MPR 203

PENGENALAN ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY

GENAP 2015-2016

IR. PUTU SUARSANA. MT. PHD

Introduction

Putu Suarsana

 S1 – Universitas Indonesia,Teknik Gas Petrokimia, 1989

 S2 – Institut Teknologi Bandung Teknik Perminyakan,1995
 S3 – Texas A&M University (College Station Texas USA),
Petroleum - 2001

Ir. Putu Suarsana M.T Ph.D

Current Research
 Reservoir Simulation
• Sopa - Klamono
• PTB - Rantau
• Pondok Tengah
 CO2 Flooding, ASP Flooding,
• Jatibarang
 High CO2 Reservoir:
• Natuna (Multi Stage Cryogenic)
 PVT
• 30 Lapangan di Indonesia
 POD: Pondok Tengah, Cepu Block
 EOR: Rantau, Kenali Asam, Talnga Jimar,
Limau, Kawengan, Nglobo, Bunyu,
 Conferences
 SPE Annual Conferences & Exhibition: 1997 –
2000: Houston, Dallas, San Antonio, New
Orlean, Virginia
 Geomechanic Workshop – Kinabalu Malaysia -
2002
 Discussion Leader SPE Forum Series – Phuket
Thailand-203
 High CO2 Technology Workshop – Bangkok
Thailand-2003
 Key Speaker Marginal Field Development –
Kuala Lumpur Malaysia - 2004
 SPE, IPA - Indonesia
 SPE IOR – Kuala Lumpur
 Poster Session and Chairman – IPA 2006
 ATW – XIAN China – 2006
Teaching Experiences

 Teaching Assistant :1996-2001

Texas A&M University for Master and Ph.D Classes
• Well Test
• Gas Engineering
• Reservoir Management
• Reservoir Characterization
 BPST – Pertamina –
 Trisakti University : 2003-2008
 Bimbingan Skripsi: TSakti: 1999-2010
S2-ITB: 2005
 General Department of Petroleum, Oil and Gas
Ministry Cambodia, 2014-2015
Perkenalan
 Nama
 Tempat/Tgl Lahir
 Angkatan:
 IPK :
 Berapa kali telah mengambil EOR?
 Jika lebih dari satu kali, jelaskan kenapa
anda bisa gagal ?
 Materi yg diinginkan:
• Banyak materi
• Banyak pr
• Banyak Latihan
• Banyak kasus lapangan
 Menguasai Bahasa Inggris ?
 Tujuan Mengambil EOR?
MULTIDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF RESERVOIR
MANAGEMENT

RESERVOIR PRODUCTION
ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
GEOLOGY SURFACE
AND FACILITIES
GEOPHYSICS ENGINEERING

RESERVOIR
DESIGN AND
(PETROLEUM ENVIRONMENT
CONSTRUCTIO
ASSET) AL AND LEGAL
N
MANAGEMEN ASPECTS
ENGINEERING
T

ECONOMICS
GAS
DRILLING MARKETING,
MANAGEMENT
RESEARCH
PRODUCTION
AND
OPERATIONS
SERVICE
LABS

FIG 13.3: RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT APPROACH (THAKUR, 1991)

Kapan Saatnya EOR ??
2 Tahap 1-4
1 3

7
6 Tahap 5
5

Tahap 6-7

5 6
1-4 7
 WORK FLOW EOR

Field Screening of EOR Candidate

- REMAINING OIL
- DATA AVAILABILITY
- EOR TYPE SCREENING PROCESS
- SOCIAL ASPECT
- REGULATION (ZERO DISCHARGE)
- PRE-ECONOMIC EVALUATION
GAIN
EOR

PRODUCTION
OTHER FIELD PHASE IN
CANDIDATES
FULL
SCALE

NO

-REPARATION FULL
GGRP & PREPARATION OF YES
POFD SCALE
FACILITY PILOT PILOT (POFD
(WELL & FACILITY.)
RESERVE
STUDY Implem
CALC entasi)

