Chapter 7.

How Animals Survive

Content Standards:

The learners demonstrate the understanding of:

 nutrition: getting food to cells

 gas exchange with theenvironment

 circulation: the internaltransport system

 the need for homeostasis

 salt and water balance andwaste removal

 the immune system: defensefrom disease

 how hormones govern bodyactivities

 the nervous system

 the body in motion

Performance Standards:

The learners shall be able to :

1. make a presentation of somediseases that are associated withthe various organ systems

Learning Competencies:

The learners:

a. explain the different metabolic processes involved in the variousorgan systems

b. describe the general and uniquecharacteristics of the different organ systems in

representativeanimals
 c. analyze and appreciate thefunctional relationships of thedifferent organ systems in

ensuringanimal survival

BIG IDEA
The different organ systems of all forms of organisms are unique, but they work together
for homeostasis to be maintained within the cells for homeostasis in order to survive.

The various organ systems of animals, including humans, perform chemical activities to
release energy. Animals have many chemical reactions going on in their bodies in order to
survive. All the chemical reactions that occur in the body are METABOLIC REACTIONS. The
different organ systems work together for homeostasis to be maintained within the cells for
metabolism to take place in order to SURVIVE.

Metabolism is a collection of chemical reactions that takes place in the body's cells.
Metabolism converts the fuel in the food we eat into the energy needed to power everything we
do, from moving to thinking to growing.

Specific proteins in the body control the chemical reactions of metabolism, and each chemical
reaction is coordinated with other body functions. In fact, thousands of metabolic reactions
happen at the same time — all regulated by the body — to keep our cells healthy and working.

Metabolism is a constant process that begins when we're conceived and ends when we die. It
is a vital process for all life forms — not just humans. If metabolism stops, living things die.

Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic
matter, for example, by cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells
such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up
consumes energy.
Anabolic pathways occur when complex
molecules are built up using energy. The
complex molecules are used up by the body for
all its activities. It includes the synthesis of
compounds, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins.

An animal’s survival depends on its body’s

processes which provide nutrition for the cells,
maintain gas exchange for proper respiration,
defend the body against diseases, regulate
hormone secretion, maintain homeostasis, and
etabolic reactions

allow the body to move.

 The human body consists of many organ systems. Organ systems communicate, integrate,
support, move, maintain and regulate, defend, and reproduce for the body.
 Communicate outside environment changes:
-Three organ systems detect external stimuli and coordinate the body’s responses
1. Nervous, Sensory ( Integumentary) and 2. Endocrine Systems
 Support and movement:
-The musculoskeletal system consists of two interrelated organ systems
3. Muscular System, and 4. Skeletal System
 Regulation and maintenance:
-Four organ systems regulate and maintain the body’s chemistry; called HOMEOSTASIS.
5. Digestive, 6. Circulatory,7.Respiratory and 8.Excretory Systems.
 Defense:
-The body defends itself with two organ systems:
9. Integumentary and 10. Immune System
 Reproduction and development
11. The Reproductive System

NUTRITION : Getting Food to Cells

Nutrition is the process of taking in nutrients in the body. A nutrient is an
ingested chemical that is absorbed and made part of the human tissues. Substances in the food
that are not absorbed are not considered nutrients, but may nevertheless be essential to one's
health. Water, vitamins, minerals, and cholesterol are all important nutrients, for example, that
are absorbed into the tissues without requiring chemical breakdown.
The Digestive System of man converts food particles into simpler
micromolecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body. Ingestion, is
the process by which animals take in food. Digestion, is the process by which ingested food is
broken down into simpler substances that can be absorbed by the body. Mastication, is the
process in which the food is chewed and torn into pieces using their teeth. Assimilation, is the
process by which nutrients from foods are taken into the
cells of the body after the food has been digested and
absorbed.
Major Organs and their Functions:
Mouth – to chew and grind up food
-- saliva also begins the chemical breakdown
Esophagus – pipe connecting mouth to stomach
Stomach – secretes an extraordinarily strong acid that
leads to breakdown of food
-- once the food is broken down in the stomach and
mixed with digestive juices, it is called chyme Fig. 7b Digestive System of Man
Peristalsis is the wavelike muscular contraction that
happens in the digestive tract.
Pancreas – produces the hormone insulin that regulates blood sugar levels
-- also help neutralize stomach acid
Liver – produces bile, which breaks down fats in foods
Gallbladder – pouch-like organ that stores bile for future use
Small Intestine – after digestion is complete, the chyme enters the small intestine where it is
absorbed into the bloodstream
-- the chyme is propelled along by folded surfaces called villi, on the intestine
Large Intestine – removes water from the chyme and gets the waste ready for excretion

