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Soils and Foundations 57 (2017) 92–110
www.elsevier.com/locate/sandf
Received 5 November 2015; received in revised form 7 August 2016; accepted 28 October 2016
Available online 10 February 2017
Abstract
A continuum-based method is developed for the analysis of laterally loaded piles in multilayered, heterogeneous elastic soil. The anal-
ysis considers the soil as a layered elastic continuum in which the modulus varies linearly or non-linearly with depth within each layer.
Rational soil displacement fields are assumed and differential equations describing the pile and soil displacements are obtained using the
principle of minimum potential energy. The differential equations describing the pile and soil displacements are solved using the Ritz
method and the finite difference method, respectively, following an iterative numerical scheme. The analysis is used to study different
pile geometries embedded in layered soil deposits with heterogeneity in each layer. The pile displacement, rotation, and maximum bend-
ing moment obtained from the analysis were found to be in good agreement with those obtained from an equivalent three-dimensional
finite element analysis and from other studies available in the literature. The analysis can be used to obtain the pile head displacement,
rotation, and maximum bending moment that can then be used in design.
Ó 2017 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Japanese Geotechnical Society. This is an open access article under the CC BY-
NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Keywords: Pile; Elastic analysis; Lateral load; Minimum potential energy; Ritz method
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2017.01.007
0038-0806/Ó 2017 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Japanese Geotechnical Society.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
B.K. Gupta, D. Basu / Soils and Foundations 57 (2017) 92–110 93
embedded in continua. A few of these studies account for extents and follow the laws of linear elasticity with Lame’s
the effect of multiple soil layers (Randolph, 1981; Chow, constants ksi and Gsi (subscript i represents the ith layer).
1987; Verruijit and Kooijman, 1989; Basu et al., 2009; Ai The shear modulus Gsi within each layer varies with depth,
et al., 2013; Salgado et al., 2014) and soil heterogeneity, while the Poisson’s ratio msi within each layer remains spa-
such as linear or nonlinear variations of the soil modulus tially constant. Thus, ksi [=2msiGsi/(1 2msi)] also varies
with depth (Poulos, 1973; Randolph, 1981; Banerjee & with depth within each layer. Mathematically, the variation
Davies, 1978; Budhu and Davies, 1988; Zhang et al., 2000). in Gsi with depth z within the ith layer is given by
In actual field conditions, soils are stratified with layers xi
Gsi ¼ f i Gs0 þ si ðz H i1 Þ ð1Þ
of sandy, silty, and clayey deposits; and thus, it is necessary
to consider the multiple discrete soil layers in the analyses. where Gs0 is a reference shear modulus (=100 MPa), fi is a
However, the properties within each soil layer often vary scalar coefficient such that fiGs0 gives the value of the shear
with depth. For example, in overconsolidated clay layers, modulus at the top of the ith layer (i.e., at z = Hi1), si is a
a parabolic variation in the soil modulus with depth is constant for the ith layer that has the physical meaning of
often assumed (Scott, 1981). In the case of normally con- the rate of change in shear modulus with depth if Gsi varies
solidated clays or sandy deposits, a linear variation in the linearly with depth, xi is an exponent that determines how
soil modulus with depth is often assumed (Reddy and Gsi varies with depth, and z is the depth measured from the
Valsangkar, 1971). Due to the wide variability of soil types ground surface. For physical problems, the typical range in
and the heterogeneity of the soil properties within each exponent x is 0.5–2 (Scott, 1981), where x = 0.5 represents
layer, an analysis method needs to be developed for later- a parabolic variation (i.e., the slope of Gs versus depth
ally loaded piles in which multiple soil layers are considered curve decreases with depth), x = 1 represents a linear vari-
and variations in the soil modulus with depth within each ation (i.e., the slope of Gs versus depth curve remains con-
layer can be easily taken into account. stant with depth), and x = 2 represents a hyperbolic
In this paper, a method is developed for the analysis of variation (i.e., the slope of Gs versus depth curve increases
laterally loaded piles in multilayered elastic soil with the with depth) in the modulus with depth. For simplicity, the
soil modulus varying with depth within each layer. The variation in shear modulus Gs with depth below the pile
analysis assumes each pile to behave as an Euler- base (i.e., in the (n + 1)th layer) is always assumed to be lin-
Bernoulli beam supported by a three-dimensional (3-D) ear (with x = 1). This is because it was found in several
soil continuum surrounding it. The behavior of the 3-D soil simulations that the actual variation (linear or nonlinear)
continuum is simplified by assuming the soil displacements in Gs in the (n + 1)th layer does not affect the pile response
as products of separable variables. Using the principle of to any significant extent. Note that, for any layer, a con-
minimum potential energy and variational calculus, the stant shear modulus with depth can also be assumed in
problem is posed as a beam on an elastic foundation for the analysis by setting si = 0.
which the foundation parameters are rigorously related The pile head is at the ground surface and subjected to
to the elastic constants of the soil continuum. The advan- horizontal force Fa and moment Ma, as shown in Fig. 1.
tage of this method is that the simplicity of the beam-on- The pile base rests on top of the (n + 1)th (bottom) layer
foundation approach is maintained, yet the rigor of the (i.e., Lp = Hn). No slippage or separation between the pile
continuum approach is incorporated. The developed differ- and the surrounding soil or between the soil layers is
ential equations for pile and soil displacements are solved allowed. For analysis, a right-handed cylindrical (r-h-z)
analytically and numerically in an iterative numerical coordinate system is chosen such that its origin lies at the
scheme. The time required for the analysis is significantly centre of the pile head, the z axis coincides with the pile axis
less than that required by the 3-D numerical analysis and points downward, the reference radial direction r0
because the 3-D problem is represented by a set of one- coincides with the direction of applied force Fa, and angu-
dimensional differential equations that can be solved lar distance h, measured from r0, is clockwise positive when
quickly. looking downward from the top of the pile.
