Coahuilteco

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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
BULLETIN 127
FROM
LINGUISTIC MATERIAL
THE TRIBES OF SOUTHERN TEXAS
AND NORTHEASTERN MEXICO
By
JOHN R. SWANTON
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
BULLETIN 127
FROM
LINGUISTIC MATERIAL
THE TRIBES OF SOUTHERN TEXAS
AND NORTHEASTERN MEXICO
By
JOHN R. SW ANTON
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1940
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 20 cents

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
Smithsonian Institution,
Bureau of American Ethnology,
Washington, D. C, July 1, 1939.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled
"Linguistic Material from the Tribes of Southern Texas and North-
eastern Mexico," by John R. Swanton, and to recommend that it
be published as a bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

Very respectfully yours,
M. W. Stirling, Chief.
Dr. C. G. Abbot,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Historical sketch 1
The material 4
Phonetics 8
Coahuilteco-English vocabulary 10^
English-Coahuilteco index 60"
Words from a dialect spoken near the Mission of San FranciBco Solano,
below Eagle Pass on the Rio Grande 54
English-San Francisco Solano index 55
Additional Coahuilteco words from the Mission records 56-
Comecrudo-English vocabulary 55
Comecrudo texts 105
Dancing song 105
English-Comecrudo index 107
Cotoname-English vocabulary 118
English-Cotoname index 120
Maratino-English vocabulary 122
English-Maratino index 123
Words in Aranama 124
Karankawa-English dictionary 124
English-Karankawa index 130
Supplementary material 134
External and internal relations of the South Texas tongues 137
V
LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM THE TRIBES OF
SOUTHERN TEXAS AND NORTHEASTERN MEXICO '
By John R. Swanton
HISTORICAL SKETCH
Around the northwestern angle of the Gulf of Mexico, and encircled
by tribes belonging to the large and better known linguistic families
called Muskhogean, Siouan, Caddoan, Athapascan, Uto-Aztecan,
Otomian, and Mayan (the last-named represented by the Huastec),
there was early in the sixteenth century a great number of tribes or
bands which differed markedly from their neighbors in language and
showed great diversity among themselves. These tribes extended
from the Mississippi River to the neighborhood of Panuco, Mexico,
on the south and Monclova, Coahuila, on the west. The original
linguistic classifications of Powell and Orozco y Berra ranged these
tribes under 10 stocks, Natchesan, Tonikan, Chitimachan, Attacapan,
Tonkawan, Karankawan, Coahuiltecan, TamauHpecan, Janambrian,
and Olivean. Later researches, however, have shown that Natchesan
is remotely connected with the Muslchogean family and that Tonikan,
Chitimachan, and Attacapan are mutually related, while Olivean

was the language of a single tribe converted in 1544 by a Fran-
ciscan missionary. Father Olmos, and drawn to southern Tamaulipas
from their old home, apparently somewhere in Texas. It seems cer-
tain from this that the Olive belonged to one of the other stocks men-
tioned though, for want of any specimen of their speech, we shall
probably never know which.
The language of the Tonkawan Indians has been carefully studied
by Prof. Harry Hoijer of the University of Chicago, whose recently
printed sketch is nov/ available to students, and will be followed in
time by a dictionary. Tunica and Chitimacha are being made the sub-
jects of intensive investigations by Dr. Morris Swadesh and Dr. Mary
R. Haas, and all of the available material in Atakapa, now wholly ex-
tinct, was recently published as Bulletin 108 of the Bureau of American
Ethnology. So far as we are nov/ aware, the remaining languages, those
1 and adjacent sec-
Linguistic material from the Indian languages formerly spoken in southern Texas
tions of Mexico, including Coahuilteco, from the Manual Bartholome Garcia, a vocabulary from the
of
mission records of San Francisco Solano, vocabularies of Comecrudo and Cotoname collected by Dr.
Albert S. Gatschet, material in Maratino, from Father Santa Maria, and Karankawa from the vocabu-
laries of Dr. A. S. Gatschet, and those of Berenger and the brothers Talon, as published by MM. le
Baron Marc de Villiers du Terrage and Paul Rivet. Assembled and edited by John R. Swanton.
1
2 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
belonging to the so-called Coahuiltecan, Karankawan, Tamaulipecan,

and Janambrian stocks, are also extinct, and in the present bulletin
all of the linguistic material drawn from them and known to be in
existence is incorporated. For the sake of completeness there is

included, not only hitherto unpublished vocabularies, but published
material as well which it is believed should be brought together in
one volume.
At an early period Spanish navigators were made aware of the
nature of the Texas and Tamaulipas coasts and their inhabitants
and of the fact that some of the latter were addicted to cannibalism,
so that we find upon maps the legend "wandering and cannibal
Indians" spread along the margin of the Gulf in this section. Our
first information of consequence regarding the tribes in occupancy
comes from the narrative of Cabeza de Vaca, a companion of the ill-

fated Narvaez. Cabeza de Vaca was cast upon the shore of Gal-
veston Island in November 1528, and made his way from tribe to
tribe in a general northwest direction until he crossed not only the
Rio Grande but the entire continent as well and came to the Gulf of
California, where he turned south and ultimately reached Mexico
City and returned to Spain. We know that he passed among tribes
belonging to the Karankawan, Tonkawan, and Coahuiltecan stocks,
but, though he furnishes us with many interesting notes on the habits
and customs of the people, it is not always possible to tell to which
branch this information applies.
Although several Spanish expeditions entered Tamaulipas during
the sixteenth century, the site of Monclova was visited as early as
1590, and the Rio Grande crossed frequently and in 1653 traced to
the Gulf, it was not until missionary work was begun in the year 1670
that we hear much more concerning the tribes occupying the region
in question. In 1675 Fernando del Bosque marched northward from
Monclova, crossed the Rio Grande somewhere near Eagle Pass, and
encountered a number of Coahuilteco tribes beyond. One result of
the report brought back by this expedition was the establishment of
four missions in the Coahuila district. These, as well as others which
soon followed, were conducted by the Franciscans. Not all ministered
to Indians of the stocks in which we are interested but we recognize
Coahuilteco at the mission of Santa Rosa de Nadadores, established
in 1677, 40 leagues northeast of Coahuila, but removed in 1693 to a
point 7 leagues to the northeast for the Cotzales and Manos Prietas,
and at San Bernardo de la Candela, where were the Catu janes,
Tilijais, and Milijaes. Other missions were established in the closing
years of the seventeenth century and the opening years of the
eighteenth.
Meantime, in 1685-87, La Salle made his accidental, and unsuc-
cessful, attempt to plant a colony on the Texas coast. This was near
Swanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL, FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 3
the present Matagorda Bay, then occupied by Karankawan tribes,

and the chroniclers of his expedition, particularly Henri Joutel, give
us some information regarding these people and the neighboring
Tonkawa and Caddo. La Salle's undertaking served to arouse Spain
to the importance of forestaUing further attempts on the part of
national rivals by occupying the country themselves. An expedition
was sent in 1689 to destroy the French settlement but found that
the Indians had accomplished this task for them. The next year
Alonso de Leon, commander of the previous expedition, passed through
the entire breadth of Texas, and the intervening territory was soon
sowed with presidios and missions, while a frontier post was estab-
lished east of the Sabine.
In 1718 the mission of San Francisco Solano, which had been located
in 1700 on the Rio Grande below Eagle Pass, was removed to the
site of the present city of San Antonio, Tex., and reestablished under
the name San Antonio de Valero. Many years later the stone build-
ing which housed this mission attained fame as the Alamo. Other
missions were soon added and all flourished for a time, but the changes
introduced by civilization, coupled with attacks of hostile Indians,

soon produced a marked decline in the population. Toward the end
of the eighteenth century many of the missions were secularized, and
although missionary labors were continued until well into the nine-
teenth century they were progressively curtailed with the decline of
the native population. With the exception of some scattered mixed
bloods, the latter is now wholly extinct.
Relatively little attention was paid to the Karankawa Indians
after 1689. In 1720 another French expedition under command of
Bernard de la Harpe was sent to their country and to La Harpe's
pilot, Jean B^ranger, we are indebted for a number of interesting
notes regarding the people and an important vocabulary of their
language. Perhaps as a consequence of this new threat, a fort,
generally known as La Bahia, was established in Karankawa territory
in 1722 by the Spaniards, and under its protection arose the mission
of Espiritu Santo de Zuniga. Both were removed before 1726 to a
site among the Aranama Indians on the lower San Antonio and in
1749 to a position opposite Goliad, where, nevertheless, the mission
continued to minister to some of the Karankawa. In 1791 a new
mission, Nuestra Sefiora del Refugio, was established near the mouth
of Mission River, flowing into Aransas Bay, mainly for the benefit of
these Indians. It was continued until 1828 though the mission
buildings had been abandoned 4 years earlier. After Stephen Austin
began his settlement on the Brazos in 1823, frequent conflicts arose
between the Americans and Karankawa in which the latter lost
heavily. In the war for Texan independence they sided with the
Texans but again suffered severely. In 1844, having murdered an
4 BUREAU OF AMERICAlSr ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
American on Guadalupe River, part of the tribe fled to Padre Island

and part across the Rio Grande into Mexico. The remnant is
reported to have been surrounded and exterminated in 1858 at their
hiding place in Texas by some rancheros.
Strange as it may seem, in view of their situation south of the Rio
Grande, the Tamaulipecan and Janambrian Indians enter history
later than any of the rest. Mention has, indeed, been made of the
introduction into Tamaulipas of a foreign tribe, the Olive, through
missionary influence, but the great body of Indians living in this
Mexican State remained relatively unaffected until 1748 when Don
Jos6 Escandon undertook the conquest of the country and between
that date and 1755 founded 24 towns which he settled with whites.
The natives were missionized at the same time, but they seem to
have endured the altered conditions even less than the Coahuilteco
and have now practically vanished. It was from a few Indians near
the northern border of the State that Gatschet collected his vocabu-
laries of Comecrudo and Cotoname which are included in the present
work. Gatschet speaks of these languages as dialects of the Coahuil-
tecan stock but it is to be observed that Orozco y Berra gives the
former as a Tamaulipeco form of speech both in his text and on his
map and it is only in the case of Cotoname that he lends some color
to the theory of a Coahuiltecan connection. But while his map
appears to favor this his text, which should be the more reliable
witness, classes it also as Tamaulipecan.
THE MATERIAL
The Coahuiltecan material known to students was a small
first
missionary work by Bartholome Garcia, the Franciscan missionary
at San Francisco de la Espada, printed in Mexico in 1760. It is
entitled "Manual para administrar los Santos Sacramentos de Peni-
tencia, Eucharistia, Extrema-uncion, y Matrimonio," and on the title
page Garcia states that it was prepared for the benefit of the 'Taja-
lates, Orejones, Pacaos, Pacoas, Tilijayas, Alasapas, Pausanes, and
many others, which are in the missions of the Rio San Antonio, and
Rio Grande, belonging to the College of the Most Holy Cross of the
City of Queretaro, such as the Pacuaches, Mescales, Pampopas,
Tacames, Chayopines, Venados, Pamaques, and all the young people
belonging to the Pihuiques, Borrados, Sanipaos, and Manos de Perro."
The proper languages of the four last mentioned tribes evidently
differed somewhat from that used in the Manual, but it is probable
that the differences were merely dialectic. On the basis of informa-
tion obtained from some Tonkawa informants, Mr. Mooney believed
that the Chayopines were Tonkawan rather than Coahuiltecan, but
I am inclined to regard any such connection, if real, as the product
of later conditions, and there can be no reasonable doubt regarding
the affiliations of the remaining tribes mentioned. Indeed, there is
Swanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 5
every reason to believe that the stock included a much larger number
of bands, a conjectural list of which is given elsewhere. (See pp.
134-136.) Garcia notes slight differences between the dialect spoken
about San Antonio and that on the Rio Grande, and very much
greater diversities are indicated by one or two lists of words collected
from the mission records by Prof. H. E. Bolton and sent to the
Bureau of American Ethnology. The most important of these was
taken down at San Francisco Solano between 1703 and 1708, i. e.,
before this mission was removed to the San Antonio and renamed.
From the location of this mission one would expect to find a vocab-
ulary closely resembling the material contained in the Manual, but
in fact it differs widely and appears to be as near the Tamaulipeco
dialects as to Coahuilteco. The same divergence appears in some
— —
words only two it is true attributed to the language or languages
of the Parchaque, Mescaleros, Yoricas, Chomes, Alachomes, and
Pamais, but this is less surprising since the people in question lived
a considerable distance toward the northwest. We also have a
single word from the tongue of the Payaya who lived on or near the
Rio San Antonio.
In 1861 a German traveler named Adolph Uhde published at
Heidelberg a work entitled "Die Lander am untem Rio Bravo del
Norte," and on pages 185 and 186 he gives a short list of words from
the Carrizo, or properly the Comecrudo, language of the lower Rio
Grande.
Uhde's material is interesting because it furnishes a slight check
on the very much longer Comecrudo vocabulary collected by Dr.
Albert S. Gatschet of the Bureau of American Ethnology from the
same people in 1886. Gatschet found the remnant of the tribe at Las
Prietas near Camargo, Tamaulipas, and but few remembered the
ancient tongue, none of his informants seeming to have had a fluent
command of it. Much of the native structure appears to have
broken down already as the result of contact with Spanish. Dr.
Gatschet made use of three informants, Emiterio, Joaquin, and
Andrade, and part of that taken from Emiterio he reviewed with the
help of Joaquin. This Emiterio was also one of his authorities for a
second dialect, Cotoname, though Gatschet obtained considerably more
material on that language from a man named Santos Cavazos. The
Cotoname material is much more fragmentary in every way than
Comecrudo. In the latter, as here printed, I have indicated the
authorities,where determinable, by the letters (E), (J), and (A).
Dr. Gatschet was compelled to get practically everything through
Spanish and I have given the Spanish equivalents whenever they
appear in his notebooks. There are many questionable points con-
nected with this material, but I have endeavored to include every-
thing that might cast any light whatever on meaning or structure.
The only remaining linguistic material from Tamaulipas as yet