How does the Digestive System interact with the other systems in the body?
The digestive system of man ingests, digests, and absorbs nutrients for use by all cells of
the body. Likewise, bones and muscles are important in the mastication, swallowing and the
mixing of food. Hormones even influence digestive activity.

RESPIRATION: Gas-exchange with the environment

Respiration refers to the exchange (inhalation & exhalation) of gases. In order to survive,
animals have to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. The physical process of taking in
oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide is known as breathing.
The Respiratory System of man isto provide the body with a fresh supply of oxygen for
cellular respiration and remove the waste product carbon
dioxide.
Major Organs and Their Functions
Nose – internal entry and exit point for air
Pharynx – serves as a passage way for both air and food at the
back of the throat
Larynx – your “voicebox”, as air passes over your vocal
chords, you speak
Trachea – the “windpipe”, or what connects your pharynx to
your lungs
-- a piece of skin, called the epiglottis, covers the
trachea when you swallow, preventing food from
Fig. 7c Respiratory System of Man
entering.
Bronchi – the two large passageways that lead from the trachea
to your lungs (one for each lung)
-- the bronchi are further subdivided into bronchioles
-- eventually, the further subdivisions lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli
-- alveoli are in clusters, like grapes
-- capillaries surrounding each alveolus is where the exchange of gases with the
blood occurs.
The diaphragm is the muscle that causes you to breathe. Hiccups are involuntary
contractions of the diaphragm.

How does Respiratory System interact with the other systems?

 Oxygen is one of the most essential requirements of life, without which organisms on
Earth would not survive. Living organisms generate energy from food through the process of
respiration. This allows humans and other organisms to perform their daily tasks.
The Respiratory System removes the waste gas carbon dioxide from the body. On the other hand,
the brain stem regulates breathing.

CIRCULATION: The Internal Transport System

The internal transport system enables the organism to move particles into and within the
body. This also enables them to remove unwanted particles from within the body. This transport
system allows them to breathe, distribute nutrients to all parts, and even maintain homeostasis.
In human beings, the main transport system is the Circulatory System. This transports materials
all throughout the body including nutrients, water , and oxygen. Wastes in the form of carbon
dioxide, is also removed from the body.
TheCirculatory System of man delivers oxygenated blood to the various cells and organ
systems in your body so they can undergo cellular respiration.
Major Organs and Their Functions
Heart – the major muscle of the circulatory system
-- pumps blood through its four chambers (two
ventricles and two atria)
-- pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs, where it
gets oxygenated, returned to the heart, and then
pumped out through the aorta to the rest of the body
-- valve regulate the flow of blood between the
chambers
Arteries – carry blood away from the heart and to the major
organs of the body
Veins – carry blood back to the heart away from the major
Fig. 7d Circulatory System of Man
organs of the body
Capillaries – small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs
Blood – the cells that flow through the circulatory system
-- red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein that carries oxygen
-- white blood cells function in the immune system
-- platelets help in blood clotting
Spleen – helps to filter out toxins in the blood

How does Circulatory System interact with the other systems?

