07-Audio Compatibility Mode

MPT 1203: TECNOLOGY & MEDIA DESIGN
AUDIO IN MULTIMEDIA
Department of Educational Multimedia

Faculty of Education, UTM
CONTENT OUTLINE
1 Digital Audio in Multimedia
2 Analog Audio vs Digital Audio
3 Digital Audio Quality
4 Digital Audio File Size & Compression
5 Digital Audio File Formats
6 Di it l Audio
Digital A di Editing
Editi Tools
T l
2

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Are any of you planning to use simple digitized

sound effects in your multimedia projects?
How so?
Where are you getting your sound effects?

INTRODUCTION
Without a doubt, audio or sound is the best way to

attract
tt t attention.
tt ti
Often audio provides the only effective way to

convey an idea, elicit an emotion, or dramatize
point.
Simple sound effects can easily be used to draw

attention to various aspects of your electronic
presentation.

INTRODUCTION
Audio is one of the most appealing elements of

any exciting
iti andd successful
f l multimedia
lti di
presentation.
Audio establishes the aural dimension, setting the

mood, establishing the ambiance of your
presentation.
t ti

HOW AUDIO CAN BE USED EFFECTIVELY
Examples of uses of audio:
Cautions and warnings

It is
i a good
d medium
di for
f alerting
l ti users to
t critical
iti l
information. Some uses include:
Sounding an alarm when a limit is reached
Alerting users when data is entered incorrectly

Music and Sound Effects

These make multimedia interaction more real.
Some uses include:
Musical
i background for f a video
i segment
Birds songs accompanying photographs in
biological field training.
training

Sound-related data.
Some uses include:
Helping mechanics diagnose engine trouble.
Training medical students to recognize different
breathing sounds.

Direct voice communication.

Some uses include:
Leaving a voice message for other users of an
application
i i
Consulting with an expert during a
troubleshooting procedure.
procedure
10

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF USING AUDIO
Sound adds life to any multimedia application

and
d plays
l important
i t t role
l in
i effective
ff ti marketing
k ti
presentations.
Advantages
Ensure important information is noticed
Add interest
Can communicate more directly than other
media
11

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF USING AUDIO
Disadvantages
Easily overused
Requires
R i special
i l equipment
i t for
f quality
lit
production
Not as memorable as visual media
12

AUDIO ANALOG VS DIGITAL

AUDIO:

ANALOG VS. DIGITAL SIGNALS
Sound produced by variations in air pressure.

Can
C take
t k any continuous
ti value
l
Analog component
Computers work with

digital.
Must convert analog
to digital.
Use
U sampling li to
t gett
discrete values.
14

ANALOG VS. DIGITAL SIGNALS
Digital audio is created when you convert a sound

wave into numbers - a process referred to as
digitizing.
You can digitize sound from a microphone, a

synthesizer existing tape recordings,
synthesizer, recordings live radio and
television broadcasts and popular CDs.
Digitized sound is sampled sound.
15

SAMPLING
In order for a computer to work with audio waves,

th mustt be
they b converted
t d from
f analog
l to
t digital
di it l
form.
This is done through a process called sampling, in

which every fraction of a second a sample of the
audio
di iis recorded
d d iin digital
di it l bits.
bit
16

DIGITAL AUDIO QUALITY

DIGITAL AUDIO QUALITY
There are three factors that affect the quality of the

di iti d audio.
digitized di
How many samples? OR “sampling rate”
How much data per sample? OR “samplesample size”
size
OR “bit depth”
How many channels sampled?
Screen from audio editor software.

You can choose the right quality
for your audio recording.
18

DIGITAL AUDIO QUALITY: SAMPLE RATE
Sample rate – the number of times the sample is

taken.
Measure in Hertz (Hz).
Most common sampling rates are:
11.025 kHz
22 05 kH
22.05 kHz
44.1 kHz
19

AUDIO QUALITY
20

AUDIO QUALITY: SAMPLE RATE
The higher the sample rate, the more samples that

are taken and, thus, the better the quality of the
digitized audio.
44.100 kHz sample is CD quality. 22.050 kHz

sample suitable for multimedia applications.
applications
Whereas the 11.025 kHz sample would be
marginal quality (radio quality).
21

