Fuzzy energy management strategy based on
Microgrid Energy Rate-of-Change applied to an
electro-thermal residential microgrid
D. Arcos-Aviles, D. Sotomayor, J. Llanos Proaño
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE
Sangolquí - Ecuador
dgarcos@espe.edu.ec
J. Pascual, L. Marroyo, P. Sanchis
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Universidad Pública de Navarra
Pamplona-Spain
juliomaria.pascual@unavarra.es
Abstract—This work presents the design of a fuzzy energy
management strategy to smooth the grid power profile of grid-
connected electro-thermal microgrid. The electro-thermal
microgrid under study includes electric and thermal renewable
generation, electric and thermal energy storage, and electric and
thermal loads. In this new scenario, the main goal of the energy
management strategy is to use the excess of power coming from
the microgrid to cover part of the power needed by the thermal
generation system to keep the water temperature in the thermal
storage system in a suitable range to supply Domestic Hot Water
(DHW) required in the house. The performance of the proposed
strategy is verified through simulations using real data measured
at the microgrid of the Public University of Navarre (UPNa). The
simulation results have demonstrated the proper behavior of the
proposed strategy minimizing the grid power fluctuations and the
amount of energy supplied by the mains.
Keywords— energy management; microgrids; distributed power
generation; renewable energy sources
I. INTRODUCTION
The continued growth and development of the world has
led to an increase of the energy demand to meet the needs of
the world population. This increase has, in turn, resulted in an
increment of fossil fuels consumption, which has caused the
global concern due to the augmentation of greenhouse gases
(GHG) resulting from this combustion [1], [2]. For this reason,
the use of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) has been
promoted in recent years due to the benefits they present,
which have contributed to the development of Distributed
Generation (DG) systems to become in a viable solution for the
future power systems [3]. Nevertheless, the integration of the
DG systems and the utility grid in an efficient manner with
minimum investment still remains a challenge [4].
In this regard, Microgrid (MG) has appeared as quite an
appealing alternative for overcoming the challenges of
integrating Distributed Energy Resources (DER) units. The
978-1-5090-1411-8/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
F. Guinjoan, M. P. Marietta
Department of Electronics Engineering
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya – Barcelona TECH
Barcelona-Spain
francesc.guinjoan@upc.edu
MG concept was first presented in [5]. In general, MGs are
defined as low-voltage systems comprising loads, DG units,
and Energy Storage System (ESS), which has an energy
management strategy, and are connected to the grid at a single
point denominated a Point of Common Coupling (PCC) [6].
The energy management strategy controls the power flow
of the MG elements to reach predefined objectives such as
minimizing the MG operating costs or maximizing the
revenues according to the electricity market price [7]–[9]. In
addition, the design should consider the power architecture of
the MG and, in particular, the controllability of the elements
within the MG. In this concern, a greater number of
controllable elements in the MG increases the degrees of
freedom to control the MG and facilitates the improvement of
the grid power profile. For instance, [10] develops a Demand
Response (DR) coordination control algorithm that uses
controllable resources and ESS to compensate power
fluctuations produced by RES to provide tie-line services. In
[11] an energy management strategy for an electro-thermal MG
comprised of RES, ESS and thermal elements such as solar
thermal collectors and Electric Water Heater (EWH) is
presented, where results slightly improve those presented in
[12]. Furthermore, [13] presents an enhanced strategy
compared with [11], which significantly improves the grid
power profile by the use of both Demand Side Management
(DSM) and a variable battery State-of-Charge (SOC).
This work presents an extension of the fuzzy energy
management strategy based on MG Energy Rate-of-Change
(ERoC) designed in [14], [15] to smooth the grid power profile
of a residential grid-tied microgrid. The new design is
conducted in an electro-thermal microgrid [11], [13], which
includes a Domestic Hot Water (DHW) system comprising a
controllable load (i.e., electric water heater) and a thermal
storage system (i.e., water deposit tank). In this approach, the
EWH becomes the key element to improve the behavior of the
energy management strategy, since the controllable load
99
provides an extra degree of freedom to control the grid power
profile. A simulation comparison with the fuzzy ERoC strategy
[14] including the EWH consumption will demonstrate the
benefits of including thermal elements in the residential
microgrid architecture.
This paper is organized as follows. Section II describes the
electro-thermal microgrid under study, introduces the variable
definition of the system, and presents the mathematical models
of the ESS and the water temperature estimator. Section III
presents the design of the proposed energy management
strategy. Section IV presents the simulation and comparison
results. Finally, Section V presents the conclusion of this work.
II. ELECTRO-THERMAL MICROGRID ARCHITECTURE
