Country Per capita consumption

(kwh/year)

USA 13467

China 2986

India 714
Currently Installed Generation
Capacity % share in Generation

2,09,276.04 MW = 2x109X 2% Fossil

12% Fuels

Hydro-
Source of Power Share in MW Large
19%
Fossil Fuels 140206
67% Renewable
Hydro-Large 39291 Sources
Renewable Sources 24998
Nuclear
Nuclear
4780
TOTAL 2,09,276

India's power generation capacity will need to scale up -

Presently it is 209 GW
by 2030 it will be over 460 GW
at 6% growth rate Source: CEA, Annual Report
Max Demand 140090 MW

Supply 125234 MW

Deficit 14856 MW

%age deficit 10.6

Reference=http://cea.nic.in/reports/yearly/lgbr_report.pdf
 Most parts of India receive good solar
radiation 5-7 kWh/sq. m/day
 Within 6 hours deserts receive more
energy from the sun than humankind
consumes within a year – Gerhard Knies
 I = 6 kwh/m2/day or 250w/m2
Efficiency = 15%
=> Power Produced = 37.5 W/m2
i.e. 37.5 MW/KM2
i.e. 1 GW/25 KM2

=>Thar desert area is 2.28 Lac KM2

(0.28 Million KM2)

So now you can imagine the potential!!!

 Mission aims to achieve grid tariff parity by 2022 through
 Cost reduction
 Research and development
 Local manufacturing and supporting infrastructure
Application Segment Target for Phase Cumulative Target Cumulative Target
I (2010-13) for Phase II for Phase III
(2013-17) (2017-22)

Grid Solar Power

1,100 MW 4,000 MW 20,000 MW
incl. Roof Top

Off. Grid Solar

200 MW 1,000 MW 2,000 MW
Applications
(inc. Rural Solar Lights)

Solar Collectors 7 million sq.m. 15 million sq. m. 20 million sq. m.

http://www.mnre.gov.in/solar-mission/jnnsm
 Solar capital of India with Asia’s largest solar park

 More than 600 MW solar photovoltaic installations

 Government launched special solar energy educational

 Programs to full fill increasing demand of technical experts

 Creating employment of 45,000 People in renewable energy sector

 Ambitious plan of generating 100,000 Million units of clean green energy

annually
Best way to learn is looking at
 High Electric bills
 Increasing electricity tariff rates
 Frequent electricity cut off
 No contribution in environment saving
 What if we used other sources of
energy to power our house !!!

Which are…
 Free of cost (just requires initial investment)
 Provides more reliability
 Helps in contributing for saving environment

Lets see how we can work it out….

Advantages of solar energy –
 Locally available
 Free source of unlimited energy
If we want to power your house / this lecture
hall by using solar power
Then,

1) How will we proceed ?

2) What will be the system size and cost?

3) What other systems we will have to integrate ?

4) What will be the methodology of sizing of each equipment ?

5) What precautions we will have to take and how much the

overall system will cost?
1. Solar radiation assessment

2. Site survey and estimating maximum available energy

3. Understanding Photovoltaic technology

4. Requirement analysis

5. Determine load, power and energy consumption

6. System concept development

7. PV array and battery selections

8. Charge controller and inverter selection

Install and Run Pvsyst on your laptops
 energy received from sun on a unit area perpendicular
to the rays of sun

Radiation is inversely proportional to square of the distance

At the mean distance of sun and earth, rate at which energy is received
from sun on unit area perpendicular to rays of sun is solar constant

Its value is 1367 W/m2 = Isc

 Beam radiations (Direct )
Diffused radiations (Diffuse from sky + Reflected from ground)
Global (Beam+Diffused)
Measuring solar radiations
 Amount of solar radiation on an object will depend on

 Location

 Day of year

 Time of day

 Inclination of the object

 Orientation of object (w.r.t. North-south direction)

Here the Object is solar panel, but it is true of any object (For solar thermal also!)
*Only for easy visualization
 Day of the year is characterized by an angle
Called as Declination angle (δ)

Angle made by line joining center of the sun and the earth
w.r.t to projection on equatorial plane (+23.45o to -23.45o)
Study the effect of day /season through fixed tilt
with our Simulation software PVsyst
 Time of the day
Time is based on the rotation of the Earth with respect to the Sun

It is characterized by Hour angle (w) –

It is angular measure of time w.r.t. solar noon (LAT),

Since 360o corresponds to 24 hours

15o corresponds to 1 hour

W = 15 (12 - LAT )

Hour 15 With Local

angle degree reference apparent
per hour to solar time
noon In hour
 In order to find the beam energy falling on a surface
having any orientation,
it is necessary to convert the value of the beam flux coming from the
direction of the sun to an equivalent value corresponding to the normal
direction to the surface.