2. Analysis
2.2. Soil displacement, strain, and strain energy density
2.1. Problem definition
The horizontal soil displacement field, generated by the
A pile with a circular cross-section having a radius rp, pile displacement, is described as the product of three func-
length Lp, Young’s modulus Ep, and moment of inertia tions each of which varies with one of the three dimensions.
Ip, embedded in a soil deposit with n + 1 layers, is consid- The vertical soil displacement, uz, is assumed to be negligi-
ered (Fig. 1). The thickness of any generic soil layer (except ble. Mathematically, the radial (ur) and the tangential (uh)
for the bottom layer) is Hi Hi1, where Hi is the depth to soil displacements are assumed as follows (Basu, 2006):
the bottom of the ith layer from the ground surface (with ur ¼ wðzÞ/r ðrÞ cos h ð2aÞ
H0 = 0), and the bottom (n + 1)th layer has infinite thick-
ness (i.e., Hn+1 = 1). All the layers have infinite horizontal uh ¼ wðzÞ/h ðrÞ sin h ð2bÞ
94 B.K. Gupta, D. Basu / Soils and Foundations 57 (2017) 92–110
where w(z) is the pile displacement, /r and /h are dimen- Further, using the elastic stress-strain relationship, the
sionless functions of the radial coordinate that are both strain energy density rpqepq/2 (rpq and epq are soil stress
assumed to be equal to one at r = rp, which ensures perfect and strain tensors and the summation is implied by the rep-
contact between the pile and the soil, and both assumed to etition of indices p and q) of soil is given by
be equal to zero at r = 1, which ensures that soil displace- " 2
ments due to pile movement decrease with an increase in 1 2 d/r d/ ð/ /h Þ
UD ¼ ðks þ 2Gs Þw þ 2ks w2 r r
radial distance from the pile and eventually become zero. 2 dr dr r
The sine and cosine functions ensure that the variation in 2 2
ð/ / Þ d/h
the soil displacements in the tangential direction is compat- þðks þ 3Gs Þw2 r 2 h þ Gs w2
r dr
ible with the horizontal pile displacement. 2 2 #
Using the soil displacement field, the infinitesimal soil ð/ / Þ d/ dw dw
þ2Gs w2 r h h
þ Gs /r þ Gs
2
/2h
strains (with contractive strains assumed as positive) can r dr dz dz
be expressed as
ð4Þ
2 3
2 3 @u r
err @r
6 7 2.3. Principle of minimum potential energy
6e 7 6 urr 1r @u h 7
6 hh 7 6 @h 7
6 7 6 7
6 ezz 7 6 @u z
7 The total potential energy of the pile-soil system is given
6 7¼6 @z 7
6 e 7 6 1 1 @ur þ @uh uh 7 by
6 rh 7 6 2 r @h @r r 7
6 7 6 7
4 erz 5 6 1 @uz þ @ur 7 Z Lp 2 2 Z
dw
4 2 @r @z 5 1 d w
P ¼ Ep I p dz þ U D dX F a wjz¼0 þ M a
ehz 12 1r @u z
þ @uh 2 0 dz2 X0 dz z¼0
@h @z
2 3 ð3Þ ð5Þ
wðzÞ d/drr ðrÞ cos h
6 7
6 wðzÞ /r ðrÞ/ h ðrÞ
cos h 7 where X0 is the appropriate soil domain that participates in
6 r 7
6 7 the pile-soil interaction. A mechanical system in equilib-
6 n 0 o 7
6
¼ 61 7 rium has minimum potential energy. Therefore, minimizing
wðzÞ /r ðrÞ/h ðrÞ
þ d/h ðrÞ
sin h 7
62 r dr 7 the potential energy of the pile-soil system (i.e., setting the
6 7
6 2 dz /r ðrÞ cos h
1 dwðzÞ 7 first variation in potential energy dP equal to 0) will lead to
4 5
the required differential equations governing the equilib-
1 dwðzÞ
2 dz
/h ðrÞ sin h rium of the pile-soil system. Considering a layered system,
B.K. Gupta, D. Basu / Soils and Foundations 57 (2017) 92–110 95
( " 2
n Z
X Xn Z Hi Z 1
Hi
d 2 wi d 2 wi d/r / d/r
Ep I p 2 d 2
dz þ p ðk si þ 2G si Þwi dwi þ 2ksi wi dwi r
i¼1 H i1 dz dz i¼1 H i1 rp dr r dr
/h d/r /2 /2
2ksi wi dwi þ ðksi þ 3Gsi Þwi dwi 2r þ ðksi þ 3Gsi Þwi dwi 2h
r dr r r
2
/r /h d/h /r d/h
2ðksi þ 3Gsi Þwi dwi 2 þ Gsi wi dwi þ 2Gsi wi dwi
r dr r dr
/h d/h dwi dwi 2 dwi dwi 2
2Gsi wi dwi þ Gsi d /r þ Gsi d /h rdrdz
r dr dz dz dz dz
Z 1
dwi dwi dw1
þ pr2p Gsðnþ1Þ d dzF a dw1 jz¼0 þ M a d
Lp dz dz dz z¼0
(
nþ1 Z H i Z 1
X
d/r d/r 1 d/ / d/r
þ p ðksi þ 2Gsi Þw2i d þ ksi w2i d/r r þ ksi w2i r d ð6Þ
i¼1 H i1 rp dr dr r dr r dr
/ d/r / /
ksi w2i h d þ ðksi þ 3Gsi Þw2i 2r d/r ðksi þ 3Gsi Þw2i d/r 2h
r dr r r
2 # )
1 d/ dwi
þGsi w2i d/r h þ Gsi /r d/r rdrdz
r dr dz
(
nþ1 Z H i Z 1
X 1 d/ / /
þ p ksi w2i d/h r þ ðksi þ 3Gsi Þw2i 2h d/h ðksi þ 3Gsi Þw2i 2r d/h
i¼1 H i1 rp r dr r r
d/h d/h / d/h 1 d/
þ Gsi w2i d þ Gsi w2i r d Gsi w2i d/h h
dr dr r dr r dr
2 )# )
/ d/h dwi
Gsi w2i h d þ Gsi /h d/h rdrdz ¼ 0
r dr dz
n Z
X Hi Z 1
Since the variations dw, d/r, and d/h in Eq. (6) are inde-
pendent, the terms associated with them must individually ms2 ¼ Gsi w2i dz þ Gsðnþ1Þ w2nþ1 dz ð8bÞ
i¼1 H i1 Lp
be equal to zero in order to satisfy Eq. (6).
