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Abstract
Remote Sensing, GIS and GPS plays a vital component in monitoring vineyard cultivation in a near
real time manner for delivering appropriate management inputs. A crux of vineyard distribution
according to climatic conditions and consequence of adverse climatic conditions on production
of vine is dealt without ambiguity. Role of remote sensing (optical and hyperspectral) on
vineyard distribution, discrimination by various techniques, deriving both biophysical and
biochemical variables from satellite images and monitoring of vine at various growth stages has
been reviewed extensively. Field management of irrigation and nutrient on vine has been
detailed elaborately. Vine cultivation and its importance, rootstock development, vineyard
establishment, canopy management, pest and disease monitoring are deliberated both by field
approach and its assessment through remote sensing and Geographic Information System. Thus
remote sensing and GIS tools provide valuable information to vine growers and policy planners
to take appropriate measures for optimal growth and development of vine for sustainable
production.
Introduction
Distribution of vine
Vine is probably the most broadly grown temperate fruit crop in the tropics and subtropics with a total world
production of above 3 million tonnes. India’s production of over one million tonnes is primary world producer and
Brazil productionseems lesser than one million tonnes Possingham (2004). Vine is grown under a variety of soil
and climatic conditions, namely, hot tropical, sub-tropical and mild tropical climatic regions (Iland et al.,
2009;Demir, 2014) in India.Among the countries with tropical climatic conditions, developing countries namely
Brazil, India, Thailand and Venezuela play an important roles in the tropical Vine production in the world (S.
Jogaiah, 2013).The main varieties cultivated are Thompson Seedless and itsvarieties include, Tas-A-Ganesh,
Sonaka and Perlette white vines. Among the coloured table Vines Sharad Seedless, Flame Seedless, Red Globe etc.
are mainly cultivated.
1,2
Centre for Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, 3Centre for Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Sathyabama University,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
4
Assistant Professor (SS&AC), Madurai Agricultural College, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai District, Tamil Nadu,
India.
Correspondence: Dr. Nethaji Mariappan, Sathyabama University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail Id: nethajim@gmail.com
Orcid Id: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0906-9314
How to cite this article: Mariappan VEN, Pooja VS, Batvari BPD et al. Grape Cultivation and Management Approaches by
Geospatial Tools - A Review. J Adv Res GeoSci Rem Sens 2017; 4(1&2): 17-28.
ISSN: 2455-3190
Raisins are made mainly from Thompson Seedless and Hot tropical region
Tas-A-Ganesh.Many wine Vine varieties viz., Cabernet
Sauvignon, Merlot, Shiraz (for red wines); Sauvignon High temperature during summermonths are
Blanc, Chenin Blanc, Chardonnay (for white wines) prevailing in Maharashtraexclusively in Satara, Latur,
have been introduced and are undercultivation as well Sangli, Nashik, Solapur, Puneand Osmabad districts.
as under evaluation (Adsule et al., 2012). Based on the Mahbubnagar, Anantapur, Hyderabad, Medak and
viticulture practices and the rainfall the Vine growing Ranga Reddy districtsof Andhra Pradesh; Gulberga,
regions are classified as follows (NRC Vines, Pune: Belgaum, Bijapur and Bagalkot, districts of Karnataka
crop profile). are the viticulture region accounting for 70 percent of
the area under table vines in the country. Vines do not
Vine is one of the commercial fruit crop grown on
undergo dormancy due to high temperature and
diversified soils. Spain is the largest area coverage for
therefore double pruning is practicedfollowed by a
vines (12,00,000 ha) and Italy is the largest producer
single harvest at the end of the crop period.These
of vines in the world (83,25,888 tons) respectively. In
region lie between 15° and 20° N latitude where
India, it is grown on 60, 200 hectares with an annual
extreme variation diurnal vine growth and quality are
production of 15,46,300 tones and has the second
commonly characterized (Commins et al., 2012),
highest yield of 25.69 tons/ha (NRC Vines, Pune: crop
where maximum of 42°C and minimum temperature
profile). Maharashtra stands first in area and
8°C respectively.
production, followed by Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh (Somkuwar and Adsule, 2004; Adsule.2013a). This considerable increase in temperature will affect
Approximately 85 percent of the total productionis very likely vine phenology, leading to high-
consumed as table vine rather than used in wine temperature ripening processes and to technological,
industry. About 1,20,000 tonnes of Thompson phenolic and aromatic ripeness differentiation
Seedless, Sonaka, ManikChaman and Tas-A-Ganesh (Schultz & Jones, 2010), an thocyanin synthesis is
are used as raisins. Around 20,000 tonnes of highly related to temperature, beyond 30 °C after
Bangalore Blue are crushed to make juice, and 10,000 véraisondeter anthocyanin formation (Mori et al.,
tonnes of Chenin Blanc, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, 2007). The major problems in this region are soil,
Bangalore Blue, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Uni vinevigour, micro climate, water salinity, drought and
Blanc are crushed to process into wine. harvest date (Carbonneau, 2010). Berry growth is
The aim of present review is to understand the reduced and a pink blush appears on green berries
distribution of grape, aspects of cultivation, pest and due to lowtemperaturesof 8°C. Thompson Seedless,
disease management and assessment of grapes by Tas-A-Ganesh, Sonaka, Anab-e-Shahi, Sharad Seedless
Remote Sensing and GIS for productivity and Flame Seedless are the varieties grown in this
improvement. region.
