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Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 3346–3352 www.materialstoday.com/proceedings

ICMPC 2017

Characterization of Agricultural Waste Sugarcane Bagasse Ash at

11000C with various hours
Mohammed Imrana, Dr. A.R Anwar Khanb*
a
Research scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ghousia College of Enginnering-Ramanagaram-562159, Affiliated VTU, Karnataka,
India
b
Head of Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ghousia College of Enginnering-Ramanagaram-562159, Affiliated VTU, Karnataka, India.

Abstract

In this globe infinite numbers of natural and modified materials are used for the development of technology. In
this study recent development of composites sugarcane waste raw burned products has been used known as ash.
Bagasse will be prepared by extracting minerals and fibres will be crashed (milled) into small fibres from sugarcane.
The milled fibres were burned at different intervals temperature 11000C with 1,3 & 5 hours in a furnace, hence this
product is known as bagasse ash (BA). Bagasse ash characterized through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and
X-Ray diffraction (XRD) studied various parameters. Parametric studies carried out on grain size and percentage
variation of chemical composition. Also observed that the effect of temperature on weight and density variation in
different hours. The various properties of ashes will be utilized as reinforcement for development of aluminium
composite materials in further work.

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of 7th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization.

Keywords: Sugarcane, bagasse ash, SEM, XRD, density;

1. Introduction

Now a day’s researchers are focusing on waste products of industrial and agricultural sectors, these raw material

* Corresponding author. Mohammed Irman Tel.: 09686624424; fax: 080-27273474.

E-mail address:mechmdimran@gmail.com

2214-7853© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of 7th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization.
 Mohammed Imran et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 3346–3352 3347

used for the development of composites in various fields. Sugarcane is an agricultural tree-free plants renewable
resource, carbon neutral, higher rate of energy conversion etc. The lateral product of sugarcane after extracting
minerals and milled that is light yellowish particles known as bagasse, this product have composition water, small
cellulous fibers and cube sugar soluble mineral, also fire cause due to fibers are produce some methane gas at certain
circumstances [1-2,9]. The bagasse is burned with various temperatures to prepare the ash properties for the
development of composition, the increasing in temperature shows the percentage weight of SiO2 is increased and it
is rich in silicon oxides [2-3]. Ash powder waste particles are irregular shaped and have porous in nature which is
not controllable due to burned product, it naturally formed [7]. The use of this waste is not only economical and
environmental friendly material, also earnings from foreign exchange for pollution control [8- 9]. The ash is utilized
as reinforcement for the development of aluminium based composites which shows, the positive behaviour in certain
properties such as hardness, compressive strength and tensile strength etc. [5]. Effect of BA in aluminium studied
through wear test, which have results with increases the wear resistance with increasing percentage of BA particles
[4]. The microstructural study of aluminium composite hardness is accelerated compared to unreinforced base alloy
at the different aging temperatures, which results the greater influence of hardening characteristics of the BA
reinforced aluminium composite [6].

2. Problem Definition and Methodology

2.1. Problem Definition

The main aim is to develop the composite by using Bagasse ash (BA), which shows higher weight percentage of
Silica and it will be helps increasing in strength of aluminium materials while it used as reinforced material [1,4,5,6].
Ash is collected from Mysore sugarcane company Ltd., P.O. Sugar town, mandya-571 402. In present scope of
work sugarcane bagasse ash will be prepared at constant temperature 11000C with various times such as one, three
and five hours in a furnace. Bagasse ash will be characterized through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and
X-Ray diffraction XRD. This investigation was carried out at Indian Institute of Science Bangaluru.

2.2. Methodology

 By-product of sugarcane as BA will be prepared at temperature 11000C with one, three and five hours of
duration. Methodology shown in figure 1.
 Three samples parameter will be studied and characterised by following methods.
o Microstructure study through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) such as grain size and
chemical composition by using EDS were carried out.
o Characterised through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD).

Fig.1. Methodology
3348 Mohammed Imran et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 3346–3352

3. Bagasse Ash Preparation

The sugarcane mineral is extracted and fibered waste is milled makes as small fibres known as bagasse (figure 2).
Bagasse is burned in furnace at various temperature the final product is Bagasse Ash (BA), the BA is Prepared at
temperature 11000C with one, three and five hours of duration that is sample A, B and C (figure 3).

Fig.2. Sugarcane Bagasse

Fig.3. Sample-A, B and C burned at 11000C time duration at 1, 3 and 5 hrs of BA.

4. Investigation Results

4.1. SEM Investigation

Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) investigations was carried out to found grain size and composition as
follows.
i. Grain Size
Table 1.Bagasse Ash length of grain size in µm at 11000C temperature in various hours
Grain size at 11000C
1 hr. 3hr. 5hr.
15 to 105 µm 15 to 80 µm 15 to 50 µm

Fig.4(a) Fig.4(b) Fig.(c)

0
Figure 4 Length of grain size by SEM at 1100 C in various hours, (a) at 1 hour, (b) at 3 hr and (c) at 5 hrs
 Mohammed Imran et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 3346–3352 3349

From figure 4 (a) (b) & (c) the SEM shows at constant temperature 11000C in complete one hour burned and
observed grain size of BA particles is in the range from 15 to 105 µm. In second case three hour burned and
observed grain size of BA particles is in the range from 15 to 80 µm. In third case five hour burned and observed
grain size of BA particles is in the range from 15 to 50 µm. The effect of temperature with respect to grain size
represented in figure 5, which gives ash length of particles size is decreased with increasing in the time at constant
temperature 11000C (Table-1).

