ASPHALT MATERIALS-

SURFACE LAYER
 BITUMINOUS BINDERS

Types of Bituminous Binders;

Penetration grade bitumen (Straight run bitumen)
Oxidized bitumen
Cut back bitumen
Bitumen Emulsion
Bitumen
Penetration Grade Bitumen
Bitumen obtained directly by distillation of
petroleum

Classification
Hardness
( determined using the penetration test done at the
specified conditions)
Bitumen

Oxidized bitumen
Refinery bitumen may be further processed by air
blowing.
introducing air under pressure into a soft bitumen
under controlled conditions resulting in the harder
bitumen
less ductile and less temperature susceptible.
Cut Back Bitumen
The bitumen of which the viscosity has been reduced
by dissolving it in a liquid solvent.

Three main types

(based on the rate of curing or hardening after the
application).

The viscosity of the cut back and rate at which, it

hardens on the road depend on the characteristics and
quantity of both the bitumen and the solvent.
Bitumen

Three main types of cut back bitumen and the solvent

added are as given below.

Type of cut back Solvent

Rapid Curing(RC) Petrol or Naptha
Medium Curing(MC) Kerosene
Slow Curing(SC) Gas oil
Bitumen

Each type of cut back bitumen is divided into five

viscosity grades. These are designated according to
their viscosity at 600C.

Grade of cut back Viscosity

at 600C in CS
SC 30, RC 30 30—40
SC 70, RC 70 70—140
SC 250, MC 250, RC 250 250—500
SC 800, MC 800, RC 800 800—1600
SC 3000, MC 3000, RC 3000 3000— 6000
Bitumen

 Desirable Properties of Bitumen.

1. Sufficiently workable
 to coat and wet mineral aggregate.

2. Sufficiently viscous at high road temperatures

o surfacing will resist deformation.

3. Sufficiently flexible at low road temperatures

 surfacing will resist cracking or plastic failure.
 LABORATORY TESTING

Penetration Test
Penetration Test
Test Procedure
 Penetration Test
Test Procedure
 Bring the pointer to zero.

 Quickly release the needle

holder for 5 ± 0.1 sec.

 Adjust the instrument to

measure the penetration in
tenths of a millimeter.
Ductility Test

Significance of the test

Ability to form thin films around aggregate
which helps to coat aggregate better

And

Sufficient ductility to overcome the surface

movement due to traffic and temperature
stresses.
The ductility of a bituminous binder

The distance in cm to which a standard briquette of

bitumen can be stretched at a specified temperature of
25 ±0.5C at a speed of 5 cm/min before the thread
breaks.
Ductility Test
Apparatus

 Mould.
Ductility Test
 Preparation of the
sample

The mould is filled with

hot liquid bitumen until
the mould is more than
level full.
Ductility Test

Bitumen samples

Water media

Ductility bath
 Ductility Test
Testing Procedure

 Rate of stretching
apart the briquette is
5cm/min ±5.0%

 The briquettes are

pulled at a uniform
speed until rupture.
Loss on Heating test

sample of bitumen is left

for five hours in a
revolving shelf oven,
temperature at 1630C.
SOFTENING POINT TEST

The softening point is the temperature at

which the substance attains a particular
degree of softening under specified condition
of test.
 Ring and ball apparatus

The test consists of placing

a standard steel ball on a
bitumen sample placed in a
steel ring and immersed in
either water or glycerin.
 The bath is heated at a uniform rate
of 5C/min.

If
 S.P <80C heating shall be started
from 5 C
(samples shall remain at 5C for
15min.)

 S.P >80C heating shall be started

from room temp.
 The average temperature at which the
each bitumen surrounding the ball
touches the bottom plate is considered
as the S.P.

 Note:
Each temperature shall not differ by 5 C
FLASH POINT AND FIRE POINT

Flash point
The flash point of a material is the lowest temperature
at which the vapour of a substance takes fire in the
form of a flash under specified conditions.