available was copied from the Relacion Historica of Father Santa
Maria,^ by Alejandro Prieto in his Historia de Tamaulipas. It is a
fragment of the Maratino dialect, and I have analyzed it to the best
of my ability. The separateness of the Janambrian stock, which
includes but two tribes, the Janambre and Pisone, rests wholly on
Orozco y Berra's conclusions as drawn from some general statements
of early writers and is as yet unsupported by concrete material.
Personally, I doubt the existence of any such distinct stock, and
suggest that the two tribes may have been connected with the Pame
and Otomi.
Aside from place names, all that was known of the Karankawa
language previous to 1919, was confined to three vocabularies pub-
lished in a paper entitled "The Karankawa Indians, the Coast People
of Texas," which constitutes vol. I, No. 2, of the Archaeological and
Ethnological Papers of the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass.
This paper, which also includes ethnological and historical notes
regarding the same people, was prepared by Dr. Albert S. Gatschet
of the Bureau of American Ethnology, collector of the vocabularies.
The two shortest vacabularies, of 17 and 6 terms respectively, were
obtained by Dr. Gatschet in September 1884, from two aged Tonkawa
Indians, Old Simon and Sallie Washington, who had gotten them in
turn from their former Karankawa neighbors. The remaining vocab-
ulary, which was much the longest, was secured in a very curious and
roundabout manner, from a white woman, Mrs. Alice W. Oliver,
living in Lynn, Mass., at the time, who had passed her girlhood on the
Texas coast in the immediate neighborhood of the last band of
Indians belonging to this stock. She had taken an active interest in
these people and had learned a considerable number of words of their
language which she committed to paper. Unfortunately the original
manuscript was lost, but she restored from time to time from her
memory as much of it as she could recollect. In 1888 Prof. F. W.
Putnam of the Peabody Museum learned of her and her vocabulary
and enabled Dr. Gatschet to visit her in November of that year,
when he went over the material with her and even elicited certain
additions. He was to have repeated his visit the year following, but
Mrs. Oliver died in February 1889, before the time appointed, and
thus it happened that nearly one half of all our Karankawa material
was preserved by a margin of about 3 months.

All of these vocabularies have the disadvantage of a dependence
on the integrity of the memories of persons not belonging to the
tribe, and are also under some suspicion from the fact that the last
settlement of Karankawa is thought to have been a mixed body con-
taining remnants of other tribes, particularly of the Coahuilteco. For
2 Since printed in full in Publicaciones del Archivo General de la Nacion, vol. 15, pp. 356-483. Mexico,
1930.
Swantou] LINGULSTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS J
this reason, itwas with great satisfaction that students of American

Indian languages and aboriginal Texan ethnology hailed the appear-
ance, in 1919, of a genuine Karankawa vocabulary collected as far
back as 1720. This is the one mentioned already as having been
recorded by Jean B^renger, La Harpe's pilot, whose invaluable 106
words remained unknown in a memoir on Louisiana written by him
until they were discovered in the French archives by MM. de Villiers
du Terrage and P. Rivet and published in the Journal de la Soci^te des
Am^ricanistes de Paris (vol. 9, pp. 403^42), along with a study of
the same, and an Akokisa vocabulary, in an article entitled "Les
Indiens du Texas et les Expeditions Frangaises de 1720 et 1721 a la
'Baie Saint-Bernard.' " As it happened, the present writer had
already come upon a copy of this same "M^moire" which had gotten
into the library of a Swiss gentleman and was afterward acquired
for the Ayer collection of Americana in the Newberry Library,.
Chicago. He had obtained photostat copies of the two vocabularies
and incorporated them into an article which was to have been pub-
lished in the International Journal of American Linguistics when the
appearance of the same material in the French periodical made it
superfluous. The writer is, however, of the opinion that the Chicago
copy is, on a few minor points, closer to the original than that m.ade
for the Paris journal.
Still another vocabulary, though of 29 words only, was brought
out 10 years later from the same sources and by the same savants.
This has one advantage over all the others, however, in having been
recorded eariier than any of them. It was obtained, indeed, along
with some other material, from two survivors of La Salle's colony,
the brothers Pierre and Jean-Baptiste Talon, who had lived with the
Indians awhile after the death of their leader, had been captured
subsequently by the Spaniards and rescued later through the capture
by a French frigate of the vessel in which th^j were being sent to
Spain. According to their statement, the tribe which made use of
this language was called Clamcoches, but they lived about Matagorda
Bay and this name was evidently a synonym of Karankawa. On
comparing these early vocabularies with the Gatschet material, it
seems evident that the words in this last agree with it more closely
than those obtained by B^renger, and this would tend to confirm
the opinion of Du Terrage and Rivet that the latter had been collected
from the more westerly Karankawan tribes, near Aransas Bay.
The marked differences these vocabularies exhibit only accentuate
the testimony of the Coahuiltecan and Tamaulipecan material that,
in the territory in question, linguistic diversity was the rule. Just
what this signifies we have yet to learn, but the fact renders the frag-
mentary nature of our records all the more deplorable.
PHONETICS
The phonetic symbols employed by Bartholome Garcia in his
Coahuilteco Manual were drawn from the current Spanish and
Church Latin of his time. The vowels had their continental values,
and while we find, besides the pure vowels, two series with distinct
diacritical signs, a, a, 6, e, i, i, 6, 6, u, t, we are informed that both
merely indicated long vowels and we may assume that the fonts of
type used did not have enough of either style by itself. The only
concession to native peculiarities of pronunciation was in discriminat-
ing certain consonants by placing an apostrophe after the symbol
with the explanation that these phonetics were "pronounced with
force." They are, in the modified form adopted by myself, k', P, p',
tz', and t'. In the present text I have made the following changes in
order to bring Garcia's material into line with the other vocabularies:
substitution of the long sign over vowels for the acute and circumflex
accents, substitution of k for c and q, x for j, tc for ch, c for sh, wa
for gua, and the dropping of the u-sound between g and e or i. So
far as has been necessary, the same changes have been made in the
supplementary mission material obtained from San Francisco Solano
and other missions, and in the Maratino fragment.
The two Karankawa vocabularies recorded by the Frenchman
B^renger and the brothers Talon require another set of changes:
c-hard to k, c-soft to s, ch to c, ou to u, que to ke, qui to ki, qu in
other situations to kw, x to ks, ai to e, eu to o, au to o, y to i when not
followed by a vowel, dropping of final mute e and preceding consonant
when that is also unsounded, dropping of acute accent over final e,
final e's being always sounded in this vocabulary, II sometimes changed
to y.
The remaining vocabularies were collected by Dr. A. S. Gatschet
whose phonetic system might be characterized as of the rough-and-
ready type usual among our pioneer ethnologists. In most particulars,
however, it conformed to a system which had been worked out for
the recording of American Indian languages by Major J. W. Powell,
Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology and his collaborators.
The greater part of these were comparatively simple. Students did
not then employ the elaborate methods of determining and recording
sounds now in vogue but had mastered a limited series of symbols
which they applied by ear as the Indian's voice passed rapidly over
the native term. The great bulk of symbols thus fall within certain
very general categories, and in addition we have a relatively small
number of variants. The following table gives the sounds used in
the five dialects, including the alterations made in the Spanish and
French vocabularies as above explained and a few changes in Gatschet's
system. These latter comprise the use of tc instead of tch, x instead
of X, X for 'h, a" for a, e"" for e.
Table 1. Sound symbols used in five Indian dialects
VOWELS
Symbol
spirants, the latter formed a little farther back in the throat than
the other; f is usually bilabial. The Coahuilteeo sounds k', V, p',
tz', and t' are pronounced with force.
The vowels, with diacritical marks, except those with the macron,
are relatively uncommon, mainly, it may be suspected, because of
Gatschet's failure to distinguish them in many places. The con-
sonants f, V, j, n, and th are rare; tc is rare in Comecrudo and Coto-
name, r in all dialects except perhaps Cotoname; and 1 in Cotoname,
except in conjunction with other consonants. The common South-
eastern surd 1, often printed 1, is not certainly represented but the
frequent use of 1 in the combinations gl, kl, tl, and dl suggests that
it may have been present but not regarded as an independent sound.
The terminal ng in one or two Maratino words is probably equivalent

to n though has not been altered in the Maratino vocabulary.
it
It must be remembered that the symbols used in recording these

languages represent nothing more than approximations to a certain
proportion of the native sounds, and in the cases of some, such as
San Francisco Solano and Maratino, could not be otherwise than
defective. The accents in Comecrudo, Cotoname, and the Karan-
kawa recorded by Dr. Gatschet are as given by the last named inves-
tigator. In the arrangement of words in the vocabularies forms
beginning with x are placed after those with initial k and forms be-
ginning with c, j, ts, and tc after s.
COAHUILTECO-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Extracted from the "Manual para administrar los Santos Sacramentos de
Penitencia, Eucharistia, Extrema-uncion, y Matrimonio," of Father Bartholome
Garcia, by John R. Swanton.
The numbers refer to the page and line where the form in question will be found.
The following changes have been made in rendering phonetics:
k is substituted for c.
X is substituted for j.
tc is substituted for ch.

wa is substituted for gua.
ge and gi are substituted for gue and gui, though occasionally we find them
used for we and wi.
a, e, I, o, u are substituted for a, a, e, e, i, i, 6, 6, u, u.
Words followed by (RG) are from the Rio Grande dialect; those followed by
(SA) from the San Antonio dialect.
-, personal pronominal prefix of the apatcu santupayo, in order that he

third person, possessive and ob- carry up.
jective; see 0-, U-, and wa. apaux, he is called (41-23).
ahatz, her blood (37-11). apawai tupat, those who did (49-7).
ahaux, his body (38-23; 39-6, 12). apoi, he made it (85-2).
ak'au, her husband (37-5). apoipom, he made them (41-28).
ami, his (38-15, 16; 69-4). apakal' santupayo, that it may go
apalm, he was born (65-14). (52-16).
apami yaxam, she had none (37-10). apak'au santa e, that she will marry
apami, what he had (70-26). him? (83-4).
apak'uana, he was born (65-13). xuai pil'aima, another house (17-14;

apaxagu, they joined with him 18-11).
(40-25). akue, in it (38-28; 40-10; 48-27;
apaxai, comes to an end (29-15).
it 65-27).
apaxakai, these come to an end akue (26-24; 29-14; 34-24; 37-13;
(29-15). 38-29; 39-4, 10; 47-13; 49-5, 9;
apaxawai, when they do things 63-7; 64-12, 16; 65-29; 66-18;
(13-3). 67-27; 69-2; 71-21, 27; 84-4;
apamas, that you see Him (40-25). 85-19; 86-2, 9, 11, 17).
pil' ta apamo san ma, to bewitch akuem (6-10; 25-20; 26-2, 22;
anyone (8-22). 27-23; 31-7; 34-6; 53-7; 63-17;
apasa, where he is (18-14). 72-15).
apaspamo, what one believes (46-9). akuen (18-4; 19-11; 54-18; 55-17).
apatanko, what He commands akuet (26-24; 29-14; 34-24; 37-13
(29-19). 38-29; 39-4, 10; 47-13; 49-5, 9
apatzam, dwelling (28-2). 63-7; 64-12, 16; 65-29; 66-18
apatpayam, his soul (38-15). 67-27; 69-2; 71-21, 27; 84-4
afctco sanpo, he will take them. 85-19; 86-2, 9, 11, 17).
afcpatcu santupayo, that he may take akuex, in the (34-20); 41-18, here
them. (46-3; 82-12).
pin fan afcsaxop san tan isa klom, akuexsono, because you are in it
there is something to separate (55-2).