3 YEARS 15 YEARS
 Screening FLUID
Pre-POD SAMPLING
EOR ?
Fluid Analysis
(Lab. Work)
Economic EOR STUDY • PVT
• Chemical Selection
Evaluation PROJECT • Fluid-Fluid comp.
• Fluid-Rock Comp.
MANAGEMENT • Core Flooding
Process& • Slim Tube
Facilities
Design ? PVT
(Region) Modeling
Reservoir
simulation G&G Production
? (Region) Modeling
Analysis 16
Fault Seal
Most EOR projects are complex and require 3-5
years study before field-scale operations
commence
Elements of a Typical EOR Project

Source: Schlumberger
17
With oil prices stabilized at a high level, and
pressure on oil supply, most IOC’s have
major EOR R&D and pilot projects…
Total’s Portfolio of EOR Projects

EXAMPLE

Source: Total
18
As a tried and tested method, steam injection can
significantly prolong the life of shallow fields, as in
Emlichheim, Germany

Emlichheim Field - Germany Steam Injection

(Oil Production, mb per year, 1944 - 2024)
(Schematic representation)
1,4
1,3
Plateau Period 60 Years
1,2
1,1
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0  Shallow reservoirs
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Tertiary (Steam Injection) Secondary (Cold Water Injection)

Critical  High porosity
Tertiary (Hot Water Injection) Primary Factors sandstone
Source: Wintershall, Booz & Co. analysis 19  Low gravity oil
Thermal methods are most mature and gas methods
have growing importance; chemical EOR
production is almost entirely in China

EOR Methods Worldwide Production from EOR

Classification by Maturity and Technology Deployment Status
Technology Production Number of Projects
Deployment (mbd, 2009)
2.500

Steam
Smart Waterflooding
>100
Gas Injection 2.000

SAGD 1

Polymer 1.500
Pilots Commercial

1.000
>100
Surfactant
Foams
500 <5
In Situ Combustion
Microbial
2 <5
R&D HPAI Limited Application
Maturity 0
3 4
Therma Gas Chemical Others
Chemical Thermal Other Gas l

1) SAGD - Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage

2) HPAI - High Pressure Air Injection
3) Includes Canada oil sands and Venezuela heavy oil
4) Chemical methods on a field-scale are applied in the Daqing fields in China
Source: Society of Petroleum Engineering, Oil & Gas journal, Booz & Company analysis
20
4 Sections in Petroleum
Industry

Section III
Section IV

Section II

Section I
4 Sections in Petroleum Industry

 Section I : Area Reservoir – Sampai Dasar

Lubang Bor
 Section II : Dasar Lubang Bor - Kepala Sumur
 Section III : Well Head - Surface Facilities
 Section IV : Konsumen/Process Lanjut

Workshop ini akan menbahas : Section I & Section III

MULTIDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF RESERVOIR
MANAGEMENT

RESERVOIR PRODUCTION
ENGINEERIN ENGINEERIN
G G
GEOLOGY SURFACE
AND FACILITIES
GEOPHYSIC ENGINEERIN
S G

RESERVOIR
DESIGN AND
(PETROLEUM ENVIRONMENT
CONSTRUCTIO
ASSET) AL AND LEGAL
N
MANAGEMEN ASPECTS
ENGINEERING
T

ECONOMICS
GAS
DRILLING MARKETING,
MANAGEMENT
RESEARCH
PRODUCTIO
AND
N
SERVICE
OPERATIONS
LABS

FIG 13.3: RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT APPROACH (THAKUR, 1991)

4 Sections in Petroleum
Industry

Section III
Section IV

Section II

Section I
 Kapan Saatnya Membuat EOR ??
2

1 3

1-5 - Exploration
5 - Primary Production
6-7 - EOR
4

7
6
5

5 6
1-4 7
subsurface (Section I)

Reservoirs

•Water Reservoirs
•Oil Reservoirs
•Gas Reservoirs
Gas, Oil, Water Reservoirs

 Dimana ?
 Berapa Dalam ?
 Isi apa ?
 Volume Berapa ?
 Besar area ?
 Tebal ?
 Laju Alir ?
How Simple The Reservoir Shape ?
How Simple The Reservoir Shape
Reservoir