Fire point
The fire point is the lowest temperature at which the
substance gets ignited and burns under specified
condition.
Significance

The flash point and the fire point tests are safety
tests. The maximum temperature to which the
bitumen can be safely heated should be below
the flash point.
FLASH POINT AND FIRE POINT
A sample of bitumen is heated
initially at the rate of 140 to 17C per
minute while stirring the specimen
until the temp of the specimen
reaches a temp. below anticipated
flash point.

After that the rate of heating shall be

50C 60C

The test flame is applied over the

sample at intervals of 2sec.
BITUMEN EMULSION

 Oil in water
emulsion Bitumen
Emulsion
CATIONIC EMULSIFIER
Ammonium Chloride
Amine Acid ion ion
R–NH2 + HCl R–NH3+ + Cl-

R = Carbon chain (C16-C20)

EMULSIFIERS FUNCTION
Cl-
Cl- Cl-
Cl-

Cl-
Cl-

Cl-
Cl-

Cl-
Cl-
Cl-
Cl-
BITUMEN EMULSION
COMPONENTS
 Bitumen
 Solvent
 Water
 Emulsifier
 Acid
 Stabiliser
 Polymers
SETTLEMENT OF
EMULSION
FLOCCULATION
COAGULATION
 BREAKING AND SETTING OF
EMULSION
Water 2. Breaking

1. Emulsion

3. Setting
Breaking and Setting of Emulsion

Factors Effecting for Setting Rate of Emulsion

1. Water absorption of aggregate
2. Weather condition
3. Mechanical forces
4. Surface area
5. Surface charge
6. Emulsion and aggregate temp.
7. Type of emulsifier
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
DOES SIZE MATTER?
 Distribution
 Smaller particles gives
 More stable emulsion
 Higher viscosity

 90% < 12 µm
 Mean = 3-5 µm
PROPERTIES OF BITUMEN EMULSION
•Intrinsic
Does not depend on the mineral products of other
materials
Eg. Viscosity, Storage stability
•Extrinsic
depends on other materials
Eg.Adhesivity, breaking speed
VISCOSITY TEST

Viscosity is defined as
the resistance to flow of
a fluid.

 saybolt furol
viscosimeter.
In this test the emulsion is
allowed to flow through a
standard orifice at standard
temperature.

The time taken to flow 60 cc

of emulsion through the
orifice is taken as the
viscosity in Saybolt Furol
seconds .
VISCOSITY TEST
 40

30
viscosity stv

20

10

55 60 65 70

Asphalt Content %
 Distillation Test

Significance
The proportions of bitumen, solvents
and water present in an emulsion can
be determined by the distillation test.

 Additional tests are carried out

on the base residue to examine
the properties of the base
asphalt, which was used when
manufacturing emulsion.
STORAGE STABILITY TEST
During storage the bitumen droplets have a tendency
to settle giving a lower bitumen content in the upper
part of the tank.

 In this test, emulsion is left in a cylinder for a

certain period of time at room temperature
without disturbing.
 The degree of setting is expressed as the
difference in bitumen content between a
sample from the top of the cylinder and
one from the bottom. The test is usually
carried out for 24 hrs. or 5 days.
 STORAGE STABILITY

binder less dense

than water phase

binder more dense

than water phase

creaming settlement
 SIEVE TEST

This test measures the percentage of

bitumen present in the form of large
globules.
850m sieve.

The amount of bitumen

retained on the sieve is
determined.
SIEVE TEST

•200g emulsion
•800,150 or 120 micron sieve
•balance to 0.01g
•soap or acid
•ca.30mn
•+/- 0.1 %
SIGNIFICANCE

Large particles may clog the nozzles of

spraying equipment and they will not
provide a thin and uniform coating of
aggregate .
CEMENT MIXING TEST
This test is applicable only to slow setting
emulsions. This test is done to determine
the rate at which the bitumen emulsion
breaks.

A sample of emulsion is mixed with finely ground

cement and mixture is washed over a fine sieve till
the washing runs clear.