n Z
X Hi Z 1
ms3 ¼ ksi w2i dz þ ksðnþ1Þ w2nþ1 dz ð8cÞ
2.4. Equations describing /r and /h i¼1 H i1 Lp
n Z
X Hi Z 1
Considering the variation in /r in Eq. (6) and equating ms4 ¼ ðksi þ 3Gsi Þw2i dz þ ðksðnþ1Þ
the terms associated with d/r results in i¼1 H i1 Lp
Z 2
1
d / d/ d/ / þ 3Gsðnþ1Þ Þw2nþ1 dz ð8dÞ
ms1 r 2 r þ r þ ðms2 þ ms3 Þ h þ ms4 r
rp dr dr dr r "Z 2 #
Xn Hi
dwi
/h d/r ns ¼
ms4 þ ns r/r d/r þ ms1 r þ ms3 /r ms3 /h d/r j1
rp ¼ 0
Gsi
dz
dz
r dr i¼1 H i1
ð7Þ Z 1 2
dwnþ1
þ Gsðnþ1Þ dz ð8eÞ
where coefficients ms1, ms2, ms3, ms4, and ns are given by Lp dz
Xn Z H i Z 1
The last term on the left-hand side of Eq. (7) becomes
ms1 ¼ ðksi þ 2Gsi Þwi dz þ
2
ðksðnþ1Þ zero because d/r = 0 at r = rp and r = 1 as function /r
i¼1 H i1 Lp
is known at both points (/r = 0 at r = 1 and /r = 1 at
þ 2Gsðnþ1Þ Þw2nþ1 dz ð8aÞ r = rp). For the first term on the left-hand side of Eq. (7),
96 B.K. Gupta, D. Basu / Soils and Foundations 57 (2017) 92–110
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
the integrand must be zero because d/r – 0 over the inter- ms2 þ ms3
c6 ¼
val rp < r < 1 as it is not known a priori. This gives the ms2
vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
governing differential equation for /r over rp < r < 1 as uPn
R
R
u Hi ksðnþ1Þ 1
u i¼1 Gsi þ 1 H i1 Gsi wi dz þ Gsðnþ1Þ þ 1 Lp Gsðnþ1Þ wnþ1 dz
ksi 2 2
" #
d 2 /r 1 d/r
c 2 c 2 c2 d/h
c1 2 ¼t Pn R H i R1
i¼1 H i1 Gsi wi dz þ Lp Gsðnþ1Þ wnþ1 dz
2 2
2
þ 1
þ 2
/r ¼ 3 /h
dr r dr r rp r dr r
ð12cÞ
ð9Þ
2.5. Solutions for /r and /h
where the dimensionless constants c1, c2, and c3 are given
by
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Differential Eqs. (9) and (11) for /r and /h are interde-
ms4 pendent and are solved simultaneously using a one-
c1 ¼
ms1 dimensional finite difference scheme. The discretized forms
vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
uPn
ksi R
R
1 of the differential equations are given by
u i¼1 þ 3
Hi 2
þ
ksðnþ1Þ
þ 3 2
u Gsi H
G si w i dz G Lp
G sðnþ1Þ w nþ1 dz " 2 #
¼ tP
R i1
Hi
sðnþ1Þ
ksðnþ1Þ
R
1 /lþ1 2/lr þ /l1 1 /lþ1 /l1 c1
2
c
n
i¼1 Gsi þ 2 Gsi wi dz þ Gsðnþ1Þ þ 2 Lp Gsðnþ1Þ w2nþ1 dz
ksi
H i1
2 r
2
r
þ r r
þ 2 /lr
Dr rl 2Dr rl rp
ð10aÞ 2
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffi c2 /lþ1 /l1 c
ns ¼ 3 h h
1 /lh ð13Þ
c2 ¼ r p rl 2Dr rl
ms1
vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi " 2 #
u Pn R H i dwi 2 R1 2 /lþ1 2/lh þ /l1 1 /lþ1 /l1 c4
2
c
u dz þ Lp Gsðnþ1Þ dwdznþ1 dz
u i¼1 H i1 Gsi dz
h h
þ h h
þ 5 /lh
¼ r p tP
R
Hi
k
R
1 Dr 2 rl 2Dr rl rp
n
i¼1 Gsi þ 2 Gsi w2i dz þ Gsðnþ1Þ þ 2 Lp Gsðnþ1Þ w2nþ1 dz
ksi
H i1 sðnþ1Þ 2
c26 /lþ1 /l1 c
ð10bÞ ¼ r r
4 /lr ð14Þ
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi rl 2Dr rl
ms2 þ ms3
c3 ¼ where superscript l represents the node number at radial
ms1
vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
R ffi distance rl from the pile edge and Dr is the discretization
u Pn ksi R
u i¼1 ð þ 1Þ H i Gsi w2i dz þ ksðnþ1Þ þ 1 1 Gsðnþ1Þ w2nþ1 dz length (i.e., the distance between two consecutive nodes).
u Gsi H G Lp
¼ tP
R i1
Hi
sðnþ1Þ
ksðnþ1Þ
R
1 The finite difference mesh is chosen to be sufficiently long
n
i¼1 Gsi þ 2 Gsi wi dz þ Gsðnþ1Þ þ 2 Lp Gsðnþ1Þ w2nþ1 dz
ksi 2
H i1
and dense so as to allow for the proper attenuation of
ð10cÞ the displacement functions for accurate results (i.e., the
total number of finite difference nodes m is taken to be suf-
Considering the variation in /h in Eq. (6) and following ficiently large so that mDr ? 1).