Rock Fluid
Type of Rocks
Enhanced Oil Recovery
GAS INJECTION

Ir Putu Suarsana MT. Ph.D

 Screening FLUID
Pre-POD SAMPLING
EOR ?
Fluid Analysis
(Lab. Work)
Economic EOR STUDY • PVT
• Chemical Selection
Evaluation PROJECT • Fluid-Fluid comp.
• Fluid-Rock Comp.
MANAGEMENT • Core Flooding
Process& • Slim Tube
Facilities
Design ? PVT
(Region) Modeling
Reservoir
simulation G&G Production
? (Region) Modeling
Analysis 35
Fault Seal
 Table 1
EOR Screening Technical Criterias2,3,9
Recommended Range
Properties
N2 CO2 In Situ Combustion Steam Injection
Gravity, API > 35 > 22 10 to 27 8 to 25
Viscosity, cp < 0.4 < 10 < 5,000 <100,000
Not Critical but some
High percentage of light High percentage of intermediate Some asphaltic components to aid
Composition light ends for steam
hydrocarbons hydrocarbons (especially C5 to C12) coke deposition
distillation will help
Oil Saturation, % PV > 40 > 20 > 50 > 40
Sandstone or carbonate with few Sand or sandstone with
Sandstone or carbonate with few Sand or sandstone with high
Type of formation fractures and high permeability high porosity and
fractures and high permeability streaks porosity
streaks permeability
Relatively thin unless formation is Relatively thin unless formation is
Net Thickness > 10 > 20
dipping dipping
Not critical if sufficient injection rate
Average Permeability, mD Not critical > 50 > 200
can be maintained
For miscible displacement, depth must
Depth, ft > 6000 < 11,500 < 5,000
be great enough
Temperature, F Not critical Not Critical > 100 Not Critical

Recommended Range
Properties
Polymer Micellar, ASP, and Alkaline Surfactant Microbial
Gravity, API > 15 > 20 > 20 > 15
< 150 (preferably <100 and
Viscosity, cp < 35 < 100 Not Critical
>10)
Light intermediate which contain
Composition Not Critical Not Critical Not Critical
organic acid to achieve lower IFT
Oil Saturation, % PV > 50 > 35 > 35 > 25
Sandstone preferred but can be
Type of formation Sandstone prefered Sandstone Not Critical
used in carbonate
Net Thickness, ft Not critical Not critical Not critical Not Critical
Average Permeability, mD > 10 > 10 > 40 > 50 md
Depth, ft < 9000 < 9000 < 6000 < 8000
Temperature, F <200 to minimize degradation < 200 < 200 < 160
Waterflooding
Miscible Gas Flooding (CO2 Injection)
CO2 Injection Water Separation and Production Well
Injection Well Injection Storage Facilities
From Pump
Pipeline
or Recycle

4 3 2 1

1 Waterflood Sor 2 Oil 3 CO2 and Water 4 Drive

Bank/Miscible Zone Water
Front
Miscible Gas Flooding (CO2 Injection)

Description

 Consists of injecting large quantities of CO2 (15%

or more hydrocarbon pore volumes) in reservoir to
form a miscible flood

Mechanisms That Improve Recovery Efficiency

 CO2 extracts the light-to-intermediate components

from the oil, and, if pressure is high enough,
develops miscibility to displace oil from reservoir
(vaporizing gas drive)

 Viscosity reduction / oil swelling

Miscible Gas Flooding (CO2 Injection)
Limitations
 Very low viscosity of CO2 results in poor mobility
control
 Availability of CO2
Challenges
 Early breakthrough of CO2 causes problems
 Corrosion in producing wells
 Necessity of separating CO2 from saleable
hydrocarbons
 Repressuring CO2 for recycling
 Large requirement of CO2 per incremental barrel
produced
Miscible Gas Flooding (CO2 Injection)

Screening Parameters
 Gravity > 27° API
 Viscosity < 10 cp
 Composition C5 - C20 (C5 - C12)
 Oil saturation > 30% PV
 Formation type sandstone / carbonate
 Net thickness relatively thin
 Average permeability not critical
 Transmissibility not critical
 Depth > 2,300 feet
 Temperature < 250° F
Miscible Gas Flooding
(Hydrocarbon Injection)
HC Gas Injection Water Separation and Production Well
Injection Well Injection Storage Facilities
From Pump
Pipeline
or Recycle

