Tugas Akhir Evaluasi Kapasitas Penampang

2D Modeling and Mapping with
HEC-RAS 5.0
Gary Brunner, P.E., D.WRE, M.ASCE
Mark Jensen
Steven Piper
Cameron Ackerman
Alex Kennedy
Ben Chacon, Ph.D, RMA
US Army Corps of Engineers

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Overview
 HEC-RAS Mapper
 2D Flow Modeling Capabilities/Features
 Example 2D Modeling Applications
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RAS Mapper
 RAS Mapper is completely new for version
5.0
 Goals:
► Visualization of results
► Improve the efficiency of hydraulic modeling
► Utilize and focus modelers skill using RAS
► Reduce the dependency of GIS skills
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RAS Mapper
Data Layers
Window
Status
Window Display
Window
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RAS Mapper Terrain
 Single or multiple terrain model support
 Flexible tile arrangements
 Different data resolutions per tile ok!
 No intended terrain file size limitations
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TIN Stitches
 Covers transitions across datasets
 Fills in holes in terrain data
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Example Terrain Layer Columbia River
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Channel Data
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Channel Data
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Adding Channel Data
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Adding Channel Data
 New Terrain
 Priority – Channel data highest priority
Terrain with Channel
Terrain Visualization
 Color Ramp
 Contours
 Hillshade
 Additional options
Hill Shading
Contour Plotting
Land Cover Data
 Support use of Land Cover data for
estimating Manning’s n values
► Raster and Shapefile polygon datasets
 NLCD 2011
► http://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd2011.php (30-m raster)
 USGS LULC
► http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/ds240/index.html (vector)
► http://edcftp.cr.usgs.gov/pub/data/landcover/states/ (30-m raster)
 Additional Resources-
http://landcover.usgs.gov/landcoverdata.php
Imperfect Data
2D Area Manning’s n Regions
Manning’s n by Land Cover
RAS-Mapper Results Mapping
 Dynamic Mapping - Animation
► On-the-fly mapping – you don’t have to wait
for inundation map to be processed!
 Stored Maps – Depth Grid written to a file.
Dynamic Mapping
Adding a New Results Map Layer
 Depth, Elevation, Flow, Velocity, Shear Stress
 Inundation Boundary
 Arrival Time, Duration, Percent Time Inundated,
Recession, (at a certain depth)
 Hazards (depth*velocity and depth*V2)
Creating Static (Stored) Maps
 Tools – Manage Results Maps
Results Layer Properties
Querying RAS Mapper Results
Profile Lines
Time of Arrival
RAS Mapper – Background Imagery
RAS Mapper - NLD
Export RAS Tiles for Web
Mapping
Display Results in Web Browser
 Write out Depth Grid to a Tile Cache
 Place Tile Cache on a Server
 Text or email people the URL to the Tile
Cache
 Example:
http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/Maps/demo/modesto-dev
2D Unsteady Flow Modeling Directly
Inside HEC-RAS
 Why:
 Need a fast and robust 1D/2D Unsteady Flow Solution for Flood Risk
Management Type Analyses (Monte Carlo), Dam and Levee breaching
 Improved hydrodynamic modeling for complex river/floodplain situations
 What:
 2D Flow Areas are analogous to HEC-RAS Storage Areas
 Multiple 2D Flow Areas in a single run
 Flexible Connections to 1D model elements
 Directly Time Step by Time Step Coupled 1D/2D Computations inside of
HEC-RAS Unsteady Flow Engine
 More Accurate overbank flow water surfaces and flow paths
 Faster than separate 1D and 2D programs combined
HEC-RAS Two Dimensional Flow
Modeling Advantages/Capabilities
1. The ability to perform 1D, 2D only, or Combined 1D and 2D modeling
2. The 2D equation solver uses an Implicit Finite Volume algorithm.
3. Can solve either 2D Diffusion Wave or 2D Full Saint Venant Eqns.
4. The 1D and 2D solution algorithms are tightly coupled on a time step
by time step basis (or even iteration by iteration).
5. The software was designed to use Unstructured or Structured
Computational Meshes. The outer boundary of the computational
mesh is defined with a multi-point polygon.
6. The underlying terrain and the computational mesh are pre-processed in
order to develop detailed Hydraulic Property Tables for the Cells and
the Cell Faces.
7. Mapping of the combined 1D/2D inundation area, and animations of the
flooding can be done right inside of RAS, using RAS-Mapper.
8. The 2D flow computations take advantage of Multi-processors
9. 64 Bit and 32 Bit Computational Engines.
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2D Hydraulics
 Mass Conservation (Continuity)
 Full Momentum Conservation (Shallow Water Eqns.)
 Gravity and Friction
 Hydrostatic pressure
 Acceleration (local and convective)
 Turbulent eddy viscosity (optional)
 Coriolis term (optional)
 Diffusion Wave Equation
 Gravity and Friction
 Hydrostatic pressure
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Full Momentum vs. Diffusion Wave
 Example uses for Full Momentum:
► Flows with dynamic changes in acceleration (Rapid rise and fall)
► Locations with abrupt spatial contractions and expansions with high velocity
changes
► Waves bouncing off walls and objects, etc…
► Detail solution of flows around obstacles, bridge piers and abutments
► Detailed mixed flow regime: sub to supercritical flow transitions, and hydraulic
jumps (Super to subcritical)
► Tidal boundary conditions (wave propagation upstream)
► Super Elevation around Bends
 Example uses for Diffusion Wave:

