1- Define Antigen: Self-antigen:,Hapten: & Pathogens:,Antigen:substance that induces

the production of antibodies, Hapten-small molecule -> combine with larger (carrier
protein) ->produces antibodies that end up binding to itself, Self-antigen: serves as an
antigen for itself(e.g having ur one money machine at home), pathogens: bacteria, virus,
microbe, anything disease-causing;
2- List the organs that form the Lymphatic system,"tonsils "spleen "appendix "thymus
3- List 3 main functions of the lymphatic system,1)transport fluid back to bloodstream
2)Absorption of fatty acids and transport them to the circulatory system 3)production of
immune cells (such as lymphocytes, monocytes, and antibody-producing cells called
plasma cells)
4- What is the composition of the lymph?,small amounts of protein, water,
solutes(depending on where in the body your looking the composition will vary e.g might
discover glucose, and or fats) NO RBC only WBC
5- What physical and chemical factors provide protection from disease?,-the first line of
defense against disease is the physical barrier known as the skin, mucous membrane is
also part of the first line of defense, -the second line of defense uses chemical and
cellular methods to attack any unrecognized invader
6- What are the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation?,swelling, heat, redness,
pain
7- Which inflammatory chemical promote vasodilation?,Histamine-causes contraction of
smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries
8- What is the main drainage system for the lymph?,Lymphatic Vessels
9- Where is the thoracic duct drain the lymph into?,the circulatory system at the left
brachiocephalic vein between the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins.
10- Which body parts drain the right lymphatic duct?,from the right upper limb, the right
side of the thorax and right halves of head and neck.
11- Define: Lymphedema: & Lymphadenopathy:,Lymphedema: swelling of the arms or
legs caused by a blockage or backing up in the lymphatic vessel, Lymphadenopathy:
abnormally swollen or enlarged lymph nodes, or even abnormal in number if too many
or too little
12- What are the two specific types of lymphocytes? And listed their functions,B-cells:
mature in bone marrow(distinguishable by surface protein B-receptor), T-cells:
developed in thymus gland, Natural Killer cells:cytotoxic: the ability to scan over all sets,
recognize any sort of foreign impurity of any sort. then it. neutralizes it as if it was never
there but of course not before forming a memory in case it wants to show up again
those memory cells will recognize and destroy immediately on the spot.
13- What are the two main divisions of immunity?,innate & adaptive
14- List the components of nonspecific (Innate) immunity,present at birth, respond to
harmful agents immediately, non-specific
15- What are the components of first line of defense?,skin, and mucosa
16- What is the second line of defense consist of?,The second line of defense is
nonspecific resistance that destroys invaders in a generalized way without targeting
specific individuals: Phagocytic cells ingest and destroy all microbes that pass into body
tissues
17- What are the components of adaptive (specific) immunity?,humoral immunity,
mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes, and cell-mediated immunity,
mediated by T lymphocytes
18- What the characteristics of specific immunity?,The 3 R's (recognize, remember, and
respond )
19- Which lymphocyte cell involved in cellular (cell-mediated) immunity?,activation of
phagocytes
20- Which lymphocyte cell involved in humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity?,cell-
mediated (T-Cells)
21- Where B cell become (mature) immunocompetent?,Bone Marrow
22- In which lymphoid organ T cell become (mature) immunocompetent?,thymus
23- List 4 varieties of T cells,"cytotoxic T-cells, effectors, "Killer T-cell(carry out attack),
Helper T-Cell(promote the action of )
24- What is the function of Interferons?,they have the ability to inhibit virus replication
25- A rise in the level of interferon in the body suggests what kind of infection?,Viruses
elicit interferon formation
26- What are the functions of complement proteins?,a complex system of more than 30
proteins that act in concert to help eliminate infectious microorganisms. Specifically, the
complement system causes the lysis (bursting) of foreign and infected cells, the
phagocytosis (ingestion) of foreign particles and cell debris, and the inflammation of
surrounding tissue.
27- What is function of membrane attack complex (MAC)?,The membrane-attack
complex (MAC) to lysis the plasma membrane, to form a circular hole in the membrane
of pathogens.
28- Which cell plays the role of Immunological surveillance?,(NK CELLS) not only do
immunological surveillance but NK cells hunt for tumors and kill on set cancer cells
29- What functions do lymph nodes, the spleen and the tonsils serve?,-Lymph nodes
are major sites of B and T lymphocytes, and other white blood cells. Lymph nodes are
important for the proper functioning of the immune system, acting as filters for foreign
particles and cancer cells. - Proteins called antibodies produced by the immune cells in
the tonsils help to kill germs and help to prevent throat and lung infections.
