Test 1

Q.1
Who conducted the first social survey of low skilled London workers in the East End of
London?

Durgacharan Ray
Charles Booth
Ebenzer Howard
None of these
Q.6
Homologous chromosomes separate during

Prophase I
Prophase II
Anaphase of mitosis
Anaphase I
Test2
The No Land! No House! No Vote! campaign began as a national campaign by the South African
Landless Peoples Movement (LPM) in 2004.[2] Originally called the No Land! No Vote! campaign,
the Landless People's Movement and the National Land Committee argued that voters have to
be registered in their home ward to vote and that it would be impossible to vote if families
were under threat of eviction or had no secure tenure.[3] Amnesty International has reported
that LPM activists were tortured during the 2004 national government elections after taking on
a ‘No Land! No Vote’ position.[4]

Test 3
An ecological pyramid (also trophic pyramid, eltonian pyramid, energy pyramid, or
sometimes food pyramid) is a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or bio
productivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem.

Biomass pyramids show how much biomass (the amount of living or organic matter present in an
organism) is present in the organisms at each trophic level, while productivity pyramids show the
production or turnover in biomass. There is also pyramid of numbers which represent the number
of organisms in each trophic level. They may be upright (e.g. Grassland ecosystem), inverted
(parasitic ecosystem) or dumbbell shaped (forest ecosystem).

Energy pyramids begin with producers on the bottom (such as plants) and proceed through the
various trophic levels (such as herbivores that eat plants, then carnivores that eat herbivores, then
carnivores that eat those carnivores, and so on). The highest level is the top of the food chain.

Pyramid of biomass

A biomass pyramid shows the total mass of the organisms that each trophic level occupies in an
ecosystem. Usually, producers have a higher biomass than any other trophic level, but there can be
lower amounts of biomass at the bottom of the pyramid if the rate of primary production per unit
biomass is very fast.

An energy pyramid of biomass shows the relationship between biomass and trophic level by
quantifying the biomass present at each trophic level of an energy community at a particular
time. It is a graphical representation of biomass (total amount of living or organic matter in an
ecosystem) present in unit area in different tropic levels. Typical units are grams per meter2, or
calories per meter2. The pyramid of biomass may be "inverted". For example, in a pond
ecosystem, the standing crop of phytoplankton, the major producers, at any given point will be
lower than the mass of the heterotrophs, such as fish and insects. This is explained as the
phytoplankton reproduce very quickly, but have much shorter individual lives.

One problem with biomass pyramids is that they can make a trophic level appear to contain more
energy than it actually does. For example, all birds have beaks and skeletons, which despite
having mass are not typically digested by the next trophic level.

Pyramid of productivity

An 'ecological pyramid of productivity' is often more useful, showing the production or turnover
of biomass at each trophic level. Instead of showing a single snapshot in time, productivity
pyramids show the flow of energy through the food chain. Typical units are grams per meter2 per
year or calories per meter2 per year. As with the others, this graph shows producers at the bottom
and higher trophic levels on top.

When an ecosystem is healthy, this graph produces a standard ecological pyramid. This is
because in order for the ecosystem to sustain itself, there must be more energy at lower trophic
levels than there is at higher trophic levels. This allows organisms on the lower levels to not only
to maintain a stable population, but also to transfer energy up the pyramid. The exception to this
generalization is when portions of a food web are supported by inputs of resources from outside
the local community. In small, forested streams, for example, the volume of higher levels is
greater than could be supported by the local primary production.

When energy is transferred to the next trophic level, typically only 10% of it is used to build new
biomass, becoming stored energy (the rest going to metabolic processes) (Pauly and Christensen,
1995). In this case, in the pyramid of productivity each step will be 10% the size of the previous
step (100,000, 10,000, 1,000, 100, 10, 1, .1, .01).

The advantages of the pyramid of productivity as a representation:

 It takes account of the rate of production over a period of time.

 Two species of comparable biomass may have very different life spans. Thus a direct comparison
of their total biomasses is misleading, but their productivity is directly comparable.
 The relative energy chain within an ecosystem can be compared using pyramids of energy; also
different ecosystems can be compared.
 There are no inverted pyramids.
 The input of solar energy can be added.
The disadvantages of the pyramid of productivity as a representation:

 The rate of biomass production of an organism is required, which involves measuring growth
and reproduction through time.
 There is still the difficulty of assigning the organisms to a specific trophic level. As well as the
organisms in the food chains there is the problem of assigning the decomposers and detritivores
to a particular trophic level.

