SOLAR REFRIGERATION

: Current Status and Future Trends

by

Dr. A. MANI
PROFESSOR

REFRIGERATION AND AIRCONDITIONING LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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INDIAN INSTITUTE andOF TECHNOLOGY
Future Trends MADRAS
CHENNAI – 600 036
 SOLAR ENERGY

PHOTOVOLTAIC ORGANIC RANKINE SOLAR THERMAL

CYCLE

VAPOUR COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION

VAPOUR ABSORPTION VAPOUR JET

REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION

VAPOUR COMPRESSION THERMOELECTRIC

REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION

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and Future Trends
 SOLAR VAPOUR COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

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and Future Trends
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and Future Trends
 SOLAR VAPOUR Solar
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Refrigeration : Current Status SYSTEM 5
and Future Trends
 Fig. 3 Comparison of mass flow rate for R12 and R134a

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and Future Trends
 Fig. 4 Comparison of compressor capacity for R12 and R134a

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and Future Trends
 Fig. 5 Comparison of power requirement for R12 and R134a

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and Future Trends
 Fig. 6 Comparison of COP for R12 and R134a

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and Future Trends
Intermittent solar Refrigeration System

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and Future Trends
 Fig. 7 Basic Intermittent Absorption Refrigeration System

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and Future Trends
• A solar refrigerator capable producing of 250kg of ice
per day reported by Kirpichev and Baum (1954) which is
operated by a vapour compression principle. Steam is
used as working fluid which produced by a cylindrical
parabolic concentrators.
• A intermittent solar refrigerator of production capacity 6
kg per ice per day built by Trombe and Foex (1957),
working on vapour absorption principle and ammonia-
water combination used as working fluid.
• Willam et al (1957) tried different refrigerant-absorbent
combination like methonol-silicagel, accetone-silicagel,
ammonia-water etc, for a small food cooler working on
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intermittent cycle.Solar Refrigeration : Current Status
and Future Trends
12
• Chinnappa (1961) investigated intermittent solar
refrigeration system theoretical with absorption
cycle for ammonia-water and ammonia-lithium
nitrate combinations and compared the results with
experimentally.
• A small refrigerator operating on the absorption
principle with parabolic concentrator collector built,
Desa (1964) with ammonia as working fluid.
• Theoretical performance of NH3-NaSCN
intermittent absorption refrigeration system analysis
done by Sargent and Beckmann (1968) and
compared with NH3-H2O system.
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and Future Trends
• Muradov and Shadie (1971)investigated an intermittent
absorption solar refrigerator with ammonia-calcium
chloride. A sub-zero evaporator temperature reported
which obtained within 1-2 hours from starting of
refrigeration process.
• A solar refrigerator of 5 ton capacity working on
absorption principle with NH3-H2O working fluid
reported, Farber (1973).
• Swartman et al (1973) have reported experimental results
on an intermittent solar refrigerator which built based on
two vessel system, one for generator cum absorber and
other condenser and evaporator. NH3-H2O and NH3-
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NaSCN solution used asandworking
Future Trends fluid.
• A LiBr-H2O intermittent absorbent refrigeration
system theoretical studied and its performance
predicted as a function of initial and final
temperature of generator and condenser by Perry
(1975).
• A theoretical and experimental study on NH3-H2O
solar refrigerator carried out by Venkatesh et al
(1978) and its performance predicted as a function of
generator temperature, condenser temperature and
initial solution con concentrations.
• Ali Mansoori and Vinod Patel(1979) studied
theoretically and computed the performance of
vapour absorption cycle as a function of generator,
atmospheric and evaporator temperatures.
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and Future Trends
• Ramesh chandra et al (1978) built a solar refrigerator,
NH3-NaSCN as working fluid which is operated 0°C
evaporator temperature and 104°C generator
temperature.
• Giri and Barve (1978) built a solar absorption system of
one ton capacity with 18 flat plate collectors each
having 2m2 area producing a cooling rate of 2769
Kcal/h with solar energy input 4390 Kcal/h.
• Flechon et al (1981) built a refrigerator working on
vapour absorption cycle with electrical energy to
simulate the performance.