Circulatory System pumps blood to all parts of the body. The blood transports nutrients
and oxygen to the muscles of the body. Hormones, the chemical messenger in the body, is
circulated by the blood.
HOMEOSTASIS: The Need for a balanced Internal Environment

Homeostasis is a term that is used to both

describe the survival of organisms in an ecosystem and
to describe the successful survival of cells inside of an
organism. Organisms and populations can maintain
homeostasis in an environment when they have a steady
level of births and deaths. It is similar to the idea
of equilibrium.
All organs systems are working hand-in-hand to
achieve internal balance. Similarly, systems rarely work
alone. All of the systems in an organism
are interconnected. A simple example is the connection
between the circulatory and respiratory systems.
As blood circulates through your body, it eventually
needs fresh oxygen (O2) from the air. When the blood Fig. 7e Homeostasis in relation to blood sugar
reaches the lungs, part of the respiratory system, the
blood is re-oxygenated. Your stomach, part of the digestive system, constantly interacts with your
endocrine system and spreads hormones throughout your body.
In the diagram, insulin and glucagon are hormones that help regulate the levels of blood
glucose, or sugar, in your body. Glucose, which comes from the food you eat, moves through
your bloodstream to help fuel your body.

Insulin and glucagon work together to balance your blood sugar levels, keeping them in
the narrow range that your body requires. These hormones are like the yin and yang of blood
glucose maintenance.Insulin and glucagon work in what’s called a negative feedback loop.
During this process, one event triggers another, which triggers another, and so on, to keep your
blood sugar levels balanced.

EXCRETION: Removal of Waste

Excretion is an essential process in which waste products are removed from the
body. Without excretion, waste products build up in the body and cause serious health issues.
Urea is a mixture of nitrogenous wastes that damage the body if not removed by the
excretory system. Blood is important to the excretory system. It carries waste from cells through
the bloodstream to the excretory organs for removal from the body.

The excretory system consists of many parts and organs that work as a whole. It rids the
body of metabolic waste, which contains salts, carbon dioxide and urea. The lungs remove carbon
dioxide, absorbing and removing waste while providing oxygen to the body. The skin is part of
the excretory system and helps rid the body of contaminants through perspiration. Perspiration
removes urea from the body in a water-based liquid excreted from sweat glands located in the
skin.
 In man, the purpose of the Excretory System is to get rid the body of wastes, including
excess water and salts.
Major Organs and Their Functions
Kidneys – the main organs of the excretory system
-- waste-laden blood enters the kidney and the kidney
filters out urea, excess water and other waste
products, which eventually travel out of the kidney as
urine
-- eventually they travel through the ureter to the
urinary bladder
Rectum – solid (food) waste travels out of the body through
the rectum
Skin – sweat glands remove excess water and salts from the Fig. 7f Excretory System of Man
body
Lungs – expel the waste gas carbon dioxide.

How does Excretory System interact with the other systems?

The excretory system of man is responsible for the removal of wastes. It is responsible in
filtering nitrogenous wastes from the blood in the kidneys.The excretory system is a close partner
with both the circulatory and endocrinesystem. The circulatory system connection is obvious.
Blood that circulates through the body passes through one of the two kidneys. Urea, uric acid,
and water are removed from the blood and most of the water is put back into the system.

DEFENSE: Immunity from Diseases

The role of the immune system — a collection of
structures and processes within the body — is to protect against
disease or other potentially damaging foreign bodies. When
functioning properly, the immune system identifies a variety of
threats, including viruses, bacteria and parasites, and
distinguishes them from the body's own healthy tissue.
The immune systems include the lymphatic system and
the integumentary system, mainly made up of the skin, which is
the first line of defense against pathogens. The main purpose of
the immune system is to remove infectious diseases and other
Fig. 7g T-cells attacking a Cancer cell
pathogens from the human body.
Major Organs and Their Functions

lymph nodes small, bean-shaped structures that produce and store cells that fight infection and
disease and are part of the lymphatic system — which consists of bone marrow, spleen,
thymus and lymph nodes.
spleen the largest lymphatic organ in the body, which is on your left side, under your ribs and
above your stomach, contains white blood cells that fight infection or disease.
bone marrow: The yellow tissue in the center of the bones
produces white blood cells. This spongy tissue inside
some bones, such as the hip and thigh bones, contains
immature cells, called stem cells.
lymphocytes: These small white blood cells play a large role in
defending the body against disease.
thymus -this small organ is where T-cells mature. This often-
overlooked part of the immune system, which is situated
beneath the breastbone (and is shaped like a thyme leaf, hence
the name), can trigger or maintain the production of
antibodies that can result in muscle weakness.
leukocytes-these disease-fighting white blood cells identify and
eliminate pathogens and are the second arm of the
innate immune system. A high white blood cell count is
referred to as leukocytosisto remove infectious diseases
and other pathogens from the human body.
Skin – also called the integumentary system, the skin is the
body’s first line of defense