Nonetheless, productivity pyramids usually provide more insight into an ecological community
when the necessary information is available.

Pyramid of numbers

A numbers pyramid shows the relevant number of organisms that each trophic level occupies in an
ecosystem. Often, there are more producers than consumers, however, it can also be seen in many
ecosystems that there are more primary consumers than producers.

An ecological pyramid of numbers shows graphically the population of each level in a food
chain.

o Pyramids of numbers can be either upright or inverted, depending on the

ecosystem.
o Pyramids of biomass measure the amount of energy converted into living tissue at
the different trophic levels.
o The English Channel ecosystem exhibits an inverted biomass pyramid since the
primary producers make up less biomass than the primary consumers.
o Pyramid ecosystem modeling can also be used to show energy flow through the
trophic levels; pyramids of energy are always upright since energy decreases at
each trophic level.
o All types of ecological pyramids are useful for characterizing ecosystem structure;
however, in the study of energy flow through the ecosystem, pyramids of energy
are the most consistent and representative models of ecosystem structure.
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First of all, we will derive the molecular formula.

Molecular formula of alkane is CnH2n+2

As molecular mass = 72,

12n + 2n + 2 = 72

n=5

The alkane is C5H12. The possible chain isomers are

and
Test……….
Test………….
This effort culminating in 1872 has been popularly labeled as the first population census of India
However, the first synchronous census in India was held in 1881.
Test………
Dabur recently announced that it had perfected a method to extract taxol -- a potent drug used
to treat ovarian and breast cancers -- from the leaves of the Himalayan yew (Taxus
baccata). ... Taxol was first extracted in minute quantities from the bark of the Pacific yew
The glass sheet in the solar cooker creates a greenhouse effect. Glass sheet has a property that
allows the infrared rays of shorter wavelength from the sun to get in the device but does not allow
the infrared rays of longer wavelength to leave the solar heating device.
Sericulture : the production of silk and the rearing of silkworms for this purpose.

Fish farming or pisciculture involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for foo

Viticulture (from the Latin word for vine) is the science, production, and study of grapes. It deals with
the series of events that occur in the vineyard. It is a branch of the science of horticulture.

Horticulture Growing vegetables, flowers and fruits

Apiarist One who keeps bees, specifically one who cares for and raises
bees for commercial or agricultural purposes. Also called beekeeper.
The correct option is d.

The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood results in faster and deeper breathing. This helps in
intake of more oxygen and exhalation of accumulated CO2
All nucleic acids are made up of the same building blocks (monomers). Chemists call the monomers
"nucleotides." The five pieces are uracil, cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine.
A meristem may be defined as the group of cells which is divide continuously to give rise to new cells

(b) milk and (d) starch solution show Tyndall effect because they are colloidal solution.

The Tyndall effect, also known as Tyndall scattering, is light scattering by particles in a colloid or else
particles in a very fine suspension. It is named after the 19th-century physicist John Tyndall.
El Nino: This is a name given to the periodic development of a warm ocean current along the coast of
Peru. El Nino’ is a Spanish word meaning ‘the child’,
A deliquescent substance is a material that readily absorbs water out of the air.
Deliquescent substances keep absorbing water until they dissolve themselves into liquid
solutions. This process is called deliquescence.

Soluble salts are examples of deliquescent substances. These include aluminum chloride, sodium
nitrate, calcium chloride and potassium oxide.

Hygroscopy. A hygroscopic substance is one that readily attracts water from its surroundings, through
either absorption or adsorption. Examples include honey, glycerin, ethanol, methanol, concentrated
sulfuric acid, and concentrated sodium hydroxide (lye).

Test………….
Origin of the Narmada River : Amarkantak is the place from where the Narmada river originates. It rises
from the Maikal ranges at the height of 1057 meter above the sea level. Amarkantak is located in the
Shahdol district of Madhya Pradesh in India.

Origin of the River Kaveri : River Kaveri originates in the Brahmagiri hills in Kodagu, in a place called
Talakaveri (head of Kaveri). It starts its journey from the small pond called as Kundike pond, later the
two tributaries known as Kanake and Sujyoti joins it.

The Tapti River originates in the Betul district from a place called Multai.

The Indus River originates near the Mansarovar Lake in the Tibetan plateau