30- What is the largest lymphoid organ? And his functions,(Spleen)It acts as a filter for
blood as part of the immune system. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and
platelets and white blood cells are stored there. The spleen also helps fight certain kinds
of bacteria that cause pneumonia and meningitis
31- What are the role of the thymus in immunity?,site of anti-self-screening and
maturation of T lymphocytes
32- List 3 functions of helper T cells,-Plays a central role in adaptive immune response -
Activate both humoral and cellular arms -Once primed by APC presentation of antigens,
they help activate T and B cells, induce T and B cell proliferation, their cytokines recruit
other immune cells -Amplifies the immune response of the innate immune system -
Activate macrophages (more potent killers) -Mobilize lymphocytes and macrophages,
and attract other types of WBCs
33- List 3 functions of cytotoxic T cells,-recognize antigen presented on MHC I
molecules -kill virus-infected cells, tumor cells, nonself cells -any cell with nuclei
34- List 4 functions of cytokines,a group of proteins made by the immune system that
act as chemical messengers. Learn about the functions of different cytokines, including
chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines and tumor necrosis factor.ndocrine
action).
35- Be able to distinguish different types of adaptive immunity and give examples for
each type.,
Passive: naturally or Artificially,
Active: naturally or artificially,
36- Define:Immunocompetence: Sensitization: Opsonization:,-Immunocompetence is
the ability of the body to produce a normal immune response following exposure to an
antigen., -Sensitization: an enhancement of response to a whole class of stimuli in
addition to the one that is repeated., -An opsonin is any molecule that enhances
phagocytosis by marking an antigen for an immune response or marking dead cells for
recycling
37- List the two main types of MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins,class 1
MHC-protein molecules span the membrane of almost every cell in an organism. Class2
MHC molecules are restricted to cells of the immune system called macrophages and
lymphocytes.
38- Which MHC types found only on the surface of nucleated cells?,class 1 MHC is
expressed on all nucleated cells and is essential for the presentation of normal self-
antigen
39- Which MHC types found on surface of APC and lymphocytes cells?,Class 2MHC:
molecules expressed only on the surface of antigen presenting cells
(APC)macrophages, dendritic cells, and b-cells
40- Which MHC types found on helper T cells (CD-4 T cells)?,(class 2MHC) because
helper T-cells themselves can only function when activated to become an effector cell.
they are activated on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC)
41- Which MHC types found on cytotoxic and suppressor T cells (CD-8 T cells)?,
42- List 3 functions of antibody (immunoglobulins),1) Antibodies are secreted into the
blood and mucosa, where they bind to and inactivate foreign substances such as
pathogens and toxins (neutralization).2) Antibodies activate the complement system to
destroy bacterial cells by lysis (punching holes in the cell wall).3) Antibodies facilitate
phagocytosis of foreign substances by phagocytic cells (opsonization).
43- What is the most abundant type of immunoglobulins? And list 3 functions of it,IgG is
the most abundant and responsible for resistance against many viruses, and bacterial
toxins
44- How is the secondary response to an antigen different from the primary
response?,Antigen-specific T cells are selected during a primary immune response and
expand to produce clones of T cells with high specificity for the activating antigen. ... In
a secondary response to the same antigen, memory cells are rapidly activated. This
process is quicker and more effective than the primary response.
45- Which immunoglobulins (antibody) are responsible for resistance against bacteria,
virus, and toxin?,D) IgG.
46- Which immunoglobulins (antibody) can normally cross the placenta to provide
passive immunity to the fetus?,
47- Which immunoglobulins (antibody) first response after an antigen encounter (acute
infection)?,
48- In what ways does the complement system increase antibody-mediated immune
response?,
49- Which immunoglobulins (antibody) found primarily in body fluid or glandular
secretions?,
50- List 4 examples of autoimmune diseases,A) Graves' disease B) rheumatoid arthritis
C) pernicious anemia D) Type 1 diabetes mellitus
1) Protein-containing fluid within lymphatic vessels.,D)lymph
2) Stores blood platelets.,B)spleen
3) Receives lymph from most of the body.,A)thoracic duct
4) Small organs intimately associated with lymphatic vessels.,C)lymph Nodles
5) Largest lymphatic organ.,B)SPLEEN
6) Isolated clusters of lymph follicles found in the wall of the small intestine.,C)Peyers's
patches
CH. 23: Respiratory System,
1- List 4 functions of the respiratory system,1. Inhalation and Exhalation Are Pulmonary
Ventilation—That's Breathing 2. External Respiration Exchanges Gases Between the
Lungs and the Bloodstream 3. Internal Respiration Exchanges Gases Between the
Bloodstream and Body Tissues 4. Air Vibrating the Vocal Cords Creates Sound 5.