them (85-24). tap pa akulkuex, here in this world
aA:pataikaguo sal santupayo, in order (40-28).
to draw them forth (48-1). ax, to give.
afcpawltzma sal santupayokuex, that xap ax axomino, because you give
they be always lashing them (things) (68-2).
(41-12). makpaax san apam, he is to give
ampakal san apam, this is going to you (46-25).
come to pass (49-1). mamaiax tzanam am e, did you re-
tap pa akuet amtzalam sanpo, he turn it? (24-12).
will return to this world (38-29). mamik-ax, he gave you (2-25).
amtzalam sanpo, he is to return to nak ax, I give you (53-19, 27; 54-3,
(65-28). 7, 12, 14; 73-3; 74-11; 75-9; 87-2).
axpatanko tutcem, what they com- tzin nakax sanano, I will give you
manded you (11-9). (53-1).
aa, yes, 33-1 (SA). tupom xaax sanino, you shall return
ahauh, ahaux, meat, flesh, body it (24-16).
(RG), aheuh (aheuh) (SA) (10-23, axako, year (4-19, 23; 6-9; 8-13; 17-1;
26). 33-23).
ahaux, his body (38-23; 39-6, 12; axam, yaxam (after a vowel, except
40-2, 4, 6, 12, 21; 41-7; 66-5, 9). when the word is preceded by au,
nahaux, my body (53-7, 18; 67-26; ai, not (33-1, 8; passim).
or oi),
71-21, 27). nak'ai axam, I do not touch or let
xahaux, your body (53-8). him not touch! (33-8).
times seeming to replace in)
ai, also (at nak'au axam, I do not marry, do not
apatcalaux sima ai kuet, before she marry! (33-7).
bore Him (37-2; 47-5). naxoi axam, I do not do, or let him
naikomulgar sima {or sanima) aita not do! (33-8).
before we commune (44-1). nouxtcalak axam, I do not steal
nakuatzum ai, I pardon (also?) (33-6).
(69-25). axpam (perhaps = ax, if + pam, the
nakuax ai, I suffer also (?) (71-22). objective article) (82-17; 83-6;
pil'ai ta (?) (84-19, 23). 84-10).
184198—40 2
12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull 127
axtzo, many {or other) (22-8; 23-21; anua, moon(?), a month (2-14; 13-22;
27-1, 6, 12, 16). 17-2; 34-11).
Quaresma axzo hin, many other apa, ap, during, during that time, at
Lents (26-21). that time, what things,
tagu apaux axtzo hin ma, with apa iliwat, any feast (2-10; 10-1, 5).
many other women (16-5). apa Lunes, Monday (34-11).
tagu apaux axtzo hin tutcem, with apa Quaresma, on any Lent (10-21).
many other women (21-3). apa timiko or apa Domingo, any
axtcixu oxtcixu (RG), few.
or Sunday, the Sunday (10-1, 4; 34-9).
axtcixu tee, they are few (33-18); apa Vi ernes, on the fast days (10-22;
hut if people, axtclxupa (33-19). 11-1).
axtclxuyokuen, a few times (33-16). apa Vigilias, on the vigils (10-22;
apauxpam yo, maklok axtcixu ai, 11-4).
many times or few times (18-2). apax, (?) (41-21; 57-1).
axte, two (18-26; 31-18). apox, (?) (41-25).
axtikpil', three ("two and one") apaxat (SA) (47-21).

(30-17; 31-19; 35-10, 19, 22, 25, apam, he is to (46-22, 24, 26; 47-3,
29; 36-4, 7, 9; 38-20; 46-18; 8, 10, 19; 48-1, 15, 20, 23; 49-1,
48-14; 53-25; 64-5, 8).

8, 13, 15; 51-10; 55-14; 63-16;
axtikpil' axte, six (RG) (31-23). 87-4).
puwant'zan axte, eight ("twice four") apan, (?) (53-18, 19; 54-12; 55-17;
(31-27). 87-2).
xtiyopamaux axte or maxuaxuyo apayokuen, with (64-8).

apat, (?) (74-1; 84-18; 85-1).
axte, ten (32-3).
apo, (?) (50-2).
xuyopamaux (or maxuaxuyo) axte
apom (50-9, 15).
ko pir, eleven (32-5).
apat'akal' apnakan, great griefs (38-
puwantz'an axtikpil', twelve (32-7).
10).
puwant'zan axtikpil' ko pil', thirteen
apaux (SA), oxaux (RG), much, many
(32-9).
(16-5; 21-3; 23-21; 40-27; 42-29;
puwant'zan axtikpil' ko axte, fourteen 33-10; 46-25; 68-1).
(31-10).
apaux pa (SA), oxauxuipa (RG), they
xuyopamaux axtikpil' (or maxuaxuyo (people) are many (33-21, 22).
axtikpil'), fifteen (32-12). apauxpam (SA), oxauxpam (RG), very
xuyopamaux maxuaxuyo {or axtikpil' many (33-11).
ko pil') sixteen (32-14). apauxpam yo, many times (18-1).
xuyopamaux maxuaxuyo {or axtikpil' apauxpamyokuen (SA), oxauxpam-
ko axte), seventeen (32-16). yokuen, very many times (33-14).
tcikuas axtikpil', eighteen (32-18). apaux tee (SA), oxauxuitce (RG), they
tcikuas axtikpil' ko pil', nineteen (things and animals) are many
(32-19). (33-20, 21).
taiwako koxuyopamaux axte {or apauxyokuen (SA), oxauxyokuen (RG),
komaxuaxuyo axte), thirty (32-22). many times (33-12).
taiwako axte, forty (32-24). apkue, never (28-29).
taiwako axte, ko xuyopamaux {or apnan, great, much (3-25; 10-19
maxuaxuyo axte), fifty (32-25). 25-9; 26-4; 28-28; 41-22, 25; 42-1
am, yam, indicative suffix (?) (see 43-13; 44-2; 49-17; 57-12; 69-11
40-1; 46-22, 24; and passim). 70-6).
anu or ani, apnakan, great (benefits) (68-2).
anikuekat anukuekat) where?
{or app'an, last, the past (Lent) (1-4;
(34-18; 36-22; 40-17; 41-3). 3-1).
anikuet (SA), anukuet (RG), of what Quaresma app'an mam, the past Lent
place? (83-8). (34-8).
anupoka (or anipoka), which? (36- aptce in t'axat aptce, how many
10). things are there? (34-12).
aptcika, many (2-2, 15; 4-20; 8-14; atciyo, in (47-20; 60-2); with (57-2).
13-22; 17-1, 3; 33-4; 34-1, 3). atclyokuex, in all the (34-21).
aptclyoka, (how many) times (9-11; pinwak apsa atcet, and all things
10-5, 25; 11-6, 11; 13-12; 15-18; (34-25).
21-20, 22). apaxumatz tupat, all the dead (66-1).
t'axat aptclyoka, how many times? mamixatzo yam e, do you (pi.)
(5-6; 6-1; 7-13; 8-5; 34-4). know? (86-2).
aptxam in t'axat aptxam (SA), how naiwamatza kam, we will have
many people are there? (34-13). (43-14).
apasa, where he is (18-14; 48-21; ata, every (?).
38-19; 40-25; 51-5). f il ata, every day (17-27).
apasa in apam, he is also in (48-23). pil' ata, any (3-23).
apsa, whatever (21-12, 14; 24-5, 23 atiuf nn, little (10-18).

29-14; 34-16, 21, 25; 35-23; 36-1 atulam, year (RG?) (33-24).
37-13, 15, 17, 19; 38-14, 18, 22 aux, with (?) (39-8, 13; 66-6, 10, 22).
39-7, 12, 28; 40-11, 19; 41-5 axtikpil' auxkuex, the three (64-8).
42-22; 47-13, 21; 48-3; 50-11 xaxasal auxyo tawaxayo, with all
51-3, 9; 52-14; 53-6, 17; 54-1, 15 your heart (11-26; 14-24; 19-2).
55-1, 16). naxasal aux tupayokuen, with all
apsaka, how many? (with t'axat) my heart (67-18).
(8-19; 21-9, 15; 24-1). naxasal auxyo, with all my heart
apsakam, what thing (3-29), what (55-13).
people? (how many?) (8-16, 24; naxasal auxyokuen, with all my
12-16, 20; 14-28; 24-5; 42-20). heart (55-3; 75-22).
pin t'axat apsakami, what thing is tagu apaux, with women (16-5).
it? (7-10). aux, to name, name.
apsakapa in t'axat apsakapa, how apaux, he is called (41-23).
many people are there? (34-13). ohaux, his name was (36-17); her
Spxaic fan, niece, daughter of elder name (47-14).
sister(woman speaking), uhaux, she is called, her name is
xaapxaic fan po e, is she your niece? (37-20).

(80-15). Jesu-Christo pax ohaux, Jesus Christ
apzaf an, niece, daughter of elder sister was his name (36-17).
(woman speaking) (RG). f axakat axanai uxauxue, what was
xaapxaf an po e, is she your niece? his father's name? (83-12).
(80-16). f axakat atai uxauxue, what was his
aptax ai, brother-in-law older than wife mother's name? (83-14).
or self (?). fahaka xaxauxue, what is your
xaaptax ai po e, is he your brother- name? (82-1).
in-law? (80-19). faxakat mamaihatzauxuam e, how
aptzai, old, ancient. do you call them? what are their
pilam aptzai ma, any old people names? (83-6).
(12-7). faxakat ohauxue, what was his name?
ate, atz (plural suffix) (36-16).
atce (Pronounced atci by awaxta, if (3-17; 18-19; 28-8; 29-4;
(29-14)
the Indians of San Juan Capis- 82-5).
trano). aye, suddenly, at once, soon (19-19;
atcem, with these (17-27, 18-25. 28-10, 12; 34-7; 39-8; 66-6, 10).
25-21). ayet, (?) (55-19).
atcen, these (things) (55-25, 57-25, ayexta, when (19-18).
66-21, 72-1, 87-2); those (69-2, 22; ayuna, to fast (fr. Spanish ayuno).
71-3). xayuna sno, that you fast (30-20).
atcex, these (42-4). xayuna yaxam e, you did not fast?
.atci tee, these (three things) (35-29). (11-7).
mamayayunayam e, did you fast? apoi, I have made (54-12; 57-1); he

(11-5). made it (85-2).
bakes (Baqes), cow (fr. Spanish vaca) apoi pom, apoi pom, He made him,
(24-22. 26). what He made, He was the one
bezerro, calf, bull (fr. Spanish) (24-22, who made (35-2; 41-28; 84-19).
26). apoi tutce, those who do (39-6).
Dios, God (fr. Spanish) (6-17, 21, 23; apoi tutcex, what He commands
7-1, 5, 16; 9-3, 7, 17, 24). (64-14).
e, interrogative (at end of
particle apoi tutcen, that he does (54-2).
sentence) (pronounced
(passim) apoiyokuet, by the work of (36-27).
i (y) by the Indians of San Juan xagut apahawai tukuaxat, after He
Capistrano). had made Himself man (36-14).
-ex, -e, if.
xagu tcet apawai pom, where He
puhum maihoi tcik ex, if you do so became a man (36-26; 37-25).
xagut ohawai e, (which) made itself
(85-7).
saxpame miapllame, if you live badly man? (36-11; 37-23).
(29-21). xah5i axam e, did you not do? did
tiaclpt'amex, if you deceive me you do it? (2-27; 11-12).
(3-14).
xapahoi axam san ma e, you will not
do? (26-13).
wahoi ex, who made? (34-25).
xapahoi axam san ma, you will not
ha, grandchild, grandson, granddaugh-
return to do? (52-0; 57-22).
ter (applied to the children of a
xapahoi axam sanpam, you will not
son by both men and women),
do again (19-5).
xaha po e, is it your grandson or
xapahoi axam santupayo, in order
granddaughter? (77-14, 15; 81-8,
that you do not do (31-5).
9).
xapahoi ex tzax in axam santupayo,
ham, to eat.
in order that you do not return
xapaham, you eat (46-6; 50-16).
to committing of (sins) (28-16).
maham e, did you eat? (10-27).
xapawai, you made yourself into
maxam atapamo e, do you wish to
(68-7).
eat? (50-9).
xapoi, you committed (3-12; 6-7,
mameiham am e, did you eat?
12; 16-11; 2&-2, 19).
(10-24; 15-2, 3, 6).
mahoi, you did (18-25).
nahamino, because I have eaten mahoi salate, you sinned with?
(53-9).
•(17-6).
pin naiwaham axam kam, we will mahoi san in5, you do what I tell
not eat anything {oj- shall we not you (19-14).
eat anything?) (43-27). maxoi, you do, you make (30-1;
pinta pilapam, things to eat, food 82-8).
(28-23). maxoi exo e, you had done? (27-11).
hatz, blood (SA). maihoi kam e, will you do it? (24-19;
ahatz, her blood (37-11; 47-11). 31-6).
hoi, hoi, to make, to do, to commit, maihoi tzax in kam, you will return
apahawai axam tupat, they did not to committing (sin) (18-22).
do (49-11). maihoi tcik ex, if you do (85-6).
apahoi axam, those who do not do mamaihoi am, did you do? (15-11).
(39-11; 65-2; 84-21). mamaihoi am e, did you commit?
apahoi in axam, and that she also (20-9; 22-28).
does not commit (84-24). mameihoi am e, did you do it (i. e.,
apaxawai tukuaxam, when they did make a confession)? (2-22; 11-10).

immodest things (13-3). mameihoiexta, you have done . . .
apawai pomino, that he made himself and (12-21).

