LAW027M

BASIC LEGAL ETHICS

2nd Semester 2018
Prof. Vyva Victoria M. Aguirre

Requirements/Breakdown of Grades:
Recitations/Quizzes: 20%
Digests: 10%
Mid Terms: 30%
Finals: 40%
Rules:
1. No make-up for quizzes. Unannounced quizzes will be given from time to time on assigned
readings.
2. Make-up for Mid-Terms and Finals only for absences with valid reasons, determination of which
will depend on the instructor’s discretion and evidence of which must be duly presented.
3. Use of gadgets (laptops, netbooks, i-pads, cell phones, etc.) is not allowed during class.
Cellphones must be off or on silent mode.
4. For recitations, while glancing at handwritten notes is permissible, students must not read while
reciting. Photocopied materials may likewise not be used for this purpose.
5. Honesty is expected at all times. Intellectual dishonesty in whatever form (e.g., cheating in
examinations and tests, plagiarism, etc.) will be severely dealt with. The instructor reserves the
right to fail students caught committing acts of dishonesty, without prejudice to the filing of
disciplinary action against them.

COURSE OUTLINE

I. Introduction to Legal Ethics

Legal practice as profession
Practice of law as public service
II. Practice of Law
Constitution, VIII, sec.5(5)
Attorney’s Oath – Rules of Court, Form 26.
In re Cunanan, March 18, 1954 (94 Phil. 534)
In the Matter of the Integration of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines, January 9, 1973
Cayetano v. Monsod, G.R. No. 100113, Sept 3, 1991
Ulep v. The Legal Clinic, Bar Matter No. 553, June 17, 1993
III. Legal Ethics: Code of Professional Responsibility
A. The Lawyer and Society
Canon 1 - Duty to uphold the Constitution and Obey the Law
Brion, Jr. v. Brillantes, Jr., Adm. Case No. 5305, March 17, 2003
Bautista v. Gonzales, Adm. Matter No. 1625, February 12, 1990
Feliciano v. Bautista-Lozada, Adm. Case No. 7593, March 11, 2015
Unlawful, Dishonest & Immoral Conduct
Arciga v. Maniwang, Adm. Case No. 1608, August 14, 1981
Zaguirre v. Castillo, Adm. Case No. 4921, March 6, 2003
Cordova v. Cordova, Adm. Case No. 3249, November 29, 1989
Crimes involving moral turpitude
People v. Tuanda, Adm. Case No. 3360, January 30, 1989
In re Al Argosino, B.M. 712, July 13, 1995; March 19, 1997
Re: Sc Decision Dated May 20, 2008 In G.R. No. 161455 Under Rule 139-B of the Rules of
Court, v. Atty. Rodolfo D. Pactolin, Adm. Case No. 7940. April 24, 2012
Teves v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 180363, 04-28-2009 [only for enumeration of crimes involving
moral turpitude]
Effect of Executive Pardon
In re Lontok, 43 Phil. 293 (1922)
In re Vailoces, Adm. Case No. 439, September 30, 1982
In re Rovero, Adm. Case No. 126, December 29, 1980
In re Gutierrez, Adm. Case No. 363, July 31, 1962
Non-Professional Misconduct
Lizaso v. Amante, Adm. Case No. 2019, June 3, 1991
Toledo v. Abalos, Adm. Case No. 5141, September 29, 1999
Sebastian v. Calis, Adm. Case No. 5118, September 9, 1999
Duty to overcome evidence of wrong-doing
Reyes v. Gaa, Adm. Matter No. 1048, July 14, 1995
Duties of Notaries Public
Nadayag v. Grageda, Adm. Case No. 3232, September 27, 1994
Nunga v. Viray, Adm. Case No. 4758, April 30, 1999
Villarin, et al. v. Sabate, Jr., Adm. Case No. 3324, February 9, 2000
Isenhardt v. Real, Adm. Case No. 8254, February 15, 2012
Imson-Souweha v. Rondez, Adm. Case No. 3961, September 18, 1997
Counselling/ Abetting Illegal Activities
Donton v. Tansingco, Adm. Case No. 6057, June 27, 2006
Oronce v. CA, G.R. No. 125766. October 19, 1998
Guarin v. Limpin, Adm. Case No. 10576, January 14, 2015
Coronel v. Cunanan, Adm. Case No. 6738 , August 12, 2015
Delaying any man’s cause for any corrupt motive or interest
De Los Santos II v. Barbosa, A.C. No. 6681. June 17, 2015
Avoiding Controversy, Encouraging Settlement
Castañeda vs, Ago, G.R. No. 28546, July 30, 1975
De Ysasi III v. NLRC, G.R. No. 104599, March 11, 1994

