Easy English Grammar Guide

http://www.allonlinefree.
com
EASY ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Easy Way To Learn English Tenses
m
Tenses >> Present simple
co
e.
Structure of present simple
re
ef
I don't (do
I work in a Do you work
not) work in
in
bank. in a bank?
a bank.
nl
llo
He doesn't
Does he
.a
He works in a (does not)

work in a
w
bank. work in a
bank?
w
bank.
w
Present simple - common mistakes
Common Correct
Why?
mistakes version
http://www.allonlinefree.com 1 of 129
http://www.allonlinefree.com
The gerund
ing form is
I working in I work in
not used in
London. London.
the present
simple.
m
The third
co
He work in He works in person he,
e.
London. London. she, it adds
the letter s.
re
ef
He work in Does he work Questions -
in
London? in London? third person:

nl
does +
llo
subject +
infinitive.
.a
Work he in Does he work All other

w
London? in London? persons:

w
do + subject
w
+ infinitive.
He not work He doesn't Negatives -

in London. work in third person:
London. subject +
doesn't +
infinitive.
All other
persons:
subject +
don't +
infinitive.
m
co
e.
re
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Tenses >> Past simple
Structure of past simple
I didn't (did
I saw him Did you see
not) see him
m
yesterday. him?
yesterday.
co
e.
Past simple - common mistakes re
ef
in
Common Correct
Why?
nl
mistakes version
llo
In positive
.a
sentences, a
w
I was work in I worked in helping verb

w
London. London. such as 'was'

w
or 'did' is not
used.
He worked in Did he work The helping

London? in London? verb 'did' is
used in past
simple
questions.
The helping
verb 'did' is
Worked he in Did he work
used in past
m
London? in London?
simple
co
questions.
e.
The main
reverb is used
ef
in the
Did he wrote Did he write
in
infinitive form
a letter? a letter?
nl
in questions
llo
and
negatives.
.a
w
The main
w
verb is used
w
He didn't in the
He didn't
wrote a infinitive form
write a letter.
letter. in questions
and
negatives.
Tenses >> Present perfect tense
Structure of present perfect
I haven't
I've (I have) Have you
(have not)
m
seen him. seen him?
seen him.
co
e.
He hasn't
He's (he has)
gone.
(has not)
gone. re Has he gone?
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
Present perfect simple - common

mistakes
w
w
Common Correct
w
Why?
mistakes version
Steven has Steven has The past

wrote a new written a new participle of
book. book. the verb
must be used
- wrote is
past simple,
written is the
past
participle.
m
co
The helping
e.
verb 'have' is
used in the
re present
ef
Did you have Have you
perfect- it is
seen him seen him
in
inverted with
before? before?
nl
the person
llo
(you have
becomes
.a
have you).
w
w
I didn't have I haven't The helping

w
seen him seen him verb 'have' is

before. before. used in the
present
perfect- to
make it
negative we
simply add
not (n't).
The present
perfect is
used to show
m
an action
co
I am here I have been
which
since last here since
e.
continues to
week. last week.
the present
re (an
ef
unfinished
in
action).
nl
llo
I've been I've known Verbs such as

knowing him him for 5 know, want,
.a
for 5 years. years. like, etc.

w
(stative
w
verbs)
w
suggest
permanent
states, not
actions, so
are used in
the simple
form, NOT
the -ing form.
m
co
e.
re
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Tenses >> Past perfect tense
Structure of past perfect
You hadn't
I'd (I had) Had you seen
(had not)
m
seen him. him?
seen him.
co
e.
re
ef
Past perfect - common mistakes
in
nl
Common Correct
llo
Why?
mistakes version
.a
The helping
w
verb had /
w
I didn't been I hadn't been

hadn't is used
w
to London. to London.
in the past
perfect.
When I saw When I saw The action

him, I him I noticed (haircut)
which
happened
before
another past
action must
noticed that that he had
be put into
m
he had a had a
the past
co
haircut. haircut.
perfect to
e.
make the
time order
re clear to the
ef
listener.
in
nl
He told me He told me His original

llo
has been to he had been words were:

London. to London. ''I have been
.a
to London.''
w
However, in
w
reported
w
speech we
move the
tense back -
present
perfect (have
been)
becomes past
perfect (had
been).
m
co
e.
re
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Tenses >> Future simple tense
Structure of future simple
I won't (will
I'll (I will) be Will you be
not) be there
m
there there
tomorrow.
co
tomorrow. tomorrow?
e.
re
ef
in
Future simple - common mistakes

nl
llo
Common Correct
Why?
mistakes version
.a
w
If the action
w
- The phone's is decided at

w
ringing. the moment

Ok -I'll
- OK, I'm of speaking,
answer it.
going to we use will /
answer it. will not
(won't).
When we say
I'm sure he is what we think
I'm sure he
going to help or expect, we
will help you.
you. use will
(won't).
m
I promise I'm After promise
co
I promise I'll
going to we usually
help.
e.
help. use will.
re When we
ef
refer to the
in
future in
nl
adverbial
I'll call you
llo
I'll call you clauses, we

when I'll
when I come normally use
.a
come to my
to my office. present
office.
w
simple (after
w
when, as
w
soon as,
until).
If you will If you give When we

give me your me your refer to the
address, I'll address, I'll future in
conditional
clauses, we
send you a send you a
normally use
postcard. postcard.
the present
simple.
m
To show that
co
I can't see the decision
e.
I can't see you next was made in
you next week. I am the past, we
week. I will returning/amre use the
ef
return to going to present
in
Paris. return to continuous or

nl
Paris. the 'going to'

llo
future.
.a
w
w
w
Tenses >> 'Going to' future tense
Structure of 'going to' future
I'm (I am)
I'm (I am)
not going to Are you going
m
going to take
take a to take a
co
my holidays
holiday this holiday?
in August.
e.
year.
He's (he is) He isn't (is re

ef
Is he going to
going to not) going to
in
watch TV this
watch TV this watch TV this
evening?
nl
evening. evening.
llo
.a
w
'going to' for future- common

w
mistakes
w
Common Correct
Why?
mistakes version
You know You know We use going

that I'll buy a that I am to for a
future action
that has been
going to buy
new car, decided
a new car,
don't you? before the
don't you?
time of
speaking.
m
co
We use going
e.
Look! You to if we see
Look! You
are going to (and are
will drop your
drop your sure) that the re
ef
books.
books. action will
in
happen.
nl
llo
Tenses >> Future perfect simple