(65-13). miahoi axam awaxta, if you do not
apawai tupat, those who did (49-7). do that (18-19).
Swanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHEÎX TEXAS 15
mihoi e, you do? (29-19). im, to be born (RG).

mihoi ma e, that they have done apalm, he was born (65-14).
(25-9). in, hin, too, also.
naxoi axam, I do not do(?) (33-8). in (5-27; 22-8, 22; 23-18; 28-21
nakpoi tutcex, what I have done to 30-9; 38-25; 39-3; 42-23; 48-23
them (70-3). 50-5; 53-15; 54-3, 7, 14, 18
naxoxawai sane (SA), xakan naye- 55-22; 56-6; 57-8; 63-27; 65-25
xawai san (RG), shall we do (43- 66-3; 75-20; 76-9; 77-6; 83-3
23). 84-25; 85-2).
naxoxawai sane (SA), nayexawai san hin (16-6; 21-3; 23-21; 26-22; 46-
(RG), (what) shall we do? (43-5; 21; 47-1, 17, 28; 48-11, 18. 25).
44-5). pil'in, another (7-4, 13, 14, 15; 16-1;
naxopahawai axam san tan, that we 21-21; 22-22; 25-1, 2; 25-15;
will not do (43-21). 52-20).
naxopitawai, we will do, let us do the pil'inma, any other thing (5-27), of
things! (44-9). another (20-3, 27; 22-6; 23-18;
napahoi axam santupayo, that I do 24-20).
not do (55-8, 11). pil'inyo (18-12; 19-3; 31-4, 11;
napahoi sanyokuen, I do always 57-21; 63-12; 70-11; 71-14).
(53-21). tzax in, another time (6-11, 21;
napahoi tzax in axam santupayokuen, 18-23).
in order that I do not return to ino, because, that, so that (18-9;
commit sins (43-14). 19-14; 24-16; 26-18, 23; 29-8;
napahoi axam san pan, that I will not 31-13; 55-24).
commit (70-13; 71-16). inox (41-2, 15, 28).
napahoi san pan, that I will commit in5n (30-24, 26).
(71-18). iwatanet, about to (53-3).
nayexawai kam, we will do (44-12). k-, ka, a plural prefix used with pro-
niwahoi axam kam, I will not commit nominal affixes and in other situa-
again (31-11). tions,
niwahoi in axam kam, not again k-, ka-, objective pronominal prefix of
I will
commit (75-20). the second person singular,
ohawai e, did he make himself (one ka, an indefinite demonstrative, or an
of the three persons in the trinity) ? adverbial particle, sig. perhaps
(36-11). "sort," "kind'',
pilapahoi saux tcet, you did anything aptcika, many (2-2).
perhaps (20-1, 11; 22-20; 23-2). pil'ka, who? (25-3).
pinwak apahoi apam. He does all pin penitensiakat, what kind of
things (46-22). penance? (2-23).
taxpoi axomino, because you do (love) t'axakat (SA), xakat, for what reason?
me, because you made me (67-23; (25-26).
68-15). ka; to say, to utter.
tapoi tutcen, who do me evil (69-25) makpaka tukuaxam, and when you
wahoi, that He cause, that He do uttered them (11-25, 27; 14-23).
(74-20). mamik-ka kalo yam e, did you utter
wahoi ex, who made? (34-25). maledictions perhaps? (11-23; 14-
wahoi inox, when he makes (43-1). 21).
wahawai, they have done (41-1, 15). kai, to walk (?).
h6ux(sal), to lose (as blood). pinwakai, animal, "creature always
ahatz ta apahoux sal axam, she did walking" (7-25).
not lose blood (37-12; 47-11). k'ai, to touch, to handle.
i-, ia-, ya-, active verbal prefix, xapak'ai tukuaxat, when you touched
iliwat, feast. (20-10).
a'pa iliwat, any feast (2-10). xapak'ayex tukuaxat, when you
apa iliwat, any feast (10-1, 5). touched (19-29).
16 BUlÂU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 12T
makpak'ai tukuaxam, when he mamak kamam tcon, he has come to

touched (22-18). visit you (52-2).
mamaik'ai am e, have you touched? mamakkaman tcon, to visit you
(20-4, 6; 22-25). (46-3).
mamlkk'ai am e, has he touched? mayakamam axam kam, you will
(22-15, 23). not visit (18-18).
nak'ai axam, do not touch (33-8). (k)arainam, to enter,
tagu pil't'an atam tutcem mamaik'ai pintci nakammam axam, I am worth
am e, have you (or has he?) touched nothing (51-2).
the breasts of any woman? (19-25, kanak, free from (18-8).
27). kant'an, nephew or niece (son or
kaka, paternal grandmother. daughter of a man's elder sister),
xakaka po e, is she your paternal xakant'an po e, is he your nephew?
grandmother? (81-8). is she your niece? (79-9, 11).
kax, to spill (?). katzoguo, to pay for, to expiate,
mamayakaxam e, did you spill? apakatzoguo, he paid for or expiated

(20-1, 12; 22-20; 23-3). (38-13; 47-24).
xapakatzoguo axo mino, you paid
kal, kal, to go.
all (49-22).
ampakal san apam, this is going to
k'au, husband, to marry (speaking of a
come to pass (49-1).
woman),
apakal' santupayo, that it may go
ak'au, her husband (37-5; 84-7, 19).
(52-16; 72-26; 75-5).
apak'au p5 e, is she married? (15-20;
xakal axam san inon, that you do
16-3).
not go (30-23).
apak'au santa e, that she will marry
xakale, go away thou!, go thou!
him? (83-4).
(8-29).
xak'au, your husband (23-9).
xapakal' santupayo, that you may go
xak'au mam e, have you lived in
(57-10).
concubinage (with any man)?
matikal kam, you will come here
(16-15).
(18-27).
xak'au to, your husband (subj.)
napakal' santupayo, that I may go
(12-12).
(68-16).
xak'au tom, your husband (obj.)
kal5, apparently a potential or dubita-
(13-4).
tive but with a wide range of uses.
xapak'au atapamo, you wished to
It is always placed directly after
marry (77-8; 81-17).
the verb, between it and the
xapak'au sanpam xakawa e, do you
which follow,
particles or auxiliaries
wish to marry? (86-4),
apasayaxam kalo santce, perhaps it ma married?
miwak'au e, is she
would not be true (7-21).
(84-5).
maitalam kaloxo, (did) you fear (the
nak'au axam, I do not marry (33-7).
priest)? (4-10, 16).
pil' mamey ak'au am e, are you
mameinako kaloyam e, did you married (said to a woman)? (3-6).
think? (5-24).
pil' mameyak'au atapamo, did you
mamik ka kal5 yam e, did you per-
marry? (77-2).
haps utter? (14-21, 25). mameyak'au atapamo e, do you
pil'
miayam kalo yam e, you were angry wish to marry? (76-13).
with? (14-12).
pil' mameyak'au atapamo kalo yam
kam, sharing with san the functions e, did you wish to marry? (77-4).
of a future particle (9-2; 14-10, 11; pil'ta apak'au axam po e, is she
18-16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 27, 29; unmarried? (15-22).
25-11) (cf. kami, 7-11). uk'au atapamo apo, she who wishes
kamam, kaman, to visit. tomarry (84-1, 4).
xapakamam axam sanpam e, you wak'au atapamo pa ap5, she who
will not visit (19-9). wishes to marry (83-22).
k'au or k'i, cross (?). mipo takakawa pam, he loves us

xak'au kai (SA), xak'Ikaiko (RG), much (30-7).
make the sign of the cross! iper- nakakawa, I love you (67-20, 22, 24;
signate!) (1-2). 68-5, 14; 75-23).
k'aux, bad, evil, injury. nakakawa pamino, I love you much
xapa-am-k'aux san ma, you would do (74-15).
any evil (to people) (9-23). nakawa, I wish it (50-14; 69-4, 5, 8,
xapatcalaux k'aux san tupayo, that 22; 86-8, 16).
you might miscarry (15-12). nakawano, I love God alone (31-14).
makpako-k'aux san ma, (you de- nakawa pamin, I also wish much
sired) to do some injury to the (73-23).
priests? (12-5). nakawa pamin5, I wish much (73-20).
pin apsak'aux, sins (3-16; 4-5, 14, 21 nakawayaxam, I do not wish (75-17).
5-3, 9, 13, 18, 26; 6-3, 7, 13, 18 nakawayaxamino, that I do not love
9-14; 16-10; 17-5; 18-7, 22; 19-4 (sins) (71-8).
20-8; 22-27; 25-8, 15, 19; 26-1, 11 nakpakawa pam axam anomino, be-
16, 19; 27-11, 21; 28-6, 15; 29-2, 19 cause I do not love you much
23; 30-4; 31-10; 44-2; 45-2 (69-12).
53-14; 56-2; 57-19; 43-16, 20 nakpakawa sal santupayo, in order
52-9, 11; 55-6, 9; 63-13; 70-12 that I may always be loving you
71-15; 73-27; 75-16). (69-18).
pin apxak'aux tat, sins (84-21). nakpakawa san pan, to love you
pin apsak'kaux, sins (3-25). (68-18, 25).
pin xaxsak'aux tutclyokuem, with tzin nikawa saux pam, I am very
your sins (63-21). much pleased (54-28).
pin xapsak'aux, your sins (RG) taxakawa pam ino, because you love
(3-8, 12; 9-5, 9; 57-15; 63-19; me much (55-24).
85-11). kis, maternal grandmother (SA), xakis
pin naxopsak'aux, our sins (38-2, 6, po e, is she your maternal grand-
12; 43-9; 47-23; 49-22). mother? (81-5).
pin napsak'aux, my sins (51-7; 54-6; k'xuakalap',
65-18; 67-1, 12; 68-11; 70-7, 16, Hostia tax apak'xuakalap' tukuaxat,
21; 71-1, 7, 10; 72-4; 75-14). when he breaks the Host (42-27).
kawa, to love, to wish. (ma)k'niak6x, to kneel.
apakawa, the will (35-28). xak'makoxsaux, kneel down thou!
xakawa, you love Him (29-28; 52-7; (arrodillate) (1-1).
57-26; 63-4). mak'makoxsaux, you (pi.) kneel
xakawa e, do you wish it? (50-13; down! (59-1).
86-4, 10, 12, 18). ko, and (2-18; 3-19; 6-8, 23; 7-6,
xakawaxo e, do you love (God) ? (7-2). 17; 10-1, 5, 21, 22; 11-2, 3, 8
xakawa pam in, you also love Him 12-17, 22, 25; 14-10
13-2, 19;
(30-9). 15-12; 16-7, 8; 17-14, 23; 18-11
xapakawa pam tupam, that you love 16, 17, 21; 19-6, 9, 14, 22; 20-7
much (63-26). 22-9, 10, 13, 26; 25-11; 26-20
xapakawa saux, with your will (49- 28-17; 29-18, 22; 30-1, 11, 16, 24
16). 31-2; 34-20, 21, 23, 24; 35-8, 9, 27
xapakawa tutcemotcen nakawa, that 36-21; 37-2, 5, 11, 21, 27; 38-14
which you wish I wish (72-12). 24, 25, 29; 39-3, 12; 40-13, 14
xikawa saux, be joyful! (52-3; 63-3). 25, 26; 41-11; 42-22, 29; 43-11, 13
makakawa pam in. He loves you 18, 28; 44-1, 10; 46-4, 9, 10, 16, 18
much (56-6). 23; 47-4, 5, 8, 11, 24; 48-7, 20, 21
makpakawa, she loves you (68-20, 28). 49-4, 17; 50-4; 52-5, 7, 10, 20
makpikawa, they love you (68-23). 53-6, 13, 18, 20, 25, 27; 54-3, 9
miakawa pam kam, you are to love 12, 17, 18, 20, 24; 55-8, 19, 24, 26
Him (52-1). 27, 28; 56-8; 57-6, 9, 17, 20; 59-2
63-2, 4, 6, 8, 15, 17, 25, 29; 65-6, nakuax ai, I suffer them (71-22;
7, 13, 14, 21, 29; 66-5, 9, 16, 18; 72-1).
67-8, 13, 26; 68-1, 7, 12, 21, 22; kuaxo, to bewitch.
69-7, 19; 71-1, 4, 11; 72-17, 22, 24; xapakuaxo e, are you a witch (or
73-8, 10, 15, 21; 74-5, 15, 20; wizard)? (8-8, 14) (SA).
82-9; 85-8, 14, 19, 21; 86-5, 13; kuam, to hope, to wait for.
87-2, 5). xakuamexe, do you hope (etc.)?
-ko, so many verbs end in this syllable Jesu-Christo tupot apkuam
(9-3)
that it would seem to be a suffix sal tupa, those who are awaiting
(cf. so or o meaning "to be"). Jesus Christ (48-5).
koi, to fight. nakuam, I hope (51-6; 55-23; 66-24;
mamayaxkoi wako yam e, did you 67-3, 10; 73-14).
fight with (your wife)? (13-5). kuam, to care for.
k'oxtawai, to strike, to give blows upon, xapakuam santupayokuen, in order
xak'oxtawai, you give blows on (50- that you care for it (73-11).
26). pitupamoyo taxkuam mamkalo axo,
komulgar {comulgar, Spanish word), you have always been caring for
to commune, me (74-23).
xapakomulgar, that you commune Santo Angel tapkuam tupoyo, the
(46-4). holy angel that takes care of me
mameyakomulgar am e, did you com- (55-29).
mune? (3-2; 5-16). taxpakuamex santupayokuen, in order
naiwakomulgar sima (SA), (RG, used that you may care for me (53-19).
sanima), before we commune (43- kuan, maternal grandfather.
29), xakuan po e, is he your maternal
naxoapakolmugar santupayo, in or- grandfather? (77-17).
der that we may commune well xapakuan wak5 po e, is he your
(43-25). father-in-law? (79-13).
kotctan, paternal uncle younger than kuan, to go.
father (SA). nakpakuane napasa santupayo, that
xakotctan po e, is he your younger I shall always be with you there
paternal uncle? (79-2). (54-25).
kotstan, paternal uncle younger than naxopakuan axam santupayo, in
father (RG). order that we do not go (37-27).
xakotstan po e, is your younger k'uana, to be born (SA) (65-13). (See
paternal uncle? (79-3). k'uax.)
kou, paternal uncle older than father, apak'uana, he was born (65-13).
xakou po e, is he your paternal uncle? kuanax, maternal uncle older than
(78-18). mother,
k'tai (sing.), k'tatzei (pi.), to entreat, xakuanax po e, is he your maternal
to implore, uncle? (79-5).
apak'tatzei santupayo, that they may kuanitap, elder brother(of woman) (SA)
implore (63-28). xakuanitap po e, is he your elder
xak'tai, you entreat (74-19). brother? (78-6).
xak'tayex, ask (God)! (73-25; 74-20). kuant'an, grandson, granddaughter,
nakak'tai, I entreat you (71-1). grandchild (probably applied to
k'uax, womb (SA). (See k'uana.) daughter's children),
ak'uax tukuex, in her womb (36-24; xakuant'an po e, is it your grandson
65-11). or granddaughter? (77-16, 17).
ak'uax tukuet, in her womb (37-9; k'uap, to kiss.
47-9). mamikk'uap'ame, did he kiss you?
xak'uax, your womb (15-13) (SA). (22-13).
kuax(ai), to suffer. tagu pil' fan mamaik'uap ko mama-
apakuaxai, he suffered (on the cross) yop'ol am e, did you kiss and
(54-5). embrace any woman? (19-21).
kuaresma (quaresma), Lent (Spanish kue, kua, seemingly a postposition sig.