Fig.5. Effect of Grain Size in different hours of burning

ii. Chemical Composition

Table 2. BA chemical composition in Wt% at 11000C temperature in various hours

Weight Percentage (Wt%) at 11000C
Elements
1 hr. 3hrs. 5hrs.
C 2.95 5.56 5.87
O 4.43 1.69 1.17
Na 0.25 0.19 0.22
Mg 1.19 1.33 1.46
Al 1.92 1.12 1.40
Si 63.91 68.05 71.22
P 2.97 1.60 1.37
S 2.11 1.83 1.21
Cl 2.63 1.72 0.68
K 8.49 4.75 2.37
Ca 4.84 5.01 5.90
Fe 4.31 3.01 2.74
Cu -- 4.14 4.39

The EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) is used to analyse the composition of materials based on the
spectrum peck variation in numbers of count. The BA composition is analysed through EDS represented in fig.6.
EDS graph shows that numbers of counts in y-direction and energy dispersion in x-direction, the higher EDS
spectrum peck at 1.7 keV (Photon energy in kilo-electron volts) of 603 counts gives 63.91wt% of Si were present
and others have seen very less wt% such as C, O, Na, Mg, Al, P, S, Cl, K, Ca and Fe represented in table-2 at
11000C for 1hr (fig.6(a)). In second case, the higher EDS spectrum peck at 1.7 keV of 697 counts shows 68.05 wt%
of Si is present and others have seen very less wt% such as C, O, Na, Mg, Al, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, in addition to these
elements a new composition were seen as Cu represented in table-2 at 11000C for 3hrs (fig.6(b)). In third case , the
higher EDS spectrum peck at 1.7 keV of 759 counts with 71.22 wt% of Si is present and others have very less wt%
such as C, O, Na, Mg, Al, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe and Cu represented in table-2 at 11000C for 5hrs (fig.6(c)). This
investigation was found that, when the ash burned with increasing in time gives higher wt% of silicon contents. The
silicon is used as reinforcement in the development of strength for conventional aluminum alloy materials known as
composites [6].
3350 Mohammed Imran et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 3346–3352

Fig.6(a) Fig. 6(b) Fig.7(c)

Figure 6 EDS Graph at 11000C in various hours, (a) At 1 hour, (b) At 3 hours and (c) At 5 hours

4.2. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Investigation

The XRD is used in the present work; to study the oxides were present in BA (figure 7). The variation of
wavelength will be helps to study the various characteristic of materials, the theta angle and intensity in counts
represented along x and y-direction. XRD higher Spectrum gives SiO2 is maximum and minimum XRD spectrum
gives CaO, Al2O3, Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 at absorbed different theta angles represented in fig.7 the BA contain five
different oxides with different wt%. The higher vibration of spectrum observed in BA at 11000C for 5hrs compared
to the both 1 and 3 hrs burning which have maximum SiO2.

Fig.7. XRD of Bagasse Ash at 11000C in various hours.

4.3. Effect on Physical Parameter

i. Firing weight reduction

Table 3.BA % of reduction in weight (weight loss) at 11000C temperature in various hours
Time in Initial weight in Final weight in % of reduction in
Sl. No.
hours grams grams weight (Loss)
1 1 250 0.97 99.612
2 3 250 0.78 99.688
3 5 250 0.54 99.784
During the burning of bagasse ash weight reduction takes place were analysed. The naturally decreasing in
weight due to continuously firing the BA (table-3). The initially common weight of ash is taken 250 grams, after
firing the BA with 1hr, 3hrs and 5hrs at 11000C, which shows wt% of reduction, was takes place with increasing in
time s (figure 8).
 Mohammed Imran et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 3346–3352 3351

Fig.8. Percentage of weight reduction (Loss) V/s Time in hours.

ii. Effect on Density

Table 4. BA Density in g/cm3 at 11000C temperature in various hours

Time in
Sl. No. Weight in grams Volume (cm3) Density in g/cm3
hours
1 1 0.753 0.610 1.234
2 3 0.761 0.690 1.102
3 5 0.805 0.791 1.017

The temperature and time is affected to the density of BA which show in the figure 9 and table.4, density is
higher at the 11000C for 1hr. and gradually decreasing for 3hr and 5hrs.
Density in g/cm3 V/s Time in hours
1.3
Density in g/cm3

1.2

1.1

1
1 3 5
Time in hours

Fig.9. Density of Ash V/s Time in hours

5. Conclusion

Bagasse ash characterized by using suitable methods. SEM study of bagasse ash (BA) observed the length of
particles size is decreased with increasing in time at constant temperature 11000C that is 105 to 50μm/m. The EDS
composition of BA were found Si is rich, the range of 62wt% to 71wt% and increases with increasing in time at
constant temperature 11000C. XRD investigation found five oxides in BA such as maximum SiO2 and minimum
CaO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, Fe3O4. The oxides will help to increase the strength of metallic and nonmetallic materials when
it is used as reinforcement [1-8]. The maximum density of bagasse ash is found 1.234 g/cm3 in case one (1hour
firing) and it is preferable for the future work.
3352 Mohammed Imran et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 3346–3352

6. Future scope

 The future objective is to utilize this bagasse ash as reinforcement for development of metal matrix
composites in research work.

Acknowledgement

I acknowledge to parents and my guide.

Reference

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