Solvent Boiling point formula Comments

Methanol 65 CH3OH
Chloroform 61.5 CHCl3 Hydrogen present has ability to
form hydrogen bond
Ethyl acetate 77 CH3COOCH2CH3 it is prone
to hydrolysis and transesterification

CHCl3- The hydrogen attached to carbon in chloroform participates in hydrogen bonding.

Methanol has a polarity index of 5.1. Mostly methanol is used for extraction various polar compounds
but certain group of non-polar compounds are fairly soluble in methanol if not readily soluble. Therefore
methanol is commonly used for extraction of bioactive compounds. But if these compounds are strictly
hydrophobic then either a mixture of methanol and chloroform for chloroform alone is used for extraction
of bioactive compounds. Moreover methanol among all the alcohols has low boiling point of just 65
degree Celsius. So extraction and concentration of bioactive compounds is easy by using soxhlet
extraction and Rota vapor respectively

Carbohydrates can also be defined chemically as neutral compounds of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen. Carbohydrates come in simple forms such as sugars and in complex forms such as
starches and fiber. The body breaks down most sugars and starches into glucose,
a simple sugar that the body can use to feed its cells

glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond or covalently

bonded.[1] Their role is to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to
facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to the immune response and in the connections that
allow cells to connect to one another to form tissues

biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.[3] Non-polar
solvents are typically hydrocarbons used to dissolve other naturally occurring hydrocarbon
lipid molecules that do not (or do not easily) dissolve in water, including fatty acids, waxes, sterols,
fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides,
(esters from glycerol C3H8O3 and fatty acids) (and phospholipids.

A tetrapeptide (example Val-Gly-Ser-Ala) with green marked amino end (L-Valine) and
blue marked carboxyl end (L-Alanine).

Peptides (from Gr.: πεπτός, peptós "digested"; derived from πέσσειν, péssein "to digest") are short
chains of amino acidmonomers linked by peptide (amide) bonds.
The covalent chemical bonds are formed when the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the
amino group of another. The shortest peptides are dipeptides, consisting of 2 amino acids joined by
a single peptide bond, followed by tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. A polypeptide is a long,
continuous, and unbranched peptide chain. Hence, peptides fall under the broad chemical classes of
biological oligomers and polymers, alongside nucleic acids, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides,
etc