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Dimension stone cladding design – Dowel Anchorage Design

Conference Paper · May 2008

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2191.6008

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Dimension stone cladding design – Dowel Anchorage Design
R. S. Camposinhos
Department of Civil Engineering, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de
Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
P. M. Amaral
Department of Materials Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa,
Portugal
L. Guerra Rosa
Department of Materials Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa,
Portugal
Vera Pires
FrontWave – Materials Engineering, Taguspark, Núcleo Central 389, 2740-122 Porto Salvo, Portugal

ABSTRACT:

In stone cladding the adhesion process is always a delicate process and determinant for the duration of the
application (cladding itself). Generally it is common to divide the product fixtures into two systems: the
material’s natural nesting and the mechanical fixing of the products. While the first situation envisages the
positioning of the materials in an ordered manner aiming to attain a rigid system that fulfils the objective of
the application project (for example a sidewalk or a simple wall), the use of artificial fixtures for stone
products, the so called indirect fixing system, have observed a major evolution not only with respect to the
bonding elements used, but mainly concerning the techniques involved.
In a building’s “skin”, stone and its supporting systems shall be compatible with the behaviour and
performance of other interfacing systems, such as curtain walls and superstructure frames. In this sense, a
properly executed dimensional stone cladding must be designed and installed within the capabilities and
limitations of the stone’s support system to resist all active forces or actions. The most important aspects in
the design of dimension stone cladding involves the configuration, size and spacing of the panels and also
that of the anchorage system that will affix the stone panels to the underlying building substrate.

1. INTRODUCTION characterisation and evaluation of petreous materials

Since earliest times natural stones, particularly
granite, marble, and limestone, have been preferred
materials for cladding exterior walls of buildings.
Today there are various conventional methods of
cladding exterior building walls with natural stone.
The application of stone products stands out in
function of the used method:
• Direct systems – superficial contact, bonded
with cementitious materials;
• Indirect systems – mechanical anchorage using
fastening devices.
If in the first situation it is necessary that the
placement of the materials is accomplished in an
orderly way with the main objective of allowing to
obtain a rigid system that serves the objective in
view (for instance, a sidewalk or a simple wall). In
the anchorage of stone products we have observed a
significant evolution in the linking elements as in the
used techniques (Camposinhos & Amaral, 2007). As
it is expected the later applications are much more
demanding in terms of stone selection with reference
to methodologies that aim the mechanical
(Amaral et al, 2008b). Therefore, we expect that
some mechanical characteristics are necessary to
take into account once new facade and cladding
techniques of anchorage are employed using stone,
mainly those related to strength and fracture (Amaral
et al, 2008a). Those related to strength are within the
scope of this work, where some dimensioning
aspects are outlined and discussed.
2. INDIRECT FACADES CLADDING
ANCHORAGE
For the anchorages engagement cuts and holes are
accomplished in accordance with the type of anchor
(Figs 1, 2). The most used cut shapes are:
• Kerf cut for angles or double T support;
• Slot cuts for disks support. Normally each disk
bears two plates if they are performed in the
vertical edge; when the slots are made in the
horizontal edges the self weight is distributed in
two disk anchors for each stone.
• Hole for dowel insertion.