.a
tense
w
w
Structure of future perfect simple

w
The film will

The film will Will the film
not (won't)
have started have started
have started
by the time by the time
by the time
we get there. we get there?
we get there.
m
co
e.
re
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Tenses >> Present continuous
Structure of present continuous
I'm (I am) I'm (I am)
m
Are you
reading a not
co
reading?
book. reading.
e.
He is not (he's
He's (he is)
not/he isn't) re Is he
ef
reading a reading a
reading a
book. book?
in
book.
nl
llo
.a
w
Present continuous - common

w
mistakes
w
Common Correct
Why?
mistakes version
They still They are still to form a

waiting for waiting for continuous
tense we use
you. you.
be + -ing.
They are still Are they still

waiting for waiting for
you? you? In questions
m
the subject
co
Do they still Are they still (they) and
e.
waiting for waiting for the auxiliary
you? you? verb (be)
re change
ef
Where they Where are places.
in
are waiting they waiting

nl
for you? for you?

llo
To form the
.a
negative we
w
put not after

w
She doesn't She isn't the verb be

w
watching TV. watching TV. (am not, is

not = isn't,
are not =
aren't).
I'm believing I believe you. Some verbs
are not used

in continuous
tenses -
these are
called stative
you. verbs (e.g.
m
believe,
co
come from,
e.
cost, depend,
exist, feel,
re hate, like).
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Tenses >> Past continuous
Structure of past continuous
I was
I wasn't (was not) Was I
reading a
m
reading. reading?
book.
co
e.
Were
You were
reading a
You weren't (were
not) reading a book. re you
reading
ef
book.
a book?
in
nl
llo
.a
Past continuous - common mistakes

w
w
Common Correct
w
Why?
mistakes version
I waiting for I was waiting To form the

him almost for him past
two hours. almost two continuous
hours.
we use
What did he What was he was/were +
doing when doing when ing.
you saw him? you saw him?
m
We use the
co
We were
We played past simple
playing
e.
tennis every for repeated
tennis every
morning. actions in the
morning.
re past.
ef
in
We use the
nl
past
llo
continuous
when we
.a
want to say
They watched They were
w
what was
TV when I watching TV
w
happening
came. when I came.
w
(what was in
progress) at
a particular
time in the
past.
Tenses >> Present perfect continuous

tense (present perfect
progressive)
Structure of present perfect

continuous
m
co
They've
They haven't
e.
(They have) Have they
(have not)
been living in
this flat for
been living
here for a re been living in
ef
this flat for
more than long time?
in
very long.
five years.
nl
llo
.a
w
Present perfect continuous - common

w
mistakes
w
Common Correct
Why?
mistakes version
It has been It has been The structure

rain heavily raining of present
perfect
heavily all continuous is
all day.
day. have/has
been -ing.
Verbs such as
m
sit, wait,
co
speak, etc.
e.
(non-stative
I have been verbs)
I have sat
re
sitting here suggest
ef
here for two
for two continuity
hours.
in
hours. and so are

nl
mostly used
llo
in the
continuous (-
.a
ing) form.
w
w
Which? When BOTH

w
I have worked here for five the simple

years. and
I have been working here continuous
for 5 years. form are
possible,
native
speakers
prefer to use
the
continuous.
m
co
e.
re
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Tenses >> Past perfect continuous

tense
Structure of past perfect continuous
I'd (I had) I hadn't (had Had you been
m
been working not) been working
co
hard. working hard. hard?
e.
re
ef
in
Past perfect continuous - common

nl
mistakes
llo
.a
Common Correct
Why?
mistakes version
w
w
I had working I had been The form of

w
hard, so I felt working hard, the past

very tired. so I felt very perfect
tired. continuous is
I had been had + been
worked hard, + verb-ing.
so I felt very
tired.
Some verbs
are not
normally
m
used in the
co
I had been I had heard continuous
e.
hearing the the song form, e.g.
song many many times stative verbs
times before. before. re such as
ef
know, like,
in
understand,
nl
believe, hear,
llo
etc.
.a
w
w
w
Tenses >> Future simple continuous

(progressive) tense
Structure of future simple continuous
I won't (will
m
I'll (I will) be Will you be
not) be
co
waiting there waiting there
waiting there
at five at five
e.
at five
o'clock. o'clock?
o'clock.
re
ef
in
nl
Tenses >> Present tenses used for

llo
the future
.a
w
Present tenses used for the future

w
We use the present The train leaves at

w
simple when we 12.00.

talk about timetables What time does the
and programmes. film begin?
We use the present I'm going to the
continuous when
cinema this evening.
we talk about things
I'm not working
we have already
tomorrow.
arranged to do.
m
Tenses >> Future perfect continuous
co
(progressive) tense
e.
Structure of future perfect continuous
re
ef
Next year I
Next year I'll Will you have
in
won't (will
(I will) have been working
nl
not) have
been working in the
been working
llo
in the company for

in the
.a
company for 10 years next

company for
10 years year?
w
10 years
w
w
Conditionals >> Zero conditional

sentences
Structure of zero conditional
If/when you What
m
If/when you
don't heat happens
co
heat water to
water to 100 if/when you
100 degrees,
e.
degrees, it heat water to
it boils.
doesn't boil.
re 100 degrees?
ef
in
nl
llo
Zero conditional - common mistakes

.a
Common Correct
w
Why?
mistakes version
w
w
If/when you If/when you We use the

eat too eat too present
much, you much, you simple in
will get fat. get fat. both clauses
Water boils Water boils and it means
when it will when it that the
condition can
be true at
any time
(it is a fact).
reaches If means the
reach 100°C.
100°C. same as
m
when in a
co
zero
e.
conditional
sentence.
re
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Conditionals >> First conditional
Structure of first conditional
If I see him, If you don't What will you

I'll (I will) tell hurry, you'll do if there is
m
him. miss the bus. a problem?
co
e.
re
ef
First conditional - common mistakes
in
nl
Common Correct
llo
Why?
mistakes version
.a
If you will go
w
If you go to We use
to England,
w
England, you present

you will
w
will improve simple in the

improve your
your English. if-clause.
English.
If I find his If I find his The main

address, I address, I clause has
will, which
send him the will send him expresses
letter. the letter. certainty in
the future.
We use
m
I'll tell him as I'll tell him as
present
co
soon as I will soon as I see
simple in the
see him. him.
e.
if-clause.
re
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Conditionals >> Second conditional
Structure of second conditional
I wouldn't What would

