8.2 Problem Solving (Control Structure)

PROGRAMMING
Problem Solving
Edited by awie
What will you learn?
Problem Solving
Steps in Problem Design a

problem solving analysis (IPO) solution
Problem Identify IPO Algorithm Control

analysis structure
Design a Definition Sequence Selection Repetition

solution
implementation Flowchart if while
Testing pseudocode if else do while
documentation Nested if else for

Learning Outcome
• List five steps in problem solving
• Identify IPO from a given problem
• Define algorithm
• Solve a given problem using algorithm
• Apply appropriate control structure in problem
solving
Steps in problem solving
4
 Problem Analysis
 Design a solution
 Implementation
 Testing
 Documentation
5
Problem Analysis
 Identify input, processing, output and data
component.
 Refer to book and website
 Ask expert
 Meet with system analyst and users.
6
Design a solution
 Divide all program activities into program
modules.
 Create solution algorithm (pseudocode and
flowchart) for each program modules.
 Design user interface.
7
Implementation
 Coding a program involves translating the solution
algorithm into programming language usually on
paper.
 Typing the code into the computer using
programming language such as Pascal, C++ and
Visual Basic.
8
Testing
 Several methods have been devised for finding and removing
logic error and syntax error.
 Manually testing with sample data.
 The program is running through a computer using a
translator program. Before the program runs, it must be
free of syntax errors. Such errors will be identified by the
translator.
 Testing by a selected group of potential users. Potential
users try out the program and provide feedback.
9
Documentation
 Documentation is important for people who may involve
with the program in the future.
 Other programmers wish to update and modify it (program
maintenance).
 Activities:
 Produce a description of the program, layouts out the
input and output records and program listing.
 Produce a problem definition, flowchart and pseudocode.
10
Documentation
 Activities:
 Write comments with the program code
(internal documentation). These comments
explain the program’s purpose of the code
statements with the program.
Problem Analysis (IPO)
To do the IPO Analysis, start with identify :
1- Output
2- Input
3- Process
How to make a hot coffee
Output : HOT COFFEE

How to make a hot coffee?
hot water sugar coffee
INPUT
How to make a hot coffee
Process
1. Add HOT WATER +
SUGAR + COFFEE in a
cup
2. Stir to blend the
coffee and sugar
together.
 Output :
should answer the following question:
What does the user want to see printed
on the printer, displayed on the screen,
or stored in a file?
 Input :
should answer the following question:
What information will the computer need to
know to print, display, or store the output
items?
 Process :
Processing item:
An intermediate value that the algorithm
uses when processing the input into the
output
Input, Process, Output Analysis
18
 The IPO is used to analyze problems and develop

algorithms
 Used to organize and summarize the results of a
problem analysis
 It shows where in the solution the processing takes
place
19
It can be represented using IPO chart.

Input Process Output
20
It also can be represented using IPO analysis.
INPUT :
PROCESS :
OUTPUT :
21
Example 1: Calculate the area of a rectangle

Identify :
To do the IPO Analysis,
start with:
INPUT : 1 – Output
PROCESS : 2 – Input
OUTPUT : 3 – Process
22
Problem statement:
Calculate the area of a rectangle
width
height
We can summarize the information contained in the

problem statement as follows:
23

Input: width, height
Process:
Calculate the area of rectangle.
Output: area of rectangle

24

The Problem Analysis, can be represented using IPO
(Input, Processing, Output) Chart
width Calculate the area of area of rectangle
height rectangle
25
Problem statement:
Find the average of three numbers input by user
We can summarize the information contained in
the problem statement as follows:
26
Example 2. Find the average of three numbers input by user