203
Figure 1. Cut shapes in dimension stones for mechanical
anchorage – Kerf and Slot
Figure 2. Cut shapes in dimension stones for mechanical
anchorage – Hole and Undercut
Load-bearing and angle brackets together with a
restraint are used to provide a method by which the
dimensional stones can be considered for a
rainscreen system, but there are many limitations
with these type of brackets, when seeking to achieve
the best possible design (Camposinhos, 2005).
2.1 Dowel anchorage
The following figures identify the most common
solutions for application of systems of hole and
dowel support.
Figure 3. System with hole and dowel support
204
Figure 4. System with hole and dowel support
The most general case consists of vertical surfaces
cladding but the horizontal cladding is often used.
Special attention should be taken to the rods
disposition. The rods should be always in number of
four, two for edge, in case of horizontal as in vertical
plates. To each rod can correspond one or two
dowels. The load due to the self weight is always
associated to the two inferior dowels in any of the
dispositions – dowels in the vertical boards or in the
horizontal boards (Camposinhos 2005, Camposinhos
& Amaral 2007).
To avoid complex overstress states due to the
holes misalignment, it is not recommended to have
more than two holes for edge.
The main issues related with the rising of stone
panels using dowel anchor must envisage specific
considerations that are implicit in the design, such
as, minimizing eccentric weight on anchorage and
preventing slip of the connection after vertical
adjustment with diagonally slotted washer plate;
using horizontal slot to align dowels with holes,
placing plastic or metal adjustment bearing shim
slightly larger than anchor’s fastened face, placing
of plastic or stiff rubber shim for levelling;
separation, and to prevent bearing of stone dowel
weld, minimizing hole depth, including variances
and tolerances, locating hole in centre third of panel
thickness, maintain clearance to avoid point loading
on dowel end, to avoid dowel misalignment in hole
and resulting prying on stone panel, among others
(ASTM C 1242 – 03, 2003).
3. DESING PROCEDURES AND ASSUMPTIONS
In order to achieve the structural design of a stone
plate it is necessary to consider the cladding system
as a separate structure with the supports
configuration and support reactions defined in an
adequate and proper way.
In this case the structure model that can represent
the situation is one way slab system, the point of
fixture (between the metallic insert and the slab) is
considered, from a structural point of view, as
simple support, which by definition restrains any
translational movements permitting rotation.
The main operational load applied to the cladding
is the wind action that exerts bending and can be
estimated, e.g., with Eurocode EN 1991-1-4 for
wind action, or any other alike national standard.
Other applied loads such as self weight and imposed
deformations are not usually considered once their
effect is not relevant for the stress state in the panels
placed in the vertical position; any imposed
deformations are generally considered to be engaged
by the space between the insert and the slab
(Camposinhos, 2005).
To estimate the slab dimensions the following
considerations should be present subsequently to the
wind action on the panels is defined.
3.1 Serviceability limit states
A serviceability limit defines the performance
criterion for serviceability and corresponds to
conditions beyond which specified service
requirements resulting from the planned use are no
longer met.
A panel that fails serviceability has exceeded a
defined limit for one of the following most
important marks:
• Excessive deflection
It is not to expect when using dimension stone that
panels show a camber greater than the upper limit
usually assumed, i.e., 1/250 to 1/360 of the span. In
fact the “slabs” are stiff enough and the observed
and calculated values are much lesser.
• Vibration
The designer must be aware of two particular
conditions: For long panels in the buildings edges
some resonance effect may occur. If EPDM rubber
or other resilient sleeves are not used in the inserts
some vibration may occur under local excitation due
to supports induced vibrations.
3.2 Ultimate limit states
205
The specification and design of stone cladding
systems is a specialized engineering task. For
historic reasons, however, it is the architect, in many
countries, who generally specifies, details, and
approves the external cladding for buildings. As a
result of inappropriate design and specification,
there are often significant problems with the facades
of modern buildings (Faddy et al. 2003).
A structure is deemed to satisfy the ultimate limit
state criteria if all factored bending, shear and tensile
or compressive stresses are below the factored
resistance calculated for the section under
consideration.
To satisfy the ultimate limit state, the dimension
stone panel must not collapse when subjected to the
peak load for which it was designed. In this way it is
imperative to establish wind and seismic loads and
anticipate panel’s performance (Camposinhos,
2005).
• Flexural strength
In order to optimize the panels’ capacity the holes
distance, a, from the unsupported edge can be
defined by Equation (1) assuming that the maximum
positive and negative bending moments have the
same absolute value (M2 = M3 – see Fig. 5)
(Camposinhos, 2005) :
1
L1 2
a= 2 ≈ 0 ,21L1 (1)
2+ 2
M3
Figure 5. Systems with hole and dowel support; L1 is the
supported length and L2 the unsupported length edge.
If the supported length L1 is greater than the
unsupported length edge L2 it is possible to establish
the following Equation (2) for the limit value of the
ratio between the dimensions (Camposinhos, 2005).

