Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Resistant Steel
Building Structures
AFT
DR
6
3-0
4-2
Prepared by:
Michael D. Engelhardt
University of Texas at Austin
Design of Seismic-Resistant
Steel Building Structures
1
3 - Concentrically Braced Frames
Advantages
- high elastic stiffness
Disadvantages
- less ductile than other systems (SMFs, EBFs, BRBFs)
- reduced architectural versatility
2
Types of CBFs
3
4
5
Inelastic Response of CBFs under Earthquake Loading
6
Inelastic Response of CBFs under Earthquake Loading
7
8
9
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading
P
Tension
δ
Shortening Elongation
Compression
δ
P
10
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading
P
1. Brace loaded in compression to peak
compression capacity (buckling).
PCR
1
P
1. Brace loaded in compression to peak
compression capacity (buckling).
2. Continue loading in compression.
Compressive resistance drops rapidly.
Flexural plastic hinge forms at mid-
length (due to P-Δ moment in member).
δ
2
PCR
1
plastic hinge
Δ P
11
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading
P
1. Brace loaded in compression to peak
compression capacity (buckling).
2. Continue loading in compression.
Compressive resistance drops rapidly.
Flexural plastic hinge forms at mid-
length (due to P-Δ moment in member).
3
δ 3. Remove load from member (P=0).
Member has permanent out-of-plane
2 deformation.
PCR
1
P
4 4. Brace loaded in tension to yield.
Py
3
δ
2
PCR
1
12
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading
P
4 4. Brace loaded in tension to yield.
Py 5. Remove load from member (P=0).
Member still has permanent out-of-
plane deformation.
3
5
δ
2
PCR
1
P
4 4. Brace loaded in tension to yield.
Py 5. Remove load from member (P=0).
Member still has permanent out-of-
plane deformation.
6. Brace loaded in compression to peak
3 compression capacity (buckling).
5
δ Peak compression capacity reduced
from previous cycle.
2
6
PCR
1
13
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading
P
4 4. Brace loaded in tension to yield.
Py 5. Remove load from member (P=0).
Member still has permanent out-of-
plane deformation.
6. Brace loaded in compression to peak
3 compression capacity (buckling).
5
δ Peak compression capacity reduced
from previous cycle.
7
2
6 7. Continue loading in compression.
PCR Flexural plastic hinge forms at mid-
1 length (due to P-Δ moment in
member).
W6x20 Kl/r = 80
δ
P
14
Experimental Behavior of Brace Under Cyclic Axial Loading
δ
P
15
Developing Ductile Behavior in CBFs
General Approach
16
Developing Ductile Behavior in CBFs
General Approach
17
Maximum Forces Developed by Braces
Braces in Tension - Axial Force:
δ
P
For design:
Pmax = Py Take Pmax = Ry Fy Ag
δ For design:
Presidual ≅ 0.3 Pcr Take Pmax = 1.1 Ry Pn
( Pn = Ag Fcr )
Take Presidual = 0.3 Pn
Pmax = Pcr
18
Maximum Forces Developed by Braces
Braces in Compression - Bending Moment:
Plastic Hinges
P P
M M
For design:
Take Mmax = 1.1 Ry Fy Zbrace (for critical buckling direction)
P P
Plastic Hinge
P P
19
Maximum Forces in Columns and Beams
Braces in tension:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag
Braces in compression:
Example
Tension Braces:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag
Compression Braces:
Take P = 0.3 Pn
20
Example
Ry Fy Ag
0.3 Pn
Ry Fy Ag
0.3 Pn
Example
Tension Braces:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag
Compression Braces:
Take P = 0.3 Pn
21
Example
0.3 Pn
Ry Fy Ag
0.3 Pn
Ry Fy Ag
Column Axial Tension =
Example
Tension Brace:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag
θ
Compression Brace:
Take P = 0.3 Pn
22
Example
Note
Based on elastic frame analysis:
Column Axial Force = Pgravity
Example
Find maximum bending
moment in beam.
Tension Brace:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag
θ
Compression Brace:
Take P = 0.3 Pn
23
Example
θ 0.3 Pn
Ry F y Ag
Example
Compute moment in beam
resulting from application of
concentrated load at midspan
of ( Ry Fy Ag - 0.3 Pn ) sin θ
and add moment due to
gravity load
( Ry Fy Ag - 0.3 Pn ) sin θ
Note
Based on elastic frame analysis:
Moment in beam ≅ 0
24
Example
Find maximum axial
tension and compression
that will be applied to
gusset plate.