Input: num1,num2,num3
Process: calculate the average of three

numbers
Output:average of three numbers

27
Example 2. Find the average of three numbers input by user

IPO (Input, Processing, Output) Chart
Num1 Calculate average average
Num2
Num3
28
Problem statement:
Find the average of area for two different
rectangular.
width2
width1
height2
height1
29
Example 3. Find the average of area for two different

rectangular.
Input: width1,height1
width2, height2
Process: calculate average area of rec1 and
rec2
Output: average area of rec1 and rec2
30
Example 3. Find the average of area for two different

rectangular.
31
Problem statement:
Determine the total cost of apples, given the
number of kilos of apples purchased and the
cost of apples per kilo
We can summarize the information contained in

the problem statement as follows
32
Example 4. Determine the total cost of apples, given the number

of kilos of apples purchased and the cost of apples per kilo
Input: Number of kilos of apples

Cost of apples per kilo
Process: Calculate total cost of apples.
Output: total cost of apples

33
Example 4. Determine the total cost of apples, given the number

of kilos of apples purchased and the cost of apples per kilo

numOfKilo Calculate the total cost total cost
costPerKilo
Design a solution: Algorithm
 The algorithm is the abstract idea of solving a
problem.
 An algorithm is a step-by-step instructions that
will transform the input into the output
 It can be represent using pseudocode or flow
chart
Algorithm
 can be described using three control structures
(Bohm and Jacopini-1966);
 A Sequence
 is a series of statements that execute one after another
 A Selection – (branch)
 statement is used to determine which of two different
statements to execute depending on certain conditions
 A Looping – (repetition)
 statement is used to repeat statements while certain conditions
are met
Algorithm
 Techniques to represent the algorithms;
1. Pseudocode
2. Flowchart
Pseudocode Flow chart
• Artificial, informal language used to • Graphical representation of an
develop an algorithm. algorithm.
• A list of instructions. • Graphically shows the logic in a
• Language which human can solution algorithm.
understand. Similar to everyday • Special-purpose symbols connected
English by arrows (flow lines)
Algorithm
 How to make a mug of hot coffee:
Start
1. Boil water
2. Prepare a mug
3. Put a tea spoon of coffee &sugar
5. Pour hot water
6. Stir
End
Planning the algorithm
1. Do Problem Analysis
Identify:
INPUT :
PROCESS:
OUTPUT:
2. Transfer to pseudo code or flow chart
3. a. Must start with a start
b. Must close with an end
Pseudocode
 Statements are the 1
1 sentences in
English
START
statement 1
pseudocode. 2
statement 2
 It can be found from END
the ‘process’ inside the

IPO chart. 3
Flow chart
start
The
statements statement1
refers to any
input, output statement1
& process
involved end
Flow chart
41
Graphic Symbol Name Meaning
Terminal Symbol indicates the beginning and end points of an

(capsule) algorithm
Process Symbol shows an instruction other than input, output or

(rectangle) selection
Input-Output Symbol shows an input or output operation

(parallelogram)
Flow chart
42
Disk Storage Input- indicates input from or output to disk storage

Output Symbol
(cylinder)
Printer Output Symbol shows hardcopy printer output
Decision / shows a selection process for two-way selection

Selection Symbol
(diamond)
Flow chart
43
Flow Lines (arrow) indicates the logical sequence of execution steps in

the algorithm
Off-Page provides continuation of a logical path on another

Connector page
On-Page provides continuation of a logical path at another

Connector (circle) point in the same page
Example 5
44
Problem statement:
Calculate the area of a rectangle
Remember!
Example 5
45
1. IPO analysis

Process: Calculate the area of rectangle
Output: display area of rectangle
Example 5
46
2. (a) Pseudocode
START
1. read width and height
2. calculate area
area of rectangle = width * height
3. output area of rectangle
END
Example 5: IPO and pseudocode
width Calculate the area of rectangle area of rectangle
height
Algorithm - Pseudocode:
START
1. input width and height
2. Calculate area of rectangle

area of rectangle = width * height
3. Output area of rectangle
END
Example 5: Flow chart
48
2. (b) Flowchart start
Read width, height
areaOfRectangle = width*height
Output areaOfRectangle
end
Example 6
49
Problem statement:
Remember!
Example 6
50
1. IPO analysis
Input:
Process:
Output:
Example 6
51