L1
≤ 1 + 2 ≈ 2,41 (2)
L2

If the conditions of Equation (1) and Equation (2)

are together satisfied the designer may assume that
the governing bending moment is given by Equation
(3)

WSd L22
M Sd = (3)
8

where WSd is design dynamic pressure of the wind

[N/m2], and Msd is the design value of acting
bending moment per unit of length L1 [N.m/m]
(Camposinhos, 2005).
An estimate of the slab thickness is easily
ascertained assuming that MSd ≤ MRd (where MRd is
the design value of resistant bending moment per
unit of length L1) obtained together with the loads
acting on the slab and the design tensile stress. This
leads to the expression (Camposinhos, 2005):
Figure 6. “White Aguiar” granite tile sample
This granite was tested for the determination of:
• Uniaxial compressive strength (EN 1926: 2006);
70 specimens were tested either in soaked or
dried conditions.
• Apparent density and open porosity (EN 1936:
2006);

L2 WSd
t≥ 3 (4)
2 σ tRd

where, L2 can also be denominated as the effective

slab span [m]; σtRd is the design tensile stress of the
stone [N/m2]; and t is slab’s thickness [m].

The focus on the bending strength of stone panels to

detriment of the anchorage design has been pointed
by others as the cause of a significant number of
failures (West & Heinlein, 2000). In this work, a
case-study will be presented to show the differences
between both approaches.
Figure 7. Testing rig and arrangement for breaking load
at dowel hole
4. CASE STUDY
• Flexural strength under concentrated load and
under constant moment (EN 13161:2007, EN
A study case was performed using a granite known
12372:1999); tests were carried out in 100
as Branco Micaela or “White Aguiar” from the
specimens.
centre of Portugal. The stone (shown in Fig. 6) is a
• Breaking load at the dowel hole (Fig. 7) (EN
fine to medium grained granite, slightly porfirious,
13364. 2002 ); 118 specimens (200mm × 200
coloured light grey and faintly blue, incorporating
mm × 30 mm) were tested.
two types of micas (Silva, 2008).