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Canon 2 – Legal Services Compatible with Independence, Integrity of Profession
Cause of defenseless & oppressed
IBP Guidelines, Art.1, sec.1. Public Service
Rep. Act No. 9999
A.M. No. 17-03-09-SC, Rule on Community Legal Aid Service
Ledesma v. Climaco, G.R. No. L-23815. June 28, 1974
Re: Request of National Committee on Legal Aid To Exempt Legal Aid Clients From Paying
Filing, Docket and Other Fees, Adm. Matter No. 08-11-7-SC. August 28, 2009.
Soliciting legal business
In re Tagorda, 53 Phil. 37 (1929)
Linsangan v. Tolentino, Adm.Case No. 6672. September 4, 2009
Canon 3 – Making Known Legal Services: Fair, dignified, objective information
Dacanay v. Baker & McKenzie, Adm. Case No. 2131, May 10, 1985
Canon 4 —Participate in the development of the legal system by initiating or supporting
efforts in law reform and in the improvement of the administration of justice.
Canon 5 – Keep Abreast of Legal Developments
People v. Gacott, G.R. No. 116049, March 20, 1995
Payod v. Metila, Adm. Case No. 3944. July 27, 2007
Sanchez v. Aguilos, Adm. Case No. 10543, March 16, 2016
Mandatory Continuing Legal Education, Agpalo, Appendix F
Cabiles v. Cedo, Adm. Case No. 10245, August 16, 2017
Canon 6 – Lawyers in Government Service
Collantes v. Renomeron, Adm. Case No. 3056, August 16, 1991
Pimentel v. Llorente, et al., Adm. Case No. 4680, August 29, 2000
Berenguer-Landers v. Florin, Adm. Case No. 5119, April 17, 2013
Suarez v. Platon, 69 Phil. 556 (1940)
Misamin v. San Juan, Adm. Case No. 1418, August 31, 1976
Lahm v. Mayor, Adm.Case No. 7430. February 15, 2012
After Leaving Government Service
PCGG v. Sandiganbayan, et al., G.R. Nos. 151809-12. April 12, 2005
Pasok v. Zapatos, Adm. Case No. 7388, October 19, 2016

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B. The Lawyer and the Legal Profession
Canon 7 – Upholding the Integrity of the Legal Profession; Support of IBP Activities
The Integrated Bar of the Philippines
Re 1989 Elections of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines, Bar Matter No. 491, October 6,
1989
In the Matter of the Brewing Controversies in the Election in the Integrated Bar of the
Philippines, Adm. Matter No. 09-5-2-SC. December 14, 2010
Santos, Jr. v. Llamas, Adm. Case No. 4749, January 20, 2000
Knowingly making false statement in application for admission to the bar
Leda v. Tabang, Adm. Case No. 2505, February 21, 1992
In the Matter of the Disqualification of Bar Examinee Haron S. Meling in the 2002 Bar
Examinations and for Disciplinary Action as Member of the Philippine Shari'a Bar, Atty.
Froilan R. Melendrez, Bar Matter No. 1154, June 8, 2004
Integrity of the Bar
In re Parazo, G.R. No. 120348. December 3, 1948
Conduct affecting fitness to practice law; Requisite of good moral character
Tapucar v. Tapucar, Adm. Case No. 4148, July 30, 1998
Victory v. Mercado, A.C. No. 10580, July 12, 2017
Canon 8 – Courtesy, Fairness & Candor Toward Colleagues
Bugaring v. Español, G.R. No. 133090, January 19, 2001
Noble III v. Ailes, Adm. Case No. 10628 (Resolution), July 1, 2015
Buenviaje v. Magdamo, A.C. No. 11616, August 23, 2017
Encroachment on Professional Employment of Another
Camacho v. Pangulayan, et al., Adm. Case No. 4807, March 22, 2000
In re Clemente M. Soriano, G.R. No. 24114, June 30, 1970
Canon 9 - Assisting in Unauthorized Practice of Law
Bonifacio v. Era, A.C. No. 11754, October 3, 2017
Alawi v. Alauya,, Adm. Matter SDC-97-2-P, February 24, 1997
Five J Taxi v. NLRC, G.R. No. 111474, August 22, 1994
Heirs of Carlos v. Linsangan, A.C. No. 11494, July 24, 2017