θ Tension Brace:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag
Compression Brace:
Take P = 1.1 Ry Pn
Example
Ry Fy Ag
1.1 Ry Pn
25
2005 AISC Seismic Provisions
Section 13
Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF)
13.1 Scope
13.2 Members
13.3 Required Strength of Bracing Connections
13.4 Special Bracing Configuration Requirements
13.5 Column Splices
13.6 Protected Zone
26
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.1 Scope
KL E
Bracing members shall have: ≤4
r Fy
27
13.2a Slenderness
KL E
Bracing members shall have: ≤4
r Fy
Exception:
E KL
Braces with: 4 ≤ ≤ 200
Fy r
Example
28
Example KL E
All bracing members: ≤4
r Fy
OR
0.3 Pn
Ω0 QE
Ry Fy Ag
+
Σ [(1.2 + 0.2SDS) D + 0.5L]
Note: Ω0 = 2 for SCBF and OCBF
0.3 Pn
Example E KL
Bracing members with: 4 ≤ ≤ 200
Fy r
0.3 Pn
Ω0 QE
Ry Fy Ag
+
Σ [(1.2 + 0.2SDS) D + 0.5L]
0.3 Pn
NOT PERMITTED
29
13.2 Members
13.2b Required Strength
30
31
Example
gusset plate
double angle bracing member
Pu= Ry Fy Ag
32
Pu= Ry Fy Ag
Pu= Ry Fy Ag
33
Pu= Ry Fy Ag
Ae Ry Fy
OR: ≥
Ag (0.75 ) Rt Fu
Pu= Ry Fy Ag
34
Also check block shear rupture of bracing member....
Pu= Ry Fy Ag
0.6 Anv Rt Fu
φ Pn = (0.75) Ubs Ant Rt Fu + lesser of
0.6 Agv Ry Fy
35
Example gusset plate
rectangular HSS bracing
member
36
Pu= Ry Fy Ag
Pu= Ry Fy Ag
37
Pu= Ry Fy Ag
Pu= Ry Fy Ag
0.6 Anv Rt Fu
φ Pn = (0.75) Ubs Ant Rt Fu + lesser of
0.6 Agv Ry Fy
Ant ≅ 0
Ant = Agv = 4 L t
38
Also check block shear rupture of bracing member....
Pu= Ry Fy Ag
0.557 × Ag
L≥ = minimum length of welded overlap
t needed based on block shear
rupture in HSS bracing member
39
13.2 Members
13.2c Lateral Force Distribution
13.2 Members
13.2c Lateral Force Distribution
OK
40
13.2 Members
13.2d Width-Thickness Limitations
Columns: λ ≤ λps
41
13.2d Width-Thickness Limitations
plastic hinge
P
Δ
42
43
13.2d Width-Thickness Limitations
b E 29000 ksi
≤ 0.64 = 0.64 = 16.1
t Fy 46 ksi
44
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.3 Required Strength of Bracing Connections
13.3a Required Tensile Strength
45
Ry Fy Ag
Pu cos θ
Pu sin θ
46
Consider load path
through connection
region:
Pu = Ry Fy Ag
Uniform Force Method -
Vertical Component of Pu
transferred to column.
Pu sin θ
Pu sin θ
47
Consider load path through
connection region:
Pu cos θ
Pu sin θ
Pu cos θ
Pu sin θ
48
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.2 Required Strength of Bracing Connections
13.3b Required Flexural Strength
Plastic Hinges
M M
49
1.1 Ry Mp-brace
50
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.3 Required Strength of Bracing Connections
13.3b Required Flexural Strength
Exception:
P P
Plastic Hinge
P P
51
To accommodate brace end rotation: provide "fold line"
Buckling perpendicular
to gusset plate
52
2t
2t
53
2t
2t
Styrofoam
54
55
56
2t
t
>2
>2t
57
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.3 Required Strength of Bracing Connections
13.3c Required Compressive Strength
1.1 Ry Pn
Check:
- buckling of gusset plate
- web crippling for beam and column
58
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.4 Special Bracing Configuration Requirements
13.4a V-Type and Inverted V-Type Bracing
59
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.4 Special Bracing Configuration Requirements
13.4a V-Type and Inverted V-Type Bracing
Example
L
θ 0.3 Pn
Ry F y Ag Beam-to-column connections:
simple framing
60
Example
( Ry Fy Ag - 0.3 Pn ) sin θ
( Ry Fy Ag + 0.3 Pn ) cos θ
and
61
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.4 Special Bracing Configuration Requirements
13.4b K-Type Bracing
62