206
5. RESULTS
Two situations were considered for the unsupported
edge length, L2, assuming the ratio in Equation (2)
and considering a square dimension stone. The
calculated thicknesses are depicted in Figure 8
validated by a three-dimensional computer model
using finite elements and derived by Camposinhos &
Camposinhos (2008).
Figure 8. Comparison between calculated thickness for
breaking load and bending strength.
As it is shown in Figure 8, the calculation of the
panel’s thickness assuming only the bending
strength to detriment of the required thickness due to
the anchorage dowel forces confirms to be unsafe
nevertheless is still, unfortunately, the usual practice
in many countries (Camposinhos & Camposinhos,
2008).
6. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the relationships between material
strength, anchorage strength, and induced stress
states for dowel anchorage and material property
tests were examined. The findings are based on a
relevant quantity of testing performed on fine-
medium grained granite.
It was proved that the bending strength of stone
panels to detriment of the anchorage dowel design is
unsafe, yet, the usual practice, as previously
mentioned, does not take into account the anchorage
design.
Although we recognise that it is not an easy
objective to accomplish, the designer should know
as accurate as possible the material’s structure in
each specific situation which will allow him to
identify some relevant macroscopic properties,
mechanical properties or other properties that are
demanded or needed to develop and optimise the
project. This knowledge will also allow the designer
to identify the occurrence of some material’s
properties which do not seem appropriate for a given
purpose.
207
7. References
Amaral, P.M., Guerra Rosa, L. & Fernandes J.C. Jan
2008. Assessment of Fracture Toughness in
Ornamental Stones. Int J Rock Mech Min 45 (4): 554-
563
Amaral, P.M., Fernandes J.C. & Guerra Rosa, L.
Weibull Statistical Analysis of Granite Bending
Strength, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering
(DOI:10.1007/s00603-007-0154-7)
ASTM C 1242 – 03. 2003. ASTM International Standard
Guide for Selection, Design, and Installation of
Exterior Dimension Stone Anchors and Anchoring
Systems. West Conshohocken - United States: ASTM
International.
Camposinhos, Rui S. 2005. Revestimentos em Pedra
Natural. Student’s Manual. ISEP – Instituto Superior
de Engenharia do Porto,
Camposinhos, R. & Amaral PM. 2007. Manual Técnico
para a Aplicação, Uso e Manutenção de Rochas
Ornamentais. Lisboa: ASSIMAGRA.
Camposinhos R. & Camposinhos, RPA. 2008. Dimension
stone cladding design with dowel anchorage.
Construction Materials - Thomas Thelford Journals,
London: Thomas Thelford.
EN 1926: 2006. Determination of Uniaxial Compressive
Strength. Brussels. CEN – European Committee for
Standardization.
EN 1936: 2006. Natural stone test methods.
Determination of real density and apparent density,
and of total and open porosity. Brussels: CEN –
European Committee for Standardization.
EN 12372: 1999. Determination of Flexural Strength
under Concentrated Load. Brussels : CEN –
European Committee for Standardization.
EN 13161: 2007. Determination of Flexural Strength
under Constant Moment. Brussels : CEN –
European Committee for Standardization.
EN 13364: 2002. Determination of the breaking load at
the dowel hole. Brussels: CEN – European Committee
for Standardization.
Faddy, Malcolm J. & Wilson, Richard J. & Winter, Gerry
M. 2003. The Determination of the Design Strength of
Granite Used as External Cladding for Buildings.
Case Studies in Reliability and Maintenance. Sta.
Lucia, Australia : John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Silva, Maria de Fátima, 2008. Revestimento de Fachadas
de Edifícios em Pedra Natural Fixada Mecanicamente.
Tese de Mestrado em Georecursos. Lisboa: IST.
West, David G. & Heinlein, Marc. 2000. Anchorage
Pullout Strenght in Granite: Design and Fabrication
Influences. United States: ASTM International.
 PAPER

SESSION 1 - Dimension Stones: Geology, Applied Geology

1. The marble field of Custonaci (Sicily - Italy)
Liguori Vincenzo*, Buscemi Savina, Manno Giorgio
*Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy

2. Geologic constrains to the exploitation of ornamental slates in

barrancos, Portugal
Jorge Manuel Ferreira de Carvalho*, Patrícia Falé
*INETI - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Portugal

3. Historical, geological and technical analysis of the exploitation basin of

the "Cardoso Stone"
Sergio Mancini*, L.Carmignani, P.Conti, G.Massa
*Centro di Geotecnologie – Università di Siena, Italy

4. Utilizing of natural stones from hittite period to present in Anatolia

(Turkey)
Erdogan Yuzer*, Serkan Angi
*Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

5. Geological frameworks of the Estremoz anticline and the feasibility of

the dimension stone quarries
Luis Lopes*, Ruben Martins, José Brandão Silva
*University of Évora, Portugal

6. Study of natural erosion morphology of engraved marble outcrops by

means of Montecarlo simulations
Paolo Emilio Bagnoli*, Paolo Davini, Adriano Ribolini, Nicola Marino
 *Università di Pisa, Italy

7. Quarrying limestone and saving fossils of the Araripe basin, Brazil

Francisco Wilson Hollanda Vidal*, Diógenes de Almeida Campos and Nuria Fernández
Castro
*Centro de Tecnologia Mineral - CETEM/MCT, Brazil

8. Mapping microstructural variability in the Carrara marbles: a

preliminary report
Molli Giancarlo*, Vaselli, M. Meccheri
*Università di Pisa, Italy