4 3 2 1

2 Oil Bank / 3 HC and Water 4 Drive

1 Waterflood Sor Water
Miscible Front Zone
Miscible Gas Flooding
(Hydrocarbon Injection)

Description

 Consists of injecting light hydrocarbons through

reservoir to form a miscible flood

Mechanisms That Improve Recovery Efficiency

 Viscosity reduction / oil swelling / condensing or

vaporizing gas drive
Miscible Gas Flooding
(Hydrocarbon Injection)
Limitations
 Minimum depth is set by pressure needed to maintain
generated miscibility
 Ranges from about 1,200 psi for LPG process to 3,000-
5,000 psi for High Pressure Gas Drive, depending on the
oil
 Steeply dipping formation is very desirable - permits
gravity stabilization of displacement that normally has
an unfavorable mobility ratio
Challenges
 Viscous fingering results in poor vertical and horizontal
sweep efficiency
 Large quantities of expensive products required
 Solvent may be trapped and not recovered
Miscible Gas Flooding
(Hydrocarbon Injection)
Screening Parameters
 Gravity > 27° API
 Viscosity < 10 cp
 Composition C2 - C7
 Oil saturation > 30% PV
 Formation type sandstone / carbonate
 Net thickness relatively thin
 Average permeability not critical
 Transmissibility not critical
 Depth > 2,000 feet (LPG)
> 5,000 feet (lean gas)
 Temperature > 250°F
Nitrogen / Flue Gas Flooding
N2 Gas Injection Water Separation and Production Well
Injection Well Injection Storage Facilities
From Pump
Pipeline
or Plant

4 3 2 1

1 Oil Bank/ N2 and

Waterflood Sor 2 3 4 Drive Water
Miscible Front Water Zone
Nitrogen / Flue Gas Flooding
Description
 Consists of injecting large quantities of gas that
may be miscible or immiscible depending on
pressure and oil composition
 Large volumes may be injected because of low
cost
 Nitrogen or flue gas are also considered for use as
chase gases in hydrocarbon-miscible and CO2
floods
Mechanisms That Improve Recovery Efficiency
 Vaporizes lighter components of crude oil and
generates miscibility if pressure is high enough
 Provides gas drive where significant portion of
reservoir volume is filled with low-cost gases
Nitrogen / Flue Gas Flooding
Limitations
 Miscibility can only be achieved with light oils at high
pressures; therefore, deep reservoirs are needed
 Steeply dipping reservoir is desired to permit gravity
stabilization of displacement, which has a very
unfavorable mobility ratio
Challenges

 Viscous fingering results in poor vertical and horizontal

sweep efficiency

 Flue gas injection can cause corrosion

 Non-hydrocarbon gases must be separated from

saleable gas
Nitrogen / Flue Gas Flooding

Screening Parameters
 Gravity > 24° API (> 35 for nitrogen)
 Viscosity < 10 cp
 Composition C1 - C7
 Oil saturation > 30% PV
 Formation type sandstone / carbonate
 Net thickness relatively thin (not critical for
pressure maintenance)
 Average permeability not critical
 Transmissibility not critical
 Depth > 4,500 feet
 Temperature not critical
Oil Gravity Guides for Enhanced
Oil Recovery Methods

Oil Gravity oAPI

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

N2 & Flue Gas

Hydrocarbon
CO2 - Miscible
Immiscible Gas
Alkaline/Surfactant/Polymer
Polymer Flooding
Gel Treatments
In situ Combustion
Steam Flooding
Mining
 Summary of Screening Criteria for
IOR and EOR Methods

N.C. = Not Critical

*Transmissibility >20 md ft/cp
**Transmissibility > 100 md ft/cp
Gas (Solvents) Injection

Type of Gas (Solvents) Injection:

- Hydrocarbon gases (CH4, C2H6)