A. Microgrid Configuration and Variable Definition
The microgrid under study is a residential grid-connected
electro-thermal microgrid shown in Fig. 1 [11], [13]. This
architecture includes Hybrid Renewable Energy System
(HRES) comprising a Photovoltaic Generator (PV) of 6 kW
and a Wind Turbine (WT) of 6 kW; an electric ESS composed
of a lead-acid battery bank with a rated capacity of 72 kWh; a
domestic load demand with a rated power of 7 kW; and, a
DHW system consisting of an EWH of 2 kW, a flat plate solar
thermal collector array of 2 kW, a thermal storage system
represented by a water deposit tank of 800 liters capacity, and a
thermal demand equivalent to 2 kW.
Fig. 1. Residential grid-connected electro-thermal microgrid.
where PPV is the photovoltaic power, PWT is the wind power,
PGEN is the total renewable power generation, PBAT is the power
delivered/absorbed by the battery, PLOAD is the electric load
power demand, PGRID is the power delivered/absorbed by the
mains, PWH,E is the power required by the EWH to keep the
water temperature in the deposit tank between 45 °C and
65 °C, QWH,T is the rate of energy transferred from the EWH,
QSC,T is the rate of energy collected from the solar thermal
collectors, and QDHW is the DHW consumption of the house.
Note that the arrows direction in Fig. 1 means a positive power
flux. In addition, besides the thermal variables depicted in Fig.
1 the electro-thermal MG analysis should consider the thermal
losses in the storage tank, QLOSS,T, which is presented in
Section II.C.
100
Given the configuration shown in Fig. 1, the grid power
profile, PGRID, and the MG net power, PLG, are defined as
follows:
PGRID = PLOAD − PGEN − PBAT + PWH , E (1)
PLG = PLOAD − PGEN + PWH , E (2)
B. Battery SOC Estimator
The ESS is used for both balancing out the irregularities
and improving the grid power quality. Additionally, the ESS
acts as a buffer or back-up to store the energy that can be used
by the house during high demand periods [16], [17]. The
battery SOC gives the estimation in percentage, with respect to
the rated battery capacity, about the amount of energy stored in
the ESS. The battery SOC can be estimated as follows [14],
[15], [18]:
SOC ( n) = SOC (n − 1) − ΔSOC ( n) (3)
ΔSOC (n) = 100 ⋅ ( η CBAT ) ⋅ PBAT ( n − 1) ⋅ Ts (4)
where the indices n and (n - 1) represent the current and the
previous samples, respectively, ΔSOC is the percentage of the
battery SOC variation during the sampling period Ts
(i.e., Ts = 0.25 hours), CBAT is the rated battery capacity, and η
the battery efficiency, which considers different efficiencies for
charging and discharging processes (i.e., η = ηC for PBAT < 0,
and η = 1/ηD for PBAT > 0; being ηC and ηD the battery charge
and discharge efficiencies, respectively).
Moreover, in order to preserve the lifetime of the ESS the
battery SOC should be kept between secure limits. The battery
SOC constraints are expressed as follows [14], [18]:
SOCMIN ≤ SOC ( n) ≤ SOCMAX (5)
SOCMIN = (1 − DOD ) ⋅ SOCMAX (6)
where SOCMIN and SOCMAX are the minimum and maximum
battery SOC limits, respectively, and DOD is the battery Depth
of Discharge (i.e., DOD = 50%).
C. Thermal Storage and Water Temperature Estimator
The thermal storage is one of the main parts of a solar
heating, cooling, and power generating system, since it has
several functions. For instance, it improves the use of collected
solar energy by providing thermal capacitance to mitigate the
solar availability and load mismatch, and improves the system
response to sudden peak loads or loss of solar input [19]. The
solar energy is usually stored in liquids, being water the most
frequently used as a storage medium, due to its availability and
non-toxicity [19]. In addition, this fluid can be used in
residential MG scenarios, where the DHW demand is required.
In this study, the water temperature control should be the
appropriate in order to satisfy the user requirements. Therefore,
the water temperature model in the storage tank should
consider both the rate of energy, Q, of all variables involved in
the water heating process, and the storage capacity of the water
storage tank, QST,T. In this concern, the energy balance of the applied to an electro-thermal MG. In this scenario, the
storage tank considering thermal losses is given by: appropriate control of the EWH leads to concurrently minimize
the grid power fluctuations and the energy consumption from
QST ,T ( n) = QSC ,T ( n) + QWH ,T ( n) − QLOSS ,T ( n) − QDHW ( n) (7) the mains [11]. The goal of the energy management strategy,
now referred as fuzzy ERoC ETH-MG strategy, is the suitable
Additionally, the rate of useful energy collected from a use of the energy stored in the ESS to meet the load demand
solar thermal collector, QSC, derived from the technical required by the EWH to keep the water temperature in the
characteristics sheet of the solar collector, is expressed as storage tank between the established limits.
follows [11]:
A. Energy Management Strategy
G ( β, α )
 −2 ⋅ 10 ⋅ ( TWD − Ta ) + 6 ⋅ 10 ⋅ ( TWD − Ta )
−9 6 −7 5
QSC = ... The design follows the control strategy described in [14]
GSTC and includes some additional statements to perform the EWH
control. The design includes a EWH control block, which is
... − 7 ⋅ 10 ⋅ ( TWD − Ta ) + 0, 003 ⋅ ( TWD − Ta ) ...
−5 4 3
(8) used to calculate the amount of energy supplied by the ESS for
... − 0, 07 ⋅ ( TWD − Ta ) −8, 6968 ⋅ ( TWD − Ta ) + 1735, 5 ] the EWH consumption, PWH (n). This way, part of the energy
2 B