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and Future Trends
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and Future Trends
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and Future Trends
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and Future Trends
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and Future Trends
 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
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and Future Trends
Fig.12/27/2013
EXPERIMENTAL Solar
STUDIES
RefrigerationON TWO
: Current Status VESSEL 22
and Future Trends
 Table 1. Experimental
performance of two
vessel intermittent
system

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and Future Trends
12/27/2013 Solar Refrigeration
COLLECTOR WITH MIRROR: Current Status
BOOSTERS 24
and Future Trends
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and Future Trends
 Fig.15 Thermodynamic cycle for single stage intermittent solar
refrigerator
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and Future Trends
 Fig. 16 Effect of tg and xl on COP of single stage system
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and Future Trends
 Fig. 19 Effect of tc and tg on COP of single stage system

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and Future Trends
12/27/2013 Solar Refrigeration
SOLAR : Current Status
REFRIGERATOR 29
and Future Trends
12/27/2013 SOLAR REFRIGERATOR WITH
Solar Refrigeration : Current StatusINSULATION 30
and Future Trends
 Fig. EXPERIMENTAL
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Solar Refrigeration ON
: Current SINGLE STAGE
Status 31
INTERMITTENT SOLAR REFRIGERATOR
and Future Trends
 Fig. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON SINGLE STAGE
INTERMITTENT
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Refrigeration REFRIGERATOR
: Current Status
and Future Trends
32
Fig. 24 Effect of decrease in evaporator temperature on single stage
intermittent solar refrigerator
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and Future Trends
 Fig. 25 Effect of increase in condenser temperature on single stage
intermittent solar refrigerator
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and Future Trends
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and Future Trends
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and Future Trends
 Fig. 30 Effect of tgh and volume ratio on COP of two stage system

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and Future Trends
 Fig. 31 Effect of tgh and x1 on COP of two stage system

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and Future Trends
 TWO-STAGE INTERMITTENT SOLAR
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Solar Refrigeration : Current Status VIEW) 39
and Future Trends
 TWO-STAGE INTERMITTENT SOLAR
REFRIGERATOR (REAR VIEW)
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and Future Trends
TWO STAGE INTERMITTENT
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SOLAR REFRIGERATOR –41
Solar Refrigeration : Current Status
GENERATION PROCESS and Future Trends
 TWO STAGE INTERMITTENT SOLAR REFRIGERATOR –
REFRIGERATION PROCESS

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and Future Trends
 Fig. 35 Comparison of predicted and experimental performance
characteristics of two stage solar refrigerator
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and Future Trends
 Triple Fluid Vapour Absorption
Refrigerator

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and Future Trends
 PLATEN-MUNTERS ABSORPTION SYSTEM

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and Future Trends
• Platen and Munters[1926] modified the existing
refrigerators that utilized solely the heat in
practice. Electrolux Inc. took up the responsibility
of commercial production of it. Later on, further
modifications were being added and refrigerators
were then assigned with different names, “Triple
Fluid Vapour Absorption Refrigerator”,
”Absorption-Diffusion Refrigerator”,
”Pumpless Continuous Action Absorption
Refrigerator”, etc.
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and Future Trends
• Nesselmann[1933] conducted theoretical
investigations on the gas circuit of TFVAR
with an ideal operating conditions. He
ignored the propulsion force required for the
circulation of the gas mixture and diffusion
effects in evaporator and absorber, but
clarified the influence of the circulation rate
of the gas mixture and Gas Heat Exchanger
(GHE) efficiency.
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and Future Trends
• Miller et al[1946], Nesselmann[1933]and
Backstorm[1956] proposed Helium as an
alternative for Hydrogen because of its lower
specific heat and hence height difference
between evaporator and condenser required
will be more.
• Young and Makiya[1983] illustrated that
COPs are higher at higher evaporator loads .
Helium yield lower COP at lower loads.
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and Future Trends
• Watts and Gulland[1958] experiments
proposed a noticeable increase in
refrigerating effect when TFVAR was
operated at low unit pressure and higher
evaporator temperature. It involved force,
natural and restricted gas flows through the
circuit at pressures: 11.4 and 16.7 bar and
mean evaporator temperature 00C,-100C and
-20 0C.
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and Future Trends
• Martynovsky et al[1973] suggested an
increase in the COP of TFVAR by cooling the
weak gas mixture from absorber temperature
to the ambient temperature prior to its gas heat
exchanger entry.
• Shpilevoy[1982] and Almen[1983] have
reported the usage of the special tubes with
internal capillary incision for evaporator to
increase the mass transfer area.
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and Future Trends
• Narayanhedkar and Maiya[1985] worked
for the increase in optimum power input to
the TFVAR and also refrigerating effect
with the inert gas charge pressure which
validates the results of Watts and
Gulland[1957] and Prasad[1986].

