Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
ASME I ED 2011
ASME IX ED 2015
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B31.3
Tubería de proceso: tubería típicamente encontrada en refinerías de petróleo; plantas químicas,
farmacéuticas, textiles, papel, semiconductores y criogénicas; y plantas de procesamiento y
terminales relacionadas
B31.4
Sistemas de transporte por tuberías para líquidos y lechadas: productos de transporte de tuberías
que son predominantemente líquidos entre plantas y terminales y dentro de terminales,
estaciones de bombeo, regulación y dosificación
B31.5
Tuberías de refrigeración y componentes de transferencia de calor: tuberías para refrigerantes
y refrigerantes secundarios
B31.8
Sistemas de tuberías de transmisión y distribución de gas: tuberías que transportan productos que
son predominantemente de gas entre las fuentes y los terminales, incluidas las estaciones de
compresión, regulación y medición; tuberías de recolección de gas
B31.9
Tuberías de servicios de construcción: tuberías que se encuentran típicamente en edificios
industriales, institucionales, comerciales y públicos, y en residencias de unidades múltiples, que no
requieren el rango de tamaños, presiones y temperaturas cubiertas en B31.1
B31.12
Tuberías y tuberías de hidrógeno: tuberías en servicio de hidrógeno gaseoso y líquido y tuberías en
servicio de hidrógeno gaseoso
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(a) Servicio de fluidos de categoría D: un fluido de servicio en el que todo lo siguiente aplica:
(1) el fluido manejado no es inflamable, no es tóxico, y no daña los tejidos humanos como se
define en paraca. 300.2
(2) la presión del instrumento de diseño no supera 1 035 kPa (150 psi)
(4) la temperatura del fluido causada por cualquier otra cosa que las condiciones atmosféricas no
es menos de -29 ° C (-20 ° F)
(b) Servicio de fluido de categoría M: un fluido de servicio en el que ambos de los siguientes se
aplican:
(1) el fluido es tan altamente tóxico que una sola exposición a una cantidad muy pequeña del
fluido, causada por una fuga, puede producir daños irreversibles graves a personas contacto
respiratorio o corporal, incluso cuando se restablece rápidamente se toman medidas
(c) Servicio de fluido a alta temperatura: un fluido de servicio en el cual la temperatura del metal
de la tubería es sostenida igual o mayor que Tcr como se define en la Tabla 302.3.5, Nota general
(b).
(d) Servicio de fluido a alta presión: un fluido de servicio para que el propietario especifica el uso
del Capítulo IX para diseño y construcción de tuberías; ver también para. K300.
(e) Servicio de fluidos de alta pureza: un fluido de servicio que requiere métodos alternativos de
fabricación, inspección, examen y pruebas no cubiertas en otra parte en el Código, con la
intención de producir un nivel controlado de limpieza. El término se aplica así a los sistemas de
tuberías definido para otros fines como alta pureza, ultra alto pureza, higiénico o aséptico.
(f) Servicio de fluido normal: un fluido de servicio perteneciente a la mayoría de las tuberías
cubiertas por este Código, es decir, no sujetas a las reglas para la Categoría D, Categoría M,
Elevada Fluido de temperatura, alta presión o alta pureza Servicio.
WELDING
API 1104OF PIPELINES AND RELATED FACILITIES
ED 2000 21
Documentation of these qualifications shall be retained be used to select welds that are subjected to destructive test-
by the company and shall include but is not limited to the ing in accordance with 8.1.
following:
9.2 RIGHTS OF REJECTION
a. Education and experience.
b. Training. All nondestructive test methods are limited in the informa-
c. Results of any qualification examinations. tion that can be derived from the indications they produce.
The company may therefore reject any weld that appears to
8.4 CERTIFICATION OF NONDESTRUCTIVE meet these acceptance standards if, in its opinion, the depth of
TESTING PERSONNEL an imperfection may be detrimental to the weld.
Note: One or both root faces may be inadequately filled at the inside surface.
