glass optical cables are made from silica, which, in pure form, has a very low loss

in infrared region of the optical spectrum. Designed for long distance, very high
performance data networking and telecommunications, fiber optic cable uses light to
transmresult in (4.2.6) is valid for any operating region while
(4.2.7) is restricted to strong inversion.
The above calculations are only valid if we consider that the low
(longitudinal) field effective mobility is constant along the channel.
Expression (4.1.17) for the effective mobility satisfies this condition.
However, it is usual in compact modeling to use effective mobility
expressions that depend on VD(S)B .
In many cases, for theoretical (and numerical) calculations, a
normalized expression for the drain current given by (4.2.6) is handy.
Normalizing the charges with respect to the pinch-off charge
QI'P = -nCo'xft and the current with respect to the normalization current
2
2
t
S s ox
W
I nC
L
f
= � ' , (4.2.8)
equation (4.2.6) can be rewritten as
( )
( )
( )
2
1
IS ID
D IS ID
IS ID
qit information while the copper wire uses electricity.7.14 the calculated and
measured values of the normalized
PSD of white noise are shown. These measurements were obtained at a
frequency of several kHz to minimize the effect of flicker noise.
Fig. 7.14 Normalized thermal noise PSD and normalized 1/f noise PSD for a saturated
NMOS (W/L=200�/5�) transistor. The simulated results for 1/f noise were obtained
through (a) Equation (7.2.16), (b) Expression (7.4.12) times gm
2.
7.4.2 Flicker noise in terms of inversion levels
A useful alternative expression for (7.2.16) is obtained if the charge
densities at source (drain) are expressed in terms of the normalized
forward and reverse currents f i and r i . Using the relationship between
normalized charges and currents of (3.7.3), expression (7.2.16) can be
rewritten as
( ) 2 *2
1 1 1
ln
1
Id ot f
D f r r
S N i
I WLN f i i i
? + ?
= ? ?
- ? + ?
. (7.4.5)
10n