SESSION 2 - Dimension Stones:Prospecting, New materials

1. Geological mapping, GIS and on-line distribution of maps and
information for the Carrara marble quarrying activity (Alpi Apuane,
Tuscany, Italy)
Paolo Conti*, L. Carmignani, S. Mancini, G. Massa, L. Vaselli
*Centro di GeoTecnologie (Università degli Studi di Siena), Italy

2. Evaluation of the reserve of a granite deposit by kriging

Eduardo Giráldez Pérez*, J. Taboada, T. Rivas, A. Saavedra, C . Ordóñez, F .Bastante, E.
Giráldez, E.T.S.I.MINAS
*Universidade de Vigo, Spain

3. Prospecting of new natural stone types in Finland

Hannu Luodes, Geological Survey of Finland, Finland

4. Natural stone properties - Research on the waste rock and primary

production material in Finland
Nike Luodes*, Hannu Luodes
*Stone Pole Oy, Finland

5. Use of statistical tools for assessing the spacing of discontinuities at a

granite quarry prospect
Aarão de Andrade Lima*, Francisco Wilson Hollanda Vidal, João L. Ramos Neto, Marconi J.
da Câmara Pires, Vinícius N. Almeida, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Brazil

6. Notes on a Asuni pink-marble prospect (Central Sardinia – Italy)

Paolo Valera*, Nicola Careddu
*University of Cagliari, Italy

7. Prospecting for new high quality deposits: the granite districts of

Arzachena and Calangianus (SS)
Stefano Cuccuru*, Gian Piero Cherchi, Antonello Aversano, Giacomo Oggiano
*University of Sassari, Italy
SESSION 3 - Quarrying:Planning and quality control,
Equipment selection, New technologies, Reclamation of stone
quarries
1. North-eastern Brazil Ornamental Stones cutting process control related
to their petrographic and technology
Antonio Augusto Pereira de Sousa*, Djane de Fátima Oliveira, Ianna Maria Sodré Ferreira
de Sousa, Ramon Rodrigues e Silvino Almeida
*Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB, Brazil.

2. Characterization of the main commercial expansive mortars importated

in Brazil
Antonio Augusto Pereira de Sousa*, Hélio de L. Lira, Gelmires de A. Neves, Ianna M. Sodré
F. de Sousa e Rômulo Augusto Ventura Silva
*Universidade Estadual da Paraíba – UEPB, Brazil

3. Scattered quarrying of ornamental granite in a forestry exploitation

Leandro R. Alejano*, Iván Gómez Márquez, Alfonso Rodríguez Dono
*University of Vigo, Spain

4. Digital photogrammetry for the quarry slope stability analysis in the

Apuan Alps marble district
Giacomo Firpo*, R. Salvini, P.L Fantozzi, L. Carmignani
*Centro di Geotecnologie – Università di Siena, Italy

5. Marble quality assessment by vibration measurements: a preliminary

study
Ileana Bodini*, Alberto Clerici, Matteo Lancini, David Vetturi
*Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italy

6. A new concept of the multi-blade gangsaw – Ecotear

Antonio Rodrigues de Campos*, Nuria Fernández Castro
*Centro de Tecnologia Mineral - CETEM/MCT, Brazil

7. Clean technologies for ornamental stones small facilities

Regina Coeli Carrisso*, Carlos Cesar Peiter; Jorge E. Langsch
*Centro de Tecnologia Mineral – CETEM, Brazil

8. The school-quarry: innovative experience

Hélio Carvalho Antunes de Azevedo*, Francisco Wilson Hollanda Vidal and Nuria Fernández
Castro
*Companhia Baiana de Pesquisa Mineral, Brazil

9. Numerical models for the prediction of fractures propagation in highly

stressed dimension stones
Aarão de Andrade Lima*, Francisco Wilson Hollanda Vidal, Vishwambhar Nath Agrawal,
Robson Ribeiro Lima
*Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Brazil

