Perspectives in what ways do human beings differ from from the Six

Schools of Personality Theory

The Traits Theorist

The trait theorists identify about 4,500 psychological from the lexicon of the
dictionary and cluster the traits into adjectival descriptors such as OCEAN of the
Big five Factors which represents Openness, Consiciousness, Extraversion,
Agreeableness and Neuroticism.

Psychodynamic Theory

The psychodynamic theorists investigate human differences by focusing on

studying the thought or mental processes. The psychodynamic theory focus on
the inner states , the pleasure principle of the id such as needs, wants, desire and
motives of a person in the unconscious mind to predict human behavior. The
satisfaction of the inner states will reinforced the id and generates the psychic
energy to reinforce the behavior to seek pleasures. The superego is the
conscience, ethics and moral acquired from our parents and societal culture to
control the id.

The ego mediates the demand of the id and the superego to make a decision. If
the superego is stronger than the id the ego will conform to the moral conscience
and act rationally. Contrarily, if the id is stronger than the superego, the ego will
act irrationally and deviates from the societal norms.

The Behaviorists Theory

The Behaviorist Theorists focus on the doing aspects by learning and observing
behavior They came up with classical conditioning and operant conditioning to
control behavior. Good behavior can be reinforced and sustained through
rewards and maladaptive behavior can be diminished or stop through
punishments.

Humanistic Theory
The humanistic theorists focus on the feelings or affective aspects
(compassionate, humane and caring) and building a favorable environment for
human being to grow their potentials and self-actualized. A favorable and
conducive environment will facilitate the person to self-actualized and change for
the better. An unfavorable and toxic environment will give pains to the person
causing the person to become negative and neurotic.

The Cognitive Theory

The cognitive theorists define personality as a function of the individual

experiences and the environment. They attempt to explain human behavior by
understanding the mental learning processes. They view behavior as a function of
cognition, learning and experiences in the environment. To understand behavior,
they focused on the interaction of the individual with his or her environment. The
environment provides the stimuli both painful and pleasurable. The individual
response to the stimuli leads to either reinforcer (positive outcome) or
punishment (negative outcome). The whole process becomes an experience. The
individual learns from experiences. One learns that both pleasurable and painful
experiences can lead to positive and negative outcomes.. They explain the
personality by careful observation of the human behaviors with the environment
and their relations. They assume that human beings are rational beings capable of
making sensible choices that benefits them. They assert that people organize
their values, expectations and goals to guide and direct their behavior. This set of
personal standards is unique in each person and grows out of one's life
experiences.

The cognitive theorists integrate the behavioral and cognitive perspectives to

explain personality. They found the Stimulus- Response Theory that pleasure
begets pleasure and pain begets pain too simplistic and can be mooted. They
create a gap between stimulus and response. The gap is to allow the intellect to
predict the motives of a stimulus to generate alternatives and anticipate the
outcomes of each alternative before choosing a response that makes the most
sense in a situation.
The cognitive theorists posit that individual's behaviour with regard to a trait is
highly inconsistent across diverse situations. They analyse and revealed that the
individual's behavior, when closely examined, was highly dependent upon
situational cues, rather than expressed consistently across diverse situations that
differed in meaning.

Biological Theory - the Genetic and Evolutionary Perspectives

The biological theory posits that human personality is a function of the genes. The
genetic perspective of the biological theory postulates that human beings inherit
the genes of the members of the family tree of our ancestors. For example, a
person is stubborn could have inherited the stubborn gene from, for example,
his/her father. Traits that are inherited have the characteristic of being consistent
and dominant. It provides us with the understanding that part of ourselves is
from nature, that is we are stubborn because we are borned like that.

The evolutionary perspective of the biological theory posits that our personality
evolves from the history of our cultural species to adapt and survive on the
principle of natural selection resulting in inheriting adaptive or smart genes. It
help us to understand the difference between simple and complex human being.

In what situations and along what dimensions do they differ?

KYKO Complexity dimension explains the behavior pattern of human being that
varies with situations and over time. KYKO dynamic dimensions clarify what
dimensions they prefer to vary in a particular situation.

Why do they differ?

Human personality differs due to the satisfaction and deprivation of physiological,

security, love, esteem and self actualization needs

How much do they differ?

The measurement of the magnitude of high, fairly high, average below average
and low of each dimension on the Likert scale of 1-7 determines how much they
differ.

How consistent are human differences?

KYKO is consistent in measuring human differences under its 5 dimensional and

personality factors model via self-actualization, egocentric, sociocentric, security,
and complexity. Each dimension and personality factor consists of a cluster of
psychological traits.

Can they be measured?

KYKO measures the inner states such as desires, wants, needs and motives at the
conscious and unconscious level of the mind. By measuring the inner states KYKO
is inclusive of all psychological traits.