mostly cover the northwestern plains extending 23° An area covered by 10° and 15° N latitude,
and 40° N latitude hot season duration is longer, cold commercial Vinecultivationis limited to Bangalore and
season is milder and rainy (Demor, 2014) including Kolar districts of Karnataka, Chittoor district of Andhra
Delhi; Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh; Haryana Pradesh and Coimbatore, Madurai, Dindigul,
including Hissar and Jind districts; Punjabcovering Krishnagiriand Theni districts of Tamil Nadu fall in this
Gurdaspur, Ferozpur, Bhatindaand Ludhiana districts. region (Census of India, 2011;Shikhamany, 2001)are
Vines undergo dormancy and bud break stage usually the important districts for vine cultivation. Theni
coinciding in the beginning of Marchmonth whereas district was highest among the districts in vine
the rains arrive in the first week of June, and production (Sundaresan and Thanasekaran 1984) in
therefore, approximately three months are available Tamil Nadu. This region is frequented for maximum
from the initiation of growth to harvest. Early ripening temperature of36°C and a minimum temperature of
variety Perlette is more suitably grown in this region. 12°C. Anab-e-Shahi, Bangalore Blue, Muscat Hamburg
Vinedamage for Thompson Seedless varietydue to and Bhokriare harvested as two crops in a year.
rainfall is a serious concern in this region, single Vinifera varieties are susceptible to mildew suffer
pruning and a single harvestis being followed (Vairam losses due to unexpected rains at the time of
and Muniyandi, 2013). flowering and fruit set in mild tropical regions.
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Mariappan VEN et al. J. Adv. Res. GeoSci. Rem. Sens. 2017; 4(1&2)
namely TCARI (Transformed Chlorophyll Absorption in were more closely related in vineyard blocks (R2= 0.91
Reflectance Index) based on 550, 670 and 800 nm to 0.98). Such temporal stability between the NDVI
wavelength, OSAVI (Optimised Soil Adjusted and LAI valuesprovide a new insight of transforming
Vegetation Index) at 670 and 800 nm, or PRI NDVI maps to LAI units, at least on a localized basis,
(Photochemical Reflectance Index) at 570 and 539 and periodically reduce subsequent ground
nmbased in other narrow wavelengths are explored to calibration. This reduction in fieldwork ultimately
detect chlorosis, water stress or nutrition deficiencies benefit viticulturist economically by decreasing the
in vine (Zarco-Tejadaet al., 2005). field observation and information cost for monitoring
LAI sequentially within season, or who wish to track
Chen, 2011, developed a GIS-based solution for year-to-year changes in climax LAI with a single image
identifying suitable area growing specific wine-Vine collected annually.
cultivars in Nebraska. Geographic analysis showed a
distribution patterns of important climatic, Vine phenology observations are essential for
topographic and soil factors for a regional scale for ecological adaptability of vine varieties, crop
this study.Vine growers might understand the management and crop modelling. Remotely sensed
importance of GIS tool for a careful site evaluation vegetation indices are used to estimate canopy
prior to expending resources to initiate a vineyard parameters (Glennet al., 2008). Time-series of satellite
operation.(Acharya and Yang, 2015) employed GIS for imagery can rapidly provide a synoptic and objective
determining the suitable locations for vineyard view of vine vegetation in a dynamic manner that may
farming in Nepal based on the slope, aspect, soil, land suitablyutilized for vineyard management.Time-series
cover and physiographic factors. The results showed a of satellite imagery can rapidly provide a synoptic and
positive suitability relationship for middle hilly areas objective view of vine vegetation dynamics that may
for vine growing. be used forvineyard management. Temporal data set
of ten-day vegetation image composites for the years
Vine Monitoring 1999 to 2007 were used to develop spatial and
temporal profile in the Normalized Difference
Earth Observation (EO) imagery is utilized for a rapid Vegetation Index (NDVI) and their relationship with
assessment of the vegetative characteristics of large ground based observation of vine phenology for two
vineyard areas (Hall et al., 2002; Johnson et al., study sites were studied. The ground-based vineyard
2003b). Usage of different satellite images having phenology and satellite-derived flowering showed an
different spatial resolutions like SPOT-5 (2.5 m pan- average spread deviation of 3 daysCunha et al.,
sharpened), IKONOS (1 m pan-sharpened) and (2010).