► Flow is mainly driven by gravity and friction
► Fluid acceleration is monotonic and smooth, no waves
► To compute rough global estimates such as flood extent
► To assess interior areas due to levee breaches
► For quick estimations before a full momentum run
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Instantaneous Dam/Levee Breach
Instantaneous Dam/Levee Breach
Velocity (m/s) Animation
Unstructured/Flexible
Computational Mesh
 Irregular polygon outer boundary
 Grid can be unstructured (irregular) or structured
(rectangles), or mixed
 Computational cells can vary in shape or size. Cells can
have any number of sides (HEC-RAS: up to 8 sides)
 Cells must be concave
 HEC-RAS can handle orthogonal and non-orthogonal
grids, but orthogonality simplifies formulation and reduces
compute time. (Grid orthogonality is where the centers of two
adjacent cells are perpendicular to the face between them)
HEC-RAS 2D Flow Area
Example Flexible Computational Mesh
Break Lines for Channel Banks
Cell and Face Pre-Processing
 Each cell, and cell face, of the computational mesh is pre-
processed in order to develop detailed hydraulic property tables
based on the underlying terrain used in the modeling process.
 The 2D Mesh pre-processor computes a detailed elevation-volume
relationship for each cell.
 Each face of a computational cell is pre-processed into detailed
hydraulic property tables (elevation versus, wetted perimeter, area,
roughness, etc…).
 Computational cells can be partially wet.
 This allows the user to use larger computational cells, without
losing too much of the details of the underlying terrain.
 The net effect is that larger cells means less computations, which
means much faster run times.
 Additionally, HEC-RAS will produce more detailed results for a
given cell size than other models that use a single elevation for
each cell and face.
Computational Mesh with Detailed
Sub-grid Terrain Data - Continued
Computational Cells are Pre-Processed
Elevation vs. Volume
Computational Faces are Pre-Processed
Elevation vs. Area, Wetted Perimeter, and n
Benefits of using the detailed sub-terrain for
the cell and face hydraulic properties
Benefits of Combined 1D/2D
Solution Algorithm
 Can model larger systems
► 1D modeling where appropriate
► 2D modeling where it is needed
► Ex. 1D River system – 2D Areas behind
levees
 Faster Computational Speed
 More accurate flow transfers between 1D
and 2D elements
New Madrid Floodway
Current limitations of the 2D modeling
capabilities in HEC-RAS 5.0
 More flexibility for adding internal hydraulic structures inside