AUDIO QUALITY: SAMPLE SIZE
Sample size – the amount of information stored

about the sample.
Most common sampling sizes are: 8 bit and 16 bit
The greater the sample size, the better the quality
of the audio.
In summary: Sample rate is how many samples

you take; sample size is how good each sample
is.
22

AUDIO QUALITY: CHANNELS
How Many Channels Sampled?
Number of Channels
Stereo
St (2 channels)
h l )
Mono (1 channel)
Multiple tracks
Stereo or mono has better quality. WHY ?
23

AUDIO QUALITY VS FILE SIZE
Sample Rate
Record
R d Sample Size
Settings Number of Channels
Sound
Quality
i Balance
File
Size
24

AUDIO FILE SIZE & AUDIO

COMPRESSIONS

AUDIO FILE SIZE
Audio Record Rate
More Larger
g
Audio Audio
p
Samples Files
26

AUDIO FILE SIZE
Audio ffile size is determined by a combination of:
Sample Rate
Sample Size
No of Channels
Length in Minutes
27

AUDIO FILE SIZE
Table below shows the file size for 10 seconds of

digital audio given various sample rates and
sample size.
Sample Rate Sample Size Size of File

44.1 kHz 16 1.76 MB
44.1 kHz 8 882 KB
22.05 kHz 16 882 KB
22.05 kHz 8 440 KB
11.025 kHz 8 220 KB
File size of 10 seconds of digitized audio in stereo
28

AUDIO FILE SIZE
The formula for determining the size of a mono

di it l recording
digital di (in
(i bytes):
b t )
Sample rate (in Hz) x Sample Size (in bit) / 8 x

duration of recording (in seconds)
Thus a 1 second recording at a sample rate of 44.1

kHz and 16 bits would be 88, 200 bytes (44 100 x 16
/ 8 X 1).
1)
multiply
p y the result by
y 2 for a stereo recording.
g
29

AUDIO FILE SIZE
1 second recording at a sample rate of 44.1 kHz

and 16 bits (mono) would be 88, 200 bytes ????
60 seconds ??? Æ more than 5 MB.

If stereo Æ more than 10 MB.
This
i means that the use off digital
i i audio
i has one
technical barrier: storage capacity.
This problem is being tackled by data compression

techniques and improved hardware and software.
30

AUDIO COMPRESSION
Why Compression?
All media, be it text, audio, graphics or video has

“redundancy”. Compression attempts to eliminate
this redundancy.
Human ear not keen at very loud or very quiet.
quiet
Audio compression can be one of two categories,
lossless or lossy.
lossy
31

AUDIO COMPRESSION
Lossless Compression
An intermediate representation of the audio data is
created where, in most cases, redundant
i f
information
ti is
i removed. d
There is no loss of data when we decode it at the
other end.
end
Lossless compression is great because it makes
perfect copies
p p but it doesn't y
yield very
y high
g
compression ratios. That means it doesn't save
huge amounts of disk storage space.
32

AUDIO COMPRESSION
Lossy Compression
Data which is not deemed to be audibly significant
is removed. Then, redundant data is removed.
Data are only encoded if the volume level
exceeds a certain threshold.
Lossy compression algorithms offers much higher
compression ratios than lossless algorithms but in
order to achieve this they
y need to discard some of
the original data.
Impact : Low quality of audio. For example MP3
and Real Audio.
33

AUDIO COMPRESSION
Review:
What is the relationship between samples and

fidelity?
Why not always have a high sample rate?
Why not always have a large sample size?
i ?
Lossless compression vs Lossy compression ?
34

AUDIO FILE FORMATS

AUDIO FILE FORMATS
Audio files can be either uncompressed or

compressed. d
Most of the early audio formats were

uncompressed which means that sound files are
bigger and take longer to download.
Common uncompressed audio formats include

WAV the native audio format for Windows,
WAV, Windows and
AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format), the native
format for Macintosh.
36

AUDIO FILE FORMATS
MP3 is short for MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3. The higher

the audio layer,
layer the more complex the encoding
which leads to better sound at higher
compression.
MP3s can be encoded at varying bit rates (KB per

second). The higher the bit rate, the better the
sound quality.
i But the trade-off ff is
i a larger file.
fi
MP3s can be encoded at bit rates from 8 kbps to

over 1000 kbps. The usual standard is 128 kbps
which provides CD like playback. At this rate,
about a minute of music is 1 MB in size.
37

AUDIO FILE FORMATS
WAV format – filename.wav

AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format)
RealAudio – filename.ra
MP3 (MPEG layer
l 3)
MIDI – filename.mid OR filename.midi
38