word) (1-4; 2-1, 12; 3-1; 4-24). "in," or "into," but original is often
kuas, blood (RG). lost in the various combinations
akuas, her blood (37-11; 47-11). (cf.18-10) (kol is used by the Rio
kuatzo, brother-in-law younger than Grande Indians). (See akue.)
kuex, (?) (34-23; 35-2; 43-2).
wife (?) or self (?).
xapakuatzo po he your brother-
kuem, (in) this (obj.) (14-6; 18-1, 6,
e, is
8, 10, 13, 16; 27-22).
in-law? (80-21).
kuen,
(in) this (obj.) (64-9; 67-19).
kuatz(ura), to pardon, to pity, to take
kuet, (?) (28-11, 19; 37-2; 47-5).
pity on.
tukuaxam, at that, in that,
apakuatzum santupayo, that He have
k'ui, daughter (woman speaking).
mercy on (59-5).
xak'ui mam po e, is she your daughter-
Dios tupo makpakuatzum san tupayo,
in-law? (81-12).
God will pardon you (6-22).
xak'ui po e, is she your daughter?
kuatzkaham, poor, pitiable, miserable
(81-1).
(51-4).
xakuatzum e, you pardon him? kuital, elder sister (man speaking)
(did)
(50-19), did you pardon (this man)?
(RG).
xakuital po e, is she your elder sister?
(14-7).
(78-9).
xapakuatzum san pan, that you have
pity (71-3). kut'an, maternal uncle younger than
maikuatzum kam, you are to pardon mother,
(50-18).
xakut'an po e, is he your maternal
makpakuatzu axam san ma e, that uncle? (79-10).
he will not pardon you? (9-10). kutatze, priest (SA) (2-19, 23, 26; 4-1,
makpakuatzum san ma, to pardon 9; 7-7, 18; 12-1, 4; 17-11, 20;
you (63-6). 27-2, 7, 13, 17; 41-21, 24, 29;
makpakuatzum san ma e, that he will 42-23, 26; 43-11; 46-10; 66-16).
pardon you? (9-10). -X, given by Garcia as an objective
makpakuatzum san pam e, that it the third person singular
suffix of
pardons you? (50-23). conjointly with -t (see tzax).

makpakuatzum santupayo, in order akuex, in the (34-20; 41-18), here
that He aid you (30-10; 31-1). (46-3; 82-12).
makpakuatzum tzax in santupayo, in axtikpll' auxkuex, the three (64-8).
order that He pardon you again apak'au santa e, that she will marry
(26-24). him? (83-4).
nakuatzum, I pardon him (50-20; apax, (?) (41-21; 57-1).
69-25). apatanko sanpax, what he shall com-
takuatzkam sanino, that they shall mand (42-9).
pardon me (70-3). apoi tutcex, what he command?
taxkuatzum, pardon me! (31-8; 45-7; (64-14).
72-22). apox, (?) (41-25).
taxkuatzum sanaxomino, that you apcapa'nex tupam, what is good
will pardon me (67-2, 13). (72-7, 9).
taxpakuatzum san, you will pardon aptzo pamex, it is strong (57-4.)
me (51-8). atcex, these (42-4).
taxpakuatzum sanpan, that you par- atciyokuex, in all the (34-21.)
don me (them) (70-17). inox, (?) (41-2, 15, 28).
taxpakuatzum san tupayokuen, that Jesu-Christo pax ohaux, Jesus Christ
you pardon me (54-8). was his name (36-17).
taxpakuatzum santupayokuen, in kuex, (?) (34-23; 35-2; 43-2).
order that you pardon me (72-5). xak'tayex, ask (God)! (73-25; 74-20).
tapakuatzum sanma, that He pardon xaxle wakox, speak to Him! (52-13).
(73-28; 74-19). xapahoi ex, if you do (28-16).
20 BUREAU OF AMERICAlSr ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
xapak'ayex tukuaxat, when you tupahapax, what (85-23).

touched (19-29). tupayokuex, in (35-24).
xuai pitakuem mamaimaso snex, that tukuex, in the (34-20).
you should abandon this house tupox, of (19-15).
(17-13). tutcex, (?) (41-14).
maktcosnex, that he carry you (28- wahoi ex, who made? (34-25).
11). wahoi inox, when he makes (43-1),
mamaitxam sanex e, you should live yokuex, with (52-5).
in? (17-14). xa, yes (RG) (33-1).
mamayaxle wako yaxam sanex e, that xa, a particle or affix never occurring
you should not speak alone to? alone, original meaning uncertain.
(17-24). t'axat {or xat), how many? {passim).
mameihoiexta, you have done t'axakat {or xakat), why? {passim).
(and) (12-21). tukuaxam, in it, at it (2-13).
mameixualaxex am e, did you con- xa-, pronominal prefix of the second
ceal? (3-28). person —possessive, subjective, and
mameyapxakex am e, did you con- objective.
ceal? (3-28). t'ahaka xaxauxue, what is your name?
minox, and (6-16, etc.). (82-1).
nakpoi tutcex, what I have done to xayuna yaxam e, you did not fast?
them (70-3). (11-7).
pax, pax, (?) (36-17; 42-12, 13). xaha po e, is it your grandchild?
pil'ax, of whom (84-2). (77-14, 15).
pilapaxle Santas tutcex oxle nox xapaham, you eat (46-6).
wamalexta, after the priest says xahoi axam e, did you not do it?
the words (42-25). (2-27).
pip maxmo te e, (with what things) xapak'ai tukuaxat, when you touched
did you bewitch? (8-27). (20-10).
pil'tcex, (?) (76-1). xakaka po e, is she your paternal
pitukuex, in (28-22, 26). grandmother? (81-8).
pitupamoyokuex, for that reason away thou! (8-29).
xakale, go
(42-2, 6). xapakamam axam sanpam e, you will
pitutciyokuex, those (43-2). not visit (19-9).
p5homopax, in the very same way xakant'an po e, is he your nephew?
(36-3). (79-9) (etc.).
pohoyokuex, for that reason (37-20), xakawa, you love him (29-28).
in that way (42-11). xak'makoxsaux, kneel down thou!
puhupax Dios tupo watanko, God so (1-1).
commands (24-17). xak'oxtawai, you give blows on
puhupax xaspamo, do you believe (50-26).
that also? (50-5). xapakatzoguo axo mino, you paid all
puxoyokuex, on account of that (49-22).

(6-17). xapakomulgar, that you commune
sanpax, you shall do so (6-21). (46-4).
santupayokue, in order that (40-25). xak'tai, you entreat (74-19).
tcex, (?) (25-15; 41-1, 28; 43-1; 76-1). xak'uax, your womb (15-13).
tax, (?) (42-27). xakuamexe, do you hope? (9-3).
taxamalkuita tzax in sanpax, you xakuatzum e, (did) you pardon him?
confess to me again (6-20). (50-19).

taxpakuamex santupayokuen, in order xaxam, you remember (29-11).
that you may care for me (53-19). xapakuaxo e, are you a witch? (8-8).
tamaxtcox, bring me (that thing)! xapxo, you know (55-7).
(8-29; 9-1). xaxo, plural form,
tap pa akulkuex, here in this world xaxo tcik, know! (pi.) (84-15).
(40-28). xaxuakam, you ask him (63-5).

xaxoxakoimo tcik sanino, you (pi.) xam, to remember.

shall join all your sins (85-12). apaxam, soul (35-23, 27; 36-1;
xa, to dance. 38-14, 18, 21; 39-6, 12, 28; 40-11,
txe mamaixa yam e, have you danced 19; 41-5; 48-3; 66-5, 9; 85-15).
the mitote? (15-9). apaxam apsa, their souls (39-6).
xagu, man, male (12-20; 13-9, 14, 16, xaxam, you remember (29-11, 12).
18; 14-1, 5, 8; 16-15; 17-4, 7, 16, xaxam axam ate e, you never re-
22, 24; 18-14; 19-7; 20-16; 21-24, membered (5-11).
26; 22-6, 8, 12, 14, 17, 22; 23-5, 7, xaxam axam e, did you not remem-
13, 15, 18, 21, 24; 27-3, 8; 30-21, ber? (5-6).
24; 36-21; 37-3, 25; 42-17; 47-6; xapaxam, your soul (50-10; 52-14,
50-4; 65-12; 68-7; 77-6, 8; 81-17; 57-2, 6; 63-29; 64-5).
83-1, 15, 23). mameyaxamam am e, did you forget
xagu tcet, a man (36-25). it? (2-29).
xagut apahawai tukuaxat, after He mameyaxam atam e, did you re-
had made Himself man (36-14). member? (5-4).
xagut apouxt'amoyaxam, never hav- meyaxam axam kaloxo, you did not
ing lain with a man (37-16). remember perhaps! (4-15).
xagut ohawai e, (which) made itself naigixam kam, we will remember
man? (36-10). (43-10).
xagu, joined with, together with. napaxam, napaham, my soul (51-3,
apaxagu apasa santupayokuex, in 9; 53-5, 17; 54-28; 55-16; 67-25;
order that they be with him 68-3; 71-2; 72-7, 10, 18, 24; 73-2,
(40-25). 10, 15, 28; 74-5, 10; 75-3, 8).
apxohoimo, united, together (41-19). napaxam sanpan, I will remember
xaxoxakoimo tcik sanino, you (pi.) (55-15).
shall join all your sins (85-12). pinta apaxam saux pa usa, there is
njikxagu, together with, joined with memory (35-27).
me (?) (69-19). xamaya, to make fun of, to jest at.
xai, to be extinguished (of fire), to mamayaxamaya sauxuam e, did you
come to an end. make fun of? (11-21).
apahai, it comes to an end (65-28). mameyaxamayasauxuam e, have you
apaxai san tukuaxat, when it comes made fun of? (12-7).
to an end (40-10; 48-27). mamikaxamayasauxuam e, have you
apaxakai santce, these are to come made fun of them? (12-2).
to an end (29-15). xamln, you (independent form) (13-19
apkue tukue apaxai santce wasa 17-16; 19-17; 30-8; 52-5; 55-7
yaxam, it never will be extin- 63-26; 67-6, 7; 68-6; 69-26
guished (28-29). 72-1, 6, 8, 14; 76-1, 6, 13; 77-4
tap pa akue apaxai tukuet, when 87-3).
the world comes to an end (38-28). xamakan, you (plural or dual)
xak, to conceal (RG). (84-14).
mameyapxak am e, did you conceal? xaminyo, for (por) you (63-28).
(5-29). xamtzam, to desire, to wish.
mameyapxakex am e, did you con- mamaixamtzam am e, did you de-
ceal? (3-28). sire? (14-3, 15, 18; 20-25; 21-5;
xakat, why? (RG) (see t'axakat under 23-16, 19, 23).
t'a) (2-5, 26; 4-4; 10-8; 27-25, 27; mamaixantzam am e, did you de-
29-6; 36-15; 37-22; 38-4; 83-11, sire? (21-1) (perhaps a misprint).
13; 84-12). mameixamtzam am e, have you
xakan, what? (43-4; 44-6). desired? (11-15; 12-6).
xakauko, to place upon. naxamtzamate, I desire (68-19, 26).
nakpaxakauko san, he placed upon naxamtzam pamate, I desire it
3ôu (57-26). (74-16).
22 BUKEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
xanai, father (RG?). ox xek'atzawamke tapamopo, they

axanai, his father (speaking of the wish to marry each other (85-20).
Trinity) (35-8, 12; 36-5; 46-16; pilapxek'atzawamke, marriage (noun)
53-23; 65-6; 83-11). (84-18).
xaxanai po e, is that your father? zk'ou, nephew, niece (son or daughter
(77-11). of a man's younger sister).
nakaxanai, my father (God) xaxk'ou po e, is he your nephew? or
(67-7).
xanaye, really. is she your niece? (79-5, 7).
mak xanaye xamin pil' mameyak'au xo, to know.