2. (a) Pseudocode
START
Statement (s)
END
Example 6: IPO with pseudocode
number1 Calculate the average of three numbers. average
number2
number3 Algorithm – Pseudocode:
START
1. Input number1, number2, number3
2. Calculate average
average = (number1 + number2 + number3) / 3
3. Output average
END
Example 6
53

2. (b) Flowchart
Example 7
54
Problem statement:
Determine the total cost of apples, given the number of kilos of
apples purchased and the cost of apples per kilo
Remember!
Example 7
55
1. Problem Analysis
Input:
Process:
Output:
Example 7
2. (a) Pseudocode
START
Statement (s)
END
Example 7
57

2. (b) Flowchart
Design a Solution: Control structure
 Design a Solution
 Control Structure
Sequence
Selection
Repetition
Learning Outcome
 Explain the purpose of each control structure
 Apply appropriate control structure in problem
solving
Control structure
 Control structure is a method that allows the
programmer to control the flow of a program.
 Consist of three basic control structure:
 Sequence
 Selection
 Repetition
Control structure
 These structures are referred to as “control structure”
because they control the flow of the program’s logic.
 Using these structure makes a program or an algorithm
 Easy to understand
 Easy to debug
 Easy to change
Control Structure
is a series of statements that execute one after another
 Sequence
 is a series of statements that execute one after another
 Selection – (branch)
 statement is used to determine which of two different
statements to execute depending on certain conditions
 Looping – (repetition)
 statement is used to repeat statements while certain conditions
are met
Control Structure: Sequence
 Purpose of sequence control structure
 To solve the simplest programs consist just sequence of
statements.
 No loops, no selection amongst alternative actions, no use of
subroutines.
 Instruction are executed sequentially one by one.
 The instructions execute from first to next, till the last
instruction. Then the program will terminate.
Last
1st Next … instruction
instruction instruction
 Example 1 : What do you do in the morning?

 Brush teeth
 Wash face
 Comb hair
 Smile in mirror
 Having breakfast
Example 2 :What would you do if you want to refuel your
car?
 Go to a petrol station.
 Remove nozzle from the fuel pump
 Insert nozzle in fuel tank
 Fill tank with fuel
 Replace nozzle at the fuel pump
 Pay for the fuel
 Leave petrol station
Example 3 : Write the algorithm to get robot seated
on the chair
 Example 8
PSZ Corporation gives a bonus to Irfan based on his
sales. Assume your program needs to calculate Irfan’s
bonus. The bonus is 5 percents of the sales
Example 8
69
Problem statement:
Calculate Irfan’s bonus. The bonus is 5% of the sales.
Remember!
Example 8
70
1. IPO Analysis:
Input: sales
Process: calculate bonus
Output: bonus
Example 8
2. (a) Pseudocode
START
1. input sales
2. calculate bonus
bonus = sales*0.05
3. output bonus
END
sales Calculate bonus bonus
Algorithm - Pseudocode:
START
1. input sales
2. Calculate bonus
bonus = sales*0.05
3. Output bonus
END
73
Read sales
bonus = sales*0.05
Output bonus
end
 Example 9
Tile Limited wants a program that allow its sales clerk
to enter width and length of area (feet), and also
price of square foot of tile. The program will display
the total price of tile based on the area inserted by
user.
Example 8
75
Problem statement:
program that allow its sales clerk to enter width and length of area (feet), and
also price of square foot of tile. The program will display the total price of tile
based on the area
Remember!
Example 9
76
1. IPO Analysis: program that allow its sales