a similar procedure as was done for /r, the differential Eqs. (13) and (14), excluding the 1st and the mth nodes
equation of /h over rp < r < 1 is obtained as at which the values for /r and /h are known (/r = 1 and
" #
d 2 /h 1 d/h
c 2 c 2 c26 d/r
c4 2 /h = 1 at r = rp, and /r = 0 and /h = 0 at r = 1), generate
þ 4
þ 5
/ h ¼ /r two sets of simultaneous equations each of which contains
dr2 r dr r rp r dr r
m 2 equations, which can be represented in matrix
ð11Þ form as
with boundary conditions /h = 0 at r = 1 and /h = 1 at ½X /r f/r g ¼ fY /h g ð15Þ
r = rp where dimensionless constants c4, c5, and c6 are given
½X /h f/h g ¼ fY /r g ð16Þ
by
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffi [X/r](m2)(m2) and [X/h](m2)(m2) are the tri-diagonal
ms4
c4 ¼ matrices with the finite difference coefficients of
ms2
vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi unknown vectors {/r}(m2)1 and {/h}(m2)1, respec-
uPn
R
R
u ksi
þ 3
Hi 2
þ
ksðnþ1Þ
þ 3
1 2 tively. {Y/h}(m2)1 and {Y/r}(m2)1 are the right-hand
u i¼1 Gsi H i1
G si w i dz Gsðnþ1Þ Lp
G sðnþ1Þ w nþ1 dz
¼t Pn R H i R1 side vectors containing unknowns /h and /r, respectively,
i¼1 H i1 G w
si i
2
dz þ G sðnþ1Þ nþ1w 2
dz
Lp for the two sets of equations.
ð12aÞ The non-zero elements of the left-hand-side matrix [X/r]
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffi in Eq. (15) are given by
ns
c5 ¼ r p 1 1
ms2 ½X /r j;j1 ¼ ð17aÞ
vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 Dr2 2rl Dr
uPn R H dw 2 R1
u dwnþ1 " 2 #
u i¼1 H i1 Gsi dz dz þ Lp Gsðnþ1Þ dz2 dz
i i
2
¼ r p t Pn R H i R1 ð12bÞ 2
½X j;j ¼ 2
/r c1 c
þ 2 ð17bÞ
i¼1 H i1 Gsi wi dz þ Lp Gsðnþ1Þ wnþ1 dz
2 2
Dr rl rp
B.K. Gupta, D. Basu / Soils and Foundations 57 (2017) 92–110 97
current
1 1 /lh j 6 106 , where /lprevious and /lcurrent are the val-
½X /r j;jþ1 ¼ 2
þ ð17cÞ
Dr 2rl Dr ues for function / (/r or /h) in the previous and current
iterations, respectively.
where j = l 1. The jth row of the corresponding {Y/h}
vector is given by 2.6. Equations describing w
2
c23 /lþ1 /l1 c Considering the variation in w in Eq. (6), collecting the
fY gj ¼
/h h h
1 /lh ð18aÞ
rl 2Dr rl terms associated with dw and d(dw/dz), and performing the
integration by parts results in
The boundary conditions (/r = 1 at node 1 and /r = 0 "Z H i
X
n Hi
d 4 wi d 2 wi dwi
at node m) modify the 1st and (m 2)th rows of {Y/h}, Ep I p dwi dz þ Ep I p 2 d
which are given by i¼1 H i1 dz 4
dz dz H i1
H i # n Z H i
2 d 2 wi X
1 1
ð2Þ
c23 /h 1 c ð2Þ Ep I p 2 dwi þ ff i Gs0 þ si ðz H i1 Þxi gk i wi dz
fY g1 ¼ 2 þ
/h
þ 1 /h ð18bÞ dz H i1 i¼1 H i1
Dr 2r2 Dr r2 2Dr r2
d 2 wi xi 1 dwi
2tff i Gs0 þ si ðz H i1 Þxi g 2ts x ðz H Þ dwi
2 dz2
i i i1
dz
c23 /m2 c1 H i
fY gm2
/h
¼ h
/hm1 ð18cÞ dwi
rm1 2Dr rm1 þ2tff i Gs0 þ si ðz H i1 Þxi g dwi
dz H i1
ð21Þ
The non-zero elements of the left-hand-side matrix [X/h] Z 1
d 2 wnþ1
dwnþ1
in Eq. (16) are given by 2tnþ1 f nþ1 Gs0 þsnþ1 ðz Lp Þ 2
þ snþ1 dwnþ1
Lp dz dz
1
1 1 dwnþ1
½X /h j;j1 ¼ ð19aÞ þ2tnþ1 ff nþ1 Gs0 þ snþ1 ðz Lp Þg dwnþ1
Dr2 2rl Dr dz Lp
" Z 1
2 #
2 c4
2
c þ ff nþ1 Gs0 þ snþ1 ðz Lp Þgk nþ1 wnþ1 dwnþ1 dz F a dw1 jz¼0
½X j;j ¼ 2
/h
þ 5 ð19bÞ Lp
Dr rl rp
dw1
þM a d ¼0
1 1 dz z¼0
½X /h j;jþ1 ¼ 2
þ ð19cÞ
Dr 2rl Dr where
The jth, 1st, and (m 2)th rows of the vector {Y } in /r
" Z 1 2 Z 1 2
Eq. (16) are given by ksi d/r d/h
ki ¼ p þ2 r dr þ r dr
Gsi rp dr rp dr
2
c26 /lþ1 /l1 c Z 1 Z 1
fY gj ¼
/r r r
4 /lr ð20aÞ ksi d/ d/
rl 2Dr rl þ2 ð/r /h Þ r drþ2 ð/r /h Þ h dr
Gsi rp dr rp dr
2 Z 1 #
1 1 c26 /ð3Þ
r 1 c4 ksi 1
/rð2Þ
2
fY /r g1 ¼ þ ð20bÞ þ þ3 ð/ /h Þ dr i ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; n þ 1
Dr2 2r2 Dr r2 2Dr r2 Gsi rp r r
2
c2 /rm2 c4 ð22aÞ
fY /r gm2 ¼ 3 /m1
r ð20cÞ
rm1 2Dr rm1 "Z #
1
p
As the right-hand side vectors in Eqs. (15) and (16) con- t¼ ð/2r þ /2h Þrdr ð22bÞ
2 rp
tain unknowns /h and /r, these equations are interdepen-
"Z #
dent and iterations are necessary to obtain their values. p 1
An initial estimate of /r is made and given as input to tnþ1 ¼ ð/2r þ /2h Þrdr þ r2p ð22cÞ
2
{Y/r}, and /h is determined by solving Eq. (16). The calcu- rp
lated values for /h are then given as input to {Y/h} to Referring to Eq. (21) and considering the terms associ-
obtain /r from Eq. (16). The newly obtained values for ated with dwn+1 within the domain below the pile (i.e.,
/r are again used to obtain new values for /h, and the iter- the integral over Lp 6 z < 1), the integrand must be zero
ations are continued until the convergence for both /r and because dwn+1 – 0 (as wn+1 is not known a priori within
/h are reached. The criteria set for the convergence are
Pm l previous l current 6 Pm l previous the domain), which leads to the differential equation of w
1
m l¼1 /r /r 6 10 and m l¼1 /h
1
(z) below the pile.