If I had more
(would not) you say if
m
time, I'd (I
refuse if you you met
co
would) travel
offered me Queen
more.
e.
$10,000. Elizabeth?
re
ef
in
nl
Second conditional - common

llo
mistakes
.a
Common Correct
w
Why?
mistakes version
w
w
If I would If I had We use the

have enough enough past simple
money, I money, I (I had) in the
would buy a would buy a if-clause
new new when we are
computer. computer. talking about
something
which is
unlikely to
happen or an
imaginary
situation.
m
co
If you didn't
If you didn't
e.
hurry so The main
hurry so
much, you clause has
much, you
would feelre would +
ef
will feel more
more infinitive.
relaxed.
in
relaxed.
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Conditionals >> Third conditional
Structure of third conditional
If I'd (I had)
known you If she hadn't Would you
m
were coming, been ill, she have done it
co
I would've would have if you'd (you
e.
(would have) gone to the had) known
waited for
you.
cinema.
re earlier?
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
Third conditional - common mistakes

w
Common Correct
w
Why?
mistakes version
w
If I would If I had In the if-

have asked asked him, clause we use
him, he he would the past
would have have helped perfect (had
helped me. me. + past
participle).
If you had If you had

The main
spoken to my spoken to my
clause has
mother, she mother, she
would +
would tell would have
m
have + past
you where I told you
co
participle.
was. where I was.
e.
re
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Verb structures >> Verb + bare

infinitive
Verb + bare infinitive
m
co
The bare infinitive
My parents didn't let
(infinitive without
e.
me watch TV at
'to') is used after
certain verbs which re
night.
Did you see anyone
ef
are followed by an
enter the building.
in
object: let, make,
He made me laugh.
see, hear, feel.
nl
llo
The bare infinitive

.a
is used after modal He can't sing.

w
verbs can, should, It might be a good

w
could, might, may, idea.

w
etc.
Verb structures >> Verb + -ing

(gerund)
Verb + -ing
The gerund form (-

ing) is used after I enjoy going to the
certain verbs: avoid, cinema.
admit, can't stand, I don't like living in
m
deny, dislike, enjoy, a city.
co
hate, like, love,
e.
mind, practise.
The gerund form (- re

ef
I'm looking forward
ing) is used after
to seeing you.
in
verb +
He insisted on
nl
preposition: insist
seeing the shop
llo
on, look forward to,

manager.
etc.
.a
w
w
Verb structures >> Verb + to +

w
infinitive
Verb + to infinitive
'To' infinitive is I have decided to

used after such lend him the car.
verbs as: agree,

arrange, decide, He offered to help
offer, seem, plan, me.
want, need, He promised not
promise, hope, say anything.
refuse, start, stop
m
co
'To' infinitive is
e.
used after certain He asked me to go
verbs which are there with him.
followed by an re
She told me to
ef
object: ask, tell, help her.
in
want, need
nl
llo
Verb structures >> Verb + object +

.a
to-infinitive structure
w
w
Verb + object + to-infinitive structure

w
After some verbs we They considered

need to include an him to be the best
object before to- person for the
infinitive. position.
Some of these verbs She asked me to

are: advise, ask, give her some
allow, expect, advice.
encourage, force,
help, invite, order,
I told my assistant
persuade, teach,
m
to send the letter.
tell.
co
Modal verbs
e.
Modal verbs >> Modal verbs and their
negatives
re
ef
in
nl
Modal verbs and their negatives

llo
positive negative
.a
w
must (used for a

can't
w
personal opinion)
He can't be crazy.
w
He must be crazy.
must / have to / don't have to /

has to (used for needn't =
obligation) something is not
You must arrive by necessary
You don't have to

arrive by 8 o'clock.
8 o'clock. You needn't arrive
You have to arrive by 8 o'clock.
by 8 o'clock.
m
co
can (used for
e.
can't / cannot
ability)
I can play the re
I can't play the
guitar.
ef
guitar.
in
nl
can't / cannot /
can (used for mustn't
llo
possibility) You can't smoke

.a
You can smoke here.

w
here. You mustn't smoke

w
here.
w
Modal verbs >> Modal verbs in the

past
Modal verbs in the past
present past
m
co
should be should have been
e.
could be
re
could have been
ef
will be would be
in
nl
may be may have been

llo
might be might have been

.a
w
would be would have been

w
w
Modal verbs >> Should (to express

obligation)
Should - to express obligation
Structure: should +
infinitive
We use should for
the present and the
You should tell
future.
them the truth.
m
We use should to You shouldn't
co
give advice to smoke, it's bad for
someone and to say you.
e.
that something is a I don't think you
good idea. should do it. re
ef
Should is weaker
in
than have to or
nl
must.
llo
.a
w
w
w
Modal verbs >> Should have (to

express past obligation)
Should have - to express unfulfilled

past obligation
m
Structure: should +
co
have + past
participle You should have
e.
told them the truth.
We use should
have for the past. re
ef
You shouldn't have
gone there - it was
in
We use should
have to say that a mistake.
nl
someone didn't do I don't think you

llo
something, but it should have done

.a
would have been it.

w
better to do it.
w
w
Modal verbs >> Must / have to
Must / have to
present past
I must go. / I have

to go.
I had to go.
(when we want to
express obligation)
m
co
He must be here.
He must have been
e.
It must be great.
here.
(when we want to
express a personal re
It must have been
ef
great.
opinion)
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Modal verbs >> Present probability -

must / can't / may / might /
could
Must / can't - to express probability
m
Structure: modal + infinitive without to
co
must be, must have, can't go, etc.
e.
We use must to
They are really
good, they must re
ef
express that we feel win.
in
sure that something They must be very

nl
is true. rich. Look at the

llo
house.
.a
She can't be ill. I've

w
We use can't to say just seen her in the

w
we are sure that shop and she looked

w
something is fine.
impossible. It can't be true. I
don't believe it.
May / might / could - to express

probability
Structure: modal + infinitive without to

may be, might do, could go, etc.
m
They may be
co
We use may or arriving tomorrow.
e.
could or might to He might be away
say that it is possible on holiday.
that something will He could be away re
ef
happen or is on holiday.
in
happening. He might be offered

nl
the job.
llo
The negative of may

He might not be
.a
is may not.
offered the job.
The negative of
w
I may not pass the

might is might not.
w
exam.
w
I might not go to
They both mean that
the match
it is possible that
tomorrow.
something will not
happen or is not
happening.
We DO NOT use
could not to
express probability.
m
co
e.
re
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Modal verbs >> Past probability -

must have / can't have / might
have / may have
Must / can't / couldn't have - to

express probability in the past
m
co
Structure: modal + have + past participle
e.
must have been, can't have gone, etc.
We use must have re

They must have
ef
to express that we left early.
in
feel sure that He must have

nl
something was true. already gone.

llo
He can't have
.a
escaped through
w
We use can't have /

this window. It is too
w
couldn't have to
small.
w
say that we believe

She can't have
something was
said that.
impossible.
She couldn't have
said that.
May / might / could have - to express

probability in the past
Structure: modal + have + past participle

may have been, could have gone, might
have lost, etc.
m
co
We use may /
e.
could / might
He may have
have to say that it
was possible that re
missed the bus.
ef
The road might
something happened
have been blocked.
in
in the past (but we

nl
are not 100% sure).