Input: width, length, price clerk to enter width and
length of area (feet), and also
Process: calculate total price price of square foot of tile.
The program will display the
Output: total price total price of tile based on the
area.
Example 9
2. (a) Pseudocode
program that allow its sales
clerk to enter width and
START length of area (feet), and also
1. input width,length,price
price of square foot of tile.
2. calculate totalprice
totalprice = width*length*price The program will display the
3. output totalprice total price of tile based on the
END area.
width Calculate totalprice totalprice
length
price Algorithm - Pseudocode:
START
1. input width,length,price
2. Calculate totalprice
totalprice = width*length*price
3. Output totalprice
END
79
Read width, length, price
totalprice = width*length,price
Output totalprice
end
Example 10
Melissa works for Quality Builders. Melissa's current weekly
pay is RM1000 but she is scheduled to receive a 3% raise
next week. Melissa wants you to write a program that will
display on the computer screen the amount of her new
weekly pay.
Example 10
81
Problem statement:
Remember!
Example 10
82
1. Problem Analysis
Input:
Process:
Output:
Example 10
2. (a) Pseudocode
START
Statement (s)
END
Example 10
84
2. (b) Flowchart
Try yourself
 APM Industry management asks you to create a
program that calculate the total overtime payment
for staff if overtime rate payment was given RM
5.00 per hour.
 The program will receive 2 numbers as input.
Calculate the sum of the 2 numbers
Control structure: Selection
86
ANALOGY
You need to choose to make
“Coffee O” or “Milk Coffee”
SUGAR
MILK
 Purpose of selection
 Allows instructions to be executed non-sequentially.
 Allows the comparison of two expressions, and based
on the comparison, to select certain course of action
 The process needs you to make decision which action

you choose to perform
88
Types of selection structure
if if-else nested if switch
FOCUS
Control structure: Selection if
if structure’s form
if (condition)
statement_1
If structure’s explanation
if condition is true
Perform action (statement_1 execute)
if condition is false, action is skipped, program
continues
90
Example 11: If student’s grade is greater than or equal

to 60 Print “Passed”
If the condition/expression is true

print statement executed and program goes on to next
statement
If the condition/expression is false
print statement is ignored and the program goes on to the next
statement or end program.
91
Pseudocode format:
start
if (condition/expression)
statement1
End
Flow chart format:
start
condition/expre false
ssion
true
statement1
end
Example 12
Print “Excellent!” when user enter marks greater than
and equal to 80.
Remember to plan your algorithm!
1. Do IPO Analysis
2. Transfer to Pseudocode or Flow Chart
Example 12
94
1. IPO Analysis
Input: mark
Process: Identify if mark greater and equal than 80,

then print “Excellent”
Output: “Excellent”
Example 12
95
2(a) Pseudocode
start
1. read mark
2. if (mark >= 80)
2.1 print “Excellent”
end
Example 12
start
2(b) Flow chart
Read mark
false
mark >= 80
true
Print “Excellent”
end 96
Control structure: Selection if else
if-else structure’s form • In this form, the condition is
if (condition/expression) first evaluated.
• If it evaluates to TRUE,
statement_1
statement_1 is executed.
else • Otherwise, statement_2 is
statement_2 executed.
• Either statement_1 or
statement_2 is executed but
not BOTH.
98
Pseudocode format:
Start
……..
if (condition/expression)
statement_1
else
statement_2
……..
End
Flow chart format:
start
condition/expre false
ssion
* All statements can be true statement2
input, processing or statement1
output
end
100
1. IPO Analysis:
Input: mark
Process: Identify mark greater than and equal to 80 then print
statement
Output: “Excellent!” or “Sorry, try again”
2(a) Pseudocode
start
1. read marks
2. if (marks >= 80)
2.1 print “Excellent”
Else
2.2 print “Sorry, try again”
end
2(b) Flow chart start
Read mark
false
Mark>=80
true Print “sorry,
Print “Excellent” try again”
end
103
 Example 14:
A high school poetry competition is open only for
students above 15 years old. Display “Eligible” if
the students meet the requirement, else display “Not
eligible” if otherwise.
Example 14
A high school poetry competition is open only for students above 15 years old.
Display “Eligible” if the students meet the requirement, else display “Not eligible”
if otherwise.
Remember to plan your algorithm!

