 2 3344 We use So, 3345 The interaction energy is
1 C ,-*,2 1 C 2 H-o J II 2 \i0 J 1 f-*-*„„ _ ■ D . D Ji/ ■ ■I *■ ^ Here, if 5X is
the magnetic field produced by the first of the current carrying loops, and
B2y that of the second one, then the magnetic field due to both the loops will
be Bx + B2-
400 3.346 We can think of the smaller coil as constituting a magnet of dipole
moment, Its direction is normal to the loop and makes an angle 6 with the
direction of the magnetic field, due to the bigger loop. This magnetic Geld is,
= 2b The interaction energy has the magnitude, I tx/ I ^oA^2 2 Q ' I" ~~Th—
n cos Its sign depends on the sense of the currents. 3.347 (a) There is a radial
outward conduction current Let Q be the instantaneous charge on the inner
sphere, then, •a 2 dQ r* 1 dQ a / x 4 n r = - -f- or, / = z -r~ r- J dt J 4nr2 dt dD
d On the other hand Ad = -— = -r x/d dt dt ( Q A r - -j n a (b) At the given
moment, E - 3 r r 4 ^c e0 e r and by Ohm's lawj ^ P 4 3t e0 e p r Then, 4 jc e0
e , *r\ ir, ~i m -~ -— COS V7 and r eoe P The surface integral must be -ve
because jd, being opposite of;, is inward. 3.348 Here also we see that
neglecting edge effects, jd~ -;. Thus Maxwell's equations reduce to,div 1?= 0,
Curl H** 0, 5*- \iH A general solution of this equation is B - constant » Bo -
Bo can be thought of as an extraneous magnetic field. If it is zero, B = 0.
3.349 Given / = Im sin cor. We see that I Im or, D - —- cos cor, so, Em = is
the amplitude of the electric field and is 7V/cm
401 3350 The electric field between the plates can be written as, Vm . Vm E
« Re —£ el w \ instead of —j- cos <ot a a This gives rise to a conduction
current, and a displacement current, 3D Jd~ IF" Reeoel>(°-f el<of The total
current is, jT » -j-vo2 + (e0 e coJ cos (co r + a) where, tan a a co on taking the
real part of the resultant. The corresponding magnetic field is obtained by
using circulation theorem, r=* nr2jT or, H - #m cos (cor + a), where, #m *
^ltV?+ (e0 e co): 3351 Inside the solenoid, there is a magnetic field, B n Im
sin Since this varies in time there is an associated electric field. This is
obtained by using, Edr dt J BdS For r< R,2%rE= -B-nr2, or, Br 2 For r> 2r
The associated displacement current density is, dE \-*oBr/2 The answer,
given in the book, is dimensionally incorrect without the factor 3352 In the
non-relativistic limit 4 k e0 r" (a) On a straight line coinciding with the
charge path, Jdm e0 BE q dt " 4% r3 , fusing, V dt - v.
402 But in this case, r » - v and v - » v? so, y^ « —^- 4 3T (b) In this case,r »
0, as, r*L v^Thus, 4;ir 3353 We have, £^ 4 ji e0 then j4m — . e0 —- ——f—
5^j(a -2r) This is maximum, when x « jc^ « 0, and minimum at some other
value. The maximum displacement current density is 4]tfl3 To check this we
calculate •—— ; dx This vanishes for x - 0 and for * » y -• a. The latter is
easily shown to be a smaller local minimum (negative maximum). 3354 We
use Maxwell's equations in the form, when the conduction current vanishes at
the site. We know that, —T~ V JQ» Ti£—2 ji A - cos 6), 4 Jt e where, 2ji A -
cos 9) is the solid angle, formed by the disc like surface, at the charge. X —*
—*■ 1 Thus, G> B-dr= 2xaB~ j\ioq-smQ-d On the other hand,* * a cot 0
differentiating and using — = - v, v = a cosec 0 0 \i0 q v r sin 9 Thus, 2*« ,
43i r3
This can be written as, B 403 —"W 9 and if - -j1 — (The sense has to be
checked independently.) 3355 (a) If F= lB{t\ then, Curl £ = Z^E- * 0. So, E
cannot vanish. (b) Here also, curl E * 0, so E cannot be uniform. (c) Suppose
for instance, E » a*f (t) where 5* is spatially and temporally fixed vector.
Then - — = curl E = 0. Generally speaking this contradicts the other equation
curl H'- —- * 0 for in this case the left hand side is time independent but
RHS. depends on time. The only exception is when / (t) is linear function.
Then a uniform field E can be time dependent. 3356 From the equation Curl
H - ; at We get on taking divergence of both sides ^ "-* _ -— div D = div/
But div Z) = p and hence div ; + ^ ■ 0 ot 3357 From Vx£ = - ot we get on
taking divergence 0= - — di dt This is compatible with div B « 0 3358 A
rotating magnetic field can be represented by, Bx = 2?0 cos co t; 5^ ■ Bo sin
cor and Bz « 5^ Then curl, /?■- So, - (Curl E )x = - co ^0 sin cor = - y - (Curl
E )y * co J50 cos cor « cofi^ and - (Curl £ )z * 0 Hence, Curl E » - ccTx ^ ,
where, co » e3 co .