Worldview-2 (50 cm pan-sharpened) for vineyard
mapping explores the potential impact of spatial Bonilla et al., 2015 studied of the spatial variability of
resolution on vineyard parcel identification and vine composition in a rainfedTempranillo vineyard
proposed the most appropriate data for vineyard located in Rioja (Spain)based on the acquisition of
applications (Sertel et al., 2012). Three pilot regions multispectral imagery at veraison and derived zones
Sarkoyhas an area of 555 km2 providing the highest based on NDVI, for assessing its performance onzonal
amount of Vine production in Tekirdagcity were management. The study revealed a high spatial
selected in Sarkoycounty of Tekirdag, Turkey. variability within the plot, with a stable pattern over
Digitization technique providesuseful information on the years; NDVI was a good predictor of vegetative
deriving the boundaries from each imagesof vineyard growth variables. It showed strongest correlations
parcelsand vineyard maps. Boundaries obtained from with leaf length, exposed leaf area, pruning weight,
various satellite images were evaluated withoverlay and total shoot. NDVI exhibited a positive significant
analysis to find out the impact of spatial resolution as relationship for bunch weight and berry weight and a
Worldview-2 data distinguished all parcels of three negative relationship for amount of yield per vine,
different sites whatever the size and the texture of sugar content, total acidity, totalphenolics for three
the vineyard parcels on vineyard mapping. years of study.
Johnson, 2003a studied remotely sensed values from Production of planting material
Ikonos satellite images for normalized difference
vegetation index (NDVI) were derived regularly during Development of Rootstock
the 2001 growing season, and compared with
vineyard leaf area index (LAI) during that same period Vines are multiplied exclusively by the rooting of
as ground measurements. These two derived variables hardwood cuttings. Growers themselves obtain the
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Pests Diseases
Vine is prone to insect / pest development due to The important Vine diseases are downy mildew,
prevailing agroclimaticconditions.It is understood that powdery mildew and anthracnose caused by fungal
Thripsare sucking pest that feed on lower leaf surface, pathogens at the warm climate with wet or humid
younger shoots, ovaries of flowers and newly set conditions and rust infection usually occur on older
berries. Trips namely Scirtothripsdorsalisand leaves (Adsule, 2013a; Adsule 2013b). Instances of
Rhipiphorothripscruentatus are dominant pests for bacterial infection were observed on vine (Chand and
vine yield reduction. They suck the sap form ovaries of Kishun, 1990) for Indian region. Downy mildew and
flowers affect berries lead to flower shedding and loss anthracnose is prevalent in all vine growing regions of
in yield. This incidence is prevalent throughout the the country especially during monsoon season
year and endemic during flowering and early berry coincide with higher relative humidity. Downy mildew
formation stage. is highly destructive disease of vines may cause 100%
crop loss if not controlled during favorable weather. It
Flea beetles is caused by Plasmoparaviticola, characterized by
small light brown or greyish black lesions on young
The adult beetles (Scelodontastrigicollis) scrape the leaves. Anthracnoseis caused by fungus
sprouting buds and eat them up completely after each Elsonieampilina and Elsonieviticolaon leaves produces
pruning and thus buds fail to sprout.They also feed on small circular lesions, bark of the stem also attacks the
tender shoots and leaves and cause substantial flower clusters and young fruits respectively.Powdery
damage to emerging shoots. Beetle activity varies mildew is caused by parasitic fungi Uncinulanecator
according to the region, its activity is pronounced in prevalent in all the Vine growing regions in India. The
the month of March in North India and associate with disease is characterized by the presence of white
the pruning season in South and West India. powderycoating in patches on both sides of the
leaves, young shoots and immature berries invariably
Mealy Bugs
of all the regions in India in table 3.
Mealy bugs are the major group of sucking pest
A bacterial infection named bacterial canker is caused
affecting 50-100 per cent vine yield loss in India. They
by bacterium; Xanthomonascampestries in fects all
prefer high temperature and low relative humidity
aerial parts of vine. Disease is characterized by
and thus population increases in mid-December. Bugs
irregular growth, stunting and splitting of shoot at
at nymph stage and adults are prone attack tender
advanced stages of infection.Rust disease is caused by
shoots by sucking sap resulting in curling and
fungus Phakospohravitis. An orange spores are seen
malformation of vines resulting in stunting of the new
on the matured leaves of Vines and is prevalent in
shoots.
tropical and sub tropical regions. Minor diseases like
leaf blight and bunch necrosis are caused by Alteneria
sp. Cause fruit rotting at low temperatures (NRC
Vines, Pune: crop profile).
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