required by the EWH is provided by the ESS, consequently, the

where G(β,α) is the incident irradiance in the plane of the solar MG net power (2) is reduced and it is modified as follows:
thermal collectors, GSTC is incident irradiance under Standard
Test Conditions (STC), TWD is water temperature, and Ta is the *
PLG B
(n) = PLG (n) − PWH ( n) (13)
ambient temperature in °C.
where PWH (n) is the amount of power supplied by the battery
B
Moreover, the rate of energy loss of the storage tank can be
expressed as follows [19], [20]: for the EWH consumption, which is assigned taking into
2 π ⋅ L ⋅ kT account the following conditions:
QLOSS ,T ( n) = ⋅ [TWD (n) − TEXT ( n) ] (9)
ln ( R1 R2 ) B  PWH , E ( n), if SOC ( n ) > SOCR1 & PWH , E ( n) > 0
PWH ( n) =  (14)
where L is the water storage tank length (i.e., L = 2.14 m), kT is 0, otherwise
the thermal conductivity of the water storage tank (i.e., for a
polyurethane insolation kT = 2.4·10-6 kW/m·°C), R1 is the being SOCR1 the battery SOC threshold which allows power
storage tank inner radius (i.e., R1 = 0.375 m), R2 is the storage injection from the ESS.
tank outer radius (i.e., R2 = 0.475 m including an insolation Similarly to [14], the grid power profile is defined as
thickness of 0.1 m), and TEXT is the environment temperature of follows:
the place where the storage tank is located (i.e., TEXT = 25°C).
*
Furthermore, the capacity of the water storage tank can be
PGRID ( n) = PAVG (n) + PFLC (n) (15)
expressed as [19], [21], [22]:
(n) = 1 M ⋅  k =1 PLG* ( n − k )
* M
PAVG (16)
QST ,T ( n) = ρW ⋅ CP ⋅ V ⋅ ΔTWD ( n) (10)
where PAVG (n) the average net power of PLG (n), M is the
* *

dTWD TWD ( n) − TWD ( n − 1)