Equivalent flux I b  I b n cos 

falling normal
to surface

Ib

beam flux θ

Ibn
 Normal to Vertical
the plane
Solid lines are reference lines

β
θ

γ θ is affected by five parameters

- Latitude of location (φ)
- Day of year (δ)
- Time of the day (w)
- Inclination of surface (β)
- Orientation in horizontal plane (γ)
South direction (horizontal plane)
Angle of Sun rays on collector

Incidence angle of rays on collector ()

(w.r.t. to collector normal)

cos   sin  (sin  cos   cos  cos  cos  sin  )

 cos  (cos  cos  cos   sin  cos  sin  )
 cos  sin  sin  sin 
Where,
Latitude (φ)
Surface azimuth angle (γ)
Hour angle (w)
Surface slope (β)
Declination angle (δ)
Optimum inclination for fixed collector

For the power output to be maximum, the incident

radiation must be perpendicular to the panel.
The inclination of the fixed collector (facing South) w.r.t.
horizontal at noon time should be
=0o, collector facing due south
cos   sin  sin(   )  cos  cos  cos(   )
At noon,  0 cos   cos(     )
For optimal radiations      
 0
0     
   
Under this condition at noon time Sun rays will be perpendicular to the
collector
One need to estimate declination angle for a given day, when
optimum inclination is to be estimated
 Optimum Inclination over a Year
The noon position of the sun is changes throughout the year
What is optimum position of collector for whole year
(we need to estimate average value of declination angle over year)

Average  is Zero over the year

Hence  = 

30

20
Declination (degree)

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
-10

-20

-30
Days of year
Azimuth orientation from PVsyst
Continuous tracking of sun will ensure that the sunrays are
always perpendicular to the solar panel
(tilt angle=β is changed to ensure that incident angle=ϴ = 0)
Axis tracking from PVsyst
Now you know what should be the orientation of solar
panels to get maximum output from fixed collector

Actually Only 1/4th problem is solved

Lets see what are other 3 parts …

We also need to look at

1. Energy requirement
2. What PV technology to choose ,
3. Actual installation and Financial part
 Requirement Analysis

Daily load
requirements
Constraints-
Future load Cost and
requirement space
constraints

Customer
concerns
Seasonal
load
requirement Type of load
24x7power
requirement
for critical
loads
 Prepare the load chart to analyze total energy consumption

Type Rated No. of Total Load Total Avg. Hour Total Energy
of Power Loads Rated Duty Power s of Consumption
Load (Watts) Power Factor (Watts) use (Watt-
(Watts) (0-1) hours/Wh)

Total Rated Power Consumption = Rated Power x No. of Loads

Total Avg. Power = Total Rated Power x Load Duty Factor

Total Energy Consumption = Total Avg. Power x Hours of use

Load entry in PVsyst
 Why do we need batteries..

 Storing energy produced by the PV array during the

day, and to supply it to electrical loads as needed

 To operate the PV array near its maximum power point

 To power electrical loads at stable voltages

 To supply surge currents to electrical loads and

inverters

Types of Battery
 Lead Acid  Nickel Cadmium
 Lithium Ion  Nickel Metal Hydride
 Li-ion battery

Lead acid battery

Nickel
Cadmium
battery Nickel metal
hydride
battery
Dominant Energy Storage medium is Lead-Acid batteries
(Mostly used in off-grid systems)

Advantages
Simple and cheap to
make

Low self discharge

rate

Today, 98% of these

batteries are recycled

Capable of high
discharge rates
 Battery Sizing

1. Required Supply Wh = Load Wh * (No.of day of storage + 1) To be on the

safe side
2. Include Efficiency factors from name plate of battery
Depth of Discharge (DOD)
Battery efficiency factor (BEF)
System AC efficiency (ACEF)
{ACEF = Inverter Efficiency x AC Cable Loss Factor}

Battery Wh = Supply Wh / (DOD*BEF*ACEF)

Select Battery Voltage (VBAT) based on system voltage

Small systems (<1kWh) are 12VDC

mid-range systems (1-3kWh) are 24VDC
larger systems (>3kWh) are > =48-120 VDC.

