Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

(MEE1033)
Dr. Tapano Kumar Hotta
Associate Professor
Department of Thermal and Energy Engineering
School of Mechanical Engineering
VIT Vellore
MB – 231 (B)
tapano.hotta@vit.ac.in
9799647730
 Energy Interaction
 Energy is the capacity of doing work

 Expressed by N-m or Joule

 Is of stored energy and energy in transition

 Stored energy is the interaction among molecules within

the system (Eg: KE, PE, GE….)

 Energy in transition is the interaction among molecules

between system and surrounding by crossing boundary
(Eg: Work and Heat transfer)
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 Work Transfer
 Work (δW ) is the action of force on a moving body

 δW = F.s = Fscosθ
(F is force, s is displacement, θ is angle between force & displacement)

 If system moves along same direction of applied force, δW

= Fs

 If system moves perpendicular to direction of applied force,

δW = 0

 Expressed as N-m or Joule 3

 Non-flow and Flow Work

 Non-flow work (Positive Displacement Work/P-dV Work)

 Applicable to closed system (Piston-cylinder assembly)
 No flow of mass/mass flow rate in or out of the system
 Expression is δW = ʃPdV
 Process must be reversible in nature

 Flow work
 Applicable to open system
 Used for systems with continuous mass flow rate in or out of system
 Expression is δW = -ʃVdP

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 Expression for Non-flow Work

 δW = dF.dS = dFdScosθ = dFdS (As θ=0) = PdAdS = PdV

 δW = ʃPdV

 The above equation is valid for

 Closed system
 Reversible process
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 Also known as PdV work or Displacement work
 Work is a Path Function !!!
 Expression of work done is δW = ʃPdV

 Net work done is the area under P-V diagram, i.e area
under the path/process

 By changing the path (keeping state points fixed) area

changes, hence the net work done

 Work doesn’t depend on state points but depends on path

 Hence work is a path function

 Exact differential and a property 6

 Path and Point Function
 Path function depend on a particular path/process; point
function depend on particular state of a system

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 Path function are inexact differential ( 1 δW ≠ W2 – W1);
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Point function are exact differential ( 1 dV = V2 – V1)

 Path functions are not property; point functions are

property.

 Work and Heat are path functions; Pressure, Volume,

Temperature are point function
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Ex-6: The pressure and volume of a gas are related by (i)
PV = RT + bPT (ii) (P+ 𝑉𝑎2 )(V-b)=mRT. Derive an
expression of work done by the gas for both the cases. a, b,
m, R, T are constants.

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 Ideal and Real Gas
 Ideal gas obeys ideal gas equation, PV = mRT
(P Pa, V m3, m kg, T K)
 R is the characteristic gas constant (value is different for different
gases), J/kgK
 The above equation can be written as PV=m𝑅𝑢 𝑀
T=nRuT (Where n
=no. of moles=𝑚
𝑀
, mol)
(M Molecular mass of gas, gm/mol; Ru Universal gas constant, J/mol K)
 Ru is the Universal gas constant (value is constant for all constants).
Ru = 8.314 J/mol K
 For air, R=8.314/29=287 J/kg K
 Real gases show ideal gas behaviour at low pressure and high
temperature.
 The equation of real gas is Vander wall's equation:
(P+𝑉𝑎2)(V-b)=mRT 9
Ex-7: Evaluate the R value for O2 and C O2

Ex-8:A certain gas of mass 2 kg is enclosed in

a container of volume 1.039 m3, at a pressure
of 200 kPa and temperature of 400 K. Identify
the gas.

Ex-9: A rigid tank of 1 m3 volume contains air

at 600 kPa, 400 K. By mistake someone leaks
0.5 kg air. If the final temperature becomes 375
K, what is the final pressure?

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Expression of Non-flow work for Various Thermodynamic Process

1. Constant Pressure Process (Isobaric Pressure)

Eg: Piston being lifted by a hot gas

𝟐
δW = 𝟏
𝑷𝒅𝑽 = P(V2 – V1)

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2. Constant Volume Process (Isochoric Process)
Eg: Process carried out in a rigid system

𝟐
δW = 𝟏
𝑷𝒅𝑽 =0

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3. Constant Temperature Process (Isothermal Process)
Eg: Latent heating of a system

T=constant
Hence from Ideal gas equation PV=constant
P=𝑉𝐶
PV=P1V1=P2V2
2 2𝐶
δW = 1
𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 1 𝑉
𝑑𝑉 = C ln (𝑉𝑉21)
δW = P1V1 ln (𝑽𝑽𝟐) = P1V1 ln (𝑷𝑷𝟏)
𝟏 𝟐

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4. Adiabatic Process (No heat transfer in or out of the system)
Eg: System kept under an insulating environment

PVγ =constant
P= 𝐶γ
V
PVγ = P1V1γ = P2V2γ
2 2 𝐶
δW = 1
𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 1 Vγ
𝑑𝑉
δW = (P1V1 –P2V2)/(

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5. Polytropic Process
Eg: All the thermodynamics processes are Polytropic in
nature
PVn =constant
n is the polytropic index (ranges from 1.2-1.4)
δW = (P1V1 –P2V2)/(n-1)

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