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C. The Lawyer and the Courts
Canon 10 – Candor, Fairness & Good Faith to the Court
Libit v. Oliva, Adm. Case No. 2837, October 7, 1994
Knowingly misquoting contents of a document
COMELEC v. Noynay, G.R. No. 132365. July 9, 1998
Adez Realty, Inc. vs. Court Of Appeals, G.R. No. 100643. October 30, 1992
Torres v. Dalangin, Adm. Case No. 10758, December 5, 2017
Misuse of rules of procedure
Masinsin v. Albano, G.R. No. 86421, May 31, 1994
Cobb-Perez v. Lantin, G.R. No. L-22320, July 29, 1968.
Avida Land v. Argosino, Adm. Case No. 7437, August 17, 2016
Festin v. Zubiri, Adm. Case No. 11600, June 19, 2017
In Re Eligio P. Mallari, Adm. Case No. 11111, January 10, 2018
Canon 11 - Respect due to courts
Re: Letter Of The UP Law Faculty Entitled "Restoring Integrity: A Statement By The Faculty Of
The University Of The Philippines College Of Law On The Allegations Of Plagiarism And
Misrepresentation In The Supreme Court", A.M. No. 10-10-4-SC. March 8, 2011 (Read
also dissenting opinions)
Punctual attendance at hearings
De Gracia v. Warden of Makati, G.R. No. L-42032, January 9, 1976.
Scandalous, offensive language
Sangalang v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 71169, August 30, 1989
Montecillo v. Gica, G.R. No. L-36800, October 21, 1974
In re Sotto, 82 Phil. 595 (1949)
Guerrero v. Villamor, G.R. Nos. 82238-42, November 13, 1989
Fernandez v. Bello, G.R. No. L-14277. April 30, 1960
Attributing motives to judges not supported by records
Penticostes v. Hidalgo, Adm. Matter No. RTJ-89-331, September 28, 1990
Mocles v. Maravilla, Adm. Matter No. RTJ-93-873
Wicker v. Arcangel, G.R. No. 112869, January 29, 1996
Alpajora v, Calayan, Adm. Case No. 8208, January 10, 2018
Grievance against judges: Proper venue
Const., VIII, s.6
Maceda v. Vasquez, G.R. No. 102781, April 22, 1993
Canon 12 – Duty to Assist in Speedy and Efficient Administration of Justice
Alcantara, et al. v. De Vera, Adm.Case No. 5859. November 23, 2010
Olivares v. Villalon, Adm.Case No. 6323. April 13, 2007
Li Kim Tho v. Sanchez, G.R. No. L-2676. January 31, 1949
Bergonia v. Merrera, Adm. Case No. 5024, February 20, 2003
Economic Insurance Co. v. Uy Realty Co., G.R. No. L-28056, August 31, 1970
Canon 13 – Influencing or Giving Appearance of Influencing Court
Nestle Philippines v. Sanchez, G.R. No. L-75209, September 30, 1987
Lantoria v. Bunyi, Adm. Case No. 1769, June 8, 1992
Cruz v. Salva, G.R. No. L-12871. July 25, 1959
Re: Request Radio-Tv Coverage of the Trial in the Sandiganbayan of the Plunder Cases
Against the Former President Joseph E. Estrada, Adm..Matter No. 01-4-03-SC. June 29,
2001
In re Almacen, G.R. No. L-27654, February 18, 1970
Maglasang v. People, G.R. No. 90083, October 4, 1990