98 B.K. Gupta, D. Basu / Soils and Foundations 57 (2017) 92–110
d 2 wnþ1 dwnþ1 At the pile base (i.e., at z = Lp), the boundary conditions
2tnþ1 ff nþ1 Gs0 þ snþ1 ðz Lp Þg 2
þ 2tnþ1 snþ1 are
dz dz
k nþ1 f nþ1 Gs0 snþ1 ðz Lp Þ wnþ1 ¼ 0 ð23Þ wn ¼ constant ð27aÞ
d 4 wi 2
x d wi
Ep I p 4
2ti ff i Gs0 þ si ðz H i1 Þ i g 2 2.7. Solution for w
dz dz
xi 1 dwi
2ti si xi ðz H i1 Þ The solution for the differential Eq. (23) is assumed to be
dz the product of two functions (Polyanin and Zaitsev, 2002).
x
þ k i ff i Gs0 þ si ðz H i1 Þ i gwi ¼ 0 ð24Þ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
k nþ1
2tnþ1 ðzLp Þ
along with the following boundary conditions. At the wnþ1 ðzÞ ¼ W ðZÞe ð28Þ
ground surface (i.e., at z = 0)
where W(Z) is a displacement function (described later)
w1 ¼ constant ð25aÞ and the exponential term partly takes into account the
attenuation of horizontal soil displacement with depth
or
below the pile. Differentiating wn+1 in Eq. (28), with respect
d 3 w1 dw1 to z, and substituting it into Eq. (23) results in
x
Ep I p 3
2t1 ff 1 Gs0 þ s1 ðz H 0 Þ 1 g Fa ¼ 0 ð25bÞ 2
dz dz f nþ1 Gs0 d W
þ ðz Lp Þ
and snþ1 dz2
" sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi #
dw1 k nþ1 f nþ1 Gs0 dW
¼ constant ð25cÞ þ 12 þ ðz Lp Þ
dz 2tnþ1 snþ1 dz
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
or k nþ1
W ¼0 ð29Þ
2tnþ1
d 2 w1
Ep I p Ma ¼ 0 ð25dÞ
dz2 Denoting
At the interface between the ith and (i + 1)th layer (i.e., sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
k nþ1 f nþ1 Gs0
at z = Hi), the boundary conditions are Z¼2 þ ðz Lp Þ ð30Þ
2tnþ1 snþ1
wi ¼ wiþ1 ð26aÞ
dwi dwiþ1 and expressing W and its derivatives in terms of Z, Eq. (29)
¼ ð26bÞ reduces to
dz dz
d 3 wi x dwi
d 2W dW 1
Ep I p 2ti ff i Gs0 þ si ðz H i1 Þ i g Z 2
þ f1 Zg W ¼0 ð31Þ
dz3 dz dZ dZ 2
3
d wiþ1 x dwiþ1
¼ Ep I p 2tiþ1 ff iþ1 Gs0 þ siþ1 ðz H i Þ iþ1 g which is a confluent hypergeometric differential equation
dz3 dz (Arfken and Weber, 2005). The solution for Eq. (31) is
ð26cÞ given by
d 2 wi d 2 wiþ1 1 1
¼ ð26dÞ W ðZÞ ¼ C 1 M ; 1; Z þ C 2 U ; 1; Z ð32Þ
dz2 dz2 2 2
B.K. Gupta, D. Basu / Soils and Foundations 57 (2017) 92–110 99
where C1 and C2 are integration constants, and M(1/2,1,Z) It is possible for the analytical solution for the differen-
and U(1/2,1,Z) are the confluent hypergeometric functions tial Eq. (24) to be developed for the boundary conditions,
of the first and second kinds (Arfken and Weber, 2005), given by Eqs. (25)–(27), using the power series method, and
respectively, given by this was done. However, the power series solution did not
Z 1 produce sufficiently correct results with a reasonable num-
CðcÞ ber of terms, except for the cases of short stubby piles that
Mða; c; ZÞ ¼ eZx xa1 ð1 xÞca1 dx
CðaÞCðc aÞ 0 exhibited almost rigid behavior. Since the power series
for RðcÞ > RðaÞ > 0 ð33aÞ solution, that considers the different soil layers and the
Z 1 variation in the soil modulus in each layer, was cumber-
1 some to handle and did not produce good results for long
eZx xa1 ð1 þ xÞ
ca1
U ða; c; ZÞ ¼ dx
CðaÞ 0 piles, even after considering fifty terms, it was decided that
for RðZÞ > 0; RðaÞ > 0 ð33bÞ the Ritz method would be used to obtain the pile
displacements.
in which a = ½, c = 1, C is the gamma function, and R In the Ritz method, trial functions with unknown coef-
stands for a real number. ficients are assumed for the primary variable satisfying the
The soil displacement below the pile decreases with an geometric (essential) boundary conditions a priori (Shames
increase in depth and wn+1 = 0 at z = 1, in which W(Z) and Dym, 1985). These trial functions are then substituted
must be finite. This is only possible if C1 = 0 because M into a functional form (i.e., an integral equation) describing
(1/2,1,Z) ? 1 as Z ? 1. Therefore, substituting C1 = 0 the physical problem. The functional forms for mechanics
into Eq. (32) and using the boundary condition wn+1(z) problems are often the potential energy of the system.