ΔTWD ( n) = = (11) number of samples in one day, and PFLC is the output of the
dt Ts FLC used to improve the grid power profile according to the
battery SOC and the MG energy rate-of-change, PAVG (n),
*

where ρW is the water density (i.e., ρW = 985.65 kg/m3), CP is

which is defined as the slope of two consecutive samples of
the specific heat capacity of water (i.e., CP = 4.18 kJ/kg·°C), V
is the storage tank volume (i.e., V = 0.8 m3), ∆TWD is the water PAVG
*
(n) as follows:
temperature variation during the sampling period Ts, and TWD is
the current water temperature in the tank after Ts. PAVG
*
(n) =  PAVG
*
(n) − PAVG
*
(n − 1)  Ts (17)
Therefore, assuming constant heat losses in the storage tank
during the period Ts, from (7) to (11) the current water In contrast to the EMS strategy described in [14], the
temperature in the storage tank is established as follows: battery power, PBAT (n), is now defined as the sum of two
components as follows:
Ts
TWD ( n) = TWD (n − 1) + ⋅ QST ,T ( n) (12) MG
PBAT ( n) = PBAT B
(n) + PWH ( n) (18)
ρW ⋅ C P ⋅ V
MG
PBAT (n) = PLG (n) − PGRID (n) (19)
III. ENERGY MANAGEMENT CONTROL DESIGN
In this regard, the use of the energy stored in the ESS to
The energy management strategy developed in [14]
supply part of the energy required by the EWH leads to the
(i.e., fuzzy based on Energy Rate of Change ERoC strategy) is

101
reduction of the energy supplied by the mains, thus, reducing inference and Center of Gravity defuzzification with two
the MG operating costs. It should be noted that the energy inputs, SOC (n) and PAVG (n), and one output PFLC (n), where
*

supplied by the ESS for the EWH consumption represents the

energy saved by the MG as follows: the variation range of each variable is defined as follows:
B
Esaved = EWH (20) SOCMIN ≤ SOC (n) ≤ SOCMAX (24)
G B
EWH = EWH , E − EWH (21) − PA ≤ PAVG
*
(n) ≤ PA (25)

EWH , E = Ts ⋅  n =1 PWH , E ( n) PN ≤ PFLC (n) ≤ PP

N
(22) (26)

where ṖA is maximum variation of the derivative term defined

= Ts ⋅  n =1 PWH
B N B
EWH (n)
where Esaved is the energy saved in the year under study,
EWH
B
and EWH are the annual energy supplied by the ESS and
G
the mains for the EWH consumption, respectively.
B. Control design
The block diagram of fuzzy ERoC ETH-MG strategy is
shown in Fig. 2 and includes the following blocks: a Low-Pass
filter block (LPF) used to compute the MG average net power
according to (16); a digital derivative and filter block (DF)
used for concurrently obtaining PAVG (n), according to (17), and
*
limiting the high-frequency gain and noise associated with the
derivative term [14], [23]; a battery SOC estimator block used
(23) in [14]; and, PN and PP are the minimum and maximum power,
respectively, assigned by the controller output.
As previous works [14], [15], the adjustment of all
parameters involved in the FLC design is performed by an
off-line adjustment procedure described in [12] with the
purpose of minimizing the energy management quality criteria
defined in [14], [24]. As a result, five triangular Membership
Functions (MFs) are defined for each input and nine triangular
MFs are defined for the output. These MFs are illustrated in
Fig. 3. Note that the variation range of the FLC output is also
established from the optimization procedure (i.e., PN = -1.3 kW
and PP = 1.5 kW). Finally, the assignment of five MFs for each
input variable to leads the definition of a rule-base up to
25-rules. The optimized rule-base is presented in Table I.
1
NB NS ZE PS PB

to compute the battery SOC according to (3)-(6); a Fuzzy

Logic Controller block (FLC) used to compute, PFLC (n), of the 0.8

grid power profile defined in (15); and, a EWH Control block 0.6

used to compute the amount of energy supplied by the ESS, 0.4

PWHB (n). 0.2

0
. . . .
-PA - 1 PA 0 +
1 P +PA
2 2 A

(a)