Inadequate cross penetration (ICP) is defined as a subsur- 9.3.7.1 A burn-through (BT) is defined as a portion of the
face imperfection between the first inside pass and the first root bead where excessive penetration has caused the weld
outside pass that is caused by inadequately penetrating the puddle to be blown into the pipe.
vertical land faces. This condition is shown schematically in 9.3.7.2 For pipe with an outside diameter greater than or
Figure 15. ICP shall be considered a defect should any of the equal to 2.375 in. (60.3 mm), a BT shall be considered a
following conditions exist: defect should any of the following conditions exist:
a. The length of an individual indication of ICP exceeds 2 in. a. The maximum dimension exceeds 1/4 in. (6 mm) and the
(50 mm). density of the BT’s image exceeds that of the thinnest adja-
b. The aggregate length of indications of ICP in any continu- cent parent material.
ous 12-in. (300-mm) length of weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm). b. The maximum dimension exceeds the thinner of the nomi-
nal wall thicknesses joined, and the density of the BT’s image
9.3.4 Incomplete Fusion exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent material.
c. The sum of the maximum dimensions of separate BTs
Incomplete fusion (IF) is defined as a surface imperfection whose image density exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent
between the weld metal and the base material that is open to parent material exceeds 1/2 inch (13 mm) in any continuous
the surface. This condition is shown schematically in 12-in. (300-mm) length of weld or the total weld length,
Figure 16. IF shall be considered a defect should any of the whichever is less.
following conditions exist:
9.3.7.3 For pipe with an outside diameter less than
a. The length of an individual indication of IF exceeds 1 in. 2.375 in. (60.3 mm), a BT shall be considered a defect when
(25 mm). any of the following conditions exists:
b. The aggregate length of indications of IF in any continuous a. The maximum dimension exceeds 1/4 in. (6 mm) and the
12-in. (300 mm) length of weld exceeds 1 in. (25 mm). density of the BT’s image exceeds that of the thinnest adja-
c. The aggregate length of indications of IF exceeds 8% of the cent parent material.
weld length in any weld less than 12 in. (300 mm) in length. b. The maximum dimension exceeds the thinner of the nomi-
nal wall thicknesses joined, and the density of the BT’s image
9.3.5 Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold Lap exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent material.
c. More than one BT of any size is present and the density of
Incomplete fusion due to cold lap (IFD) is defined as an more than one of the images exceeds that of the thinnest adja-
imperfection between two adjacent weld beads or between cent parent material.
the weld metal and the base metal that is not open to the sur-
face. This condition is shown schematically in Figure 17. IFD 9.3.8 Slag Inclusions
shall be considered a defect should any of the following con-
ditions exist: 9.3.8.1 A slag inclusion is defined as a nonmetallic solid
entrapped in the weld metal or between the weld metal and
a. The length of an individual indication of IFD exceeds 2 in. the parent material. Elongated slag inclusions (ESIs)—e.g.,
(50 mm). continuous or broken slag lines or wagon tracks—are usually
b. The aggregate length of indications of IFD in any continu- found at the fusion zone. Isolated slag inclusions (ISIs) are
ous 12-in. (300 mm) length of weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm). irregularly shaped and may be located anywhere in the weld.
c. The aggregate length of indications of IFD exceeds 8% of For evaluation purposes, when the size of a radiographic indi-
the weld length. cation of slag is measured, the indication’s maximum dimen-
sion shall be considered its length.
9.3.6 Internal Concavity 9.3.8.2 For pipe with an outside diameter greater than or
equal to 2.375 in. (60.3 mm), slag inclusions shall be consid-
Internal concavity (IC) is defined in 3.2.7 and is shown
ered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:
schematically in Figure 18. Any length of internal concavity
is acceptable, provided the density of the radiographic image a. The length of an ESI indication exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
of the internal concavity does not exceed that of the thinnest
Note: Parallel ESI indications separated by approximately the width
adjacent parent material. For areas that exceed the density of of the root bead (wagon tracks) shall be considered a single indica-
the thinnest adjacent parent material, the criteria for burn- tion unless the width of either of them exceeds 1/32 inch (0.8 mm). In
through (see 9.3.7) are applicable. that event, they shall be considered separate indications.
GMS LTDA pag:71
Bond is absent;
imperfection
is surface-connected.
b. The aggregate length of ESI indications in any continuous b. The aggregate length of CP in any continuous 12-in. (300-
12-in. (300-mm) length of weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm). mm) length of weld exceeds 1/2 in. (13 mm).
c. The width of an ESI indication exceeds 1/16 in. (1.6 mm). c. An individual pore within a cluster exceeds 1/16 in. (2 mm)
d. The aggregate length of ISI indications in any continuous in size.