Battery Ah = Battery Wh/VBAT

Select nearest larger rating available
 Battery pack
Check available Battery unit voltage and Ah

No. of Battery units in parallel = Battery Pack Ah / Battery Unit Ah

No. of Battery units in series = Battery Pack Voltage/Battery unit voltage

Remarks –

 Standard deep cycle lead acid battery voltage rating available is 12V

 Standard battery Ah available is 120Ah, 150Ah, 180Ah etc.

 Example: 24V/350Ah Battery Pack

Battery specifications in PVsyst
Light energy  Electricity

It is generated due to principle of

photoelectric effect

Let’s look at the process in some

further detail:
• Photovoltaic energy is the direct
conversion of light into electricity at
the atomic level.

• Some materials exhibit a

property known as the
photoelectric effect that causes
them to absorb photons of light
and release electrons.

• When these free electrons are

captured, an electric current
results that can be used as
electricity.
I total  I 0 (e qV / kT
 1)  I L Where IL is photo current
(constant)
IL = Isc

Shows Current (I) and Voltage (V) relation

Graphical representation
 Characteristics and Efficiency
I Max. Cell Power
Isc Pm 
Incident light Intensity
Im X
Vm I m

Pin

Vm Voc V

Material
Depends on
Temperature
Efficiency
To compare solar cells
Uses
To estimate actual output
1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation
• silicon wafer- • Thin-film deposits • Multi-junction solar
based of semiconductors cells
photovoltaic, • Dyesensitized
• amorphous silicon, nanocrystalline
• Single-crystalline cadmium telluride, Gratzel solar cells
and multi- copper indium • Organic polymer-
crystalline wafers gallium diselenide based photovoltaic
or copper indium • Thermo
sulfide photovoltaic solar
cells.
 1.00
1.00
0.80
0.80  Series
Current (A)

Current (A)
0.60 0.60 connection
0.40
0.40 adds the
0.20
0.20 voltage,
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
Voltage (V)
Voltage (V)

2.00 2.00
1.60
 Parallel
1.60
Current (A)

connection
Current (A)

1.20 1.20
0.80
adds the
0.80
0.40
currents
0.40
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
Voltage (V) Voltage (V)
 PV Sizing
1. Load Wh = Daily energy requirements

2. Average daily peak sun hours (PSH) in design month for selected tilt and
orientation of PV array.

3. System Efficiency Factor (SYSEF)

SYSEF = Battery EF x PV EF x Cable EF x Charger EF x Inverter EF

4. PV Watts peak (Total Wp)= Load Wh/(PSH*SYSEF)

5. Select PV module voltage based on system voltage.

(System voltage is integral multiple of PV module voltage)

6. Select module Wp and size based on available space.

7. No. of PV Modules = Total Wp/Module Wp

8. Use nearest larger number of modules

 Off-grid System Loss Factors

Factors % Loss
PV Response to Insolation 2-4
PV Mismatch 1-3
PV Soiling 1-3
PV Thermal Loss 5-10
DC Cable Loss 1-2
MPPT Charge Controller 1-2
Battery 10-15
Inverter including Transformer 4-6
AC Cable Loss 0.5-1
Total System Loss 25-40
 Design of PV Array
1. Integral No. of modules in string = system voltage/module nominal
voltage

2. No. of strings in array = Total No. of modules/No. of modules in string

3. Use nearest larger number of strings in an array.

4. List No. of modules in array and Standard Testing Condition Wp rating of

array.
PV MODULE Specifications in PVSYST
Something like a charge controller !!!

The additional advantage could be –

Increased battery life
Preventing reverse current
A charge controller limits the rate at which
electric current is added to or drawn from
electric batteries.

Types

PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)

- Helps to remove buildup on the plates in a battery extending a battery’s life.

MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking)

- Adjusts the output voltage level to get maximum power output
 Why solar charge controller is required !!!

Increases
battery life
For battery
Regulate
power
Charge Preventing
controller reverse current

Optimize
power output
 Charge Controller Selection

1. Match controller nominal system voltage to PV system voltage

2. Controller input voltage rating >= 1.2 x array open circuit voltage

3. Max. charge current >= 1.25 x array max. power point current.

4. Nom. load current = Max. DC Load Power/System Voltage.

5. Controller output current rating >= 1.5 x nom. load current.

Charge control specifications in PVsyst
Shadow analysis in PVsyst
 Choosing PV technology and
mounting structure

 PV technology
c-Si/TF-governed by environment, space, cost etc.