NB NS ZE PS PB
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

SOCMIN 5 SOC 3 SOC 7 SOC SOC MAX

8 MAX 4 MAX 8 MAX
15 SOC 27 SOC
28 MAX 28 MAX

(b)
NB NM NS NSS ZE PSS PS PM PB
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Fig. 2. Block diagram of the proposed energy management strategy applied 0

to an electro-thermal microgrid PN 3
4
PN
1
2
PN
1
P
8 N
0 1
8
PP
1
2
PP
3
4
PP PP

C. Fuzzy Logic controller design
The FLC block used in this strategy is similar as the one
presented in [14]. The FLC assumes a Mamdani-based
(c)
Fig. 3. MFs for the FLC of the fuzzy ERoC ETH-MG (a) MFs for the input
variable Ṗ*AVG, (b) MFs for the input variable SOC, and (c) MFs for the output
variable PFLC.

102
 TABLE I. FUZZY LOGIC RULE-BASE provided by the ESS represents the energy saved Esaved by the
MG.
Ṗ*AVG (n)
PFLC (n) Moreover, Fig. 6 compares the grid power profile achieved
NB NS ZE PS PB
through the energy management strategy developed in [14]
NB PB PM PSS PM PB including the EWH consumption and the proposed fuzzy ERoC
NS PM PS PSS PS PM ETH-MG strategy. The proposed strategy minimizes
SOC (n) ZE ZE NSS ZE NSS NSS fluctuations in the grid power profile, since the use of the
energy stored in the battery, when the battery SOC is high, to
PS NM NSS NS NM NM
cover part of the energy required by the EWH allows to reduce
PB NB NB NSS NM NB the charge of the ESS, thus, it can absorb more surplus energy
generated in the MG minimizing the negative grid power
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION peaks.
The simulation of the proposed energy management 6
strategy is performed by numerical simulations through 4
MATLAB® using real data recorded from July 2013 to July

Power ( kW )
2
2014 at Public University of Navarre (UPNa) microgrid. As 0
mentioned in Section III, the proposed strategy uses the energy -2
stored in the ESS to supply part of the power required by the -4
EWH. Therefore, the power supplied by the mains needed for -6
PGRID Fuzzy ERoC

the EWH consumption is reduced, thus, reducing the MG net Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul

power (blue solid line PLG ) as it can be seen in Fig. 4.

* 6
4

Power ( kW )
2
6
6
0
4 4 -2

2 -4
Power ( kW )

Power ( kW )

2
PGRID Fuzzy ERoC ETH-MG
-6
0

0
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
-2
Months (2013-2014)
-4
-2
Fig. 6. Grid power profile for the fuzzy ERoC strategy including the EWH
-6 PLG P*LG PLG *
PLG consumption (top) and the fuzzy ERoC ETH-MG strategy (bottom).
-4
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul 11/12/2013 13:00:00 12/12/2013 13:00:00 13/12/2013 13:00:00 14/12/2013 13:00:00
Months (2013-2014) Months (2013-2014)

(a) (b) Furthermore, in order to highlight the effectiveness of the

proposed strategy, Fig. 7 presents a comparison of the
Fig. 4. MG net power profile (a) comparison between PLG including the
EWH consumption and P*LG achieved through the fuzzy ERoC ETH-MG microgrid principal variables during three consecutive days
strategy, (b) reduction of the MG net power profile. between the fuzzy ERoC strategy including the EWH
consumption and the proposed fuzzy ERoC ETH-MG strategy.
In addition, Fig. 5 shows the distribution of the energy used 6

by the EWH to keep the water temperature in the deposit tank 5

4

between 45 °C and 65 °C. 3

2
Power ( kW)

1
B G
EWH,E EWH EWH 0
15 -1
h

-2
kW

kW

-3
.5
h

.5

-4
Energy ( kWh )

kW

*
11

10

PLG
Wh

PLG
-5
10
7.5

h
Wh

8k

-6
Wh

Wh
h

kW

09/11/2013 13:00:00 10/11/2013 13:00:00 11/11/2013 13:00:00 12/11/2013 13:00:00

kW

6k

6k

6k

6 100
5.5

h
4.5

Wh

PG RID Fuzzy ERoC

kW

5
5 95
PG RID Fuzzy ERoC ETH-MG
3k

4
2.5

S OC Fuzzy ERoC 90
3 S OC Fuzzy ERoC ETH-MG
85
2
0
Power ( kW)