12-in. (300-mm) length of weld exceeds 1/2 in. (13 mm). 9.3.9.4 Hollow-bead porosity (HB) is defined as elongated
e. The width of an ISI indication exceeds 1/8 in. (3 mm). linear porosity that occurs in the root pass. HB shall be con-
f. More than four ISI indications with the maximum width of sidered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:
1/ in. (3 mm) are present in any continuous 12-in. (300-mm)
8
length of weld. a. The length of an individual indication of HB exceeds 1/2 in.
g. The aggregate length of ESI and ISI indications exceeds (13 mm).
8% of the weld length. b. The aggregate length of indications of HB in any continu-
ous 12-in. (300-mm) length of weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
9.3.8.3 For pipe with an outside diameter less than 2.375 in. c. Individual indications of HB, each greater than 1/4 in.
(60.3 mm), slag inclusions shall be considered a defect should (6 mm) in length, are separated by less than 2 in. (50 mm).
any of the following conditions exist: d. The aggregate length of all indications of HB exceeds 8%
a. The length of an ESI indication exceeds three times the of the weld length.
thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined.
9.3.10 Cracks
Note: Parallel ESI indications separated by approximately the width
of the root bead (wagon tracks) shall be considered a single indica- Cracks (C) shall be considered a defect should any of the
tion unless the width of either of them exceeds 1/32 in. (0.8 mm). In following conditions exists:
that event, they shall be considered separate indications.
a. The crack, of any size or location in the weld, is not a shal-
b. The width of an ESI indication exceeds 1/16 in. (1.6 mm). low crater crack or star crack.
c. The aggregate length of ISI indications exceeds two times b. The crack is a shallow crater crack or star crack with a
the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined and the length that exceeds 5/32 in. (4 mm).
width exceeds one-half the thinner of the nominal wall thick-
Note: Shallow crater cracks or star cracks are located at the stopping
nesses joined.
point of weld beads and are the result of weld metal contractions
d. The aggregate length of ESI and ISI indications exceeds during solidification.
8% of the weld length.
9.3.11 Undercutting
9.3.9 Porosity
Undercutting is defined as a groove melted into the parent
9.3.9.1 Porosity is defined as gas trapped by solidifying material to the toe or root of the weld and left unfilled by
weld metal before the gas has a chance to rise to the surface weld metal. Undercutting adjacent to the cover pass (EU) or
of the molten puddle and escape. Porosity is generally spheri- root pass (IU) shall be considered a defect should any of the
cal but may be elongated or irregular in shape, such as piping following conditions exists:
(wormhole) porosity. When the size of the radiographic indi- The aggregate length of indications of EU and IU, in any
cation produced by a pore is measured, the maximum dimen- combination, in any continuous 12-in. (300-mm) length of
sion of the indication shall apply to the criteria given in weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
9.3.9.2 through 9.3.9.4. The aggregate length of indications of EU and IU, in any
combination, exceeds one-sixth of the weld length.
9.3.9.2 Individual or scattered porosity (P) shall be consid-
ered a defect should any of the following conditions exist: Note: See 9.7 for acceptance standards for undercutting when visual
and mechanical measurements are employed.
a. The size of an individual pore exceeds 1/8 in. (3 mm).
b. The size of an individual pore exceeds 25% of the thinner 9.3.12 Accumulation of Imperfections
of the nominal wall thicknesses joined.
Excluding incomplete penetration due to high-low and
c. The distribution of scattered porosity exceeds the concen-
undercutting, any accumulation of imperfections (AI) shall be
tration permitted by Figures 19 or 20.
considered a defect should any of the following conditions
9.3.9.3 Cluster porosity (CP) that occurs in any pass except exist:
the finish pass shall comply with the criteria of 9.3.9.2. CP
a. The aggregate length of indications in any continuous 12-in.
that occurs in the finish pass shall be considered a defect
(300-mm) length of weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
should any of the following conditions exist:
b. The aggregate length of indications exceeds 8% of the
a. The diameter of the cluster exceeds 1/2 in. (13 mm). weld length.
GMS LTDA pag:73
Assorted
Large
Medium
Fine
Note: The size of the gas pockets is not drawn to scale; for dimensions, refer to 9.3.9.
Figure 19—Maximum Distribution of Gas Pockets: Wall Thicknesses Less Than or Equal to 0.500 inch (12.7 mm)
GMS LTDA pag:74
Assorted
Large
Medium
Fine
Note: The size of the gas pockets is not drawn to scale; for dimensions, refer to 9.3.9.
