BSC2011 1B94 – Unit 1: Plant Biology (+ Bacteria & Protista) – Spring 2018

Test questions will come from material covered in lecture (lecture slides and content) and assigned readings. Some
basic material in the reading may not be covered in detail on slides so make sure to review the text when you study.

Chapters (and particular sections) covered are listed here: Ch. 19 (19.1, 19.2, 19.3 p. 390-393); Ch. 20 (20.1, 20.2); Ch.
21 (All); Ch. 24 (24.1, 24.2, 24.3); Ch. 25 (25.1, 25.3, 25.4); Ch. 26 (26.1, 26.2, 26.3, maybe 26.4); Ch. 27 (27.1, maybe
27.2, 27.3 in part); Ch. 28 (in part, TBA)

Note: Material from sections noted in italics will only be covered on the exam if we have time to discuss those concepts in
class or through a homework activity.

Following are some concepts, terms, and questions that should help you focus your study for the exam. The exam will
have around 40-50 questions, which means that I probably won’t be able to ask questions about every single concept
below. However, you should be prepared to answer questions about any of them.

1) Describe the phylogenetic relationships among the 3 domains and complications of lateral gene flow

2) Recognize that relationships among protists are complicated and this is a polyphyletic grouping of eukaryotes
(mostly single-celled)

3) Know key features (and synapomorphies) of the 8 groups of bacteria & and 5 protist clades and representative
groups and species within them

4) Be able to read and interpret a phylogenetic tree

Terms: phylogeny, phylogenetic tree, cladogram, synapomorphy, monophyletic group, clade, parsimony, taxon,
morphology, sister groups

5) Endosymbiotic theory – explain and describe the evidence

6) Primary vs. secondary endosymbiosis – what’s the difference, and which organisms are which

7) Compare and contrast the 6 groups of non-land plants, identifying the key characteristics for each.

8) Key innovations involved with the transition to land (identify and/or explain) – see p. 424

9) Alternation of generations – Be able to draw the alternation of generations life cycle, identify the “individuals”,
ploidy, structures, processes, and stages of the cycle – contrast with human life cycle if this is helpful (review
Exercise 1 – Alt Gen activity)

10) Compare and contrast the 11 major groups of land plants in terms of their structure, reproductive strategy, and
adaptations

11) Compare and contrast among among bryophytes, monilophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms:
a. Life cycle – which of the stages are dominant?
b. Mechanisms for water transport and dealing with very dry conditions
c. Reproductive strategies
d. Dispersal of propagules (spores or seeds or fruits)

12) Know basic plant body structure and tissue types

Terms: roots, stems, leaves, ground tissue (parenchyma, sclerenchyma, collenchyma), epidermal tissue

13) Know the essential nutrients plants need and how they acquire them from soil through ion exchange
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 14) Structure and function of vascular tissue
Terms: xylem, phloem, companion cells, stomata, guard cells, turgor pressure, tracheids, lignin, transpiration,
vessel elements

15) Explain the cohesion-tension model (transpiration, cohesion, tension mechanism), and pressure-flow model

16) Pattern and process – ovule and seed development in gymnosperms and angiosperms
Terms: Megasporangium, megaspore, megagametophyte, ovule, microsporangium, microspore,
microgametophyte, pollen grain, integument, pollen tube

17) Compare and contrast: microphyll and megaphyll; homospory and heterospory; angiosperm seed and
gymnosperms seed

18) Define “wood” and describe the production of annual rings

Terms: vascular cambium, cork cambium, bark, xylem, phloem

19) Describe primary growth and secondary growth

Terms: apical meristem, bud (terminal and axillary), root cap, lateral meristem

20) Describe the function of stomata and how they open and close. Be sure to use these terms: guard cells, turgor
pressure.

21) Role of auxin in cell growth and plant behavior; role of gibberellins and other key hormones

Terms: gravitropism, phototropism, apical dominance, photoperiod , phytochrome

22) Plant adaptations

Terms: convergent evolution, Rubisco, photorespiration, C4 photosynthesis, CAM photosynthesis, jasmonic
acid, VOCs, thigmonasty. carnivory (and how the Venus fly trap works), epiphytism

23) Constitutive and induced responses to protect from herbivory and disease

24) Fill in the following chart:

Plant group Vascular Seeds? Flowers Dominant part Homosporous
tissue? and fruits? of life cycle or
(gametophyte heterosporous?
or
sporophyte?)
Mosses and
liverworts

Lycophytes

Monilophytes

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

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 25) Fill in the following chart to contrast:
Characteristics Xylem Phloem
Cell walls

Function

Direction of flow

State of mature cells (living?

dead?)

Model to describe flow

26) Complete the chart to contrast:

Characteristic Gymnosperm seed Angiosperm seed
Seed coat derived from:

Nutritive tissue derived from:

Seed is enclosed/not enclosed?

If enclosed, in what?

27) Complete the following chart to contrast:

Characteristic Libriform fibers Vessel elements Tracheids
Shape

Function

Found in:

28) Label the following diagram:

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 29) What is the likely pollinator of this flower? Why?

30) Complete the following chart to contrast:

Characteristic Magnoliids Eudicots Monocots
Number of flower parts

Type of pollen

Carpel morphology

Stamen morphology

31) Complete the following chart to contrast:

Characteristic Eudicots Monocots
Leaf venation

Root type

Arrangement of vascular
bundles in stem

Cotyledons

Secondary growth?