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and Future Trends
• Maiya[1988] carried out theoretical and
experimental investigations of Triple Fluid
Vapour Absorption Refrigerator which
concluded following results:
Helium as a better substitute to hydrogen as
inert gas with corresponding increase in the
height difference in evaporator and condenser.
However, hydrogen does marginally better for
the same height difference.
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and Future Trends
 Major Components of Triple Fluid Vapour Absorption
Refrigerator

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and Future Trends
 Evaporator of Triple Fluid Vapour Absorption
Refrigerator

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and Future Trends
 Transfer Tank operated Vapour
Absorption Refrigeration System

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and Future Trends
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and Future Trends
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and Future Trends
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and Future Trends
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and Future Trends
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and Future Trends
12/27/2013 Solar Refrigeration : Current Status 61
and Future Trends
12/27/2013 TRANSFER TANK OPERATED
Solar Refrigeration : Current Status VARS 62
and Future
(FRONT Trends
VIEW)
12/27/2013 TRANSFER TANK OPERATED
Solar Refrigeration : Current Status VARS 63
(REAR
and VIEW)
Future Trends
 EFFECT OF GENERATOR TEMPERATURE ON TRANSFER
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TANK VAPOUR FLOW and Future Trends
 EFFECT OF GENERATOR TEMPERATURE ON
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CIRCULATIONandRATIO Future Trends
 EFFECT OF GENERATOR
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Current Status ON COP 66
and Future Trends
 SOLAR VAPOUR ABSORPTION
REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS

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and Future Trends
• A water cooling VAR system used R22-DMF as
working fluid built by Agarwal and Sabti (1982),
capacity of 60 kg of water per day from 30°C to 15°C.
• A theoretical study of NH3-H2O two stage absorption
system with high generator temperature range 100°C to
170°C by Jhonston(1980). He suggested that the
performance of the system improve than a steady state
system by using evacuated tubular collectors.
• Keizer (1982) reported a theoretical and experimental
analysis of single and two stage ammonia-water
absorption system. He also made a detailed study about
film and vertical tubular
12/27/2013
bubble absorber and compared
Solar Refrigeration : Current Status 68
the obtained result and Future Trends
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and Future Trends
 THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF VARS

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and Future Trends
 T20

T2
T22 T5 P5
Capillary tube T19

T21
HSV4 HSV3 P2
Throttle valve Condenser
Evaporator F
HSV2 HSV1 P3
BV5 NV1 T3

Absorber BV2
BV4
Absorber L3 BV6
T7 P7 storage NV2
tank Solution R134a liquid L2
P6 T6 T18 BV1
GV7 receiver
T17 pump
HSV8
S5 T8 P8 S1 P4
GV9 HSV5
BV3 T4
GV10
BV11 BV7
T1
HSV7 T9
Online density HSV6
GV8 P1
S4 S2 meter T10 P10
P9 BV8
GV11 T14 P14 Generator L1
T11 P11
storage
S6
GV6
NV3 Generator BV9
tank
GV14 T13 Solution T15 T16
P13 heat exchanger
GV13 GV5 BV10
T12 P12
Hand shut-off valve
GV12 GV4
Ball valve S3
Cooling water
thermostat Gate valve GV3
Cooling load Water Water Needle valve
simulator pump pump S Flow meter GV2
(Chilled water) F Filter/Drier
R134a-DM F Solution line
L Level gauge Hot water
R134a refrigerant line Water
T Temperature gauge thermostat
Water line P Pressure gauge pump GV1