llo
He may not have

.a
The negatives are left yet.

w
may not have and The assistant might

w
might not have. not have received

w
his message
Prepositions
Prepositions >> Prepositions of place
Prepositions of place
m
IN ON AT
co
inside an
e.
in contact
area or space close to
with a
surface re at the table,
ef
in the city, in at the bus
on the wall,
in
the sky, in stop

on the table
bed
nl
llo
before nouns
.a
referring to a
w
place or
on a line
w
position
on the river,
w
at the top, at
on the
the front, at
equator
the end
but in the
middle
arrive in a arrive at a
city small place
arrive in arrive at the
London, in station, at
Amsterdam the meeting
m
when
co
expressing
e.
'towards'
point at
re something,
ef
smile at
in
someone
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Prepositions >> Prepositions of time
Prepositions of time
IN ON AT
m
days of the hours of the
co
years (in
week (on clock (at
1998)
e.
Thursday) 7.30)
re religious
ef
months (in dates (on 5
festivals (at
in
January) August)
Easter)
nl
llo
points in time
seasons (in on Monday
(at the end
.a
summer) morning
of the week)
w
w
parts of the
w
day (in the

afternoon, in
the morning
BUT at night)
Prepositions of time (during, for,

over, or, by, until)
m
We use during to
co
talk about something
e.
that happens within
During my time in
a particular period of
time, to say when re
London I visited a
ef
lot of interesting
something takes
places.
in
place.
nl
We use during to He came to work

llo
talk about something during the morning

.a
that happens within meeting.

w
the same time as

another event.
w
w
We use over or in to We've had a lot of

talk about something problems over / in
that has been the last few months.
happening We expect a rise in
continuously up until sales over / in the
the present, or will next few months.

happen continuously
I can only come for
We use for to say
a few minutes.
m
how long something
I was waiting for
co
continues.
him for two hours.
e.
We use by to say
that something will re
It has to be finished
ef
by two o'clock.
happen or be
He should return by
in
achieved before a
the end of March.
nl
particular time.
llo
We have to stay
.a
We use until to say

here until he
that something will
w
comes.
continue up to a
w
The concert went on

particular time.
w
until eleven o'clock.
Prepositions >> Examples of some

prepositional verbs
Prepositional verbs
to accept
m
to agree to I don't think he will
co
something ever agree to such a
e.
plan.
re
to say you are sorry
ef
for something
in
to apologise for
I apologize for not
something
nl
replying to your
llo
letter sooner.
.a
to formally ask
w
someone for
w
something such as a
w
to apply for job or permission to

something do something
Why didn't you
apply for a bank
loan?
to say you are

annoyed about
something
to complain to
If the service is not
somebody about
satisfactory, you
something/somebody
should complain to
m
the customer
co
service about it.
e.
to be in accordance
re
with something
ef
to conform to This signal system
in
something doesn't conform to

nl
the official safety

llo
standards.
.a
to mention all of the

w
things that
w
something contains
w
to consist of The delegation

something consists of over 200
people, including
interpreters and
journalists.
when someone,
especially someone
you know well,
to hear from writes to you or
somebody telephones you
When was the last
m
time you heard from
co
him?
e.
to say that
re
something must
ef
happen or
in
to insist on somebody must do

nl
something something
llo
I insist on speaking
to the head of the
.a
office.
w
w
to refer to something to talk about

w
somebody or
something in a
conversation,
speech or a piece of
writing
Everyone knows
who she was

referring to in her
speech
m
co
e.
re
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Prepositions >> Prepositions after

adjectives (1)
Prepositions after adjectives
She is afraid of
m
afraid of something driving on
co
afraid of doing motorways.
e.
something Are you afraid of the
re
dark?
ef
I am really angry
in
angry about
about what she did.
something
nl
Why did she do it? I

angry with
llo
am really angry with

somebody
her.
.a
w
concerned about I'm concerned about

w
something his exam results.

w
pleased with I was very pleased

someone / with his
something performance.
sorry about Was she sorry about
something the mistake?

sorry for doing I'm sorry for being
something late.
He is good at
good at something
languages.
m
co
e.
Prepositions >> Prepositions after
adjectives (2)
re
ef
in
Prepositions after adjectives

nl
(un)aware of Is he aware of the

llo
something problem?
.a
w
She is still
dependent on
w
dependent on her
something
w
parents.
He is famous for his

famous for
sporting
something
achievements.
I was very
impressed by/with
impressed by his
something
performance.
His interests are

similar to something similar to those of
m
his brother.
co
e.
upset about I was really upset
something about it
re
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Adjectives / adverbs
Adjectives / adverbs >> Use of
adjectives
m
Adjectives
co
e.
We use an adjective Can you see the
to describe the
qualities of people, re
young woman at
the end of the
ef
things, places, etc. street?
in
nl
We use an adjective
llo
(not an adverb) after

It looks interesting.
'linking' verbs such
.a
His ideas are

as be, become, feel,
w
interesting.
seem, smell, sound,
w
look, etc.
w
We use an adjective
His answer made his
to describe the
boss angry.
object.
Adjectives - common mistakes
Common Correct
Why?
mistakes version
She was too She was too Many
m
frighten to frightened to adjectives are
co
say a word. say a word. participle
e.
forms of
I am very I am very verbs.
interesting in interested in The -ed form re
ef
this problem. this problem. describes
in
how someone
nl
feels (bored).
llo
The -ing
form
.a
describes the
It was a It was a
w
person or
bored film. boring film.
w
thing that
w
causes the
feeling
(boring).
The camera The camera We use

works works adverbs to
say how we
perfect. perfectly. do
something.
Adjectives
normally go
m
in the
co
following
She married She married
e.
sequence:
a German, a tall, young,
size-age-
young, tall German
re shape-
ef
lawyer. lawyer.
colour-
in
origin-
nl
material-
llo
purpose.
.a
w
w
w
Adjectives / adverbs >> Use of

adverbs
Adverbs
m
co
He speaks English
We use an adverb to
fluently.
e.
say how an action is
She answered
performed.
correctly. re
ef
in
We use an adverb to
add information How long have you
nl
about the lived here?

llo
time/place/manner.
.a
w
She was extremely

We can use an
w
happy to see him

adverb to add
w
again.
information to an
I really hate
adjective.
travelling by train.
Forms of adverbs
The majority of
adverbs are formed
by adding ly to an nicely, quickly,
adjective. beautifully, happily,
m
There are some economically
co
exceptions -
e.
irregular adverbs.
basic - basically, re
ef
If the adjective ends
dramatic -
in ic we add ally.
in
dramatically
nl
llo
Some adverbs have

fast, daily, late,
the same form as
.a
early, hard
adjectives.
w
w
w
Adverbs - common mistakes
Common Correct
Why?
mistakes version
m
co
We use an
adverb
e.
(perfect -
The camera The camera
re
adjective,
ef
perfectly -
works works
in
adverb) when
perfect. perfectly.
nl
we want to
llo
say how we
do
.a
something.
w
w
See the list of