Fig. 7h The Lymphatic System of Man

Sleep deprivation depresses the immune system's
disease-fighting abilities, such as by decreasing the proliferation of
cells called T-cells. Even a single night of poor sleep can impair the immune system by reducing
the number of natural killer cells. In each microliter of blood, you have between 5,000 and 10,000
white blood cells.
The Integumentary System consists of skin,
and derivatives: hair and nails. It helps protect the
body from injury and infection, and from fluid loss. It
also produces Vitamin D with the help of sunlight.
Figure 7j tells how.

Fig. 7i The Integumentary System of Man

HORMONE SECRETION: Regulating System

The endocrine system does not act as fast as the nervous system. Its messages travel more
slowly and the effects generated last longer than those of the nervous system. The endocrine
system uses powerful chemical messengers called hormones. Hormones come from endocrine
glands or ductless glands which release their secretions directly into the bloodstream. These
hormones act upon specific target cells of a tissue or organ with specific receptors for such.
The endocrine system has a control mechanism of its own production of hormones
depending upon the concentration level of hormones present in the blood, called negative
feedback. It is the system’s way of regulating itself. This keeps the system from over-or-under
producing hormones necessary for the person’s normal functioning and survival.

The function of the endocrine system is to

control growth, development, metabolism and
reproduction through the production and
secretion of hormones.
Major Organs
-- hypothalamus
-- pituitary gland
-- thyroid
-- parathyroid
-- adrenal glands
-- pancreas
-- gonads
-- testes (male gonads)
Fig. 7l Glands and their secretions
-- ovaries (female gonads)

How does the endocrine system

interact with the other systems of the body?

Using its own regulating system, for

example, the negative feedback system
controls the thyroxin level in the blood. The
hypothalamus, which is a part of the brain, has
cells that detect the presence of thyroxin in the
blood. Thyroxin is essential for normal growth
and development. It is also involved in energy
metabolism. When its level is low, the
hypothalamus secretes a hormone that
stimulates the pituitary to secrete the thyroid
Stimulating hormone (TSH), causing it to secrete thyroxin, when it returns to its normal level, it
stops secreting the hormone.

ELECTROCHEMICAL SIGNALS: Regulating System

The nervous system controls and coordinates essential body functions. It sends
special signals to and receives responses from every organ and tissue of the body. This system
makes it possible for you to process information perceived from the environment. It is composed
of a system of nerve cells, bundled together to form structures such as nerves.

The main purpose of the nervous system is to coordinate the body’s response to
changes in its internal and external environment.

Major Organs and Their Functions

Brain – control center of the body, where all processes are relayed through

-- consists of cerebrum (controls though and senses) and cerebellum

(controls motor functions)

Spinal Cord – sends instructions from the brain to the rest of

the body and vice versa

-- any organism with a major nerve cord is classified as a chordate

Nerves – conduct impulses to muscle cells throughout the body

How does the nervous system interact with the other systems of the body?

The above diagram summarizes how the nervous system interacts with the other systems
of the body. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is one of the two main divisions of
the autonomic nervous system, the other being the parasympathetic nervous system. The
autonomic nervous system functions to regulate the body's unconscious actions. The sympathetic
nervous system's primary process is to stimulate the body's fight-or-flight response. It is,
however, constantly active at a basic level to maintain homeostasis. The sympathetic nervous
system is described as being complementary to the parasympathetic nervous system which
stimulates the body to "feed and breed" and to (then) "rest-and-digest".