 Mounting system
Rooftop/Terrace mounted/Ground mounted PV array
also determine orientation and tilt of PV array based on
latitude and usage pattern.
Types of Mounting system

1. On-Roof Solar PV Panel Mounting Systems

On tilted roof On flat roof

2. Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV)

Photovoltaic facade on BIPV Project - OLV hospital

Scheidegger Building, near Bern,
Switzerland.
Aalst, Belgium
3. On open ground Photovoltaic mounting structure
4. Tracking photovoltaic mounting structure
4 steps to design PV system for your home

1. Optimize tilt of solar panel

2. Estimate power and energy output of the plant based on

selected array and battery size and system efficiency
factors.

3. Review system design, sizing and costs.

4. Implement design.
 In the form of
 Savings
 Eco-friendly energy utilization
 Reliable solutions

Let’s see how much I saved by implementing this new energy solution
Run simulation in PVsyst
Off-Grid Systems: Scope, Applications and Costs

Sizing and system specification

 Typical Size - 1W to tens of kW
 Battery back up is essential for operation in monsoon and at night
 Long life and low maintenance
 Upgradability is often required
 Loads are combination of DC and AC

Applications
 Remote housing
 Water pumping
 Telecom

Costing
 Module cost is 30-40% of system cost, battery cost is recurring and
appliances cost is often included in system cost.
 System cost is in the range of Rs. 1.25-1.5 Lakhs/kW
Solar PV system
Sine wave inverter

Mechanism
continually Square
changes wave Induced to Sine wave
current
direction
1. Stand alone inverter

 Used in isolated systems where the inverter draws its DC energy from
batteries charged by photovoltaic arrays.

 Unlike grid tie inverters, stand-alone inverters use batteries for storage.

 These types of inverters are mostly used in residential buildings in remote

locations which are devoid of the utility grid and is powered by renewable
energy sources.
2. Grid tied inverter
 That converts direct current (DC) electricity into alternating current(AC)
and feeds it into an existing electrical grid.

 During a period of overproduction from the generating source, power is

routed into the power grid, thereby being sold to the local power
company.

 During insufficient power production, it allows for power to be purchased

from the power company

 The grid tie inverter must synchronize its frequency with that of the grid
(e.g. 50 or 60 Hz) using a local oscillator and limit the voltage to no higher
than the grid voltage

SOLAR POWER CONDITIONING UNIT (PCU) is used

as control system for grid tie inverter
S
T
A
N
D

A
L
O
N
E

G
R
I
D

T
I
E
D
 Inverter Selection
 Match inverter DC input voltage to system voltage.

 Match inverter AC output voltage to nom. load voltage.

 Inverter output power rating 1.5 to 2 times (min. 1.2 times) max. load
power to allow for future expansion.

 Inverter nom. load current = Max. load power/Nom. output voltage

 What is there for you in the box…

To conceptualize Designing Development Implementation

the system electric system of Energy of energy
for efficient storage efficient system
power utilization system
 Product &
Installation
Design
Design&
Opportunities
Manufacturing
Maintenance
Engineering
 • Semiconductor technology
Research and Development
• Building integrated Photovoltaic

• Customized project development

Project Development & Consultancy
• Project consultancy

• System integration in solar PV

Manufacturing
• Low skill in module assembly

• Third-party installers are not skilled

Construction and Installation
• Grid integration of mega watt scale PV power projects

• Trouble shooting of circuitry of appliances

Operation and Maintenance
• Mechanical Maintenance

• After sales-service, customer care

Marketing
• Techno-commercial analysis
With the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) scheme
of the Government of India, the installed capacity is estimated to
reach 20 GW by the year 2022. This would create enormous
employment opportunities in the country.

Sector Estimated Estimated projected

Current Employment
employment 2017 2022
Solar PV On-Grid 4,000 39,000 1,52,000

Solar PV Off-Grid 72,000 1,40,000 2,25,000

Total 76,000 1,79,000 3,77,000

No Green House Gasses Infinite Free Energy Saving Livelihood

Price Stability Decentralized Power Better Job Opportunities

 Solar lantern Solar fly pad Solar PV shading

Solar powered satellite Overhead PV system Solar car