Did you work Did you work
w
irregular
hardly today? hard today?
adverbs.
She behaved Her Some words

rather silly. behaviour ending in -ly
was silly. are adjectives
(friendly,
likely, lonely,
She behaved
ugly) and
rather
cannot be
stupidly.
used as
adverbs.
m
co
His answer His answer
After 'linking'
e.
sounded sounded
verbs we use
correctly. correct.
He looks He looks re adjectives
ef
not adverbs.
happily, happy.
in
nl
Adjectives / adverbs >> Adverbs of

llo
frequency
.a
w
Word order - adverbs of frequency

w
w
He always goes to
An adverb of
work by bus.
frequency can go:
They never go on
before the main verb
holiday in winter.
after the verb be John is often absent
from lessons.
They were usually
on time.
You should always

turn the electricity
m
after modal verbs,
off.
co
should, can, could,
My boss can never
etc.
e.
remember my
name.
re
ef
Sometimes she is
Sometimes and
in
late.
occasionally can go
nl
She is sometimes
in the front, middle
llo
late.
or end position in
She is late
.a
the sentence.
sometimes
w
w
w
Adjectives / adverbs >>

Comparatives and superlatives of
adjectives
Comparative and superlative of adjectives
m
Adjective Comparative Superlative
co
e.
One-
syllable old
adjectives long re
older
longer
the oldest
the longest
ef
in
nl
Adjectives
llo
ending in
big bigger the biggest
one vowel
.a
hot hotter the hottest

and one
w
consonant
w
w
Adjectives
ugly uglier the ugliest
ending in
noisy noisier the noisiest
-y
Adjectives expensive more the most

with two beautiful expensive expensive
or more more the most

syllables beautiful beautiful
Exceptions
m
good better the best
co
e.
bad worse the worst
re the
ef
far farther/further
farthest/furthest
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Adjectives / adverbs >> Irregular

adverbs
Irregular adverbs
m
co
Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to
an adjective (e.g. slow - slowly). However,
e.
there are some irregular adverbs.
re
ef
adjective adverb
in
good well
nl
llo
fast fast
.a
w
hard hard
w
w
late late
early early
daily daily
Reported speech
Reported speech >> Structure of
reported speech
Structures of reported speech
m
She said, "It is
co
direct speech better to wait."
e.
reported speech She said (that) it
re
was better to wait.
ef
He said, "I have
in
never been to
nl
direct speech Spain."

llo
reported speech He said (that) he

had never been to
.a
Spain.
w
w
w
Reported speech >> Structure of

reported questions
Structures of reported questions
She asked, "Is it
m
direct speech better to wait?"
co
reported question She asked if it was
e.
better to wait.
re
He asked, "Have
ef
you been to
in
direct speech
Spain?"
reported question
nl
He asked if I had
llo
been to Spain.
.a
w
w
Reported questions - common

w
mistakes
Common Correct
Why?
mistakes version
She asked She asked The word
order in
me why did I me why I reported
work so worked so questions is:
much. much. SUBJECT +
VERB.
m
Yes/no
co
questions
e.
(closed
She asked She asked questions)
me it was re
me if it was begin with if
ef
raining. raining. when they
in
become
nl
reported
llo
questions.
.a
She asked She asked If the

w
me if I have me if I had reporting

w
been to been to verb (in this

w
Bristol? Bristol. case ask) is

in the past
She asked She asked tense, the
me what I do me what I tenses used
for a living. did for a in the original
living. sentence
m
have to be
co
changed:
e.
I am
becomes I
re was
ef
I can
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Questions
Questions >> Forming questions
Structures of questions
If there is an Is anybody in the
m
auxiliary (helping) office?
co
verb (be, have, can, Have you ever
e.
will, etc.) we put it visited London?
before the subject What time Will they
(he, she, I, etc.) re
be here?
ef
in
If there is no
Do you know my
nl
auxiliary (helping)
older brother?
llo
verb, we put do,

Did he come in
does or did before
.a
time?
the subject.
w
w
How long have you

We put wh- words
w
been waiting for me?

(when, where, why,
Where is their
who, how, etc.) at
office?
the beginning of the
Which colour do you
question.
like best?
We don't use do,

What happened to
does or did when we
you?
use what, which,
Who told you about
who or whose as the
it?
subject.
m
co
e.
re
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Questions - common mistakes
Common Correct
Why?
mistakes version
m
co
What meant What did you If there is no
e.
you by saying mean by auxiliary
that? saying that? (helping)
verb, we put re
ef
do, does or
in
You like this Do you like
did before
film? this film?
nl
the subject.
llo
Where are
.a
Where you
you going
w
are going this We put an

this
w
afternoon? auxiliary verb

afternoon?
w
before the
subject.
You did read Did you read
the letter? the letter?
Who did give Who gave We don't use

you the you the do, does or
did when we
use what,
information? information? which, who
or whose as
the subject.
m
Does he Does he When there is
co
knows your know your an auxiliary
e.
sister? sister? verb, the
main verb is
re in the
ef
Where will Where will
infinitive
she studies? she study?
in
form.
nl
llo
Word order in
indirect
.a
Can you tell Can you tell

question is
me where me where I
w
the same as
can I buy a can buy a
w
in a normal
good good
w
sentence:
camera? camera?
SUBJECT +
VERB +...
Questions >> Forming indirect

questions
Structures of indirect questions
Word order in indirect question is the
m
same as in a normal sentence:
co
SUBJECT + VERB + ...
e.
Direct question
re
Indirect question
ef
Can you tell me
in
Where can I buy
where I can buy ink
ink for the printer?
nl
for the printer?

llo
Why do you want He asked me why I

.a
to work for our wanted to work for

w
company? their company.

w
w
I am calling to ask
What is the
you what the
number of the last
number of the last
invoice?
invoice is.
How much did it Do you know how
cost? much it cost?
Did she tell you how

How did it happen?
it happened?
m
co
e.
re
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Various grammar rules >> All, the

whole
All
all (of) my friends,
m
All (of) we use to
all (of) the time
co
express total
All (of) my friends
number or amount
e.
visited me in the
of something
re
hospital.
ef
all (of) the money,
in
All (of) we usually all (of) the oil

nl
use with She has spent all

llo
uncountable nouns (of) the money on

cosmetics.
.a
w
All of we usually use

w
all of them, all of it

with personal
w
Have you invited all

pronouns it, them,
of them?
etc.
All is usually placed we all, they all

after the personal We all enjoyed the
pronoun we, they, concert.
them, us
The whole
We usually use The
m
whole (of) with
the whole meeting,
co
singular countable
my whole life
nouns.
e.
She lived in the
The can be replaced
by a possessive re
same house her
whole life.
ef
pronoun our, my,
in
etc.
nl
llo
All or the whole

.a
all day / the whole

w
All or the whole

day
w
can be used with

all morning / the
w
time expressions
whole morning
Various grammar rules >> Already,

yet
Already, yet
m
co
We use already to
say that something
e.
happened sooner I am sorry, she has
than expected. already gone home. re
ef
The film has
in
Already usually already started.
comes before the She's only four years
nl
main verb or old and she is

llo
between an auxiliary already reading.

