SQL SERVER

Lecture 6 - SELECT STATEMENT - MULTIPLE CRITERIA

• Multiple search criteria can be combined using
the logical operators AND, OR, and NOT. AND &
OR operators allow to join two or more
expressions. The AND returns results when all
conditions are true. The OR returns results when
any of the conditions are true.

Retrieving Rows - Multiple Criteria

SELECT column_list
FROM table_list
WHERE [NOT] expression
{AND|OR} [NOT] expression

SELECT STATEMENT
SELECT [ALL|DISTINCT][TOP <n> [PERCENT]
[WITH TIES]] <column_list>
[INTO <new_table>]
[FROM <table_sources>]
[WHERE <search_condition>]
[GROUP BY group_expression[,...n]
[HAVING <search_condition>]
[ORDER BY {column_name [ASC|DESC]}[,...n]]

COMPLETE SELECT STATEMENT

• SELECT * FROM table_name is the most
basic of all queries.
• Where an asterisk (*) for the column_list will
retrieve all columns from the table.

SELECT STATEMENT
QUERY
SELECT *
FROM employee
OUTPUT

Select all columns & rows

SELECT column_name [, column_name...]
FROM table_name

• To select specific columns, each column must be

separated by a comma (,).

Select Multiple Columns

QUERY
SELECT fname, lname, emp_id
FROM employee
OUTPUT

Select Fname, Lname and Emp_id

• In the results of a query, the column names are
shown as headings as defined in the table
structure.
• Aliasing the column headings make them more
readable.
• If the alias has spaces, it must be enclosed in
single quotation marks or the SQL Server
identifier delimiters [].
Changing Column Name
SELECT column_heading = column_name
FROM table_name
OR
SELECT column_name
[AS]‘column_heading’
FROM table_name

Columns Aliases in SELECT

QUERY SELECT EmployeeID = emp_id, LastName = lname
FROM employee
OR
SELECT emp_id AS EmployeeID, lname AS LastName
FROM employee
OUTPUT

Column Aliases Example

• Where clause applies filter to retrieve desired
rows.
• Where clause followed by a Boolean expression
that selects record.
• Boolean expression can be simple or compound.

Selecting Rows Conditionally

Operator Description
= Equal to
!= Not equal to
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to

Comparison Operators
QUERY
select *
from CUSTOMER
where CustomerNumber='1001'
OUTPUT

Customer with Id 1001

QUERY
select *
from CUSTOMER
where AreaCode > 30
OUTPUT

Customer with Id 1001

SELECT column_list
FROM table_list
WHERE column
[NOT] BETWEEN low AND high
• Rows can be retrieved based on a range of
values using the BETWEEN keyword. The
BETWEEN clause is inclusive. NOT operator
retrieve rows out of range
Range – Between Operator
QUERY select *
from CUSTOMER
where CustomerNumber
Between 1000 And 1001
OUTPUT

Customer with Id 1001

SELECT column_list
FROM table_list
WHERE column [NOT] IN (value_list)

• Rows can be retrieved with values that match

those in a list by using the IN keyword. NOT
operator retrieve rows out of range

IN Operator - multiple values

QUERY select *
from CUSTOMER
where CustomerNumber
Between 1000 And 1001
OUTPUT

Customer with Id 1001

SELECT column_list
FROM table_list
WHERE column_name [NOT] LIKE 'string'

• To retrieve rows based on portions of character

strings, use the LIKE keyword

LIKE Operator – Pattern Matching

• SQL wildcards can substitute for one or more
characters when searching for data in a
database. SQL wildcards must be used with the
SQL LIKE operator.

Pattern Matching - Wildcards

Wildcard Description
% or * A substitute for zero or more characters
_ A substitute for exactly one character
[charlist] Any single character in charlist
[^charlist] Any single character not in charlist

Pattern Matching - Wildcards

QUERY
select * from CUSTOMER
where LastName like 'J%'
OUTPUT

Customers with Name starting with letter ‘J’

QUERY
SELECT title_id, title
FROM titles
WHERE title LIKE '%computer%'
OUTPUT

Books with computer anywhere in the title

QUERY
SELECT au_id, au_lname, au_fname
FROM authors
WHERE au_lname LIKE '[BM]%'
OUTPUT

All authors whose names begin with B or M

• A null value is not the same as a blank character
string; nor is it the same as a 0 when dealing
with numeric data. A NULL occurs when a value
is not assigned to a field. This is another way of
saying that NULL is equivalent to the value
"unknown." Records can be discriminated in the
tables containing NULL values by using the IS
NULL and IS NOT NULL keywords.

Null Values
SELECT column_list
FROM table_list
WHERE column_name IS [NOT] NULL

IS NULL and IS NOT NULL

QUERY
SELECT title_id, title
FROM titles
WHERE ytd_sales IS NULL
OUTPUT

Find all books that have no sales