REPRODUCTION: Perpetuation of Life

All living things reproduce. Reproduction — the process by which organisms make more
organisms like themselves. n the human reproductive process, two kinds of sex cells, or gametes,
are involved. The male gamete, or sperm, and the female gamete, the egg or ovum, meet in the
female's reproductive system to create a baby. Both the male and female reproductive systems are
essential for reproduction.
Humans pass certain characteristics of themselves to the next generation through their
genes, the special carriers of human traits. The genes parents pass along to their offspring are
what make kids similar to others in their family, but they're also what make each child unique.
These genes come from the father's sperm and the mother's egg, which are produced by the male
and female reproductive systems.
Gonad or sex gland or reproductive gland is an endocrine gland that produces
the gametes (sex cells) of an organism.
In the female of the species the reproductive cells are the egg cells.
In the male the reproductive cells are the sperm.
The male gonad, the testicle, produces sperm in the form of spermatozoa.
The female gonad, the ovary, produces egg cells. Both of these gametes,
are haploid germ cells.
BODY IN MOTION: Skeletal and Muscular Systems

The Skeletal System supports and protects the internal organs of the body. It also
serves as the framework of the body.

Purpose: to provide structure and support to the human body

Bones are where new blood cells are generated (in the marrow), and require the mineral calcium
for strength

Major Bones of the Human Body

-- femur (thigh bone) -- humerus (upper arm)

-- radius and ulna (lower arm) -- cranium (skull)

-- sternum (breastbone) -- clavicle (shoulder blade)

-- fibula and tibia (calf) -- vertebrae (back)

-- scalpula (shoulder) -- pelvic bone

-- coccyx (tail bone) -- phalanges (fingers/toes

There are a minimum number of 206 named bones in an adult.

There are 350 bones in babies, some of these small bones fused with other bones.

The Muscular System works with the skeletal and nervous system to produce
movement, also helps to circulate blood through the human body. Muscle cells are fibrous.
Muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary. Tendons are fibrous tissues that connect
muscle to bone within the human body. Ligament attaches bone to bone. Fascia is a collective
tissue that essentially holds the entire body together. The fascia is like a web of tissue that
surrounds every muscle, bone, and organ in the body and holds everything in place.
Major Muscles in the Human Body
-- biceps -- triceps -- deltoids
-- glutes -- hamstrings
How do the skeletal and muscular systems interact with the other systems?
Muscles extend and contract which causes movement. These muscles work in
pairs with other muscles performing opposite functions. The skeletal muscle forms the organs of
the muscular system. These skeletal muscles are attached to the bones. Muscles also control
internal movements, for instance, the cardiac muscles of the heart pumps blood into the different
organs of the body. The digestive tract is also made up of muscles that are responsible for the
movement of food from the mouth to the different parts of the digestive tract.Another important
function of the muscles is their ability to produce energy
ORGAN SYSTEMS OF REPRESENTATIVE SPECIES

Sponges

Sponges belong to phylum Porifera "pore

bearer". They are multicellular organisms that have bodies
full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate
through them. Sponges have unspecialized cells that
can transform into other types and that often migrate
between the main cell layers.Sponges do not
have nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Instead,
most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through
their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove
wastes.

Hydra

Hydra has a tubular, radially symmetric body up to 10 mm

(0.39 in) long when extended, secured by a simple adhesive
foot called the basal disc. The nervous system of Hydra is
a nerve net, which is structurally simple compared
to mammalian nervous systems. Hydra does not have a
recognizable brain or true muscles. Nerve nets connect
sensory photoreceptors and touch-sensitive nerve cells
located in the body wall and tentacles.
Respiration and excretion occur
by diffusion everywhere through the epidermis.
 Insects
The insect's digestive system is a closed system, with one long
enclosed coiled tube called the alimentary canal which runs
lengthwise through the body. The alimentary canal only allows
food to enter the mouth, and then gets processed as it travels
toward the anus. The insects alimentary canal has specific
sections for grinding and food storage, enzyme production
and nutrient absorption.
The main function of insect blood, hemolymph, is that of
transport and it bathes the insect’s body organs. Making up
usually less than 25% of an insect’s body weight, it
transports hormones, nutrients and wastes and has a role in
osmoregulation, temperature control, immunity, storage
(water, carbohydrates and fats) and skeletal function.