10.Proposal of implantation of prad with ambient and economic viability

Tatiana Oliveira Costa*, Sinval dos Santos Marques at all
*CEFETES, Brazil
 11.Planning and control sienite nephelinic quarrying
Vidal Navarro Torres*, Rui Vida Larga
*Carlos Vida Larga Lda, Brazil

12. Quantification aspects of natural stones quarrying

Nikolayev Dmitry*, S. Siegesmund, S. Mosch
*JINR, Russian

13.Pre-viability study for a potential underground quarry of dimension

stones
Rosana Elisa Coppedê da Silva, Departamento Nacional de Produção Minera, Brazil

14. Diamond wire cutting: failure modes, risks for safety and staff
protection
Michele Lanzetta*, Giovanni Tantussi, Santo Gentile
*University of Pisa, Italy

15. Effect of the variation of the surface area of block to cutting

performance of diamond wire
Yilmaz Ozcelik*, E. Yilmazkaya; E. S. Kanbir; F. Bayram; N.E.Yasitli
*University of Hacettepe, Turkey

SESSION 4 - Processing: New technologies, New products

1. Innovative reinforced stone structure: recent experimental structures
Alessio Pipinato, University of Padua, Italy

2. Granite surface processing by abrasive water-jet technology

Nicola Careddu, University of Cagliari, Italy

3. Determination of optimum sawing condition for circular saws in

reference to unit energy and wear
Yilmaz Ozcelik*, Seyfi Kulaksiz, Fatih Bayram, Nazmi Erhan Yasitli
*University Of Hacettepe, Turkey

4. Processing Planning for a Brazilian Red Granite - Capão Bonito, São

Paulo, Brazil
Adriano Caranassios*, Stellin, M.R.M; De Tomi, G.F.C, Stellin Jr
*Centro de Tecnologia Mineral – Cetem, Brazil

5. Sensors monitoring of a stone cutting process by diamond disk

Sandro Turchetta, Università di Cassino, Italy

6. Characterization of abrasive waterjet processed (AWJ) surfaces

Lanzetta Michele*, Tantussi Giovanni
*University of Pisa, Italy
SESSION 5 - Installation:Cladding, flooring, roofing
techniques, Mortars, Anchors, Resins, sealants, New products
1. Dimension stone cladding design - Dowel Anchorage Design
Pedro Amaral*, Rui Camposinhos, Vera Pires, Luís Guerra Rosa
*Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal

2. Stone ventilated facades: building technology and energy performance

Leccese Francesco*, Salvadori Giacomo, Tuoni Giuseppe, University of Pisa, Italy

3. Advanced dimensioning of stone claddings – part of the I-STONE

project
Lars Jacobsson*, Thomas Svensson, Mathias Flansbjer, Björn Schouenborg
*SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Sweden

SESSION 6 - Dimension stones: Standardization and

characterization
1. Non destructive test: an improved approach for rocks characterization
Francesca Martoro*, StefanoBonduà, RobertoBruno
*Università di Bologna, Italy

2. The Giallo S. Giacomo granite: the interplay between quartz CPO and
rock behaviour
Stefano Cuccuru*, Leonardo Casini, Giacomo Oggiano
*Istituto Scienze Geologico Mineralogiche, Italy

3. The qualification of stone materials for their application in road stone

pavements
Lorenzo Secchiari*, Marco Lezzerini, Alessandro Marrani
*University of Pisa, Italy

4. The “on site x-ray diffraction”: a new NDT approach to the surface
analysis of stones
Giovanni Berti*, Francesco De Marco, Antonio Nicoletta
*University of Pisa, Italy

5. The influence of petrographic properties of silicatic dimension stones

on the thermal expansion coefficient
Fabiano Cabañas Navarro*, Antonio Carlos Artur
*IPT Institute for Technological Research, Brazil

6. Measurement of stone engravings

Michele Lanzetta*, Giovanni Tantussi
*University of Pisa, Italy

7. Evaluation of slipperiness on wet surfaces: a study comparing the

response of ramp and pendulum test
Tassone Pierpaolo*, Grazia Signori
 *QUARELLA Spa, Italy