= wn|z=Lp at z = Lp to determine C2, wn+1 is obtained as Next, the functional is minimized with respect to all the
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
k nþ1
ðzLp Þ
unknown coefficients associated with the trial functions in
wnþ1 ðzÞ ¼ wn jz¼Lp e
2t
nþ1
order to obtain a set of algebraic equations containing
h qffiffiffiffiffiffiffin oi the unknown coefficients. These equations are then solved
f nþ1 Gs0
U 12 ; 1; 2 2tknþ1 snþ1
þ ðz L p Þ to obtain the unknown coefficients at which point the pri-
h qffiffiffiffiffiffiffin oi ð34Þ
nþ1
k nþ1 f nþ1 Gs0 mary variable is completely determined. Since the laterally
U 2 ; 1; 2 2tnþ1 snþ1
1
loaded pile problem considered in this study is based on the
In all the foregoing equations involving wn+1 and minimization of the potential energy (which is the func-
(dwn+1/dz), these two terms are evaluated using Eq. (33b). tional) of the pile-soil system, it was natural to use the Ritz
Eq. (33b) involves the hypergeometric function of the sec- method to obtain the pile displacements.
ond kind which is obtained by writing a script in Four different combinations of pile head and base
MATLAB R2013a in which the built-in ‘kummerU’ func- boundary conditions, commonly encountered in practice,
tion is used. It should be noted that if Gs(n+1) is spatially are considered in this study (Fig. 2). The different cases
constant, then sn+1 ? 0 in Eq. (34) for the equation to be considered are: (a) pile head free to rotate and translate
valid. with pile base completely restrained against rotation and
Fig. 2. Different pile boundary conditions. (a) Pile head free to rotate and translate and base completely restrained against rotation and translation
(typical free-head long pile), (b) both pile and base free to rotate and translate (typical free head short pile), (c) pile head free to translate but completely
restrained against rotation, and pile base completely restrained against rotation and translation (typical long pile with pile cap), and (d) pile head
completely restrained against rotation (typical free head short pile with pile cap).
100 B.K. Gupta, D. Basu / Soils and Foundations 57 (2017) 92–110
translation (i.e., free-head, long pile), (b) both pile head eral representation is shown as per Eq. (38)) can be written
and base free to rotate and translate (i.e., free-head short as
2 38 9 8 9
pile), (c) pile head free to translate, but completely a11 a12 . . . . . . a1y > c1 > > b1 >
> > > >
restrained against rotation with pile base completely 6 a21 a22 a2y 7> > c2 >
> > > b2 >>
6 7>> >
> > >
> > >
> >
>
restrained against rotation and translation (i.e., long pile 6 . .. . . 7 <
.. 7 .. = < .. =
6 .
with a pile cap), and (d) pile head free to translate, but 6 . . . . 7 . ¼ . ð39Þ
6 7> > > > > > >
completely restrained against rotation with pile base free 6 .. .. .. .. 7> > . >
> .. > > .
> .. >>
4 . . . . 5> >
>
>
> > > > >
to rotate and translate (i.e., short pile with pile cap). : > ; > : > ;
To use the Ritz method, the total potential energy of the ax1 ax2 axy cx bx
soil-pile system (i.e., the functional form) within the where
domain 0 6 z < Lp is rewritten as follows: Z Lp
Pile displacement w is assumed as which can be solved to obtain the unknown cm coefficients.
The coefficients are substituted back into Eq. (36) to obtain
X
a
the pile displacement. The elements of the left-hand side
wðzÞ ¼ cm Um ðzÞ ð36Þ
matrix and the right-hand side vector in Eq. (39) for each
m¼1
of the pile boundary conditions (Eqs. (37a–d)) are shown
where cm are the unknown coefficients, Um are the trial in the Appendix.
functions, chosen such that they satisfy the geometric
boundary conditions, and a is the total number of terms 2.8. Solution algorithm
considered (a should be large enough to obtain a proper
solution). For the pile boundary conditions shown in To solve for the pile displacement using the Ritz method
Fig. 2, the trial functions assumed are given by for any of the four cases of pile boundary conditions
X (Fig. 2), soil parameters ki, t, and tn+1 must be known.
a
ð2m 1Þp These parameters depend on functions /r and /h which,
wðzÞ ¼ cm 1 cos ðLp zÞ ð37aÞ
m¼1
2Lp in turn, depend on w through the six dimensionless con-
stants, c1-c6. Thus, an iterative algorithm is required to
ðLp zÞ X a
fm 2gp obtain w.
wðzÞ ¼ c1 þ c2 þ cm sin ðLp zÞ
Lp m¼3
2Lp Initial guesses on c1-c6 are made using which /r and /h
ð37bÞ are determined by solving Eqs. (9) and (11) iteratively using
the one-dimensional finite difference scheme described by
Xa
mp Eqs. (13) and (14). From the calculated values for /r and
wðzÞ ¼ cm 1 cos ðLp zÞ ð37cÞ
m¼1
Lp /h, ki, t, and tn+1, are obtained using Eqs. (22a)–(22c),
respectively, using numerical integrations following the
Xa
f2m 3gp trapezoidal rule (the same grid as that used for the finite
wðzÞ ¼ c1 þ cm sin ðLp zÞ ð37dÞ
m¼2
2Lp difference solution for /r and /h used for the numerical
integrations). The calculated values for ki, t, and tn+1 are
for the four cases of pile boundary conditions, (a), (b), (c), used to solve for the constants in Eq. (36) using which w
and (d), respectively (Fig. 2). is calculated. Using the calculated values for w, c1-c6 are
Minimizing I (i.e., setting oI/ocm = 0) leads to the fol- calculated using Eqs. (10a)–(10c) and (12a)–(12c). The cal-
lowing equation: culated values for c1-c6 are compared with the assumed ini-
Z Lp tial values and if the differences are more than the tolerable
@I @w00
¼ Ep I p w00 dz limit of 0.001, the same set of calculations is repeated with
@cm @cm
X n Z Hi
0
the calculated values for c1-c6 as the new initial guesses.
k i @w @w0 Iterations are continued until the values for c1-c6 between
þ 2Gsi w þ tw0 dz
i¼1 H i1
2 @cm @cm successive iterations fall below 0.001. Details of the solu-
@w @w0 tion steps are given in the form of a flowchart in Fig. 3.