1. Do IPO Analysis
2. Transfer to Pseudocode or Flow Chart
Selection if else
105
1. IPO Analysis:
Input: age
Process:
Identify either the age of students greater than 15
Output: “Eligible” or “Not eligible”
Selection if else
106
 2(a)Pseudocode
start
1. read age
2. if (age > 15)
2.1 print “Eligible”
else
2.2 print “Not eligible”
end
Selection if else
107
 2(b) Flow chart start
Read age
false
age>15
true Print “Not
Print “eligible” eligible”
end 107
Try yourself
 Write IPO, pseudocode and draw a flowchart

to enter a number and if the number is 0,
print “number is zero”.
 The program will receive 2 numbers as input.
Calculate the sum of the 2 numbers
Multiple selection (nested if)
109
 The if-else structure can also be nested to

any depth.
 Nested if-else structure test for multiple cases
by placing if-else selection structure inside if-
else selection structure
 It must undergo two or more conditions.
 The situation shows that you have to fulfill the general condition
(outer if) before you move to the specific condition (inner if)
 You have to fulfill the first condition before you can proceed to
another condition.
Pseuducode format:
START
if (expression1)
{
if (expression2)
statement2;
else
statement1;
}
else
last statement;
END
Flow chart format:
start
true true
expression1 expression2
false statement2
false
* All statements can be statement1
input, processing or Last statement
output
end
Example 1:
Write the IPO, pseudocode and draw a flowchart

to determine if the age less or equal to 19 and
points less than 6 print OK, if points larger than 6
print Test, else print Review.
114
1. IPO Analysis:
Input: age, point

Process:
Determine if the age is less or equal to 19 and
point less than 6
Output: “ok” or “Test” or “Review”
115
 2(a) Pseudocode
start
1.read age, point
2. if (age <= 19)
2.1 if (point < 6)
2.1.1 print “ok”
2.2. else
2.2.1 print “Test”
3. Else
3.1 print “Review”
end
2(b) Flow chart format:
start
Read age, input

true true
(age<=19) point < 6
false false Print “ok”
Print “Test”
Print “Review”
end
Multiple selection (if - else )
117
 The multiple if-else if structured takes the general form:
if (expression_1)
statement_1;
else if (expression_2)
statement_2;
else if (expression_3)
statement_3;
else
statement_4;
Multiple selection (if else)
Flow chart format:
start
true true
expression1 statement1
false
expression2 statement2
false
* All statements can be
input, processing or expression3 statement2
output
end
119
 In this nested form, expression_1 is evaluated. If it evaluates to

(TRUE), statement_1 is executed.
 If not, control goes to the second if, where expression_2 is
evaluated. If it evaluates to (TRUE), statement_2 is executed.
 If not, control goes to the third if, where expression_3 is
evaluated. If it evaluates to (TRUE), statement_3 is executed.
 If not, statement_4 is executed.
 Rules  Only ONE of the statements is executed.
120
 Example 1:
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 80
Print “A”
else if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “B”
else if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 50
Print “C”
else
Print “Failed”
121
1. IPO Analysis:
Input: grade
Process: To compare the grade based on the condition value
Output: “A” or “B” or “C” or “Failed”
122
 2(a) Pseudocode start

1.read grade
2. if (grade >= 80)
2.1print “A”
3. else if (grade >= 60)
3.1 print “B”
4. else if (grade >= 50)
4.1 print “C”
5. else
5.1print “Failed”
end
123
read grade
true
grade >= 80 print“A”
false
true
grade >= 60 print“B”
false true
grade >= 50 print“C”
false
Print “Failed”
end 123
124
 Example 2:
if (x > 0)
display "x is positive"
else if (x < 0)
display "x is negative"
else
display "x is 0"
125
1. IPO Analysis:
Input: x
Process: To identify whether the value of x is greater than 0,

less than 0 or equal 0.
Output: “x is positive“ or "x is negative“ or “x is 0”

126
 2(a) Pseudo code

start
1. read x
2. if (x > 0)
2.1 display "x is positive"
3. else if (x < 0)
3.1 display "x is negative"
4. else
4.1 display "x is 0"
end
127
true
false
true
false true
false
end 127
Multiple selection (switch)
128
 Example :
If the letter grade is an A, Letter grade Message

then the program should A Excellent
display the message B Above average
“Excellent”, if the grade is a C Average
B, then display “Above D Below average
average” and so on. (refer
F Below average
the table)
129
1. IPO Analysis:
Input: grade
Process: To identify the grade based on the value given
Output: “Excellent“ or “above average“ or “average” or