of a 2D flow area (culverts/gates)
 Cannot currently perform sediment transport
erosion/deposition in 2D flow areas.
 Cannot current perform water quality modeling in 2D flow
areas.
 Cannot connect Pump stations to 2D flow area cells.
 Cannot use the HEC-RAS bridge modeling capabilities inside
of a 2D flow area. You can do culverts, weirs, and breaching
by using the SA/2D Area Conn tool.
Development of a 2D Unsteady Flow
Model with HEC-RAS
 Development of the 2D Computational Mesh:
 Develop a Terrain model and background imagery in RAS
Mapper. These can now be used in the RAS geometry editor.
 Draw a Polygon for the Boundary of the 2D Area
 Add any break lines needed for levees, roads, and high ground
barriers
 Enter a nominal cell size to Create the 2D Computational Mesh
 Edit/Modify the Computational Mesh as needed
 Run the 2D Geometric Pre-Processor
 Connecting 2D Flow Area(s) to 1D Hydraulic Elements
 Enter Boundary and Initial Conditions Data
 Run the combined 1D/2D Unsteady-Flow Model
 View combined 1D/2D output with RAS-Mapper
Create a Terrain Model and Background
Map Layers in RAS Mapper
Turn on Background Maps in Geometry
Draw a Polygon Boundary for the 2D Area
Create the 2D Computational Mesh
Example Generated Mesh
Adding Break Lines
Connecting 2D Flow Areas to
1D Hydraulic Elements
 Laterally to 1D river reaches using a Lateral
Structure
 Directly to the downstream end or upstream end of
a 1D river reach
 Directly to another 2D Flow Area or Storage Area
using the SA/2D Area Connection.
 Multiple 2D Flow Areas in a single model
 Hydraulic Structures inside a 2D Flow Area
Connected 1D River to 2D Flow
Area with Lateral Structure
Sacramento River System Model
Sacramento River System Model
Natomas, California
Directly connecting an Upstream River
Reach to a Downstream 2D Flow Area
Directly connecting an Upstream 2D Flow
Area to a Downstream River Reach
Connecting a 2D Flow Area to a Storage
Area using a Hydraulic Structure
SA/2D Hydraulic Connection
Montecello Dam Breach Example
Connecting a 2D Flow Area to another 2D
Flow Area using a Hydraulic Structure
Multiple 2D Flow Areas in the one Model
Hydraulic Structures inside a of a 2D Area
Hydraulic Structure Computation Options
Hydraulic Structures inside of a 2D Area
External 2D Flow Area Boundary Conditions
 Flow Hydrograph
 Stage Hydrograph
 Normal Depth
 Rating Curve
 Precipitation
2D Flow Area Initial Conditions
 Dry
 Single Water Surface
 Initial Conditions Ramp Up
 Restart File
Example Applications
 Muncie Indiana, Levee Breaching Analysis
 Detailed Urban Flooding – Grid Resolution Tests
 Detailed Structure with Piers
 New Orleans Gated Outfall design
 Bridge Hydraulics
Muncie Indiana
Muncie Indiana – Grid Resolution Evaluation
200, 100, 50, and 25 ft Grids
Location 3
Location 1 Levee Breach

Levee Location
Overtopping
Location
Location 2
Muncie Breach Flow Hydrographs
13214 LAT STRUCT
4000 Legend
2D 200FT GRID 15 SEC T

2D 100FT GRID
3500
3000
2500
FLOW (CFS)
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2400 0600 1200 1800 2400
02Jan00
Time
Muncie Indiana - Location 1
Muncie Indiana – Location 2
Break lines Added
Location 2 – With Break Lines
Muncie Indiana – Location 3
Muncie Lower Levee Overflow
7300 LAT STRUCT
0 Legend

2D 100FT GRID
-500
-1000
-1500
FLOW (CFS)
-2000
-2500
-3000
-3500
-4000
2400 0600 1200 1800 2400
02Jan00
Time
Muncie – Computational Time
24 hr Simulation, 5 -15s Time Steps
Test No Grid Size No. Cells Time Step RAS Diff Wave Time Step RAS Full Eqns.
1 25ft 21719 10 sec 2 min 57s 5 sec 12 min 29s

2 50ft 5379 15 sec 43s 6 sec 3 min 3s
3 100ft 1323 15 sec 9s 15 sec 17s
4 200ft 321 15 sec 4s 15 sec 5s
Detailed River and Urban Floodplain
10 ft cells – with break lines
 Equation set = Diffusion Wave
 Grid Size = 10 ft X 10 ft
 Time step = 2.0 seconds
 No. Cells = 231490
 Event Duration = 2 days 9 hours
 Run Time = 12 hours 26 minutes
 Buildings left in the terrain on purpose.
Detailed River and Urban Floodplain
50 ft cells– with break lines
 Equation set = Diffusion Wave

 Break lines at high ground along
channel Banks, gravel pits, etc…
 No. Cells = 15050
 Event Duration = 2 days 9 hours
 Run Time = 19 minutes, 51 seconds
 Buildings left in the terrain
Detailed River and Urban Floodplain Animation
Upstream of Weir
2668
Water Surface Elevation (ft)