Olfaction, or Smelling, Is a Chemical Sensation
2- List the organs that compose of the Respiratory System and their specific
functions,There are 3 major parts of the respiratory system: the airway, the lungs, and
the muscles of respiration. The airway, which includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, carries air between the lungs and the body's exterior.
3- What are the two structural (anatomical) divisions of the respiratory system? And list
their components,The upper respiratory tract structures are found in the head and neck
and consist of the nose, pharynx, and larynx. -The lower respiratory tract structures are
located in the thorax or chest and include the trachea, bronchi, and lungs (=
bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli).
4- List the two functional divisions of the respiratory system and their
components,Conducting Portion: includes all of the cavities and structures that transport
air to and from the alveoli, Respiratory System: the alveoli and the gas exchange
surfaces
5- Which epithelium type mainly lined the upper respiratory tract?,Respiratory
epithelium is a type of ciliated epithelium found lining most of the respiratory tract,
where it serves to moisten and protect the airways. It is not present in the larynx and
pharynx
6- List the functions of the nasal cavity,The function of the nasal cavity is to warm,
moisturize, and filter air entering the body before it reaches the lungs. Hairs and mucus
lining the nasal cavity help to trap dust, mold, pollen and other environmental
contaminants before they can reach the inner portions of the body.
7- What is the function of the epiglottis?,the main function of the epiglottis is to seal off
the windpipe during eating, so that food is not accidentally inhaled
8- List 3 functions of the larynx,prevents passage of food into the airway during
swallowing, regulates the flow of air into lungs, functions in vocalization
9- What is the name of the serous membrane that covers the lung?,pleura lines the
inside of the rib cage and the diaphragm while the inner, visceral or pulmonary, layer
covers the lungs
10- What is the main form of oxygen transport in blood?,Most oxygen (98.5 percent)
carried in the blood is bound to the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells.
11- What is the main form of carbon dioxide transport in blood?,Carbon dioxide is
transported in the blood from the tissue to the lungs in three ways:1 (i) dissolved in
solution; (ii) buffered with water as carbonic acid; (iii) bound to proteins, particularly
haemoglobin
12- What is hypoxia? What is anoxia?,hypoxia (reduced supply of oxygen), specifically
involving the brain; when the brain is completely deprived of oxygen, it is called cerebral
anoxia.
13- What is eupnea?,is normal, good, unlabored breathing, sometimes known as quiet
breathing or resting respiratory rate
14- What structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea?,eppiglotis
15- What is the primary site for gas exchange in the lung?,alveolus
16- What are the functions of the glottis?,the part of the larynx consisting of the vocal
cords and the slitlike opening between them. It affects voice modulation through
expansion or contraction.
17- What is the basic functional unit for the lung?,alveoli : filled with oxygen
18- Which alveolar cells secrete the surfactant?,Alveolar type II cells secrete a
lipoprotein material called surfactant, whose primary function is to reduce the surface
tension in the alveoli
19- What is the function of the surfactant?,Its main function is to reduce the surface
tension at the air/liquid interface in the lung.
20- List 2 factors that keep lungs from collapsing,surfactant, and pleural pressure
21- The pressure in the alveoli is known as:,INTRApulmonary:because alveoli are inside
the lungs
22- What is atelectasis?,complete or partial collapsing of lungs
23- What is emphysema?,a group of diseases that block airflow
24- Infant respiratory distress syndrome occurs because premature infants lack the
ability to produce which substance?,The surfactant which assists in lowering surface
tension.
25- How many O2 molecules can be bound to hemoglobin?,
26- List 2 main muscles of inspiration,diaphragm, external intercostals
27- What happened to the thoracic cage or the lung volume during inspiration?,When
you breathe in, or inhale, your diaphragm contracts (tightens) and moves downward.
This increases the space in your chest cavity, into which your lungs expand. The
intercostal muscles between your ribs also help enlarge the chest cavity. They contract
to pull your rib cage both upward and outward when you inhale.
28- Where is the respiratory control center located?,in the medulla oblongata, and pons,
in the midbrain
29- What are three factors that can affect the lung compliance?,-the effort required to
stretch lungs and thoracic wall. -high compliance: easy expansion. -low compliance:
resisted expansion
30- What is external respiration?,occurs inside the lungs when o2 diffuses into the blood
and CO2 diffuses into the alveoli
31- What are the processes that occur during external respiration?,external respiration;
is the exchange of gases with the external environment. takes place in lungs
32- What is pulmonary ventilation?,the process of air moving into the lungs during
inhalation, and out of the lugs during exhalation
34- What is the common pathway between the respiratory system and digestive
system?,the pharynx
35- Which epithelium tissue lines the oropharynx?,the oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
are lined by non-keratinized squamous epithelium