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D. The Lawyer and the Client
Canon 14- Services to the Needy
Cf Rule 138, sec.20, 31; Rule 116, sec.6 & 7; Rule 124, sec.2
Canon 15 – Candor, Fairness and Loyalty in Dealings with Clients
Llunar v. Ricafort, Adm. Case No. 6484, June 16, 2015
Villahermosa, Sr. v. Caracol, A.C. No. 7325 (Resolution), January 21, 2015
Conflict of Interest
Rosacia v. Bulalacao, Adm. Case No. 3745, October 2, 1995
Abaqueta v. Florido, Adm.Case No. 5948. January 22, 2003
Pormento, Sr. v. Pontevedra, Adm. Case No. 5128, March 31, 2005
Pacana vs. Pascual-Lopez, Adm.Case No. 8243. July 24, 2009
Santos Ventura Hocorma Foundation, Inc. v. Funk, Adm.Case No. 9094. August 15, 2012
Bernardino v. Santos, Adm. Case Nos. 10583 & 10584 (Resolution), February 18, 2015
Anglo v. Valencia, Adm. Case No. 10567, February 25, 2015
Mabini Colleges, Inc. v. Pajarillo, Adm. Case No. 10687, July 22, 2015
Gimeno v. Zaide, Adm. Case No. 10303, April 22, 2015
Privileged Communication
Revised Penal Code, Art.209
Canon 16 – Shall Hold in Trust Moneys and Properties of Client
Civil Code, Art. 1491
Licuanan v. Melo, Adm. Case No. 2361, February 9, 1989
Dumadag v. Lumaya, Adm. Case No. 2614. May 21, 1991
Dhaliwal v. Dumaguing, Adm. Case No. 9390. August 1, 2012
Sps Concepcion v. Dela Rosa, Adm. Case No. 10681, February 3, 2015
Champertous contracts
Bautista v. Gonzales, Adm. Matter No. 1625. February 12, 1990
Lien for Attorney’s Fees
Tanhueco v. De Dumo, Adm. Case No. 1437, April 25, 1989
Canon 17 – Fidelity to Client’s Cause
Manalang, et al. v. Angeles, Adm. Case No. 1558, March 10, 2003
Solatan v. Inocentes, Adm. Case No. 6504, August 9, 2005
Villafuerte v. Cortez, Adm. Case No. 3455, April 14, 1998
Canon 18 – Competence and Diligence
Reontoy v. Ibadlit, Adm. Case CBD No. 190, January 28, 1998
Moton v. Cadiao, Adm. Case No. 5169. November 24, 1999
Hernandez v. Padilla, Adm.Case No. 9387. June 20, 2012
Edquibal v. Ferrer, Adm. Case No. 5687, February 3, 2005
Barbuco v. Beltran, Adm. Case No. 5092, August 11, 2004
Suarez v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 91133, March 22, 1993
Perea v. Almadro, Adm. Case No. 5246, March 20, 2003
Blanza v. Arcangel, Adm. Case No. 492, September 5, 1967
Nonato v. Fudolin, Jr., Adm. Case No. 10138, June 16, 2015
Canon 19 – Represent With Zeal Within Bounds of Law
Ong v. Unto, Adm. Case No. 2417. February 6, 2002
Canon 20 – Charge Only Fair and Reasonable Fees
Nature of attorney’s fees
Metropolitan Bank & Trust Co. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. Nos. 86100-03, January 23, 1990
Right to compensation
Albano v. Coloma, Adm. Case No. 528, October 11, 1967
Corpuz v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-40424, June 30, 1980
Aquino v. Casabar, G.R. No. 191470, January 26, 2015
Power of Court to fix attorney’s fees
Mendoza-Parker v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 109219, March 11, 1994

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 Retainer’s fee
Research and Services Realty, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 124074, January 27, 1997
Attorney’s fees as contract and as award for damages
Trader’s Royal Bank Employees Union-Independent v. NLRC, G.R. No. 120592, March 14,
1997
Attorney’s Lien, When & where claimed
Rules of Court, Rule 138, sec.37
Canon 21 – Client Confidence and Secrets
Cf RPC Art. 209
Regala, et al. v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 105938, September 20, 1996 [read also dissenting
opinion]
Palm v. Iledan, Jr., Adm. Case No. 8242. October 2, 2009
Canon 22 – Withdrawal of Services for Good Cause and Upon Notice
Laput v. Ramotigue, Adm. Case No. 219, September 29, 1962
Gonzaga v. Villanueva, Jr., Adm. Case No. 1954, July 23, 2004
Venterez, et al. v. Cosme, Adm. Case No. 7421. October 10, 2007
Domingo v. Aquino, G.R. No. L-28078. April 29, 1971
Obando v. Figueras, G.R. No. 134854. January 18, 2000