2667
2666 10 ft Grid
50 ft Grid
2665
2664
2663
2662
2661
2660
2659
4/17/2014 0:00 4/17/2014 12:00 4/18/2014 0:00 4/18/2014 12:00 4/19/2014 0:00 4/19/2014 12:00 4/20/2014 0:00
Upstream of Split
2664
2663 10 ft Grid
50 ft Grid
2662
2661
2660
2659
2658
2657
2656
4/17/2014 0:00 4/17/2014 12:00 4/18/2014 0:00 4/18/2014 12:00 4/19/2014 0:00 4/19/2014 12:00 4/20/2014 0:00
Downstream of Bend
2659

2658
2657
10 ft Grid
50 ft Grid
2656
2655
2654
2653
2652
2651
2650
4/17/2014 0:00 4/17/2014 12:00 4/18/2014 0:00 4/18/2014 12:00 4/19/2014 0:00 4/19/2014 12:00 4/20/2014 0:00
Downstream Outflow (cfs)
16000
Outflow in CFS
14000
10 ft Grid
50 ft Grid
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
4/17/2014 0:00 4/17/2014 12:00 4/18/2014 0:00 4/18/2014 12:00 4/19/2014 0:00 4/19/2014 12:00 4/20/2014 0:00
Detailed 2D Flow Area Model of Proposed
Structure with Piers in Floodplain
3D View of Proposed Structure Piers
Proposed Structure with Piers - Continued
 Equations = Diffusion Wave to

get hotstart, then Full Saint Venant
 Time step = 0.25 second
 No. Cells = 454,603
 Event Duration = 24 hours
 Run Time = 6 hours 64 minutes
Proposed Structure with Piers - Animation
Plot of Velocity Vectors around Piers
Flow Direction and Magnitude
Velocity Tracking and Colored Grids
Pump Station with Gate Openings
 Equation set = Full Momentum
 Cell Size = 1 ft X 1 ft
 Eddie Viscosity Coefficient = 1.0
 No. Cells = 104197
 Event Duration = 30 minutes
 Run Time = 50 minute 46 seconds
Downstream Stage Boundary Conditions
Hydrograph
Upstream Flow Hydrograph:
0 to 12500 cfs over 5 minutes
Downstream Boundaries:
Stage Hydrograph = -1.0 feet
Initial Conditions:
11 Gate Openings Flat water surface at -1.0 feet
Pump Station
Upstream Flow
Hydrograph

Mesh Details – Gate Openings

WSE HEC-RAS 2D and Fluent 3D
Water Surface
2.30 ft

Velocity HEC-RAS 2D and Fluent 3D

Flow and Velocity Comparison
Gate # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Flow
1034 1135 1164 1154 1149 1120 1131 1148 1122 1466 988
RAS
Flow
1091 1124 1110 1110 1102 1083 1099 1132 1144 1491 984
FLUENT
Ave.
Velocity 9.24 9.91 10.28 10.30 10.63 10.40 10.77 10.80 10.63 10.90 6.72
RAS
Ave.
Velocity 9.70 9.92 9.82 9.90 10.00 10.00 10.35 10.79 10.99 10.25 6.78
FLUENT

Velocity Animation

Detailed Bridge Modeling

Conclusions
 HEC-RAS can now perform 1D, 2D, or combined 1D and 2D
modeling
 The 2D capabilities can be used for complex hydraulic
systems.
 The 2D modeling capabilities can handle subcritical,
supercritical, and mixed flow regimes.
 Wetting and drying of cells is extremely robust, due to the
implicit finite volume algorithm.
 The hydraulic property tables allow for a more accurate
representation of the terrain and results in fewer cells being
needed to get accurate hydraulic results. Fewer cells
equates to less computation time, which will allow users to
model larger areas and longer simulation times faster.

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2D Modeling and Mapping with

Gary Brunner, P.E., D.WRE, M.ASCE

US Army Corps of Engineers

 2D Flow Modeling Capabilities/Features

 Example 2D Modeling Applications

 Stored Maps – Depth Grid written to a file.

 Example uses for Diffusion Wave:

 More flexibility for adding internal hydraulic structures inside

Location 1 Levee Breach

2D 200FT GRID 15 SEC T

2D 200FT GRID 15 SEC T

1 25ft 21719 10 sec 2 min 57s 5 sec 12 min 29s

 Buildings left in the terrain on purpose.

 Equation set = Diffusion Wave

Water Surface Elevation (ft)

Water Surface Elevation (ft)

 Equations = Diffusion Wave to

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