.a
or modal verb and

w
the main verb.

w
w
We use yet in Have you finished

questions or the work yet?
negative statements I haven't seen the
to talk about things film yet.
that we expected to A: Have you met
happen before now. him? B: Not yet.
Yet usually comes at

the end of the
sentence.
We usually use the present perfect with

already and yet.
m
co
Various grammar rules >> Be used to,
e.
get used to, used to
re
ef
Be used to
in
nl
Be used to + noun
llo
phrase or verb-ing
(in this pattern used I am used to
.a
is an adjective and getting up early in

w
to is a preposition). the morning. I don't

w
mind it.
w
If you are used to He didn't complain

something, you have about the noise
often done or nextdoor - he was
experienced it, so used to it.
it's not strange, new
or difficult for you.
The opposite of be
I am not used to
used to is be not
the new system yet.
used to.
m
co
e.
re
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Get used to
Get used to +
noun phrase or
m
verb-ing (in this
co
pattern used is an I got used to
adjective and to is a getting up early in
e.
preposition). the morning.
re
ef
If you get used to After a while he
in
something, you didn't mind the

nl
become accustomed noise in the office -

he got used to it.
llo
to it.
It is the process of
.a
becoming used to
w
something.
w
w
Used to
Used to + verb refers We used to live

to a state or habit in there when I was
the past.
It is used only in the
past simple. a child.
I used to walk
If you used to do to work everyday
something, you did it when I was
m
for a period of time in younger.
co
the past, but you don't
e.
do it any more.
The form of the re

ef
Did(n't) he use
question is did(n't)
to work in your
in
+subject+use to be.
office?
nl
The form of the

We didn't use to
llo
negative is
be vegetarians.
didn't use to be.
.a
w
w
Various grammar rules >> Although,

w
even though
Conjunctions - although, even though
We use although to Although he is

make the main much older than the
statement surprising others, he won the
or unlikely. race.
I enjoyed the race,
m
Even though is the
even though my
co
same as despite
results weren't very
the fact that.
e.
good.
re
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Various grammar rules >> Ever,

never
Ever, never
m
co
Ever = 'at any
time'; it is the
e.
opposite of never.
We generally use re
It was the best wine
I have ever tested.
ef
ever in questions.
Have you ever been
in
to Paris?
Ever goes
nl
immediately before
llo
the main verb.

.a
w
Never = 'at no time'

He has never visited
w
me.
w
Never goes
I'll never forget how
immediately before
kind he has been.
the main verb.
We usually use the present perfect with

ever and never
Various grammar rules >> Just
Just
m
co
Just means a short I have just seen
time ago. him in the corridor.
e.
I had just finished it
re
when he came.
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w
Various grammar rules >> Structure

of phrasal verbs
Structure of phrasal verbs
m
a verb +
co
throw away
A phrasal adverb
e.
verb can be
a verb +
made up of:
preposition re look into
ef
in
a verb +
nl
adverb + put up with

llo
preposition
.a
w
Various grammar rules >> Relative

w
clauses
w
Relative clauses
Defining relative I have a friend who

clauses are used to speaks five
specify which person languages.
or thing we mean. I have a friend that

We don't put speaks five
commas between languages.
the noun and a
defining relative She showed me the
clause. coat which she had
m
Who or that are bought.
co
used for people. She showed me the
e.
Which or that are coat that she had
used for things. bought.
re
ef
Non-defining Mr Fry, who speaks
in
relative clauses five languages,

nl
(extra information works as a translator

llo
clauses) are used to for the EU.

add extra
.a
information which is The area, which has

w
not necessary. We very high

w
put commas unemployment, is in

w
between the noun the north of the

and a non-defining country.
relative clause.
Who is used for
people.
Which is used for
things.
Relative clauses - common mistakes
m
co
Common Correct
Why?
e.
mistakes version
The man who The man who After a re

ef
was sitting was sitting relative
in
next to me next to me clause we do

nl
he had a had a brown not repeat

llo
brown jacket. jacket. the subject.

.a
The book
w
The book that Only that or

what I
I bought was which are
w
bought was
by Edward possible, not
w
by Edward
Lear. what.
Lear.
He lent me He lent me A relative

the book, the book, clause can
which I found which I found have only
one direct
it very useful. very useful.
object.
That cannot
The winner, The winner, be used in a
that was 25, who was 25, non-defining
m
will receive will receive (extra
co
$12,000. $12,000. information)
e.
clause.
Our office is re
Our office,
ef
about two which I share
A relative
in
kilometres with my two

clause follows
nl
from the collegues, is

the noun to
llo
centre, which about two

which it
I share with kilometres
.a
refers.
my two from the city
w
colleagues. centre.
w
w
Various grammar rules >> Some, any
Some
Some: a pen, some pens
is used with the

plural form of some water
nouns, and with (uncountable)
uncountable nouns
There is some milk
m
is used in positive in the fridge.
co
sentences I did some
e.
exercises.
re
Would you like
ef
is used in offers
some tea?
in
nl
Could you give me

is used in requests
llo
some tea, please?

.a
w
Any
w
w
Any:
is used with the a pen, any pens
plural form of any water
nouns, and with (uncountable)
uncountable nouns

Is there any milk in

is used in questions
the fridge?
is used in negative There isn't any milk

sentences in the fridge.
m
co
Various grammar rules >> Question
tags / tag questions
e.
Tag questionsre
ef
in
A tag question is a question which we add
to the end of a statement because we
nl
would like to get an answer to our

llo
statement.
.a
The tag contains a subject pronoun (it,

w
he, she, etc.) which matches the subject

w
of the statement, and a verb which

w
matches the verb in the statement.
If the statement is positive the tag is

negative.
If the statement is negative the tag is
positive.