IV. Discipline of Lawyers (see Rule 138, Rules of Court)

 Nature of disciplinary proceedings against lawyers: In re Almacen, G.R. No. L-27654. February 18,
1970; Gatchalian Promotions Talents Pool, Inc. v. Naldoza, Adm. Case No. 4017, September 29,
1999; Gerona v. Datingaling, Adm. Case No. 4801, Feb 27, 2003; Sosa v. Mendoza, Adm. Case No.
8776, March 23, 2015; Fortun v. Quinsayas, G.R. No. 194578, February 13, 2013
 Grounds for disciplinary action
o Rules of Court, Rule 138, sec.27
o Re Atty. Leon G. Maquera, Bar Matter No. 793, July 30, 2004; Caspe v. Mejica, Adm.
Case No. 10679 (Resolution), March 10, 2015
o Nature and extent of sanction: In re Almacen, supra; Roldan v. Panganiban, AC
No.4552, Dec 14, 2004 [not assigned]; In re Tionko, March 17, 1922
 Procedure (see Rule 139-B)
o How instituted and who may file complaint: Atty. Navarro, for and in behalf of Pan-Asia
International Commodities, Inc. v. Atty. Meneses III, CBD Adm. Case No. 313, January 30,
1998; Fernandez v. Novero, Jr., Adm. Case No. 5394, Dec 2, 2002; Bautista v. Gonzales,
Adm. Matter No. 1625, Feb 12, 1990.
Proceedings in the IBP: Investment and Management Services Corp. v. Roxas, Adm. Case
No. 1417, April 17, 1996; Dumadag v. Lumaya, Adm. Case No. 2614, June 29, 2000;
Ingles v. Dela Serna, Adm. Case No .5763, Dec 31, 2002; Ramirez v. Buhayang-Margallo,
Adm. Case No. 10537 (Resolution), February 3, 2015
o RTC or Court of Appeals: see Rule 138, sec.27, 28, 29.
V. Judicial Conduct: A.M. No. 03-05-01-SC, Adopting the New Code of Judicial Conduct for the Philippine
Judiciary of 2004 [see amendment of Canon 4, sec.9, OCA Cir. No. 103-6, July 28, 2006; see also proviso in
New Code re suppletory character of the Canons of Judicial Ethics and the 1989 Code of Judicial Conduct ]
[cf Rule 140, Rules of Court]
 Impartiality, Independence and Integrity of the Judiciary (Canons 1-3)
o Talens-Dabon v. Arceo, A.M. No. RTJ-96-1336, July 25, 1996; Director of Prisons v. Ang
Cho Kio, GR No. L-30001, June 23, 1970; Pico v. Combong, Jr., A.M. No. RTJ-91-764, Nov
6, 1992; Office of the Court Administrator v. Estacion, Jr., A.M. No. RTJ-87-104, August
23, 1995; Gutierrez v. Belan, A.M. No. MTJ-95-1059, August 7, 1998
o Disqualifications, Inhibition: see also Rule 3.12, 1989 Code of Judicial Conduct; Albos v.
Alaba, A.M. No. MTJ-91517, March 11, 1994; Parayno v. Meneses, G.R. 112684, April 26,
1994; People v. Sesbreño, G.R. 121764, Sep 9, 1999; Maliwat v. Court of Appeals, G.R.