“below average“ or “error”
130
 2(a) Pseudo code

start
1. read grade
2. grade value:
A display “excellent”
B display “above average”
C display “average”
D,F display “below average”
default display “error”
end
131
start
 2(b) Flow chart
read grade
grade
A B C default
D, F
print Print “above print print Display

“excellent” average” “average” “below “error”
average”
end
131
132
 2(a) Pseudo code start

1. read grade
2. if grade is A
2.1 display “excellent"
3. else if grade is B
3.1 display “above average"
4. else if grade is C
4.1 display “average“
5. else if grade is D
5.1 display “above average”
6. else
6.1 display “error
end
Flow chart format:
start
true
expression1 statement1 break
false
true
expression2 statement2 break
false
* All statements can be true
input, processing or espression3 statement2 break
output
default
end
Nested if-else (switch)
134
start
 2(b) Flow chart
read grade
true
case grade A print “excellent”
false true
case grade B Print “above average”
false true
print “average”
case grade C
false true
case grade D,F print “below average”
false
Display “error” false
end 134
Try yourself
 Write IPO, pseudocode and draw a flowchart to enter a
number and if the number is 0, print “number is zero”.
 The program will receive 2 numbers as input. Calculate the
sum of the 2 numbers
 Write the IPO, pseudocode, and draw a flowchart if score
more than 40 and mark equal to 100 print Full Mark else print
OK.
Try yourself
OK.
Try yourself
OK.
Try yourself
 If x is greater than y, display “x is bigger than y” else

display “x is smaller than y”.
139
TOPIC: 8.2
PROBLEM SOLVING
8.2.3: Design a Solution
8.2.3.3 Control structure (Repetition)
Learning Outcome
140
 Explain the purpose of repetition control structure

 Apply appropriate control structure in problem
solving
 while
 for
 do while
What is repetition control structure?
141
 Repetition structure allows a sequence of instruction

to be executed repeatedly until a certain condition is
reached
 The looping structure has TWO forms:
 while
 for
 do while
The essentials of repetition
142
 The loop counter (loop control variable ):

 Counts the number of repetitions in the counter-controlled loop
 Controls the execution of loop
 The loop counter requires the following to be known in advance

1. Name of a loop counter
2. Initial value of the loop counter
3. Increment (or decrement) by which to modify the loop counter
in each traversal
4. Condition to test the final value of loop counter
Repetition: while Construct
143
 The while construct has the general form:

while (expression)
statement(s) block;
• where the expression is first evaluated.
• If it is true (not zero), the *statement(s) is executed,
• else if it false (zero), the statement is bypassed.
* note: statement(s); which can be a block of statements – more
than 1 statement
Applying Algorithm in while Construct
144
1. Pseudocode
start
initialize counter
while (expression)
statement(s)
counter increment
end
Applying Algorithm in while Construct
145
2(a) Flow Chart start
initialize counter
False while
(expression)
True
end statement(s)
counter increment
The Counter Table for while Construct
146
counter expression input process output counter

increment
initial value of condition to IPO analysis increment to
counter test modify the loop
Example of while counter table:

i i <= 3 input process output i=i+1
Example 1: while Construct
147
Problem Statement:
• Calculate the area of a rectangle for 3 times.
width
height
Remember to plan your algorithm.