atapamo kalo yam e, or do you kutatze tupa makxatzo wako, the
really desire to marry? (said to a priests have taught you (46-11).
woman) (77-4). kutatze tupa takpaxatzo wako tutcen,.
mak xanaye xamin pil' mameyata- all the things the priests have
yagu tapamo kalo yam e, or do taught me (66-17).
you really desire to marry? (said xapxo, you know (55-7).
to a man) (76-6). xapxo axo, you know (72-6, 8).
xane, with (?). xaxo tcik, know (pi.) ! {sdbed)
taxane xaxle, you say with me (84-15).
(49-17). xapaxo wako tcik santupayokuet, in
xanmo, alone (30-25). order that you teach them (85-5).
xanmo kuem, alone (17-24; 18-16; makpaxatzo wako, what they have
19-7). taught you (7-8, 19).
xasal, heart. mamaixo kloyam, do you know?
axasal, his heart (42-8). (83-1, 15, 18, 21; 84-3, 6, 9).
xaxasal, your heart (7-2; 11-26; 14-6, mamixatzo kloyam, if you two know
24; 19-2; 26-4: 52-6; 57-13; 64-5). (85-23).
naxasal, my heart (55-3, 13; 64-8; mamixatzo yam e, do you (pi.)
66-13, 21; 67-18; 69-10, 23; 70-5; know? (86-2).

75-22). pinta apaxosaux pa usa, there is the
naxoaxasal, our heart (43-13). understanding (35-26).
xatzo, plural stem of xo, to know (q. v.). Santa Iglesia apaspamo, ko takxo
xat,howmany?(RG)(seet'axatundert'a). wako, the holy church believes and
(2-1, 14; 3-29; 4-19; 5-6; 6-1; 7-10, teaches (46-9).
13; 8-4, 13, 16, 24, 26; 9-11; 10-4, xo, xopi, assist in forming the possessive
25; 11-6, 11; 13-12, 22; 15-18; prefix in the first and second per-
17-1, 2; 21-9, 15, 20, 22; 24-1; sons plural (30-6).
33-23; 34-1, 3, 4, 12, 13, 15; naxopakuan, we go (37-27).
42-20). xohoimo, {see xagu).
xat'al, elder brother (of man). xont'an, nephew (son of a woman's
xaxat'al po e, is he your elder brother? elder sister),
(78-11). xaxont'an po e, is he your nephew?
xek'atzawarake, to marry each other. (80-13).
ax xek'atzawamke tapamo axpam, xotal, paternal aunt younger than
those who wish to marry (83-5; father,
84-9). xaxotal po e, is she your paternal
ax xek'atzawamke tapamo axpam, aunt? (80-6).
maktu po e, are you a relative xt'ewal, to be angry with, to anger,
of those who desire to marry? xaxt'ewal wakono, because you an-
(82-16). gered (57-16).
xamakan tcik xapxek'atzawamke tcik xaxt'ewalwakoxo e, did you anger?
atapamo axo, you who desire to (26-8).
marry (84-14). xapaxt'ewal wako axom, you anger
xapaxek'atzawamke tcik santupayo- (your father) (63-23).
kuen, in order that you (pi.) marry xapaxt'ewal wako yaxam san ma, you
(85-17). are not to anger (63-13).
mamayaxt'egulo yam e, have you xuankam, to be ashamed, to have

been angry (with some man)? shame,
(13-10, 15). tiaxuankam axam kam, do not be
miaxt'ewalwakopam awaxta, if you ashamed before me! (3-21).
anger Him much (28-7). ruatz, to hold (in hands).
miaxt'ewal wako yaxam kam, you are nixuatz, I hold (47-20; 50-2).
not to anger (28-4; 30-2). xue, female sexual organs.
nakpaxt'ewal wako anomino, because axue, her sexual organs (19-26; 20-4).
I anger you (70-8). xaxue, your sexual organs (22-15, 18,
naxt'ewal pamino, that I am angry 23, 25; 23-1).
with (71-11). xue, son of woman, daughter of
naxoxtewal wako tutcem, people who woman (?).
have made you angry (50-17). xaxxue po e, is he your son? (80-24).
pilam xapaxt'ewal wako tutcem, pil' ax xue kam e, of whom is
people that you have made angry she the daughter? (84-2).
(50-22). xuizkuan,
pllam makpaxt'ewal wako tutcem, ax xuizkuan, little pieces (of bread)
people who have made you angry (42-28; 43-1).
(50-17). xum, to die (RG).
zuai, mission, house, village, town (the apaxum, He died (38-1, 9; 39-17,
limitations of this word are un- 23, 25; 65-16).
certain) (17-12, 14; 18-10, 11, apaxum apam. He died on (47-19).
13; 24-23; 82-12). apaxumatz axam sanpa, they will
not die (40-22; 41-8).
zuakam, to ask.
xaxuakam, you ask Him (63-5). apaxumatz tat, all the dead (39-2;
49-2).
xaxuakam exo e, do you ask? (50-21;
52-23).
apaxumatz tukuaxat, when they
die (40-22; 41-8).
nakaxuakam, I ask you (55-3;
70-14).
apaxumatz tupat, all the dead (66-1).
nakaxuakam in, I ask you also
apaxum pomino, because He died
(70-20).
(54-17).
nakaxuakamino, because I ask you apaxum san ma, that they might die
(11-14; 14-2, 18).
(55-25).
nakpaxuakam san ano, I will ask
apaxum tukuet wamalexta, after He
died (48-12),
you (55-20).
naxuakam, I ask (70-2). apaxGm tupayo, through his death
naxuakamino, I ask it (50-25; 52-25). (67-17).
tzin nakaxuakam, I beg you (53-10)

iwaxum e, will it be dead? (40-7).
xapaxum san, about to die (53-2).
ruako aye, soon, quickly (19-19;
xapaxum san ma, to die (in future)
28-9).
(29-12).
zuaz, xapaxum santupayo, in order to die
pilapaxuax saux tcoxai, there is no (68-10; 72-24).
resting (28-25). xapaxum when
tukuet, you die
rualax, to conceal. (6-26; 29-27; 30-14; 52-17).
mameixualaxam e, did you conceal miaxum awaxta, if you had died
(a sin)? (5-28). (29-4).
mameixualaxex am e, did you con- miwaxum. He died (39-19, 21;
ceal? (SA) (3-28). 40-1, 3).
xuanikahame, unchaste (21-11, 13). miwaxum ma e, if she is dead?
plnwak xuanikahame apsakam, un- (83-20), he is dead? (84-8).
if
chaste things (12-19). napaxum san ta, that I shall die
pinwak xuanikahame apsakam ma, (74-22),
immodest or unchaste things napaxum tukuem, when I die (67-5;
(12-15). 72-17).
napaxum tukuen, when I die (54-22; xapaxleyaxam tukuaxat, what you

66-19). were silent about (6-14).
niwaxum axam kalome, if perchance maiaxlewako, to talk to (13-20).
should not die (71-12).
I mamayaxlg wako yaxam sanex e
waxumatz e, (how many of those you that you should not speak alone
bewitched) died? (8-20). to (17-24).
waxum e, He died? (38-7). mamayaxle yam e, you have spoken
xum, to be angry with (RG). (25-4).
mamayaxum am e, were you angry mameiaxleyam, you speak to (26-9),
with? (11-19). have you spoken lyingly? (9-16,
xuyopamaux, five (31-21) (SA). 21).
puwant'zan ko xuyopamaux (or mameyaile yam, you have said
maxuaxuyo), nine (32-1). (25-6).
xuyopamaux axte, ten ("twice five") mameyaxleyam, you have said
(32-3). (15-16).
x a ko pil', eleven mameyaxle yam e, have you spoken?
("twice five and one") (32-5). (21-1).
K axtikpil', fifteen ("three miaxle kam, you will inform them
times five") (32-12). (25-10).
x a ko pil', sixteen miaxle wako yaxam kam, you will
("three times five and one") not speak to her (18-14).
(32-14). nakaxle tzam kolo, I extol thee
x a ko axte, seven- (53-8).
teen ("three times five and two") namo xapaxle wako yaxam tukuaxat,
(32-16). you have not spoken? (13-24).
since
taiwako ko xuyopamaux axte (or niyolatze wako kam, we will speak
komaxuaxuyo axte, thirty (32-22). (to God) (43-18).
taiwakS axte ko xuyopamaux (or oxle, he says (42-25).
maxuaxuyo) axte, fifty (32-25). words (21-11, 13; 42-24).
pilapaxle,
le, to speak to. pinwak apcakaic ta apalatze, ko
apaxle tukuaxam, when it sings (or apaxawai tukuaxam e, when they
cries) (7-24). spoke and did immodest things
apaxle tutce, what he says (7-17). (13-2).
apaxle tutcen, the things (God) has taxane xaxle, say with me! (49-17;
spoken (66-15). 50-27).
xaxle xo did (or do) you say it? leic, mother (of
e, woman) (SA).
(19-1; 57-24; 82-10). xaleic po e, is she your mother?
xaxletzam kalo, with your words (81-1).
(49-16). letzam, to adore (cf. le).
xaxle wako, tell it! (31-8), speak to xaxletzam, you adore (49-16).
Him! (52-7, 10; 63-10). nakaxletzam, I praise, extol, or
xaxle wakox, speak to Him! (52-13.) glorify thee (49-19; 53-5).
xaxle wako yaxam san inon, that -m, suffix indicating the objective case
you do not speak to (30-25). in the second person,
xaxle yaxam e, did you say? (4-2, 6. ma, a postposition occurring after
22). substantives and verbs, though it
xaxle yaxam mexo e, for that reason is possible that there are two dis-
you concealed it (4-17). tinct particles of this kind. It
xapaxle san pam e, that you will tell? sometimes seems to mean, "that,"
(82-11). "of." (2-6, 8; 3-25; 8-21, 23, 28;
xapaxle tukuaxat, when yuu spoKe; 9-6, 10, 24; 11-15; 12-7, 16; 14-3,
(21-14). 15, 18, 21, 23; 16-1, 6; 20-3, 25,
xapaxleyaxam tukuaxam, when you 27; 21-1, 19, 21; 22-6, 8; 23-16,
were silent (or concealed) (5-14, 18, 22; 24-3, 8, 20; 25-4, 12;
19; 6-5). 26-4, 13; 27-15; 29-12; 52-13;
64-20, 21; 55-21; 57-13, 23; 63-6, miyanako yaxam ayexta, when you
7; 76-9, 10; 77-6, 7; 73-28; 74-2, do not think (19-18).
20; 83-19, 20; 84-5, 7, 8). pir mameyak'au atapamo, did you
zaai-, personal pronominal prefix of marry? (77-2).
the second person singular and puhum maihoi tcik ex, if you
plural subjective, (pi.) do so (85-7).
maham e, did you eat? (10-27).

saxpame miapllame, if you live badly?
maiamas, you to see (13-19). (29-21).
maikuantzam awaxta, if you had mak, or, either (7-23, 24; 9-18, 19, 20,
died (29-3). 24, 25, 26; 10-19; 24-22, 23; 40-1;