Figure 20—Maximum Distribution of Gas Pockets: Wall Thicknesses Greater Than 0.500 inch (12.7 mm)
GMS LTDA pag:75
alignment offset of abutting pipe ends, changes in weld rein- O.D. surface-connected shall be considered defects should
forcement profile of I.D. root and O.D. capping passes, inter- any of the following conditions exist:
nal chamfering, and ultrasonic wave mode conversion due to
a. The aggregate length of LB indications in any continuous
such conditions may cause geometric indications that are
12-in. (300-mm) length of weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
similar to those caused by weld imperfections but that are not
b. The aggregate length of LB indications exceeds 8% of the
relevant to acceptability.
weld length.
9.6.1.2 Linear indications are defined as indications with 9.6.2.4 Transverse (T) indications (other than cracks) shall
their greatest dimension in the weld length direction. Typical be considered volumetric and evaluated using the criteria for
linear indications may be caused by, but are not limited to, the volumetric indications. The letter T shall be used to designate
following types of imperfections: inadequate penetration with- all reported transverse indications.
out high-low (IP), inadequate penetration due to high-low 9.6.2.5 Volumetric cluster (VC) indications shall be con-
(IPD), inadequate cross penetration (ICP), incomplete fusion sidered defects when the maximum dimension of VC indica-
(IF), incomplete fusion due to cold lap (IFD), elongated slag tions exceeds 1/2 in. (13 mm).
inclusion (ESI), cracks (C), undercutting adjacent to the cover
pass (EU) or root pass (IU), and hollow bead porosity (HB). 9.6.2.6 Volumetric individual (VI) indications shall be con-
sidered defects when the maximum dimension of VI indica-
9.6.1.3 Transverse indications are defined as indications tions exceeds 1/4 in. (6 mm) in both width and length.
with their greatest dimension across the weld. Typical trans- 9.6.2.7 Volumetric root (VR) indications interpreted to be
verse indications may be caused by, but are not limited, to the open to the I.D. surface shall be considered defects should
following types of imperfections: cracks (C), isolated slag any of the following conditions exist:
inclusions (ISI), and incomplete fusion due to cold lap (IFD)
at start/stops in the weld passes. a. The maximum dimension of VR indications exceeds 1/4 in.
(6 mm).
9.6.1.4 Volumetric indications are defined as three-dimen-
b. The total length of VR indications exceeds 1/2 in. (13 mm)
sional indications. Such indications may be caused by single in any continuous 12-in. (300-mm) length.
or multiple inclusions, voids, or pores. Partially-filled voids,
pores, or small inclusions at start/stops in weld passes may 9.6.2.8 Any accumulation of relevant indications (AR)
cause larger indications in the transverse direction than in the shall be considered a defect when any of the following condi-
weld length direction. Typical volumetric indications may be tions exist:
caused by, but are not limited to, the following types of imper- a. The aggregate length of indications above evaluation level
fections: internal concavity (IC), burn-through (BT), isolated exceeds 2 in. (50 mm) in any 12-in. (300-mm) length of weld.
slag inclusions (ISI), porosity (P), and cluster porosity (CP). b. The aggregate length of indications above evaluation level
exceeds 8% of the weld length.
9.6.1.5 Relevant indications are those caused by imperfec-
tions. Relevant indications shall be evaluated at the evaluation 9.6.3 Pipe or Fitting Imperfections
level given in 11.4.7 to the acceptance standards given in 9.6.2.
Imperfections in the pipe or fittings detected by ultrasonic
Note: When doubt exists about the type of imperfection being dis-
closed by an indication, verification may be obtained by using other
testing shall be reported to the company. Their disposition
nondestructive testing methods. shall be as directed by the company.
9.6.2.2 Linear surface (LS) indications (other than cracks) Undercutting is defined in 9.3.11. The acceptance stan-
interpreted to be open to the I.D. or O.D. surface shall be con- dards in 9.7.2 supplement but do not replace visual inspection
sidered defects should any of the following conditions exist: requirements found elsewhere in this standard.
10.2.2 Method of defect removal. a. An acceptable image quality that is free from fog and from
processing irregularities that could mask the image of actual
10.2.3 The repair groove shall be examined to confirm imperfections.
complete removal of the defect. b. The prescribed penetrameter and the essential hole or wire
10.2.4 Requirements for preheat and interpass heat treat- diameter.
ment. c. A satisfactory identification system.
d. An acceptable technique and setup.
10.2.5 Welding processes and other specification informa- e. Compatibility with acceptance standards.
tion contained in 5.3.2.
All requirements that refer to the quality of the resulting
10.2.6 Requirement for interpass nondestructive testing. images shall apply equally to X-rays and gamma rays. The