• Do Problem Analysis.
• Transfer to Pseudocode or Flow Chart.
148
1. IPO Analysis:
Input:width, height
Process: area = width * height
Output: area
i i <= 3 width, height area = width * height area i=i+1
while counter table

149
1. IPO Analysis:
Input:width, height
Output: area
i i <= 3 width, height area = width * height area i=i+1
1 T 2
2 T 3
3 T 4
4 F Loop terminate
while counter table

150
start 2(a) Pseudocode

1. initialize counter initial value of counter
i=1
2. while (i <= 3) condition to test
3. input width, height
4. calculate area of rectangle
area = width * height IPO analysis
5. print area
6. counter increment increment to
i=i+1 Repeat step 2modify
– 6 untilthe loop
7. repeat until i > 3 expression is false
end
151
2(b) Flow Chart start
i=1
False
(i <= 3)
True
end width, height
area = width * height
area i=i+1
Repetition: do while Construct
 The do-while loop is similar to the while loop in that

the loop continues as long as the specified loop
condition remains true.
 The main difference is that the condition is checked

at the end of the do-while statement.
Repetition: do while Construct
 The do-while structure test the loop continuation

condition after the loop body is performed.
 The loop body will be executed at least once.
 The statement will not be executed if the expression is

false.
Applying Algorithm in do while Construct
• do-while statement has a general form :
initialization
do
statement block;
increment;
while (expression1)
Applying Algorithm in do while Construct
start
2(b) Flow chart
Initial value
Statement
Increment
Expression TRUE
FALSE
end
Example 2: do while Construct
1. IPO analysis
Write the IPO, pseudocode and draw a flowchart to display
the numbers 1 to 3 on the screen
IPO
Input : none
Process : repeat process 3 times
Output : count
2(a) Pseudocode
Pseudocode
initialize the count variable to 1
do
display the count
add 1 to the count
repeat while ( the count is less than

or equal to 3 )
end do-while
start
2(b) Flow chart
Initialize the count variable to 1
Display count
TRUE
Add 1 to count
(count <= 3)
FALSE
end
Repetition: for Construct
159
 The for construct has the general form:

for (initialization; expression; incerement)
statement;
• where the initialization refers to the initial value of a loop counter.
• The expression determines whether the loop should be continued; if it is
true (not zero), the *statement(s) is executed, else if it false (zero), the
for Iloop is terminated.
* note: statement(s); which can be a block of statements – more than 1 statement

Applying Algorithm in for Construct
160
2(a) Pseudocode
start
for (initialize counter; expression; counter increment)

statement(s);
end
161
start
for (initialize counter; expression; counter increment)
statement(s);
end
• After one-time initialization, the expression is first evaluated.

• If it is false, the for loop is terminated; if it is true the statement(s) in the loop is
executed.
• And then the incrementation is performed.
• The expression condition is again evaluated, until the expression becomes false.
162
initialize counter
False
(expression)
True
end statement(s)
counter increment
The Counter Table for for Construct
163
counter expression input process output counter

increment
initial value of condition to increment to
counter test IPO analysis modify the loop
Example of for counter table:

i i <= 3 input process output i=i+1
Example 3: for Construct
164
Problem Statement:
• Calculate the area of a rectangle for 3 times.
width
height
Remember to plan your algorithm.

165
1. IPO analysis:
Output: area
i i <= 3 width,height area = width * height area i=i+1
for counter table

166
1. IPO Analysis:
Output: area
i i <= 3 width,height area = width * height area i=i+1
1 T 2
2 T 3
3 T 4
4 F Loop terminate
for counter table

167
start 2(a) Pseudocode

initial value of counter
1. initialize counter
i=1
2. for (i <= 3) condition to test
3. read width, height
4. calculate area of rectangle IPO analysis
5. print area
modify the loop
i=i+1
7. repeat until i > 3 Repeat step 3 – 7 until
end expression is false
168
i=1
False (i <= 3)
True
end width, height
area i=i+1
Accumulating in Problem Solving
169
• Accumulating or summing is a task a program must often perform.