76-6; 77-3).
maimas kam e, you will look (pleas-
maklok, or (18-2; 72-11).
antly) at him (14-10).
makxanko, or (5-22).
maipewal am e, were you remiss?
(2-7). makis, maternal aunt (of a woman)
(RG?).
maicip'e, you lied (25-10).
xamakis po e, is she your maternal
maitcu kam, you will carry it (72-20).
aunt? (81-5).
maitalam kaloxo, did you fear (the
xapamakis wako po e, is she your
priest)? (4-10).
(a man's) mother-in-law? (79-15).
maitxam kam, you will live in (18-12).
maxoi, you do, you make (30-1). raakit'an, paternal aunt older than
maxoi exo e, you had done? (21-11). father,
mamaiax tzanam am e, did you xamakit'an po e, is she your aunt?
return it? (24-12). (80-1).
mamaihoi am e, did you commit? makpaxtikalo, perhaps (?) (28-12).
(20-9). makutzan, younger brother (of
mamaik'ai am e, have you touched? woman),
(20-4). xamakutzan po e, is he your younger
mamaik'uap' am e, did you kiss? brother? (78-9).
(19-21). maxuaxuyo, five (RG) (31-21).
mamaitcap am e, did you kill some- maxuaxuyo axte, ten ("twice five")
one? (14-27). (32-3).
mamayaxkoiwako yam e, did you m a__ ko pir, eleven ("twice
fight with your wife? (13-5). five and one") (32-5).
mamayayunayam e, did you fast? m axtikpil', fifteen ("three
(11-5). times five") (32-12).
mamayouxtcalak am e, have you m a ko pil', six-
stolen (anything)? (24-3,8,20). teen ("three times five and one")
mameiham am e, did you eat? (32-14).
(10-24). m a ko axte, seven-
mamestia, you (pi.) pray! (59-2). teen ("three times five and two")
miahoi axam awaxta, if you do not do (32-16).
that (18-19). puwant'zan ko maxuaxuyo, nine
miaxt'ewal wako yaxam kam, you (32-2).
are not to anger (28-4), taiwako ko maxuaxuyo axte, thirty
miaxum awaxta, if you had died (32-23).
(29-4). taiwako axte ko maxuaxuyo axte,
miamaso yaxam e, if you do not forty (32-25).
leave (them)? (29-24). malaux, male sexual organs.
miapilam kam, if you live (well)? xamalaux, your sexual organs (20-6,
(29-16). 10).
miaspamo kam, you are to believe maline, time (?) (31-4, 9; 26-10;
(46-12). 52-10; 57-21; 63-11; 71-14; 75-18).
miatzamoxuam, did you sleep (little) ? maline pil'inyo, another time (19-3;
(10-18). 43-19; 70-11; 71-14).
malkuita, to confess (Spanish mal- nikamalkuita wako kam, you will

cuidar) cause me to confess you again (9-2)
apamalkuita, the confessions (6-11). taxamalkuita tzax in sanpax, you con-
xamalktiita x6 5, have you confessed? fess to me again (6-20).
(9-15; 16-11; 25-21). mam,
xamalkuita snon, you will confess xagu pil't'an xak'au mam e, are you
(30-29). living in concubinage with any
xamalkuita tzax in ixo e, do you confess man? (16-15).
now again? (27-23). tagu pil't'an xatayagumam e, are you
xamalkuitat xo, you have confessed living in concubinage with any
(26-14). woman? (16-14).
xapamalkuita ata tutciyo, in all these mama, father (of man).
confessions (5-1). xamama, your father (11-8, 13, 17,
xapamalkuita, that you confessed 20, 22).
(26-20; 27-1, 6, 12, 16; 44-2). xamama po e, is that your father?
xapamalkuita pil' ata tutcipo, in the (77-10).
other confessions (3-18). mama NamI, my father (45-6; 49-18;
xapamalkuita san, to confess (56-2). 51-1; 53-4, 16, 26; 54-27; 68-7;
xapamalkuita san ma mameyaxatam 69-10, 16; 70-14, 23; 71-6, 20, 23,
am e, were you not able to confess? 26; 74-3, 9, 14, 18; 84-16).
(2-8). naxopimama, Our Father (Jesus
xapamalkuita snaxo, if you do not Christ) (46-1, 5; 47-1, 17; 48-18,
confess (3-18). 25; 50-3, 8; 52-4; 56-5; 63-22;
xapamalkuita tcik santupayokuen, in 65-19, 26; 67-15).
order that you (pi.) confess them naxopimama po, he is our father
(85-13). (30-6).
xapamalkuita t'axat aptciyoka, in napamama, my Father (54-1; 55-27).
how many confessions (5-5) mamotcam, first cousin female.
xapamalkuita tukuaxam, you had xamamotcam po e, is she your first
confessed (during Lent) (2-13; 4-7, cousin? (78-13).

13). mamou, first cousin male,
xapamalkuita tukuaxat, you had con- xamamou, is he your first cousin?
fessed (2-16, 21; 17-10, 19). (78-13).
xapamalkuita tukuem, when you con- man, to become drunk, intoxicated, out
fessed (4-3; 5-8, 25). of one's mind, mad.
xapamalkuita tutcem, when you have mamaiyaman am e, did you become
confessed (6-8). intoxicated? (15-5, 8).
xapamalkuita tutciyo, in the confes-
man, true.
sional (5-12, 17).
mantpam, the truth (82-2, 4, 10).
xapamalkuita yaxam e, did you not
mantpam pax, the truth (RG) (42-
confess? (2-3).
13).
xapamalkuita yaxame me, did you
mantpam, ta, true, true things (SA).
not confess? (2-6).
piman, the truth (RG) (82-3, 4, 10).
mameyamalkuita mameinako, did you
piman pax, the truth (SA) (42-12).
think you confessed? (5-21).
pimanta, true, true things (RG)
mameyamalkuitayam, (after) you
(7-20).
confessed (6-2).
mameyamalkuita yam did you con-
e,
manam, well, good (bien) (14-10;
40-18; 42-4, 5; 50-16; 54-1, 19;
fess? (sing, subj.) (1-6; 4-25; 45-4).
naiwamalktiita yau kam, we will con- 63-11, 15; 68-1; 72-23; 74-21).
fess it (44-3).
manam tcan, well (5-20; 6-15; 29-15,
nakamalkuita wako yaxam, I will not 17; 43-6, 25; 46-4; 53-12).
cause you to confess (18-4). mac, to ascend.

naxoapamalkuita santupayo, in order uxual' tukuet apamao saux apam,
to confess ourselves well? (43-7). He ascended into heaven (48-20).
uxual* tukuet apamtlo saux pom, He mat'an, grandson (a woman's son's

ascended into Heaven (38-26) son.)
uxual' tukuet apmao saux pomino, xamat'an po e, is he your grandson?
that He ascended into heaven (81-4).
(65-22). maux, hand.
mas; to look to observe. xamaux, your hands (20-7; 22-26).
apamas, that you see Him (40-25). namaux, my hands (47-20)
xamas axam e, did you not observe? namaux atclyo, (pi.) (50-2).
(10-6, 9). mex, and there, however
(?) (28-22, 25
xapamas sam ma, to observe (mass) 35-10, 36-13, 27; 37-7, 22
19;
(10-12). 38-4, 20, 27; 39-9; 41-20; 42-26
xapamas santupayo, in order that 47-13; 49-8; 66-8; 83-8).
you see (55-12). mexta, and (35-29; 36-7).
xapamas santupayokuen, in order mexo, a word indicating the reason for
that you may see (87-3). performing an action and inserted
xapamas tukuaxam, when (mass) was twice, once at the beginning of the
observed (10-15). clause as if equivalent to "and"
maiamas, you to see (13-19). and again at the end (4-10, 12,
maimas kam e, you will look pleas- 16, 17).
antly at him (14-10). m.em, mam; and, then, and then, in
makmas e, (how many) saw you? order that (1-4; 3-1; 4-4, 23; 5-1;
(21-10; 24-2). 10-8; 25-18, 22; 26-9; 27-25, 27;
maxmas, look! observe! (46-1) (SA), 29-6, 7; 46-4; 50-15, 26; 55-12).
xamas (RG). men (probably intended for mem)
mamaimas ate e, did you observe (18-27).
(mass)? (10-3). mim (25-10).
mamikmas am did they see you?
e, min, then (19-11), because (19-17).
(12-10, 13, 22; 21-7; 23-25). t'axakat (or xakat) mem, why? for
nakpamas san pan, I to see you there what reason? (2-5, 26).
(73-19, 22; 74-16). m.estia, to pray. Perhaps from Span-
nakpamas too santupayo, that I go ish mester {menester).
(up) to see you (54-23). apamestia, doctrine (7-16).
maso, to give up, to abandon, to leave, xamestia sno, that you will pray
to desert, (30-17).
xuai pitakuem mamaimaso snex, that mamestia, you (pi.) pray! (59-2).
you should abandon this house pilapamestla, doctrine (7-6; 12-25).
(17-13). "Yo pecador" xamestia, pray the
maxmaso snon, that you leave (your "Yo pecador!" (1-3).
sins) (29-10). mi, and (3-15).
miamas5 yaxam e, if you do not leave mino, because (35-23; 49-23).
(them) (29-24). minox, and, for that (6-16; 24-16;
matzan, younger brother (of man), 37-20, 28; 40-9; 42-11; 52-2;
amatzan, his younger brother (81-18). 56-6).
xamatzan po e, is he your younger minom, and you, then (7-22; 28-3;
brother? (78-11). 49-15; 63-20).
matzutzan, younger sister woman
minon, because (55-2).
of
(RG) (cf. tzutzan). tceminon, because (6-16).
xamatzutzan po e, is she your younger pominom, because he is (30-6).
sister? (78-15). mipo, and (?), there (?), he (?) (30-7;
mat, and (8-26; 9-1, 13; 16-5, 9; 17-16 38-27; 65-22).
18-12, 25; 19-28; 20-10; 22-8 mit, but (19-13; 51-6; 57-12; 85-9).
23-1, 15; 27-20; 39-26; 41-29 mitxo, because (18-6).
42-18; 43-4, 23; 44-5; 50-21). mi-, ma-, personal pronominal prefix
matxo, but (26-15). of the third person (singular).
184198 —40 3
mamik-ax, he gave them to you (2- makpaclpt'am axam santupayo, in

25). order that he may not deceive you
mamik-tcakei am e, did they hear you (57-5).
say them? (12-18). makouxci wak5 e, have you taught
apsakam mamik-tcapko yam e,
t'axat them? (8-25).
how many did you kill? (14-29). maktalo, he will take away from you
mamik-ka kalo yam e, did you per- (19-17).
haps utter maledictions? (14-21). makpahouxt'am sanpo. He will cast
mamlkk'ai am e, has he touched? you (28-19).
(22-15). maktaman in, call also on them
mamikk'uap'ame, has he kissed you? (63-27).
(22-13). makpatanko, he commanded you
mamlkaxamayasauxuam e, have you (2-20).
made fun of them? (12-2). maktawex, that he aid you (52-14).
mamikmas am e, did they see you? mamixatzo kloyam, if you two know
(12-10). (85-23).
mamikop'ol, did he embrace you? mamixatzo yam e, did you (pi.)
(22-12). know? (86-2).
mamikouxci wako, he taught you (to maxmas, look! (46-1).
bewitch) (8-11). maxmaso snon, that you leave (your
mamiktanko yam, he commanded you sins) (29-10).
(17-12). pil' maxmo te e, (with what things)
mamikwatz'moyam, who whipped do you bewitch? (8-27).
(them) (12-29). maxnakako, think (pi. things) (56-4) !
makpaax san apam, he is to give you matikal kam, you will come to me
(46-25). here (18-27).
makapakam ta, your children (subj. matiat'al' pam, you are very ill
pi.) (12-10). (52-23).