Specifications limit the

amount of material that may
be retained on the sieve.
 Specifications
Test method Standard CRS-1 CRS-2 CMS-2 CMS-2h CSS-1 CSS-1h

Residual content, % ASTM >60 >65 >65 >65 >60 >60

Viscosity, SF, 25°C, sec. ASTM 20 -100 20 - 100

Viscosity, SF, 50°C, sec. ASTM 20 -100 100 - 400 50 - 450 50 - 450

Sieve test, 850 mic. % ASTM

24 hours <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1

Sieve test, 125 mic. %

24 hours AA <0,1 >0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1

Breaking index, gram FAS <90 <90 <140 <140

Storage stability, % ASTM <1,0 <1,0 <1,0 <1,0 <1,0 <1,0

Cement mixing, % ASTM <2,0 <2,0

Penetration, mm/10 ASTM 100-250 100-250 100-250 40 - 90 100-250 40-90

 THEORETICAL LAYOUT FOR THE
MANUFACTURE OF BITUMEN EMULSION

Bitumen Diluent Emulsifier Water Acid

flux

Dispersed Dispersing
Phase agent

Mill

Storage
Emulsion
 Emulsification
Emulsion

Mill Bitumen
Water-phase
 Why Use Emulsions?

 Cold processes save

energy
 Easier handling and
storage
 Safe and environmentally
friendlier
Tack Coat
Applications Tack Coat

Maintenance Slurry Seal, Micro Surfacing, Surface Dressing

Wearing Coarse Cold mix

Base
Prime Coat

Cold mix

Sub base
Tack Coat
Prime Coat
Pothole patching
Surface Dressing
Poor Spray Distribution
Cold mix plant
TYPES OF COLD MIXES
Main problems associated with cold mix
Considerable amount of uncoated coarser
aggregate
Presence of dust balls
Lack of bonding of aggregate particles

Application of Cold Mix

Patching of potholes
Resurfacing
Design of cold mix
Determine the quantities of binder as well as water to
suit the properties and the grading of the aggregate
available at the construction site.

Generally
Weight of aggregate =w
Emulsion =6-7% of w
Water =5-5.5% of w
Slurry Seal

 Waterproofing
 Fill minor Surface Voids
 Improves Coefficient of Friction
 Improves oxidised surfaces
DESIGN OF SLURRY SEAL
To determine the quantity of emulsion, water and
cement to suit the aggregate available at the site.

Types of slurry seals

Depends on the grading of the aggregate
Fine seal (type-1)
General seal (type-2)
Coarse seal (type-3)
 GRADING REQUIREMENTS FOR AGGREGATE

Sieve Percentage by mass of total

size aggregate passing test sieve

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

3/8 in. (9.5mm) 100 100 100

No.4 (4.75mm) 100 90 - 100 70 - 90
No.8 (2.36mm) 90 - 100 65 - 90 45 - 70
No.16 (1.18mm) 65 - 90 45 - 70 28 - 50
No.30 (600m) 40 - 60 30 - 50 19 - 34
No.50 (300m) 25 - 42 18 - 30 12 - 25
No.100 (150m) 15 - 30 10 - 21 7 - 18
No.200 ( 75m) 10 - 20 5 - 15 5 - 15
SPREADING OF SLURRY
SEAL
Mix time

Set time

Time for open to traffic

• Testing and specifications

• Emulsion formulation
• Emulsifier selection
• Field control additives
• Gradation –
• used in calculating theoretical asphalt content,
maintain proper void content, affects surface
texture and workability
• Soundness -
• determines durability and resistance to
weathering disintegration
• LA AV –
• determines the hardness and resistance to
abrasion under traffic
• Sand Equivalent –
• determines the amount of clay or plastic fines
in the aggregate
• Methylene Blue –
• determines fines reactivity
• Wet Track Abrasion Test (WTAT)
determines the abrasion resistance of
slurry surfacing mixture relative to asphalt
content
simulates wet abrasive conditions such as
vehicle turning
measures the minimum asphalt content of
the system
 Manual slurry sealing

Cleaning the cracked surface

Slurry sealed location
Applying tack coat
Applying slurry seal
Slurry sealed location
Transeverse cracks
Crocodile cracks
Shear Cracks
Longitudinal Cracks
Reflection cracking Edge cracking
Manual method of crack sealing
Crack sealed surface
 conclusion
 Know how

 Quality = Success

 Accuracy