Fig. 41 Schematic diagram of R134a-DMF based vapour absorption

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refrigeration system 71
and Future Trends
 Condenser
Liquid refrigerant
receiver

Expansion Evaporator
device MCB switch
Generator board
Liquid
refrigerant
Generator
flow meter
receiver

Chilled water
flow meter Data acquisition
Hot water system
flow meter

Solution
heat
exchanger

Hot water tank

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Fig.42 Experimental setup – R134a-DMF vapour absorption refrigeration system
and Future Trends
 Liquid
refrigerant
receiver
Expansion
devices
Evaporator

Liquid
Refrigerant
Flow meter Absorber

Absorber
receiver

Cooling water tank

with cooling coils
Condensing unit
for cooling water
system Chilled water
tank

Fig.43. Experimental setup – VARS with plate heat

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and Future Trends
 Chilled
water
pump
Cooling
water
Hot water pump
pump

Solution
pump

Online
density
meter

Fig.44 Solution pump, water pumps and online density meter

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and Future Trends
 Condensers

Condenser fans

Compressors

Fig.45 Condensing unit for cooling water system

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and Future Trends
 0 - 5 V DC
Data power
Acquisition supply
System

Glass
absorber

Expt. set-up
equiped with DAS
Mass
flow
controller
Mass
flow
indicator
R134a
24 V DC
gas
power
cylinder
supply
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and Future Trends
 0.3
Difference in strong and weak soln. concentrations, kgkg -1 Cooling capacity = 3.4 kW
Condenser temperature = 21 °C
0.25 Absorber temperature = 19.7 °C

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05 Evaporator temp. = -1.7o C

Experimental
Evaporator temp. = 4.2 o C
- - - - - Simulation
Evaporator temp. = 9.7 o C
0
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
Generator temperature, oC

Fig.59 Effect of generator temperature on strong and weak solution

concentration difference at different evaporator temperatures
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and Future Trends
 18
o
Cooling capacity = 3.4 kW Evaporator temp. = -1.7 C
16 Evaporator temp. = 4.2 oC
Condenser temperature = 21 °C
Evaporator temp. = 9.7 o C
14 Absorber temperature = 19.7 C

12
Circulation ratio

10

2 Experimental
- - - - - Simulation
0
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
Generator temperature, oC

Fig. 60 Effect of generator temperature on circulation ratio at different

evaporator temperatures
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and Future Trends
 0.7
Cooling capacity = 3.4 kW Evaporator temp. = -1.7o C
Coefficient of Performance, COP Condenser temperature = 21 °C Evaporator temp. = 4.2 o C
0.6 Absorber temperature = 19.7 °C Evaporator temp. = 9.7 o C

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2
Experimental
- - - - - Simulation
0.1
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
o
Generator temperature, C

Fig. 61 Effect of generator temperature on coefficient of performance at

different evaporator temperatures
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and Future Trends
 SOLAR VAPOUR JET
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

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and Future Trends
 Working Fluids
• Working fluids generally used in Jet refrigeration system are
R11, R12, R-113, R-123, R-141b, R134a, R718b, and R717.
• Working fluids could be classified as wet and dry vapor by
Chang et al. [22]. Wet vapour experiences small droplets at the
exit of the primary nozzle, and it undergoes two phase
condition. The small droplets block the hypothetical throat area
and hits on the ejector walls, causing damage. It can be avoided
by slightly superheating the primary stream working fluid .
• Dry vapour is preferable compared to wet vapour. Comparative
studies on the performance of ejector refrigeration cycle with
eleven refrigerants including water, halocarbon compounds
(CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs), a cyclic organic compound and an
azeotrope were carried out by Da- Wen Sun [23]. The
refrigerants were used for achieving better performance of the
system.
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and Future Trends
 One dimensional analysis
• Huang et al.[1] carried out one dimensional analysis for
predicting the ejector performance at critical conditions using
R141b with an Ideal gas assumption. He compared analytical
results with their experiments using 11 ejector combinations.
From the experimental results they achieved coefficients to
account for the losses of the primary flow, secondary flow and
frictional losses in the mixed flow. With these empirical
coefficients, the author claimed that one dimensional analysis
could accurately predict the performance of the ejectors.

