Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
About how in the “dead of night” solar panels can deliver quite a jolt. The
importance of recalculating roof loads and capabilities start this
discussion.
Commercial
Street Lighting
Residential
Photovoltaic
Applications
Commercial
Car Port
3 MW Project - Fairless Hills, PA
Utility Scale
SunTechnics / Conergy
Fixed Tilt vs. Tracking the Sun
Single Crystalline
(Monocrystalline) Amorphous Silicon
Polycrystalline
(Multicrystalline)
Typical Crystalline Cell Module
36.6 V 45.5 V
Weather Impacts on PV
Performance
Increased Isc
1200 W/m2 at 25oC
Approximately 20%
Voltage
10 VDC 16 VDC Voc = 21 VDC
10/29/03 INSP-16
Irradiance and Temperature Readings
Pyranometer
or
Radiometer – Estimates
Cell Temperature
- 1000 watts/meter2
- 25 oC Cell Temperature
- 1.5 air mass
Inverter output power = 2000 x 0.7 x 0.9 x 0.885 x 0.97 x 0.94 = 1017 watts
Inverters
DC Disconnect
/Combiner Switch
Inverter Combiner Panel
(AC Disco)
2,798 Watts
2,358 Watts
900
800
700
600
Watts output
500
400
300
200
100
12:01pm 0
9:07 AM 10:04 AM 11:02 AM 12:00 PM 12:57 PM 1:55 PM 2:52 PM 12:09pm
Time of day
Electric Shock Risks – Solar PV
About how in the “dead of night” solar panels can deliver quite a jolt…..
• Artificial light from fire trucks that used scene lighting during a nighttime fire
event;
• Light from an exposure fire; and
• Light from a low ambient source, such as a full moon.
The results of the experiment indicate that when illuminated by artificial light
sources, such as fire department light trucks or an exposure fire, PV systems
are capable of producing electrical power sufficient to cause a lock-on hazard.
Electric Shock Risks – Solar PV
Severing of conductors
Suppression techniques
The research found that slight adjustments in water stream during firefighting
and distance impacted the risk of shock. 20 feet was a safe distance.
Electric Shock Risks – Solar PV
Effect of direct contact
Results from the experiments indicate that severely damaged PV arrays are
capable of producing hazardous conditions ranging from perception to
electrocution. Damage to the array may result in the creation of new and
unexpected circuit paths. These paths may include both array components
(such as module frames, mounting racks and conduits) and building
components (such as metal roofs, flashings and gutters).
Emergency disconnect
Tarps or foam may be used to cover the modules in the array to block light.
Tarps offer varying degrees of effectiveness to interrupt the generation of power
from a PV array. The research did find that heavy, densely woven fabric and
dark plastic films reduce the power from PV systems to near zero.
Resources for Municipalities and Code Officials
www.pvonlinetraining.org/
www.solarabcs.org/about/publications/
reports/expedited-permit/index.html
PennFuture
Zoning and Permitting Guidebook
www.pennfuture.org/sunshot/
DVRPC
Renewable Energy Ordinance
Framework – Solar PV
Pending
DVRPC’s Solar Ready II
U.S. Dept. of Energy - SunShot Solar II Program
The Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC) is dedicated to uniting the
region’s elected officials, planning professionals, and the public with a common vision of
making a great region even greater. DVRPC serves a region of nine counties: Bucks,
Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, and Philadelphia in Pennsylvania; and Burlington, Camden,
Gloucester, and Mercer in New Jersey.
Uplift forces during windy conditions may reach 50 lbs/ft2 or more. This
would be considered velocity pressure based on high winds in a local
region (for example, the velocity pressure of 12.5 lbs/sqft for eastern
Montgomery County at 70 mph). By assuming a very high velocity
pressure in the calculation inherently assumes a corresponding safety
factor.
After calculating the withdrawal load, minimum lag bolt length can be
determined, knowing its diameter and the type of wood its penetrating.
Calculating Uplift Forces
Simple Example
Assume:
- Module: 40 lbs of uplift per sq. ft. x 10 sq. ft. = 400 lbs
Allowable withdrawal loads for lag screws in seasoned wood, pounds per inch of penetration of
threaded part
Source: http://www.nabcep.org/
Calculating Uplift Forces
Simple Example
- Minimum length of thread on a lag bolt that needs to penetrate the wood
Also see:
- Mounting and Mechanical Design NABCEP Study Guide V4.2
- Pitched-Roof PV Mounting SolarPro 3.2
Confirming the Strength of Residential
Roof Structures for Solar Installations
Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) conducted a first-of-its-kind study to stress
wood rooftop structures to failure. The research team used a series of tests to collect
actual rooftop load capacity data and compare it to the perceived load-carrying
capacity in building codes.
Study results demonstrate that conservatism in the existing building code and the
engineering analysis methodology significantly underestimates the actual load-
carrying capacity of residential roof structures.
For all sample configurations evaluated, empirical testing revealed a greater ultimate
capacity than the prescribed allowable capacity. On average, rafter based tests
demonstrated a 330% excess load-bearing capacity, as compared to values computed
in the National Design Standard, while composite action increased strength by as
much as 74%.
Confirming the Strength of Residential
Roof Structures for Solar Installations
Empirically Derived Strength of Residential Roof Structures for Solar Installations
SANDIA REPORT
SAND2014-20600
Unlimited Release
Printed December 2014
http://energy.sandia.gov/energy/renewable-energy/solar-energy/photovoltaics/evaluating-
rooftop-strength-for-pv/
www.irecusa.org/workforce-education/solar-instructor-training-network/trainer-resources/seminar-series/
Are structural engineering analyses a requirement for PV permits in your area? Are they required even on newer
construction? Do you ever wonder whether this step is really necessary?
The rooftop solar PV permitting process varies greatly, even between neighboring cities. Inconsistencies
between jurisdictions can cause difficulties for solar installers who work across boundaries, adding sizable
permitting costs and delays that may not be required in neighboring jurisdictions.
To address this issue, Sandia National Laboratories conducted a series of tests funded by the U.S. Department of
Energy's SunShot Initiative to evaluate the structural behavior of common residential roof structures. The effort
involved a wide range of destructive tests on numerous scaled wood structures to produce and capture data on
actual rooftop load capacity.
Proposed Inspection Guidelines
Solar PV system inspection should include a checklist covering the
following – at a minimum:
The above should be NEC compliant and meet any other required
standard, such as IEEE, PJM and building codes
Inspection Issues
• COMPLY WITH National Electric Code (NEC)
• Tie up all wires onto PV array racks and/or frames, particularly on roof
installations
• Use the proper type wire and wire size throughout the PV installation
• Always include a DC disconnect and AC disconnect in close proximity
of the inverter
• In addition to grounding everything, include a direct ground between
the inverter (grounding bar or terminal) and the grounding bar in the
main service panel
• Use insulated bushings to protect wires when using metal fittings
• Properly ground metal conduit if it carries wire with a voltage 250 volts
or higher
• Do not wire more than two PV strings of modules in parallel without
including a properly sized fuse
• Properly label and mark all components; including NEC labeling for DC
and AC disconnects
Inspection Issues
Inspection Issues
Inspection Issues
Inspection Issues
DC Fused Disconnect – Fuses Must Be DC Rated AND With the Proper Voltage
Limit (these are incorrect fuses since they are only rated at 125 VDC for a PV system
over 300 VDC)
Inspection Issues
Grounding Bushing Required When Voltage is Above 250 and Metal Conduit is Attached to the
Larger Knockout, Which Could Break Away From the Box (the metal conduit would then not be
grounded).
Inspection Issues