• Accumulating means summing a group of numbers:
1. where a variable is added to another variable,
2. which holds the value of the sum or total.
• The expression for accumulating is as follow:

2 1 2 1
sum = sum + num total = total + marks

Example 4: Accumulating in Sequence Structure
170
Problem Statement:
Calculate the average of three numbers.
Problem Analysis:
Accumulating
Input: num1, num2, num3
Process: total = num1 + num2 + num3
average = total / 3
or
average = (num1 + num2 + num3) / 3
Output: average
Example 5: Accumulating in looping Structure
171
Problem Statement:
• Calculate the average of three numbers.
Problem Analysis: Accumulating

Input: num
Process: total = total + num
average = total / 3
Output: average
Example 5: Accumulating in looping Structure
172
1. IPO analysis:
Input: num
Process: total = total + num
average = total / 3
Output: average
total i i <= num total = total + i=i+1 average = total / 3 average
3 num
0 1 T 70 70 2
2 T 80 150 3
3 T 90 240 4
4 F Loop terminate average = 240 / 3 80
Using accumulating in while construct (while counter table)
Example 5: Accumulating in while Construct
173
start
1. initialize total initial value of total
total = 0 2(a) Pseudocode
2. initialize counter initial value of counter
i=1
condition to test
3. while (i <= 3)
4. input num
5. accumulate total IPO analysis
total = total + num
i=i+1 modify the loop
7. repeat until i > 3 Repeat step 3 – 6 until
8. calculate average expression is false
average = total / 3
9. print average IPO analysis
end
Example 5: Accumulating in while Construct
174
2(b) Flow chart

start
total = 0
i=1
False
(i <= 3)
True
average = total / 3 num
average total = total + num
end i=i+1
Summary
175
What have you learned?

• The three forms of repetition control structure:
• while
• for
• The loop counter requirement.
• Apply repetition control structure in problem solving.
• Remember to plan your algorithm.
• Applying accumulating in repetition.

8.2 Problem Solving (Control Structure)

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8.2 Problem Solving (Control Structure)

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PROGRAMMING

Steps in Problem Design a

Problem Identify IPO Algorithm Control

Design a Definition Sequence Selection Repetition

implementation Flowchart if while

Testing pseudocode if else do while

documentation Nested if else for

Output : HOT COFFEE

hot water sugar coffee

 The IPO is used to analyze problems and develop

It can be represented using IPO chart.

It also can be represented using IPO analysis.

Example 1: Calculate the area of a rectangle

We can summarize the information contained in the

Example 1: Calculate the area of a rectangle

Output: area of rectangle

Example 1: Calculate the area of a rectangle

Example 2. Find the average of three numbers input by user

Process: calculate the average of three

Output:average of three numbers

Example 2. Find the average of three numbers input by user

Example 3. Find the average of area for two different

Example 3. Find the average of area for two different

We can summarize the information contained in

Example 4. Determine the total cost of apples, given the number

Input: Number of kilos of apples

Process: Calculate total cost of apples.

Output: total cost of apples

Example 4. Determine the total cost of apples, given the number

IPO (Input, Processing, Output) Chart

the ‘process’ inside the

Graphic Symbol Name Meaning

Terminal Symbol indicates the beginning and end points of an

Process Symbol shows an instruction other than input, output or

Input-Output Symbol shows an input or output operation

Graphic Symbol Name Meaning

Disk Storage Input- indicates input from or output to disk storage

Printer Output Symbol shows hardcopy printer output

Decision / shows a selection process for two-way selection

Graphic Symbol Name Meaning

Flow Lines (arrow) indicates the logical sequence of execution steps in

Off-Page provides continuation of a logical path on another

On-Page provides continuation of a logical path at another

Input: width, height

1. input width and height

2. Calculate area of rectangle

3. Output area of rectangle

2. (b) Flowchart start

Read width, height

Find the average of three numbers input by user

1. Input number1, number2, number3

Find the average of three numbers input by user

Determine the total cost of apples, given the number of kilos of

 Example 1 : What do you do in the morning?

Calculate Irfan’s bonus. The bonus is 5% of the sales.

Process: calculate bonus

2. (b) Flowchart start

1. IPO Analysis: program that allow its sales

2. (b) Flowchart start

Read width, length, price

 The process needs you to make decision which action

Types of selection structure

if if-else nested if switch

Example 11: If student’s grade is greater than or equal