• Two empirical correlations which could be used from the

experimental results of 15 ejector geometric combinations (3
primary nozzle and 5 mixing chamber) with R141b were
derived by Huang and Chang [2].
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and Future Trends
 One dimensional analysis contd.,
• Ozzane and Aidoun [6] carried out one dimensional analysis of
compressible refrigerant flow of ejector based on forward
marching technique for the solution of conservation equations
through computer simulation for R141b. Mixing chamber
length had a great impact over the performance by controlling
the shock wave occurrence and intensity, its length was
adjusted to bring supersonic mixed flow to near sonic
conditions for maximum exit pressure.

• The performance of the ejector under critical operating mode

was studied by Selvaraju and Mani [7] and also they compared
the performance of the ejector with different environmental
friendly refrigerants like R134a, R152a, R290, R600a and
R717.. Among the refrigerants selected for analysis, R134a
gives a better performance and higher critical entrainment ratio.
They observed that critical entrainment ratio increases with
increase in driving pressure ratio and decrease with increase in
12/27/2013 Solar Refrigeration : Current Status 83
compression ratio. [8] and Future Trends
 One dimensional analysis contd.,
• Development of mathematical models on hydrodynamic
and thermodynamic character with in the ejector refrigeration
system was reviewed by He et al. [9]. They stated that
dynamic model could predict with higher precision and give
more information compared to steady thermodynamic models.

• Khalil et al. [10] have developed mathematical model for

designing an ejector and also predicted the performance
characteristics of vapour jet refrigeration system with R134a
over a wide range of operating parameters like temperatures of
generator, condensing and evaporator, degrees of superheat,
nozzle efficiency and diffuser efficiency. A number of valid
conclusions were drawn from the analysis. Some of them were:
diffuser efficiency has less effect on entrainment ratio
compared to primary nozzle efficiency, area ratio increases as
generator temperature. Effect of superheat on entrainment ratio
is larger than its effect on both area ratio and COP.
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and Future Trends
 One dimensional analysis contd.,

• Simulation of one dimensional analysis based on mass,

momentum and energy balances was carried out Cizungu et al.
[36] and validated the same with experimental results from
literature. . Also they compared the system performance using
the environmentally friendly working fluids like R123, R134a,
R 152a and R717. The author suggests that the entrainment ratio
and COP of the system depends on ejector geometry and
compression ratio.

12/27/2013 Solar Refrigeration : Current Status 85

and Future Trends
 Numerical CFD analysis
• Bartosiewicz et al. [14] carried out performance analysis of
supersonic ejector using CFD analysis and experimental under
different modes, ranging from on-design to off-design
condition. Six turbulence models namely, k-ε, RNG-k-ε, RSM
and two k-ω were tested and compared with measurements
from literature.

• The effect of suction tube which entrains secondary flow on

entraining performance was studied by comparing the
axisymmetric and 3- dimensional analysis by Pianthong et al.
[21]. They concluded that the suction tube does not affect the
overall performance of the system, because the flow velocity
at the suction is very low.
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and Future Trends
 Numerical CFD analysis contd.,

• Numerical analyses were performed with 3D axisymmetric

geometry, with realizable k-ε model as a turbulence model[15].
He studied the performance of the ejector with different
combinations of primary nozzle’s throat diameter and exit
diameter, mixing chamber diameter, length of constant area
mixing tube under varied operating conditions. The author [16]
continued the work to explore the flow phenomena inside
ejector.

• The influence of geometrical factors of steam ejector on the

performance was studied using CFD by Szabolcs et al. [17,18].
The optimal area ratio fo the corresponding operating
conditions could be achieved by adjusting the area ratio, by an
adjustable spindle arrangement in the conventional ejector
system.