It's very nice It isn't a very nice

weather today, isn't weather today, is
it? it?
She can speak She can't speak

English, can't she? English, can she?
m
co
You have finished You haven't finished
e.
the work, haven't the work, have
you? you?
re
ef
He will arrive on He won't arrive on
in
time, won't he? time, will he?

nl
llo
You know him, You don't know him,

don't you? do you?
.a
w
He didn't earned
He earned a lot of
w
much money, did

money, didn't he?
w
he?
There is enough There isn't enough

time, isn't there? time, is there?
Less usual tag questions

Be careful, won't
you?
Imperative
Don't be late, will
you?
m
Let's go to the
co
After let's
cinema, shall we?
e.
Various grammar rules >> Within re
ef
in
nl
Within
llo
Within means: Within a week

.a
'inside of the limit'. everything should be

w
done.
w
w
Within 24 hours
means 'in 24 hours I'll be back within a
or maybe sooner'. hour.
Various grammar rules >>

Always, still

Always, still
I always go
We use always to swimming on
m
say that something Monday evenings.
co
happens all the time She has always
(or very often). wanted to visit
e.
Finland.
re
ef
We use always to
He is always
say that something
in
forgetting things.
happens all the time
nl
He's always
(in an annoying
llo
complaining.
way).
.a
We use always to I'll always

w
say that something remember the first

w
exists for ever. time I met her.

w
Always is usually I always have...

before the main I can always...
verb; He is always...
after an auxiliary or

modal verb;
after the verb 'to
be'.
She is still living

Still means
with her parents.
m
'continuing later
Why are you still
co
than expected.'
talking about it?
It expresses that
e.
They still haven't
someting started in
mended my car
the past and is the
re
(They haven't
ef
same now.
mended my car yet).
in
Still usually comes

nl
I still like her.

before the main
llo
Does he still live in

verb.
Cambridge?
.a
Still usually comes

He is still here.
after the main verb
w
I can still run 100

if the main verb is
w
metres in less than

'be'.
w
12 seconds

Various grammar rules >> As long as
As long as
We use as long as
to say that I'll lend you the
m
something will book, as long as
co
happen only on you promise to give
e.
condition that it back to me in a
something else
happens. re
week.
ef
in
nl
Various grammar rules >> Despite, in

llo
spite of
.a
w
w
Prepositions - despite, in spite of

w
We use despite Despite the

despite in something heavy traffic,
one half of a despite + we got there
sentence to -ing on time.
make the despite the Despite

being much
rest of the older than
sentence fact that the others,
surprising. he won the
race.
m
In spite of
co
the heavy
e.
traffic, we
in spite of got there on
In spite of something time. re
ef
has the same in spite of + In spite of
in
meaning as -ing the fact that

nl
despite. in spite of the he is much

llo
fact that older than

the others,
.a
he won the
w
race
w
w

Various grammar rules >> Each,

every
Each, every
Each is used if we
m
We have send the
mean an individual
co
invitation to each /
member of a group.
every business
e.
Every can also be
partner.
used.
re
ef
Each of is used if
in
we mean every
nl
member of a group We have sent the

llo
and we include a invitation to each of

possessive pronoun our business
.a
our, their, etc. partners.

w
Every cannot be
w
used in this case.

w
Every is used with a I visit my mother

plural noun when it every two
is followed by months / every
number. other day /every
Each cannot be used second week

in this case.
Various grammar rules >> In case, in

case of
m
In case
co
e.
We use in case to Take an umbrella in
express that we are
doing something in re
case it rains!
ef
preparation for I'll buy two bottles
in
something which of wine in case one

nl
might happen. is not enough.

llo
.a
w
In case of
w
w
We use in case of In case of burglary,

to say what we don't touch anything
should do if or when and call the police
something happens. immediately.

Various grammar rules >> Little, a

little, few, a few
Little / a little
A little is more than little.
m
co
little + uncountable
e.
noun little time, little
little = nearly none, food, little money
nearly nothing re
ef
in
a little +
nl
unountable noun a little time, a little

llo
a little = some but food, a little money

not much
.a
w
Little is a negative
I can't help you. I
w
idea.
speak little English.
We can also use
w
very little.
I can't help you. I
speak very little
English.
(My English is bad -
I would like to know

English better.)
little - less - the

Little has irregular
least
comparative and
a little - more - the
superlative forms.
most
m
co
I can help you: I
A little is a positive
e.
speak a little
idea.
English.
re
ef
in
nl
Few / a few
llo
A few is more than few.

.a
w
few + plural
few people, few
w
countable noun
books, few letters
w
few = nearly none
Fortunately, our
A few is a positive finances are ok. We
idea. still have a few
good customers.

I'm very sad. I have

few good friends.
Few is a negative
I'm very sad. I have
idea.
very few good
We can also use
friends.
very few.
(I don't have many
m
good friends - I
co
would like to have
e.
more.)
re
few - fewer - the
ef
Few has irregular
fewest
comparative and
in
a few - more - the

superlative forms.
nl
most
llo
.a
w
w
w

Various grammar rules >> Relative

pronouns
Relative pronouns
We use who when
m
I don't know who
we talk about
co
told you that.
people.
e.
We use which or
that when we talk re
It's the watch which
my husband bought
ef
about things. me for my birthday.
in
Which is more It's the watch that

nl
formal than that. my husband bought

llo
Which and that can me for my birthday.

be left out of a It's the watch my
.a
defining relative husband bought me

w
clause. for my birthday.

w
w
John, whose
brother was also a
We use whose to
musician, plays over
show possession.
100 concerts every
year.

My wife and I went

We use where / to the bar where we
when when we talk first met.
about place or time. It was when I was
living in London.
m
co
e.
re
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w

Various grammar rules >> Say, tell
Say / tell
I told David
about it.
m
Did you tell
co
We use: tell + somebody. him?
e.
He told me
re that he was
ill.
ef
in
He said hello.
nl
We use:say + something. He said he

llo
was ill.
.a
We use: say + something + I said hello

w
to somebody. to him
w
w
We use tell when we are

giving facts or information:
She told me
tell somebody (that)... (that) she
tell somebody something was ill.
tell somebody about She told me

the news.
Tell me
something
about your
tell somebody
new job.
who/when/where.
He told me
where it was.
m
co
e.
re
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w

Various grammar rules >> Speak, talk
Speak / talk
Speak and talk
m
How old were you
have similar
co
when you learned to
meanings. They
speak?
e.
suggest that
someone is using his
voice, or that two or re
What are you
ef
talking about?
more people are
in
having a discussion.
Who were you
nl
speaking to on the
llo
We can say:
phone?
speak to
.a
somebody
w
Who were you

talk to somebody
talking to on the
w
speak to
phone?
w
somebody about
something
I was speaking to
talk to somebody
Mark about cricket.
about something

But we say:
speak a language
NOT talk a language He speaks four
talk nonsense NOT languages.
speak nonsense. Stop talking
nonsense!
m
Speak to and talk I was talking to
co
to are used more Tom yesterday.
e.
often than speak
with and talk with.
re
ef
in
Various grammar rules >> Unless

nl
llo
Unless
.a
w
We use unless to You won't get the

w
say that something job unless you

w
will happen if prepare for the

something else interview.
doesn't stop it = You will only get
happening. the job if you
prepare well for the
interview.