Fa þ M ¼0 ð38Þ
@cm z¼0 @cm z¼0
a
3. Results
Fig. 4a. Variation in Young’s modulus with pile embedment depth in four-layer soil for free head long pile.
Fig. 4c. Pile rotation versus pile embedment depth in four-layer soil with Fig. 5a. Pile displacement versus pile embedment depth in two-layer soil
linearly varying modulus in each layer, for free head long pile. with linearly varying modulus in each layer, free head short pile.
Table 1
Location zmax and magnitude Mmax of maximum bending moment from finite element analysis (FEA) and present analysis (PA).
Modulus variation Pile boundary conditions zmax (m) zmax (m) Mmax (kN-m) Mmax (kN-m)
with depth FEA PA FEA PA
Linear Free head long pile 0.99 2.00 300.2 310.0
Free head short pile 2.02 2.25 423.7 436.1
Long pile with pile cap 0.00 0.00 223.3 230.6
Nonlinear Free head long pile 2.00 2.55 631.1 689.5
Short pile with pile cap 0.00 0.00 696.5 700.9
Long pile with pile cap 0.00 0.00 593.2 601.6
104 B.K. Gupta, D. Basu / Soils and Foundations 57 (2017) 92–110
the results from the proposed analysis method using eight The Young’s modulus remains constant in the first and
terms in Eq. (37b) (i.e., a = 10) and those from the FE third layers and increases linearly with depth in the second
analysis is obtained. layer. The corresponding scalars, f1 = 0.12, f2 = 0.12, and
f3 = 0.2, and the rate of change in the modulus,
3.1.3. Long pile with pile cap s1 = 0.0 MPa/m, s2 = 0.5 MPa/m, and s3 ? 0.0 MPa/m,
A concrete pile with Young’s modulus of elasticity are used for the analysis.
Ep = 28 MPa, length Lp = 20 m, and radius rp = 0.3 m with Eq. (37c) is chosen to obtain the pile displacement pro-
an applied force Fa = 450 kN at the head is assumed to be file using the Ritz method, for this case. The displacement
embedded in a three-layer soil profile. The Young’s modu- at the base of the pile is zero; therefore, the definite integral
lus Es of the soil at the surface of the first layer is 25 MPa, within limits Lp-1 in the calculation of c1-c6 are also zero.
and the Poisson’s ratio for all the soil layers is ms = 0.25. Figs. 6a and 6b show the plot of pile displacement w and
pile rotation dw/dz versus pile depth z. Table 1 shows the
location and the magnitude of the maximum pile bending
moment. A good agreement between the results of the pro-
posed analysis method using eight terms in Eq. (37c) (i.e.,
a = 8) and those of the results from the FE analysis is
obtained.
Fig. 7a. Variation in Young’s modulus with pile embedment depth in single-layer soil for free head long pile.
Fig. 7b. Pile displacement versus pile embedment depth in single-layer soil
Fig. 7c. Pile rotation versus pile embedment depth in single-layer soil with
with non-linearly varying modulus, with free head long pile.
non-linearly varying modulus, with free head long pile.
terms in Eq. (37d) (i.e., a = 10) and the results from the FE between the results from the proposed analysis method
analysis. using eight terms in Eq. (37c) (i.e. a = 8) and the results
from the FE analysis.
3.2.3. Long pile with pile cap
A concrete pile with Young’s modulus of elasticity 3.3. Comparison of pile response with results available in the
Ep = 28 MPa, length Lp = 22 m, and radius rp = 0.45 m literature
with an applied force of Fa = 500 kN at the head is
assumed to be embedded in a single-layer soil profile with For further validation of the developed analysis, pile
non-linearly varying (x = 2 in Eq. (1)) shear modulus with responses are obtained from the literature and compared
depth. The function chosen to obtain the pile displacement with the responses obtained from the present analysis
profile is the same as Eq. (37c). The pile displacement at the described below.
tip of the pile is zero. Figs. 9a and 9b show the plot of pile
displacement w and pile rotation dw/dz versus pile depth z. 3.3.1. Free head long pile
Table 1 shows the location and the magnitude of the max- A field example of a load test, performed by McClelland
imum pile bending moment. A good agreement is obtained and Focht (1958), on a free head long pile of length
106 B.K. Gupta, D. Basu / Soils and Foundations 57 (2017) 92–110
Fig. 8a. Pile displacement versus pile embedment depth in two-layer soil Fig. 9a. Pile displacement versus pile embedment depth in single-layer soil
with non-linearly varying modulus in first layer and linearly varying with non-linearly varying modulus, for long pile with pile cap.
modulus in second layer, for short pile with pile cap.
Fig. 9b. Pile displacement versus pile embedment depth in single-layer soil
Fig. 8b. Pile displacement versus pile embedment depth in two-layer soil with non-linearly varying modulus, for long pile with pile cap.
with non-linearly varying modulus in first layer and linearly varying
modulus in second layer, for short pile with pile cap.
Fig. 10. Displacement profile of free head long pile in single-layer soil with Fig. 12. Displacement profile in three-layer soil with linearly varying
linearly varying modulus. modulus, for long pile with pile cap.
! !