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and Future Trends
 Numerical CFD analysis contd.,
• Selvaraju and Mani [37] carried out performance analysis
with R134a using 3-Dimensional CFD analysis. Governing
equations for mass, momentum, energy and turbulence models
were solved using CFD technique.

• Riffat and Omer [12] have studied ejector refrigeration system

using methanol as a working fluid, numerically using CFD and
experimentally. The results of the CFD analysis focused on
determining the optimum ejector geometry for the given
operating conditions. Rusly et al. [13] have studied the flow
behavior of the ejector with 2D -CFD analysis.

• Scott [11] carried out CFD analysis of an ejector working with

R245fa for cooling / refrigeration applications.
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and Future Trends
 Two phase ejector
• Navid Sharifi et al. [28] did analytical modeling of wet steam
based on aerodynamics and thermodynamic performance of
steam ejectors.
• Cizungu et al. [29] carried out one-dimensional compressible
flow model, based on control volume approach to model and
optimize one and two-dimensional ejectors in a steady state
operation. The working fluid may be of single component or
two components, homogenous model was considered for two
phase working fluids.
• Senthil kumar et al. [41] carried out two-phase variable
geometry jet pump designed for the application of flash
desalination system for creating vacuum in the flash chamber.
The objective was to determine the optimum distance between
orifice and mixing tube which could give maximum
performance
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corresponding efficiency
Refrigeration : Current Status was reported. 89
and Future Trends
 Two phase ejector contd.,
• Stefan Elbel [35] studied two-phase ejector used as an
expansion device to reduce throttling losses The author listed
the types of ejector based on the thermodynamic state of the
working fluid as shown in Table.

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and Future Trends
 Experimental analysis
• Eames et al. [19] have studied steam jet refrigerator
theoretically and numerically. The author emphasized that,
choking of the secondary flow in the mixing chamber play a
major role in the performance of the system.
• Meyer et al. [20] attempted experimentally to operate steam
ejector at a temperatures below 100 C, so that the
conventional solar flat plate or evacuated tube water heaters
can be used for operating steam ejector systems for producing
cooling and refrigeration. The author claimed that, no
published experimental data could be found on primary nozzle
throat diameters and ejector profiles for an operating
temperature below 110 C.
• Putilov [40] claimed that there exist an optimal nozzle position
for each geometry and operating conditions that give higher
entraining performance of the ejector thereby increase in COP
of VJR system.
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and Future Trends
 Experimental analysis contd.,

• Zhang et al. [42] numerically using CFD and experimentally with

R236. The author varied angles of nozzle outlet as 8, 10, and
14, distance of nozzle exit to mixing chamber was varied as 23
and 33 mm and diffuser length varied as 88 and 103 mm.
• Experimental studies on the ejector performance using ammonia
was studied by Sankarlal and Mani [34,35] with three different
area ratios under simulated operating conditions.
• Experimental studies on the performance of vapour ejector
refrigeration system with R134a were carried out by Selvaraju
and Mani [37] for a rated capacity of 0.5 kW. The influence of
generator, evaporator and condenser temperature on system
performance was studied for six ejector configurations.

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and Future Trends
12/27/2013 Solar Refrigeration : Current Status 93
Fig. 19. Schematic diagram of solar VJRS
and Future Trends
 P

1 2

4 3

5 6

a b c

Fig. 2 Thermodynamic diagram of vapour jet refrigeration system

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and Future Trends
 Assembled view of the ejector components

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12/27/2013 EJECTOR COMPONENTS
Solar Refrigeration : Current StatusOF VJRS 96
and Future Trends
12/27/2013 VAPOURSolar
JET REFRIGERATION
Refrigeration : Current Status SYSTEM 97
(RIGHT SIDE
and Future VIEW)
Trends
 Fig. 105 Meshed view of the ejector

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and Future Trends
 Fig. 106 Shaded view of the ejector

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 Region of shock waves

Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa

Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 26.25 e+05 Pa Pg = 30.00 e+05 Pa

Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 32.35 e+05 Pa

Fig. 109 Static pressure contour

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and Future Trends
 Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pg = 26.25 e+05 Pa Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 30.00 e+05 Pa

ms-1
ms-1

Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 32.35 e+05 Pa

ms-1

Fig.110 Velocity vector

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 Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pg = 26.25 e+05 Pa Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 30.00 e+05 Pa

Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 32.35 e+05 Pa

Fig. 111 Mach number

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 Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 32.35 e+05 Pa
Pg = 30.35 e+05 Pa

Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 35.81 e+05 Pa

Fig. 112 Distribution of static temperature

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and Future Trends
 Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pg = 30.00 e+05 Pa Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 32.35 e+05 Pa

Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 35.81 e+05 Pa

Fig. 113 Variation of enthalpy

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 Entrainment ratio . 0.4 Tc = 302 K

0.3

0.2

Te = 278.0 K
Te
0.1 = 280.5 K
= 283.0 K
NA - MA = 285.5 K
0
335 340 345 350 355 360 365
Generator temperature, K

Fig. 119 Effect of generator temperature on entrainment ratio

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and Future Trends
 0.5
Te
Te = 278.0 K
= 280.5 K
0.4
= 283.0 K
= 285.5 K
0.3
COP

0.2

0.1
Tc = 300 K NA -MA
0
335 340 345 350 355 360 365
Generator temperature, K

Fig. 121 Effect of generator temperature on COP

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and Future Trends
 0.5
.
Te = 283 K Tgg = 358 K
0.4
= 361K
Entrainment ratio

0.3

0.2

0.1
NA - MA
0
300 302 304 306 308 310
Condenser temperature, K

Fig. 125 Effect of condenser temperature on entrainment ratio

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and Future Trends
 0.3
Te = 280.5 K Tg = 358 K
= 361 K

0.2
COP

0.1

NA - MA

0
300 302 304 306
Condenser temperature, K

Fig. 127 Effect of condenser temperature on COP

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 0.6
Actual critical entrainment ratio . +10%

-10%

0.4
Correlation for
Critical entrainment
ratio
0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Predicted critical entrainment ratio

critical  0.27238Rd  0.37332Rc  0.202621  0.968945

Fig.128 Comparison of predicted and actual critical entrainment ratio

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and Future Trends
 0.6

+10%
0.5
-10%

Correlation for
Actual critical COP .

0.4

Critical COP
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Predicted critical COP

COPcritical  0.375976Rd  0.284386Rc  0.242682  0.933787

Fig.129 Comparison of predicted and actual critical COP

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Payback Analysis
Solar and electrical energy costs intersect at 6th year of operation which is
the payback period.
 Cost comparison of solar and electrical
refrigerator
• The total cost of a selected refrigerator for 10 years is
= Rs.8390 + Rs. 62,052
= Rs.70,442 /-
• For solar based refrigeration system the total initial
cost is = Rs 39,340
• The saving of cost in 10 years is with a difference of
= 70,442 − 39,340
= Rs. 31,102.
• saving per year is = Rs 31102.00

Courtesy; Ravi Shankar Raman et al / VSRD International Journal of Mechanical,

Auto. & Prod. Engg. Vol. 2 (1), 2012
Performance and costs of various solar
refrigeration systems
 Main options of various solar refrigeration
systems and their ranks
• The main options and the options are ranked according to
their reported performance and the required investments
per kW cooling.
• Solar thermal with single-effect absorption system
appears to be the best option closely followed by the solar
thermal with single-effect adsorption system and by the
solar thermal with double-effect absorption system options
at the same price level.
• Solar thermo-mechanical or solar photovoltaic options are
significantly more expensive.
Main options of various solar refrigeration
systems and their ranks , contd..
• The vapour compression system and magnetic systems are
the most attractive options followed by the thermo-
acoustic and Stirling systems .

• Desiccant systems and ejector systems will bemore

expensive than the first three systems but since these
systems require specific equipment their exact position is
difficult to identify.

Courtesy: D.S. Kima, C.A. Infante Ferreirab, Solar refrigeration options – a

state-of-the-art review,, I n t e r n a t i o n a l Journal o f R e f r i g e r a t i
on , Vol 3, pp.1 3 – 1 5, ( 2 0 0 8 )
 Conclusions

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and Future Trends
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and Future Trends
 THANK YOU

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and Future Trends