Echinoderms
Echinoderms possess a unique water vascular system. This is a
network of fluid-filled canals derived from the coelom (body
cavity) that function in gas exchange, feeding, sensory
reception and locomotion. The madreporite is linked to a
slender duct, the stone canal, which extends to a ring canal that
encircles the mouth or oesophagus. From this, radial canals
extend along the arms of asteroids and adjoin the test in the
ambulacral areas of echinoids. Short lateral canals branch off
the radial canals, each one ending in an ampulla. Part of the
ampulla can protrude through a pore (or a pair of pores in sea
urchins) to the exterior and is known as a podium or tube feet.
Fishes

Fish have some unique anatomical and physical

characteristics that are different from mammals; however,
they still possess the same organ systems that are present
in other animals. All fish are poikilothermic and must be
able to adapt to changes in water temperature. The
digestive system of fish is similar to the digestive tract of
other animals. Carnivorous fish have short digestive tracts
when compared to herbivorous fish. Fish do not have
lymph nodes.
 Frogs
The frog is among a handful of small animal species that serve as
laboratory specimens for hands-on learning. The placement and structure
of the frog's internal organs are very similar to humans', though of course
more simplistic, making them a suitable tool for teaching internal
anatomy. The internal organs in the chest and abdominal regions of a frog
sit in a single cavity called the coelom. The respiratory organs consist of
the trachea and lungs. The trachea is the windpipe, allowing the passage
of air down to the lungs, which are hollow, thin-walled sacs used for
respiration. The frog’s circulatory system organs consist of the heart,
blood vessels and spleen. The heart has three chambers: two atria that
receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and a single ventricle that
pumps blood to the body. Digestive system organs include the
esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, pancreas, liver, gall
bladder and cloaca.

Reptiles

Reptiles are a class of the chordate phylum. They have scaly skin and
feet with claws on their toes. Both the babies and the adults breathe
through lungs. They have a breastbone called a sternum to protect the
heart and lungs. The female's eggs are fertilized in her body by the
male. The eggs are laid in a shell that has a leathery covering to protect
it in the wilds. The common reptiles are snakes, turtles, lizards
alligators and crocodiles. Most reptiles have closed circulation via a
three-chamber heart comprising two atria and one variably-
partitioned ventricle. There is usually one pair of aortic arches.

Birds

A bird's circulatory system consists of a four-chambered heart and

blood vessels. With each beat, or stroke, of the heart, a large volume
of blood is carried throughout the bird's body by vessels called
arteries. Blood is then returned to the heart by vessels called
veins. Birds are nature's best athletes.
Birds have a light skeletal system and light but
powerful musculature which, along with circulatory and respiratory
systems capable of very high metabolic rates and oxygen supply,
permit the bird to fly. The development of a beak has led
to evolution of a specially adapted digestive system.
These anatomical specializations have earned birds their own class in
the vertebrate phylum.
SUMMARY:

 Body systems must work together to keep the body working properly.

• Many organs are part of several body systems.

• Cells communicate by electrical and chemical messages.

• Homeostasis is the body maintaining a constant internal environment when outside

conditions change.

• Body systems can respond to changes in the external environment.

• Body systems must respond to changes quickly and in the right way.

• A problem in one body system may cause problems in other body systems.

• Lack of food and the presence of toxins or pathogens may disrupt the proper functioning
of body systems.

• Problems with cells, tissues, or organs can cause problems in the body.

• If cells cannot get energy or necessities, they cannot work properly.

• When the body cannot maintain homeostasis, it is easier for pathogens to invade the body.

• All body systems work hand in hand to promote well-being in an organism.

• Basically, the organ systems do the following:

• Nutrition

• Gas-Exchange

• Circulation

• Homeostasis

• Excretion

• Defense

• Chemical & Electrical Signaling: Hormones & Impulses

• Motion