8. Import of non-European natural stones – What to think about

Björn Schouenborg, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Sweden

9. A joint-Nordic project on application documents for natural stones

Lisbeth Alnaes*, Kari Aslaksen Aasly, Björn Schouenborg
*Sintef, Norway

10. Frost resistance of natural stone - from performance in buildings to

standardized testing
Fabrice de Barquin, Belgian Building Research Centre, Belgium

11.The European standardisation in the field of natural stone construction

products
Paola Blasi*, Angelica Frisa Morandini and Clara Miramonti
*Internazionale Marmi e Macchine Carrara spa, Italy

SESSION 7 - Dimension stones: Deterioration and

conservation
1. Inhibition of the chromatic degradation of white marbles
Paolo Davini*, Cesare Merello
*University of Pisa, Italy

2. See salts as a most damaging factor of stone constructions along the

see side
Ivan Tomaši•, University of Zagreb - Faculty of mining, geol. and petrol. Eng, Croatia

3. Durability tests on sandstones

Paola Marini*, Rossana Bellopede
*Politecnico di Torino, Italy

4. The design importance for use of ornamental stones in the civil

construction companies
Luiz Antônio M N Branco*, Antonio Gilberto Costa; Antonio Neves De Carvalho Junior
*IGC/UFMC, Brazil

5. Ornamental stones in monuments: a guide for the characterisation and

evaluation based on the study of stone conservation
Antonio Gilberto COSTA*, Roberto Bruno, Javier Eduardo Becerra Becerra
*IGC-Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil

6. Conservation conditions and pathologies of the stones applied in

historical monuments located in the Pernanbuco State
Julio Cesar De Souza, Fernando Edgar Rieck, Univ Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil

7. Deterioration of ornamental limestones of “La Tampa” (Colombia)

formation
Javier Eduardo Becerra Becerra*, Antônio Gilberto Costa; Roberto Bruno
 *IGC-Univ.Fed Minas Gerais, Brazil

8. Efflorescence simulation on granite building stone

Maria Heloisa Barros de Oliveira Frascá*, Jorge Kazuo Yamamoto
*IPT-Institute for Technological Research, Brazil

9. A new portable integrated system for “in situ" evaluation of stone

mechanical properties
Silvia Rescic*, Piero Tiano, Fabio Fratini, George Exadaktylos, Emilio Valentini
*CNR- ICVBC,Italy

10. Discolouration and cleaning of natural stones, an area of many

opinions
Bams Veerle*, Björn Schouenborg (SP), Katarina Malaga (SP)
*Belgian Building Research Institute, Belgium

SESSION 8 - Dimension Stones: Environmental aspects, Waste

management, Sustainable development
1. Environmental management in the ornamental rocks industries
Antonio Augusto Pereira de Sousa, Djane de F. Oliveira, Ianna M. Sodré F. de Sousa, João
Marcos da S. Araújo*, Suely M. Azevedo Vighin
*Universidade Estadual da Paraíba – UEPB, Brazil

2. Uses of aggregates produced from granite quarry waste in asphalt

pavements
Roberto Carlos da Conceição Ribeiro*, Julio Guedes, Peter Seidl e Adriano Caranassios
*CETEM, Brazil

3. Incorporation of Muds from the Transforming Industry of Carbonate

Ornamental Rocks into Ceramic Past
André Ventura*, Ruben Martins, Guilherme Andrade, Luís Lopes, Celso Gomes
University of Évora, Portugal

4. Mineral production clusters evaluation through the sustainability matrix

Carlos Cesar Peiter, Roberto Villas – Boas, Centro de Tecnologia Mineral – Cetem, Brazil

5. The influence of environmental parameter on competitive and

technology to the ornamental stone sector
ZAMPIROLLI, Ludson Moulin*, BARBOSA, Paula Glória; CÂMARA, Jairo José Drummond
*Faculdade Centro Leste – UCL, Brazil