- Nitrogen (N2)
- Natural gas mixtures
- Light hydrocarbon liquids
- Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Comparison of Solvents

Selecting an appropriate solvent for a given

reservoir is generally based on:

- Availability and relative cost

- Physical properties and phase behavior data
- Miscibility conditions
- Reservoir characteristics
Comparison of Solvents

At 93C and 3000 psia

Solvent Density, kg/m3 FVF, RCF/SCF Viscosity, Cp

CO2 525 0.0035 0.042
Air 186 0.0064 0.027
Nitrogen 178 0.0064 0.025
Methane 117 0.0056 0.018
Natural gas 173 0.0051 0.02

 CO2 has favorable properties and lower MMP

 LNG, LPG and condensate liquids are excellent solvents but
are more expensive
Comparison of Solvents
Light component

CO2

CH4

N2
Heavy Intermediate
component component
DK - 68 -
Comparison of Solvents

Among various gases, Carbon dioxide is

preferred, due to:

- Higher viscosity
- Low formation volume factor
- High density
- Low miscibility pressures with reservoir oils
- Easy to handling
- Relatively low cost
DK - 69 -
Gas Injection Options
Reinjection of Reservoir Gas:
 The first option to consider in a low permeability
reservoir is reinjection of reservoir gas. This can
only occur in a relatively unproduced, newer
reservoir that originally was nearly saturated with
gas. The gas will have already been produced from
older reservoirs.
 If this option is possible, the reservoir pressure is
controlled so as to optimize gas production, gas
recycle, and oil production.
Gas Injection Options
Nitrogen or Air Injection:
 If reservoir gas is not available, injecting either
nitrogen or air to increase oil recovery is common.
 Nitrogen, extracted from air using membranes or
pressure swing adsorption, is relatively inert because
it contains less than 4 percent oxygen.
 It is best used in shallower reservoirs to enhance
production by increasing reservoir pressure.
 Produced nitrogen can be recompressed and recycled
so that very little new gas is needed and the
production can continue for several decades.
Gas Injection Options
Nitrogen or Air Injection:
 Air is used in deeper reservoirs, temperature (> 150
ºF) where the air spontaneously reacts with the oil to
form flue gas. The CO2 in the flue gas dissolves in
the oil. In addition, water and light oil evaporate
from the combustion zone. This means that three
mechanisms (pressure maintenance, swelling and
waterflooding by condensed steam) combine to
increase oil recovery.

DK - 72 -
Gas Injection Options
CO2 Sequestration:
 When a CO2 pipeline is not nearby but CO2 is
available from plants in a nearly pure form and is
not being sold for another purpose, it can be
injected into light-oil reservoirs where the CO2 and
oil could become miscible.
 In the few instances where these conditions exist,
carbon dioxide is the best choice for recovering oil
for decades from a low-permeability, deeper
reservoir where gas will not override the reservoir
fluids.
Miscible (Solvents) Injection
 Nitrogen becomes an efficient miscible displacement
only for light oils, temperatures greater than 240 0F (115
0C) and pressures greater than 5,000 psig, where its

density is high enough to extract light-hydrocarbons

from the oil.
 Flue-gas works well at lower pressure and temperature,
since it contains around 13% carbon dioxide.
 For carbon dioxide, the minimum pressure is 1,070 psig
at 88 0F (31 0C), i.e., when CO2 becomes supercritical
and its gas and liquid are no longer separate phases.
 All of these gases become miscible only when their
density is high, generally greater than 0.5 gr/cc. Thus,
they work best at high pressure.
Gas Injection versus Waterflood
 The first decision that must be reached is whether to
inject a gas or to either start or continue a waterflood.
 The facts are that waterfloods (without surfactants)
leave more oil in the reservoir than gas floods, but
waterfloods can also recover oil faster than gas if the
permeability of the reservoir is high.
 Usually, if the permeability of the reservoir is above 50
md, a waterflood will work well, whereas if the
permeability is below 25 md, gas will recover oil faster
than water because more gas can be injected.
 In addition, if a waterflood has not been successful
because of poor sweep, a gas flood should be
profitable.
Ternary Equilibrium Diagrams