405 3363 Suppose, there is only electric field Ey inX. Then in K'y
considering nonrelativistic velocity v xE E'B'- 0 So, In the relativistic case,
E1 \\" E\\ El V 1 - vVc2 B B1 - v*x E/c Vl - Now, ' • 5' - £'„ • 5'n + £'x • B\ -
0, since \-B\" - Et • (yx 3.364 lnK,B- b^f^r, b - vVc2) constant 0 A A In A A
The electric field is radial (r^ xi+yj ). 3365 Z^ A A = a-^r*= (xi+yj r In The
magnetic lines are circular. v xE arxv c2 ' c2? 2 , 2 3366 In the non
relativistic limit, we neglect v /c and write, EL m EL + v x B '± * 5± -
vxE/cA These two equations can be combined to give, 3367 Choose E in the
direction of the z-axis, E ■ @,0, E). The frame K! is moving with velocity v
* (v sin a, 0, v cos a), in the x - z plane. Then in the frame K'y E n m Ew B
Km 0 The vector along v is e is, Vi - vw x vr^ (sin a, 0, cos a) and the
perpendicular vector in the x-z plane /= (- cos a, 0, sin a),
406 (a) Thus using E = E cos a e + E sin a /, E\\ - E cos a and E „ - , =, " " Vl
- vVc2 So £'-£ Vi= cos2 a 1-P and tana' tan a Vl - vVc2 (b) fi'n = 0, 2?'x - Vi-
B' pjgsina c Vl - P2 3368 Choose 5 in the z direction, and the velocity v^» (v
sin a, 0, v cos a) in the x - z plane, then in the K' frame, vxB 1 V 1 - vVc2 B 1
Vl - vVc2 We find similarly, E' c p B sin a Vi - p Br= B A/1 - V i-P tan a'
tana 3.369 (a) We see that, '„ • B\ + £'± • 5'± v xE 2 1 " 2 C 1 ~* ~~* /—' £■.
• 5, — (v' xB 2 - V X XJ ) • (v x 7c2 E xl 2 -7 But, - A CB -D -A DBCy 2\ 1-
so, (b) £'2 - | - c2 B'\ + ^'i - c2 B'
412 Thus, m0v2 rVl-(v2/c2) B ev or, v/c Ber Vl - (v2 / c2) mo or, c Ber
Finally,, 2 Jim o eB 2 -2 . __J2 J2 r2 + mo 3.380 (a) As before,/? - B qr. (b)
(c) using the result for v from the previous problem. 3.381 From C.279), j_ Jt
e (relativistic), T. 2 Jim, 0 c2eB (nonrelativistic), Here, Thus, Now, m0c2/Vl-
v2/c2 - E 67 — > W-K.E.) , so, 3.382 T= (The given potential difference is
not large enough to cause significant deviations from the nonrelativistic
formula). Thus, m So, Now, and Pitch m cos a, v± sin a m m p- V«T" Be
.Bev, or, r= 2 Jim Be cos a - 2 mv cos a
413 3383 The charged particles will traverse a helical trajectory and will be
focussed on the axis after traversing a number of turms. Thus / 2 ji/w ( 1 v 2
Tun vA qB1 qB, So, Hence, n n +1 i / B2-Bx lion v0 q (B2 - Bx or, m or,
3.384 Let us take the point A as the origin O and the axis of the solenoid as z-
axis. At an arbitrary moment of time let us resolve the velocity of electron
into its two rectangular components, v.i along the axis and v£ to the axis of
solenoid. We know the magnetic force does no work, so the kinetic energy as
well as the speed of the electron | v± | will remain constant in the x-y plane.