6. Recovery and valuation for ultrafine marble dust contained in waste

slurries of marble processing plants
Giampaolo Siotto*, Nicola Careddu, Luciano Curreli, Giampaolo Orrù
*University of Cagliari, Italy

7. Wastes management in the Brazilian dimension stone industry

Antonio Rodrigues de Campos, Nuria Fernández Castro and Mônica Castoldi Borlini, Centro
de Tecnologia Mineral - CETEM/MCT, Brazil
 8. Research on the environmental applicability of waste rock in Finland
and its potentiality in re-use
Hannu Luodes*, Nike Luodes, Geological Survey of Finland, Finland

9. Characterization of waste provenient ornamental stones processing

Mônica Castoldi Borlini*, Abiliane de Andrade Pazeto, Júlio César Correia Guedes e Adriano
Caranassios
*Centro de Tecnologia Mineral - CETEM, Brazil

10. Technical and environment questions by dimension stone quarry in

slovakia conditions
Viliam Bauer, Technical Uuniversity of Košice, Slovakia

11. Present situation and future perspectives of eco-labels and ce marking

in the dimension stone market
Gian Andrea Blengini*, Elena Garbarino
Politecnico di Torino, Italy

12. Brand of origin and emas recording: tools for the throwing back of the
"Made in Iitaly" of the ornamental stones
Luigi Antonazzo*, F.Felline, R.Bruno
*Università Bologna, Italy

13. Incorporation of Muds from the Transforming Industry of Carbonate

Ornamental Rocks into Ceramic Past
André Ventura*, Ruben Martins, Guilherme Andrade, Luís Lopes, Celso Gomes
*University of Évora, Portugal

14. Gis integration of Cariri stone production with concurrent land-uses,

Northeast Brazil
Nuria Fernández Castro*, Jose Antonio Sena Nascimento and Edson Farias Mello
*Centro de Tecnologia Mineral - CETEM/MCT, Brazil

SESSION 9 - New Market,Trend Market, Economic aspects

1. The Cariri stone local productive cluster
Francisco Wilson Hollanda Vidal*, Carlos César Peiter, Nuria Fernández Castro, Tácito
Fernandes
*Centro de Tecnologia Mineral – CETEM, Brazil

2. Stone potential in North African Countries

Raimondo Ciccu, University of Cagliari, Italy

2. The Venetian dimension stone cluster

Grazia Signori*, Semenzin Filiberto, Bosio Monica
*Centro Servizi Marmo scarl, Volargne, Italy
SESSION 10 - Miscellaneous
1. The huge variety of Egyptian stones used in architecture: from the past
to the future
Laura Fiora*, Luca Alciati, Lauretta Chiaraviglio, Osama Mashaly
*DSMP Turin University,Italy

2. Stone masonry in Ouro Preto, brazil – research and heritage education

Carlos Alberto Pereira*, Antonio Liccardo, Fabiano Gomes da Silva, Luciana Maria Góis
*Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil

3. Ornamental Rocks Panel

Risale Neves Almeida*, Lucila Ester Prado Borges
*Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil

4. Italian stoneworkers in America – stonemasonry in Curitiba, Paraná

(Brazil)
Antonio Liccardo*, Carlos Alberto Pereira
*Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil

5. Lythological Features and Stonemasonry

José Aurélio Medeiros da Luz*, Carlos Alberto Pereira
*University of Ouro Preto, Brazil

6. The ornamental rocks of covering and the energy subject

Jacinto Frangella, CETEM - Center for Mineral Tecnology

7. Quarries and the transformation of the landscape: a planning model. the

Puglia case and the possible implications at regional extra level
Calogero Montalbano, Polytechnic of Bari, Italy

8. The VCO region: a research for the valorisation of its geological and
historical resources
R. Bellopede*, A. Cavallo, A. Colombo, G.A. Dino, M. Fornaro, L. Manfredotti, A. Tunesi
*Politecnico di Torino, Italy

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