AUDIO EDITING TOOLS

AUDIO SOFTWARE
One of the most powerful and professional PC-

b
based
d audio
di editing
diti software
ft is
i Sony
S Sound
S d
Forge.
40

AUDIO SOFTWARE
Audio editing software allows:

Sound recording Resampling or
Sound editing (copy, downsampling
cut, paste, etc.) Audio effects (Fade
Trimming ins, fade outs, etc.)
Splicing and Time
Ti St
Stretching
t hi
assembly Digital Signal
Volume adjustments processing
Format conversion or Reversing Sounds
compression
41

07-Audio Compatibility Mode

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MPT 1203: TECNOLOGY & MEDIA DESIGN

Department of Educational Multimedia

1 Digital Audio in Multimedia

2 Analog Audio vs Digital Audio

3 Digital Audio Quality

4 Digital Audio File Size & Compression

5 Digital Audio File Formats

Faculty of Education, UTM

Department of Educational Multimedia

 Are any of you planning to use simple digitized

Faculty of Education, UTM

 Without a doubt, audio or sound is the best way to

 Often audio provides the only effective way to

 Simple sound effects can easily be used to draw

Faculty of Education, UTM

 Audio is one of the most appealing elements of

 Audio establishes the aural dimension, setting the

Faculty of Education, UTM

Examples of uses of audio:

 Cautions and warnings

Faculty of Education, UTM

Examples of uses of audio:

 Music and Sound Effects

Faculty of Education, UTM

Examples of uses of audio:

Faculty of Education, UTM

Examples of uses of audio:

 Direct voice communication.

Faculty of Education, UTM

 Sound adds life to any multimedia application

Faculty of Education, UTM

Faculty of Education, UTM

AUDIO ANALOG VS DIGITAL

Department of Educational Multimedia

 Sound produced by variations in air pressure.

 Computers work with

Faculty of Education, UTM

 Digital audio is created when you convert a sound

 You can digitize sound from a microphone, a

 Digitized sound is sampled sound.

Faculty of Education, UTM

 In order for a computer to work with audio waves,

 This is done through a process called sampling, in

Faculty of Education, UTM

DIGITAL AUDIO QUALITY

Department of Educational Multimedia

 There are three factors that affect the quality of the

Screen from audio editor software.

Faculty of Education, UTM

 Sample rate – the number of times the sample is

Faculty of Education, UTM

Faculty of Education, UTM

 The higher the sample rate, the more samples that

 44.100 kHz sample is CD quality. 22.050 kHz

Faculty of Education, UTM

 Sample size – the amount of information stored

 In summary: Sample rate is how many samples

Faculty of Education, UTM

 How Many Channels Sampled?

Stereo or mono has better quality. WHY ?

Faculty of Education, UTM

Faculty of Education, UTM

AUDIO FILE SIZE & AUDIO

Are any of you planning to use simple digitized

Without a doubt, audio or sound is the best way to

Often audio provides the only effective way to

Simple sound effects can easily be used to draw

Audio is one of the most appealing elements of

Audio establishes the aural dimension, setting the

Cautions and warnings

Music and Sound Effects

Direct voice communication.

Sound adds life to any multimedia application

Sound produced by variations in air pressure.

Computers work with

Digital audio is created when you convert a sound

You can digitize sound from a microphone, a

Digitized sound is sampled sound.

In order for a computer to work with audio waves,

This is done through a process called sampling, in

There are three factors that affect the quality of the

Sample rate – the number of times the sample is

The higher the sample rate, the more samples that

44.100 kHz sample is CD quality. 22.050 kHz

Sample size – the amount of information stored

In summary: Sample rate is how many samples

How Many Channels Sampled?

Stereo or mono has better quality. WHY ?

Audio Record Rate

Audio ffile size is determined by a combination of:

Table below shows the file size for 10 seconds of

The formula for determining the size of a mono

Sample rate (in Hz) x Sample Size (in bit) / 8 x

Thus a 1 second recording at a sample rate of 44.1

1 second recording at a sample rate of 44.1 kHz

60 seconds ??? Æ more than 5 MB.

This problem is being tackled by data compression

All media, be it text, audio, graphics or video has

What is the relationship between samples and

Lossless compression vs Lossy compression ?

Audio files can be either uncompressed or

Most of the early audio formats were

Common uncompressed audio formats include

MP3 is short for MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3. The higher

MP3s can be encoded at varying bit rates (KB per

MP3s can be encoded at bit rates from 8 kbps to

WAV format – filename.wav

One of the most powerful and professional PC-