Don't do it unles he
tells you to.
= Only do it if he
tells you to do it.
m
co
e.
re
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w

Writing business letters - Useful phrases:

Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?
You already know how important it is to
speak good English in an international
working environment. If you work for a
company which does business abroad, you
m
probably read and write a lot of English,
co
too. Writing, just like speaking, is
e.
communication. In our letters and emails
we need to express many things:
authority, gratitude, dissatisfaction, etc. re
ef
Expressing ourselves well and with the
in
correct level of formality is an important

nl
skill.
llo
Do you have that skill? Ask yourself these

.a
questions:
w
Do you present yourself in a

w
professional manner when you write?

w
What image do you give to the people

who read your letters and emails?
In short, you want to give a professional
image when you write to your customers

and business partners. To get you started,

we've prepared some lists of standard
phrases. Take a look at:
Dear Sir and

Opening Closing
Yours
Lines Lines
m
Faithfully
co
e.
Opening lines
re
ef
Why do we need an opening line in a
in
business letter or formal email?

nl
- to make reference to previous

llo
correspondence
.a
- to say how you found the recipient's

w
name/address
w
- to say why you are writing to the

w
recipient.
10 Good Opening Lines:
With reference to your letter of 8 June,
I ...
I am writing to enquire about ...

After having seen your advertisement

in ... , I would like ...
After having received your address
from ... , I ...
I received your address from ... and would
m
like ...
co
We/I recently wrote to you about ...
e.
Thank you for your letter of 8 May.
Thank you for your letter regarding ... re
ef
Thank you for your letter/e-mail about ...
in
nl
In reply to your letter of 8 May, ...

llo
Closing lines
.a
w
Why do we need a closing line in a

w
business letter or email?

w
- to make a reference to a future

event
- to repeat an apology
- to offer help
10 Good Closing Lines:

If you require any further information, feel

free to contact me.
I look forward to your reply.
I look forward to hearing from you.
I look forward to seeing you.
m
co
Please advise as necessary.
e.
We look forward to a successful working
relationship in the future.
re
ef
Should you need any further information,
please do not hesitate to contact me.
in
nl
Once again, I apologise for any

llo
inconvenience.
.a
We hope that we may continue to rely on

w
your valued custom.

w
I would appreciate your immediate

w
attention to this matter.

When 'Yours faithfully' and when 'Yours

sincerely' in a business letter?
When the recipient's name is
m
unknown to you:
co
Dear Sir ... Yours faithfully
e.
Dear Madam ... Yours faithfully
Dear Sir or Madam ... Yours faithfully re
ef
in
nl
When you know the recipient's name:

llo
Dear Mr Hanson ... Yours sincerely

.a
Dear Mrs Hanson ... Yours sincerely

w
w
Dear Miss Hanson ... Yours sincerely

w
Dear Ms Hanson ... Yours sincerely
When addressing a good friend or

colleague:

Dear Jack ... Best wishes/Best regards
Addressing whole departments:

Dear Sirs ... Yours faithfully
m
co
e.
re
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w

Telephone language and phrases in English

How to answer and speak on the phone
Answering the phone Problems
• Good • I'm
morning/afternoon/evening sorry, I
m
, York Enterprises, don't
co
Elizabeth Jones speaking. understand
e.
• Who's calling, please? . Could you
repeat
re that,
ef
Introducing yourself
please?
in
• This is Paul Smith • I'm

nl
speaking. sorry, I
llo
• Hello, this is Paul Smith can't hear

from Speakspeak you very
.a
International. well. Could

w
you speak
w
up a little,
w
Asking for someone please?

• Could I speak to John • I'm
Martin, please? afraid
• I'd like to speak to John you've got
Martin, please. the wrong
• Could you put me number.

through to John Martin, • I've tried

please? to get
• Could I speak to through
someone who … several
times but
it's always
Explaining
m
engaged.
co
• I'm afraid Mr Martin isn't • Could
in at the moment. you spell
e.
• I'm sorry, he's in a that,
meeting at the moment. re please?
ef
• I'm afraid he's on
another line at the
in
Putting
moment.
nl
someone
llo
through
Putting someone on hold
.a
• One
w
• Just a moment, please. moment,

please. I'll
w
• Could you hold the line,

see if Mr
w
please?
• Hold the line, please. Jones is
available.
• I'll put
you
through.

• I'll
connect
you.
• I'm
connecting
you now.
m
co
Taking a
e.
message
re • Can I
ef
take a
message?
in
Would
nl
you like to
llo
leave a
.a
message?
w
• Can I
give
w
him/her a
w
message?
• I'll tell
Mr Jones
that you
called

• I'll ask
him/her to
call you as
soon as
possible.
m
co
e.
re
ef
in
nl
llo
.a
w
w
w

Easy English Grammar Guide

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Easy English Grammar Guide

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

http://www.allonlinefree.

EASY ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Easy Way To Learn English Tenses

He works in a (does not)

Present simple - common mistakes

London? in London? third person:

Work he in Does he work All other

London? in London? persons:

He not work He doesn't Negatives -

Tenses >> Past simple

Structure of past simple

I was work in I worked in helping verb

London. London. such as 'was'

He worked in Did he work The helping

Tenses >> Present perfect tense

Structure of present perfect

Present perfect simple - common

Steven has Steven has The past

I didn't have I haven't The helping

seen him seen him verb 'have' is

I've been I've known Verbs such as

for 5 years. years. like, etc.

Tenses >> Past perfect tense

Structure of past perfect

I didn't been I hadn't been

When I saw When I saw The action

He told me He told me His original

has been to he had been words were:

Tenses >> Future simple tense

Structure of future simple

Future simple - common mistakes

- The phone's is decided at

ringing. the moment

I'll call you clauses, we

If you will If you give When we

Paris. return to continuous or

Paris. the 'going to'

Tenses >> 'Going to' future tense

Structure of 'going to' future

He's (he is) He isn't (is re

'going to' for future- common

You know You know We use going

Tenses >> Future perfect simple

Structure of future perfect simple

The film will

Tenses >> Present continuous

Structure of present continuous

I'm (I am) I'm (I am)

Present continuous - common

They still They are still to form a

They are still Are they still

are waiting they waiting

for you? for you?

put not after

She doesn't She isn't the verb be

watching TV. watching TV. (am not, is

I'm believing I believe you. Some verbs

are not used

Tenses >> Past continuous

Structure of past continuous

Past continuous - common mistakes

I waiting for I was waiting To form the

Tenses >> Present perfect continuous