Thus v£ can change only its direction as shown in the Fig.. Vii will remain
constant as it is parallel to B. Thus at t = t vx = vL cos cor = v sin a cos cor,
and v± sin cor « v sin a sin co r u eB vr = v cos a , where co = — z m As at r
= 0, we have x = y = z = 0, so the motion law of the electron is. z = vcosar
vsina CO vsina co smco r (cos cor - 1) (The equation of the helix) On the
screen, /, so r = vcosa Then, 2 2 2 2 v^ sin* a /. co/ r « x + v - ^ 1 - cos co
vcos a r = 2 v sin a co sin co/ 2 v cos a eB sin a sm 2 mv cos a
414 3.385 Choose the wire along the z-axis, and the initial direction of the
electron, along the jc-axis. Then the magnetic field in' the x - z plane is along
the y-axis and outside the wire it is, -0, if y-0) The motion must be confined
to the x-z plane. Then the equations of motion are, d Multiplying the first
equation by vx and the second by vz and then adding, v dvr dt z dt or, v2 + v2
- v2 , say, or, vz - V vg - v\ dx m u x 2nx _ dx °r> /~r J 2 Jim a: V2 on
usingjV^ = v0 , if x = a (i.e. initially). Now, v^ = 0, when x = jcm, so, xM=
aev° , where 6 = m 2iun 3.386 Inside the capacitor, the electric field follows a
— law, and so the potential can be written as _ V lnr/a -V 1 ^ \nb/a ' Inb/ar'
Here r is the distance from the axis of the capacitor. A1 mv2 qV 1 2 Also, = 7
—^- or mv r \nbIar r = 7^or mv \ r \nbIar r \nbIa On the other hand, mv - 4 5 r
in the magnetic field. Thus, v = ——:—7-7— and -^ = tt- = BrXnbla m Br
:77 and tt ^1 BrXnbla m Br B2r2ln(b/a)
415 dvx dv. dv. 3.387 The equations of motion are, dvy t —f-« qE and These
equations can be solved easily. First, vy - Then, v2x + v2z = constant - v\ as
before. In fact, vx = v0 cos cor and vz « v0 sin cor as one can check.
Integrating again and using x=z=0, atf=O m x » — sin cor, z = — A - cos
cor) co co Thus. 2 = 0 for n At that instant, yn = ^- x —=-.— x n2 x Also, 2n
co 2K2mEn2 tan an = —, (vz = 0 at this moment) 0 gB 1 X -*—X 'o ^f^rn <?
£ m 2jtn 2nEn 3.388 The equation of the trajectory is, )t), y = ^r^2 as before
see C.384). Now on the screen x = /, so y y x = — sin cor, z = — A - cos coi
CO CO co/ . _ i co/ sin cor« — or, cor- sin — At that moment, qE I . _ico/
'sin — so, and CO/ 0 sui . -v/2mco2y ui V =r^- qE vo0 . 2 cor —2 sin -— 2 -
sin . \/2 q B2y in V —*;—z- Em 2 For small CO ' . - 1 CO/ sm — f cor /tan--
- 2 or, ^2y_ 2^~ T" / 2mE z2 qB2i . z is a parabola.
422 But, n B2e2r2 _ 2jt2mvV 2eVm" eV rn 4 ji3 v2 mr2 Thus, 5- r-jT - 1-24
km Z JT T ft 3.399 In the nth orbit, = n 7n= -• We ignore the rest mass of the
electron and write vn v vrt« c. Also W« cp= cBern. Thus, rt c. Also W cp
cBern. 2kW n Bee2 2jiWv _ or, n - r— - 9 2 3.400 The basic condition is the
relativistic equation, mv2 _ wov D = 5ov, or, /wv = . = = Bar. Vl - vV2 Or
calling, co = —" , m o we get, co = — -, con c2 is the radius of the
instantaneous orbit. The time of acceleration is, N N N t 2vb" Zj ton" Zj
qBc2' rt- 1 rt» 1 n N is the number of crossing of either Dee. 2 nAW But, T^
= m0 c + —~—, there being two crossings of the Dees per revolution. So, t-
> —4 + V 7imo< Also, rss rN — m "" TIF* ^—d~ " (oN 7i dN 2qBc
423 Hence finally, co co0 AW2 N< y A^B2c' m co0 co0 V (AW? m qBAW
Jl 7W0 C 3.401 When the magnetic field is being set up in the solenoid, and
electric field will be induced in it, this will accelerate the charged particle. If
B is the rate, at which the magnetic field is increasing, then. 2 ' 1 ' ji r f? =
2nrE or E = ~^r^ Thus, m~Ts" 9*r^7> or v* After the field is set up, the
particle will execute a circular motion of radius p, where mv = Bqp, or p = —
r 3.402 The increment in energy per revolution is e <t>, so the number of
revolutions is, W The distance traversed is, s = 2 nrN 3.403 On the one hand,
meE dt 2xr dt 2xr dt o On the other , p = B (r) er, r - constant. so,
&L=erftB(r)merB(r) Hence, erB (r) - -—it r2~r<B> ' K 2nr dt So, i(|| This
equations is most easily satisfied by taking B (r0) - y < 5 >. ro 1 1 f 3.404 The
condition, B (r0) - ~ < 5 > * ~J ,2 0 0
424 or, B (r^ « -j f Brdr This gives r0. In the present case, ro °o ro« 3.405 The
induced electric field (or eddy current field) is given by, r 0 Hence, r dE 1_£
dt This vanishes for r = r0 by the betatron condition, where r0 is the radius of
the equilibrium orbit 3.406 From the betatron condition, dB Thus, 4<B> r dt
Ar d<B> d& z and "" «r d dt dt At So, energy increment per revolution is,
2n?eB e dt - Ar 3.407 (a) Even in the relatjvistic case, we know that: p = Ber
Thus, W= y/c2p2 + ml c4 - m0c2 - m0 c2 Nl + iB (b) The distance traversed
is, W WAt 2nr2eB/At on using the result of the previous problem.