1:99 2:93
Fa Lp Ma Lp
H ¼ 0:29 3 þ 0:33 4 ð42bÞ
s rp rp s rp rp
Higgins et al. (2013) obtained the pile head slope and the
displacement for a concrete pile with Ep = 28 GPa,
Lp = 8 m, and rp = 1 m embedded in a linear varying soil
profile with s = 0.5 MPa/m and ms = 0.25 to an applied
loading of Fa = 500 kN and Ma = 400 kN-m. For this
problem, Lp/rp = 8/1 and 2{Ep/(s*rp)} 0.22 = 2 [28 103/
{0.5 (1 + 0.75 0.25) 1}]0.22 = 21.34. Therefore, Lp/
rp < 2{Ep/(s*rp)}0.22. Hence, the pile is rigid, and pile head
displacement wh = 0.0322 m and pile head rotation
H = 0.0044 rad are calculated using Eqs. (42a) and (42b).
As the pile is rigid, it can be assumed to have a constant
slope along its shaft so that the pile base displacement is
wb = 0.0322–0.0044 8 = 0.003 m. The problem is also
simulated using the present analysis and the results match
well, as seen in Fig. 11. Details of the inputs for the pile,
Fig. 11. Displacement profile in single-layer soil with linearly varying considering the pile to be flexible, as well as the soil are
modulus, for short pile. shown in this figure.
(2013) recommended that, for free head piles with Lp/rp < 2
{Ep/(s*rp)}0.22 where s* = s(1 + 0.75ms) (according to 3.3.3. Long pile with pile cap
Randolph (1981)), the pile behavior is rigid and is indepen- Salgado et al. (2014) analysed a laterally loaded long pile
dent of the relative pile-soil stiffness. Based on the study, with a cap such that Ep = 25 MPa, Lp = 15 m, rp = 0.25 m,
closed-form dimensionless fitted equations were given for and Fa = 370 kN. The pile was embedded in a three-layer
calculating the pile head displacement (wh) and the rotation soil deposit with constant shear modulus within each layer.
(H) for free head rigid piles in linearly varying soil profiles. The shear modulus for the first, second, and third layers are
3.7, 12, and 26.1 MPa, respectively. This problem is simu-
! ! lated using the framework of the present analysis and a
1:14 1:99
Fa Lp Ma Lp
wh ¼ 0:37 2 þ 0:29 3 ð42aÞ very good match is obtained for the pile displacement pro-
s rp rp s rp rp file (Fig. 12).
108 B.K. Gupta, D. Basu / Soils and Foundations 57 (2017) 92–110
3.3.4. Short pile with pile cap parametric study closed-form dimensionless equations
Higgins et al. (2013) proposed closed-form dimension- can be developed to estimate the pile head displacement,
less fitted equations for calculating the pile head displace- the rotation, and the bending moment for use in practice.
ment (wh) of fixed head rigid piles in linearly varying soil
profiles subjected to applied forces at the pile head, as
follows: Appendix A
!
1:50
2a 8 9 8 9
wh ¼ 0:14 2
Fa Lp
ð43Þ 11 a12 . . . . . . a1y 3> c1 > > b1 >
>
> > > >
s rp rp 6 a21 a2y 7 > c2 >> >
> b2 >
>
6 a22 7>>
>
>
> >
> >
>
6 . .. .. .. 7 < . = < . >
> > =
They further solved the problem of a concrete pile with 6 . 7 . .
6 . . . . 7 . ¼ .
Ep = 28 GPa, Lp = 6 m, and rp = 1 m embedded in a linear 6 7> > > > > . >
6 .. .. .. . 7> > ... >
> > > >
>
.. >
>
varying soil profile with s = 0.15 MPa/m, ms = 0.40, and 4 . . . .. 5> >
>
>
> >
> >
>
applied force of Fa = 350 kN. For this problem, Lp/ : > ; > : > ;
ax1 an2 axy cx bx
rp = 6/1 = 6 and 2{Ep/(s*rp)} 0.22 = 2 [28 103/{0.15
(1 + 0.75 0.49) 1}]0.22 = 26.96. Hence, the pile is rigid, Free head long pile (Eq. (37a))
and the pile head displacement of wh = 0.14 [350/
Z
{0.15 (1 + 0.75 0.49) 1000 12}] (6/1)1.50 = 0.016 m axy ¼ Ep I p
Lp
½fð2y 1ÞKg2 cosfð2y 1ÞWgfð2x 1ÞKg2 cosfð2x 1ÞWgdz
is obtained using Eq. (43). The problem is also simulated using 0
X n Z Hi
the present analysis with the following inputs: s*1 = s*2 = 0.205 - ki
þ 2Gsi ð1 cosfð2y 1ÞWgÞð1 cosfð2x 1ÞWgÞ
2
MPa/m, f1 = 0, and f2 = 0.009. The pile head displacement i¼1 H i1
obtained from the present analysis is 0.019 m. þ tðfð2y 1ÞKg sinfð2y 1ÞWgÞðfð2x 1ÞKg sinfð2x 1ÞWgÞgdz
can be used to conduct an exhaustive parametric study for ax2 ¼ f g sinfðx 2ÞWg
2Gsi
i¼1 H i1
2 Lp
different cases of pile geometry and soil profiles without
resorting to a 3-D FE analysis, which is time-consuming 1
þt fðx 2ÞKg cosfðx 2ÞWg dz
and requires the expertise of FE software. From the Lp
B.K. Gupta, D. Basu / Soils and Foundations 57 (2017) 92–110 109
Z Lp h i
2 2
Anderson, J.B., Townsend, F.C., Grajales, B., 2003. Case history
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0
Xn Z Hi ASCE 129 (3), 187–196.
ki Arfken, G.B., Weber, H.J., 2005. Mathematical methods for Physicists,
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2
Ashour, M., Norris, G., 2000. Modeling lateral soil–pile response based
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2 2
axy ¼ Ep I p ½f2yKg cosf2yWgf2xKg cosf2xWgdz Budhu, M., Davies, T.G., 1988. Analysis of laterally loaded piles in soft
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2 Cox, W.R., Reese, L.C., Grubbs, B.R., 1974. Field testing of laterally
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