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 No. 107041, May 15, 1996; Villaluz v. Mijares, A.M. No. RTJ-98-1402, April 3, 1998;
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Court of Appeals, G.R. 119322, Feb 6, 1997
 Propriety and Equality (Canons 4-5)
o Javier v. De Guzman, A.M. No. RTJ-89-380, Dec 19, 1990; Dawa, et al. v. De Asa, A.M.
No. MTJ-98-1144, July 22, 1998; Balayon, Jr. v. Ocampo, A.M. No. MTJ-91-619, Jan 29,
1993; Alfonso v. Juanson, A.M. No. RTJ 92-904, Dec 7, 1993; Co v. Calimag, A.M. No. RTJ-
99-1493, June 20, 2000; Re Badoy, Jr., A.M. No. 01-12-01-SC, A.M. No. SB-02-10-J, Jan
16, 2003; Ramos v. Barot, A.M. No. MTJ-00-1338, Jan 21,, 2004; Maquiran v. Grageda,
A.M. No. RTJ-04-1888, Feb 11, 2005
o Makalintal v. Teh, A.M. No. RTJ-97-1375, Oct 16, 1997; Yulo-Tuvilla v. Balgos, A.M. No.
MTJ-98-1149, March 31, 1998; Gacayan v. Pamintuan, A.M. No. RTJ-99-1483, Sep 17,
1999; Padilla v. Zantua, Jr., A.M. No. MTJ-93-888, Oct 24, 1994; Office of the Court
Administrator v. De Guzman, Jr., A.M.No. RTJ-93-1021, January 31, 1997
o Vistan v. Nicolas,A.M. No. MTJ-87-79, Sep 13, 1991; Ruiz v. Bringas, A.M. No. MTJ-00-
1266, April 6, 2000; Re Badoy, Jr., supra.
o Assistant Special Prosecutor v. Ong, A.M. No. 08-19-SB-J. August 24, 2010
 Competence and Diligence (Canon 6)
o Gross ignorance of the law: De la Cruz v. Concepcion, A.M. No. RTJ-93-1062, August 25,
1994; Ualat v. Ramos, A.M. No. MTJ-91-567, Dec 6, 1996
o Errors of judgment: Callar v. Salvador, A.M. No. RTJ-97-1369, Feb 17, 1997; State
Prosecutors v. Muro, A.M. No. RTJ-92-876, Dec 1, 1995; Del Rosario v. Cedillo, A.M. No.
MTJ-04-1557, Oct 21, 2004
o Knowingly rendering unjust judgment: De la Cruz v. Concepcion, supra.
o Failure to obey existing law; Inexcusable negligence: People v. Gacott, Jr., G.R. No.
116049, March 20, 1995; People v. Veneracion, G.R. Nos. 119987-88, Oct 12, 1995
o Prompt disposition of cases: Rodriguez v. Barro, A.M. No. 1587-CTJ, Aug 23, 1978; Yu-
Asensi v. Villanueva, A.M. No. MTJ-001245, Jan 19, 2000
o Mandatory 90-day period for deciding cases in lower courts [see Const., Art. VIII,
sec.15(1)]: Moya v. Tensuan, A.M. No. 2507-CFI, August 10, 1981; Salvador v.
Salamanca, A.M. No. R-177-MTJ, Sep 24, 1986; Query of Judge Danilo M. Tenerife, A.M.
No. 94-5-42-MTC, March 20, 1996; Re: Report on the Judicial Audit Conducted in the
Regional Trial Court, Branch 144, Makati City, A.M. No. 03-11-628-RTC, Nov 25, 2004
o Administrative responsibilities: Tan v. Madayag, A.M. No. RTJ-93-995, March 11, 1994;
Request of Judge Cartagena, A.M. No. 95-9-98-MCTC, Dec 4, 1997.
VI. Discipline of Judges
[Rules of Court, Rule 140; Resolution A.M. No. 02-9-02-SC, September 17, 2002]
 Imbang v. Del Rosario, A.M. No. 03-1515-MTJ, Nov 19, 2004; Office of the Court Administrator v.
Fuentes, A.M. No. RTJ-94-1270, August 23, 1995; Gallo v. Cordero, A.M. No. MTJ-95-1035. June
21, 1995; Office of the Court Administrator v. Sumilang, A.M. No. MTJ-94-989. April 18, 1997;
Heck v. Santos, A.M. No. RTJ-01-1657, Feb 23, 2004
 Bartolome v. de Borja, A.M. No. 1096-CFI. May 31, 1976; Salcedo v. Inting, A.M. No. 1810-CTJ.
June 29, 1979
 Icasiano v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. 95642, May 28, 1992; Maceda v. Vasquez, G.R. No. 102781, April
22, 1993

References

Primary Sources: Constitution. Rules of Court. Code of Professional Responsibility. New Code of Judicial
Conduct for the Philippine Judiciary of 2004

Secondary Sources:
Agpalo, Ruben E.. Legal and Judicial Ethics. Manila: Rex Book Store, 2009.

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Aguirre, Vyva Victoria, Reviewer in Legal and Judicial Ethics. Manila: Rex Book Store, 2014.
Funa, Dennis, Legal and Judicial Ethics. Quezon City: Central Books, 2009.