04/11/2013 05/11/2013 06/11/2013 07/11/2013 80

SOC( %)

0 75
Fig. 5. Distribution of the energy supplied by the ESS and the mains for the
-1
EWH consumption in four consecutive days. 70

-2
65
-3
As it can be observed, the ESS significantly contributes to -4
60

the consumption needed by the EWH. In short, the ESS -5

55

supplies an energy of EWH = 936 kWh during the year under

B -6 50
09/11/2013 13:00:00 10/11/2013 13:00:00 11/11/2013 13:00:00 12/11/2013 13:00:00

study, which is equivalent to 54.40 % of the total energy Fig. 7. Grid power profile and battery SOC comparison between the fuzzy
required by the EWH. It is worth noting that the energy ERoC strategy including the EWH consumption and the fuzzy ERoC
ETH-MG strategy.

103
 Part of the power required by the EWH is supplied by the
ESS; therefore, the MG net power (pink dot line) is reduced
(mustard-colored solid line), Fig. 7 (top). Accordingly, the
battery discharges reducing the energy stored in the ESS (green
solid line) as shown in Fig. 7 (bottom). In addition, as shown in
Fig. 7 (bottom), this behavior minimizes the grid power
fluctuations (blue solid line) with respect to the fuzzy ERoC
strategy including the EWH consumption (red dashed-line),
since the ESS can absorb the future power generation produced
by both RES, as it can be appreciated on Nov. 9th and Nov. 10th
close to 13:00 PM.
The proper behavior of the proposed strategy is also
verified through the energy management quality criteria
defined in [14], [24] (i.e., Maximum and Minimum grid power
peaks PG,MAX and PG,MIN, respectively, Maximum Power
Derivative MPD, Average Power Derivative APD, and Power
Profile Variability PPV), which are summarized in Table II.
TABLE II. QUALITY CRITERIA COMPARISON RESULTS
Quality Indices
EMS
PG,MAX PG,MIN MPD APD
(kW) (kW) (W/h) (W/h)
Fuzzy ERoC strategy
including the EWH 2.94 -2.52 1252 79.93
consumption
Proposed Fuzzy
2.95 -2.31 1052 75.67
ERoC ETH_MG
The proposed fuzzy ERoC ETH-MG strategy achieves a
reduction in four of the energy management quality criteria. In
short, PG,MIN, MPD, APD, and PPV criteria are reduced in
8.3%, 16%, 5.3%, and16.6% with respect to the fuzzy ERoC
strategy including the EWH consumption. Conversely, PG,MAX
criterion exhibits a negligible increase that has not a negative
impact in the global operation of the proposed strategy. Note
that if demand charge is considered, an increase in the peak
power form the grid would increase the microgrid individual
cost. However, this increment is only 10W in this study, which
does not affect the user final cost.
V. CONCLUSIONS
An enhanced fuzzy-based energy management strategy
applied to an electro-thermal microgrid is presented. The
results have demonstrated that an additional degree of freedom
in the MG (the thermal elements of the MG) facilitates the grid
power profile control. In this regard, the use of the EWH and
the water storage tank allows minimizing the grid power
fluctuations. The proposed strategy achieves a reduction of the
amount of power supplied by the mains for the EHW
consumption, reaching a 54.4% of savings of the energy
supplied by the mains, which implies a cost reduction for the
user.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work is part of the project 2016-PIC-044 from the
Propagation, Electronic Control, and Networking
(PROCONET) Research Group of Universidad de las Fuerzas
Armadas ESPE and has been partially supported by the
Spanish Ministry of Economy and Knowledge: grants
DPI2015-67292, DPI2013-41224-P.
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