maktcakei e, (how many) heard you? miwaxum e, did he die? (39-19).
(21-15). miaxle kam, you will inform them
mak-tco sanpo, he will carry you (25-10).
(8-20; 29-20). miaxle wako kam, you will speak to
makpatcu, (in order that) he carry him (14-9).
you (30-12). miyaxle wako yaxam kam, you will
m.akpaka tukuaxam, and when you not speak to her (18-14).
uttered them (11-25). mip'akenmam, they have passed
m.akpak'a.i tukuaxam, when he (2-2).
touched (22-18). miktcu tzam kam, he will take you
mak'makSxsaux, you (pi.) kneel (pi.) (85-9).
down! (59-1). mikaspawamo yaxam san ma, they
makpakuatzum san ma, to pardon are not to believe you (25-11).
you (63-6). mikacipt'am kam, he will deceive y^û
makpaxatzo, what the priests have (18-20).
taught you (7-8). miktawox txam kam. He will aid you
(pi.) (85-7).
makxatzo, (pi.) what the priests have
taught you (46-11). mikuantzam, it dies (39-29).
mikuantzam kalo yam e, did He die
makmas e, (how many) saw you?
as? (39-19).
(21-10).
mikuantzam ma e, if she is dead?
makmo e, did you betwitch (them)? (83-19).
(8-17). miwatayagu yam e, is he married?
makapakam, your sons (12-10). (83-17).
maksaayex, they are wanting to you mitxam am e, does he dwell? (17-9).
(52-21). miwatum, has he promised? (83-3).
Swanton] LIXGUISTIC MATERIAL, FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 29
miayara kalo yam e, you have been mitcal, maternal aunt younger than
angry with? (14-12). mother (RG) (see teal),
mi, or ami, to own, to possess; with the xamitcal po e, is she your maternal
pronominal prefixes it forms posses- aunt? (80-15).
sive pronouns and adjectives, xamitcal wako po e, is she your
axomexo, you are mine (67-6, 7, 8). sister-in-law? (80-19).
ami, ami, his (39-15, 16; 69-4). mo, to bewitch,
apamatza santupayokuex, in order xapamo santa, you to bewitch {d
that you may have (40-27). hechizar) (8-12).
apami tutcen, what He had (70-26). makmo e, did you bewitch (them)?
apami tutciyokuen, that He had (8-17).
(71-24). mamakmota, those that you be-
Spamiyaxam, she had none (37-10; witched (8-18).
47-10). piP maxmo te e (with what things)
apt'al apnan pam panami, I have did you bewitch? (8-27).
very great grief (69-12). pil' ta apamo san ma, to bewitch
Dios nam!, my God (31-8; 69-14). anyone? (8-22).
xami, your (9-5, 8; 57-15; 63-3, pin ma pil' xapamo saux tapam, the
18, 20; 85-11). thing with which you bewitched
xapami, yours (15-14; 75-9; 85-2; (8-28).
86-9, 17).
mo, no more than, only (31-16, 17;
xapami san pan, you are to have
34-17; 35-11, 22, 24; 36-2, 8;
(57-13).
53-25; 64-10; 65-9).
mamaiamiam, you have (26-5).
na-, pronominal prefix of first person,
mamaiami yam e, do you have?
possessive and objective (na-,
(24-10; 25-15).
singular; nai, subjective, plural;
mama Naml, my father (45-6;
naxo, objective plural),
51-1; 53-4, 16, 26).
xamin nakpatai ano, you are my
naiwamatza kam, we will have
mother (72-15).
(43-14).
napahoi san pan, that I will commit
naiwamatza, if we have (44-3).
(71-18).
naxo-amatza, our (sins) (38-2 12
43-9; 47-22; 49-21).
napakal' santupayo, that I may go
(68-16).
nami, nami, my (51-7; 54-6, 11 27
nak'au axam, I do not marry (33-7).
65-17; 66-24; 67-1, 3, 6, 10, 11
nakuam, I hope (51-6).
18, 24; 68-3, 7, 11, 14, 18, 25
69-1, 10, 14, 16, 21, 26; 70-5, 7
napaxam sanpan, I will remember
(55-15).
10, 14, 16, 21, 23, 27; 71-6, 20, 23
naxuakam, I ask (70-2).
26; 72-2, 3, 6, 12, 21; 73-1, 6, 13
napaxiim, when I die (54-22).
18, 24, 26; 74-3, 9, 14, 18; 75-7
napapilam san ma, that I live
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18).
(54-19).
panami, in my (heart) (pa may be
naspamo, I believe it (46-14).
separate) (69-11; 70-6).
napakuantzam tukuen, when I die
pil'amika mO, who does it (animal)
(54-21).
belong to? (24-27).
saxpam pinapsa xami, your sins nayam ino, I do not love (31-13).
(9-5; 26-6). nakawa, I desire or love (50-14).

Santa Cruz xami, your Sacred Cross nakaxanai ax5mexo, you are my
(49-20). father 67-7).
mixal, nephew (son of a woman's napamama, my father (54-1).
elder brother). namaux, my hands (47-20).
xamixal po e, is he your nephew? nakpatawan san ma, that 1 shall be
(80-5). your friend (54-21).
raip'akenmam, see p'akenmara. natayagu, my wife (87-1).
30 BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
nakamalkuita wako yaxam, I will pin naiwaham axam kam, we do not

not confess you (18-4). eat anything (43-27).
nakak'tai, I entreat you (sing.) naiwakomulgar sima, before we com-
(71-1). mune (43-29).
nakpakuane napasa, I shall always naiwixam kam, we will remember
be with you (sing.) there (54-25). (43-10).
nakpaxakauko san, I shall place naiwamalkuita yau kam, we will
them upon you (57-26). confess it (44-3).
nakaxuakam, I ask them of you naiwamatza kam, we will have
(55-3). (43-14).
nakpaxuakam sanano, I will ask naiwakouxu axam kam, we will not
them of you (55-25). drink (43-28).
nakaxletzam kalo, I praise thee nayeawam kam, we will tell them
(49-19). (43-12).
nakaxle tzam kolo, I praise or extol nayexawai kam, we will do (44-12).
thee (53-8). niyolatze, we will speak (to God)
nakpamas san pan, I wish to see you (43-18).
there (73-19). naxoxawai sane (nayexawai san (RG))
nakaxapt'akal', I give you (all those) what shall we do? (43-5).
griefs (70-23). naxopitawai, we will do (?), let us do
naktaman, I call upon you (82-2). (?) (44-9).
naktanko, I command you (18-9). naxoapakomulgar santupayo, in order
nakpatayagu apam, that I marry thatwe may commune well (43-25)
myself to you (87-4). naxopakuan axam, we do not go
nakpaxt'ewal wako anomino, be- (37-27).
cause I anger you (70-8). naxoapamalkuita santupayo, in order
nakatum, I promise you (55-15). to confess ourselves well (43-7).
nakum, I tell you, I warn you naxopimama, our Father (46-1).
(19-13). naxo-amatza, our, ours (38-2).
nakpaum apam, that I speak to you naxopitawai, our mother (46-8).
(55-14). naxoxtewal wako non, because we
nakakawa, I love you (67-20, 22, 24). anger or offend (43-17).
nakpoi tutcex, what I have done to na,
(18-28) (perhaps a misprint for
them (70-3). ma (ma)).
nakuaxai, I suffer (them) (71-22).
nako, to think.
nakxagu, I joined with them (69-19).
xanakak5, think! (56-4) (RG).
naxt'awal pamino, that I am angry
maxnakako, think! (56-4) (SA).
with (the sins) (71-11).
mamainakoyam, you have thought
nahamino, because I have eaten
(7-15).
(53-9).
mamainakoyam e, did you think?
naxoi axam, I do not do (33-8).
(9-12; 20-23; 23-14).
napahoi sanyokuen, I do always mameinako, did you think (that you
(53-21).
confessed well)? (5-21, 24).
niwahoi in axam kam, I will not again
mameinakako yam e, have you
commit them (75-20). thought? (3-9).
nixuatz, I hold (47-20).
mameinakoyam, you have thought
nixuaxum axam kalome, if perchance
(9-7).
should not die? (71-12).
I
miyanako yaxam ayexta, when you
nikamalkuita wako kam, I will
do not think (19-18).
confess you again (9-2)
nakamalkuita wako yaxam, I will nakue, now (63-3).
you (18-4).
not confess nakuem, now, already (26-14; 52-8;
niwakuantzam axam kalome, if per- 57-19).
chance I do not die (71-11). nakuen, (?) (69-2).
namo, now (Spanish yd), then (13-24 watcono, that He raises them (64-15).
14-9; 8; 24-17; 26-10, 20
19-3, wahoi ex. Who made? (34-25).
31-9; 43-19; 45-4; 52-10; 53-1 wahoi inox, when he makes (43-1).
57-20; 63-11; 70-11, 13; 75-18 wahoi, that he cause, that he do
83-16, 18; 84-5, 6). (74-20).
namokuc, (?) (the RG dialect has wak'au atapamo pa apo, she who
namoko). wishes to marry (83-22).
no, a suffix or placed after
enclitic waxum e, did he die (for our sins?)
verbs. It may
be a usitative or (38-7).
possibly a combination of n, "I", waxauxu axam, there are not many
and 0, to be. (34-5).
no, wahouxt'am. He throws them (41-9).
nox in pilapaxle Santas tutcex oxle waxatam ate, one cannot (28-27).
nox wamalexta, after the priest watanko, he commands (6-18).
says the words (42-25). watayagu tapamo apo, he who wishes
non, because (porque). to marry (83-16).
0-, U-, wa-, personal pronominal prefix wahawai, they have done (41-1).
of the 3d person, subjective and waxumatze, (how many) died? (8-20).
possessive; see a-, u-, and wa-. waktanko, he commands them (41-23).
akpahakoxt'am san apam, He will o, this is found after a number of verbs.
cast them into (49-12), When the preceding verb takes the
ikuantzam e, will it be dead? (40-7). personal pronominal prefix xa-, o is
iwaxum e, will it be dead? (40-7). preceded by ax which probably con-
miwak'au ma e, if she is married tains xa- repeated; sometimes in-
(84-5). appears instead and possibly this is
miwaxum. He died (39-19). used with the first person but there
miwaxum ma e, if she is dead? are apparent exceptions, o may
(83-20). be nothing more than another form
miwatum, has he promised? (83-3). of the verb "to be," (so) but, if so,
niwaxum axam kalome, if perchance the connection is not clear (3-19).
I should not die (71-12). axo, (?) (49-23; 72-6, 8; 74-24;
niwahoi axam kam, I will not com- 82-12, 13; 84-15).
mit them (31-11). axom, (?) (63-23).
niwahoi in axam kam, I will not again ax5mino, because you are very (good)
commit (75-20). (67-21, 23; 68-2, 8, 15).
ohaux, his name, her name (36-17; ano, (?) (72-15).
43-14). anomino, because I do not (love you
ohawai e, did he make himself? (36- much) (69-13; 70-9).
11). apo, (?) (83-2, 16, 22; 84-1, 4; 85-19).
ouminox, because he tells (42-8). ap5m, (?) (86-3, 11).
oxle, he says (42-25). ox (RG), oxua (SA); no (33-1; 35-21;
oso, he is there (34-22). 40-9).
osa, they are there (35-26; 65-5.) oxaux, many (RG) (see apaux under
piltce watzamoxuaxamate, there is no apa).
sleeping (?). oxaux pam, very many (33-11).
t'axakat ohauxue, what was his name? oxauxyokuen, many times (33-15).
(36-16). waxauxu axam, there are not many
ukuantzam e. He died (38-7), it dies (34-5).
(40-4). oxtcixu, a few (RG) (33-9).
ukuakantzam, they died (8-19). oxtclxuyokuen, a few times (33-16).
uhaux, her name, she is called (37-20). op'ol, to embrace.
ukakoxt'am ate, he casts them (into mamikop'ol, did he embrace you?
hell) (41-9). (22-12).
uk'au atapamo apo, she who wishes tagu pil' fan mamayop'ol am e, did
to marry (84-1). you embrace any woman? (19-22).
32 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bun. 127
otaktzin, to go carefully. ip'aken mamet, being past (30-28).

xotaktzin, go with care! (28-3). mip'akenmam, they have passed
ot'awaxope, (2-2, 15).
apot'awaxope, she was shut in (mean- mip'akenmam e, they have passed?
ing that she did not have a men- (13-23).
strual flow) (37-15). t'il puwantzan axte ip'aken mamet,
ouxu, to drink. eight days being past (18-26).
naiwakouxu axam kam, we will not (dux) pako, to leave,
drink (43-28). xouxpako sno, you go forth from, you
pa, pa, a demonstrative used alone or leave (18-10).
frequently in composition with tu t'oaxam pitukuex pilapouxpako san
or ta, which it follows. In the pax waxatam ate, one cannot go
Introduction to his Manual Garcia out of this hell (28-26).
represents this as used after ani- paxe, peyote (15-3).
mate beings, but it is also found in paxti, companion.
the texts after inanimate objects. xapaxti tcik po, He is your com-
When used after animate beings panion (52-6).
there are usually more than one. naxpaxti tcik san pan, be my com-
Possibly the complementary syllable panion! (72-16).
po was limited to human beings. paltiin, daughter (speaking to a man),
(Signs of sing., of. 9-17,20.) xapalum po e, is she your daughter?
(18-24; 35-26, 27, 28, 29; 37-13; (77-12). (In 78-3 this is given as
38-27, 28; 39-4, 10; 40-10, 28; "stepdaughter" but the suffix or
41-13; 42-2; 47-13; 48-26; 49-5, particlemam has probably been
9; 64-12, 16; 65-27, 29; 66-20; omitted),
68-27; 69-1; 82-7, 12; 83-2, 22; pam, son (said by father or mother).
85-1), xue).
(see
apax, over, to (41-21). apam, the Son (speaking of the
pax (28-27; 36-17; 37-20; 41-21; Trinity) (35-9, 14; 36-6, 12, 13;
42-4, 6; 47-14). 46-17; 53-3; 65-6, 10).
pam, (?) (29-29; 50-23; 51-4; 54-28; xapam, your son (70-18, 25; 85-2).
57-26; 63-5; 82-11). xapam po e, is that your son? (77-10;
pamin, (?) (73-23). 80-23).
pamino, (?) (71-11; 74-15). xapam mampo e, is he your stepson?
pamate, (?) (74-17). (said by man or woman) (78-1;
pan (51-8, 11; 55-5, 24; 57-14; 68-19, 81-10).
26; 70-13; 71-4, 5, 16, 19; 72-16; makapakam, your sons (or children)
73-15, 17, 20, 23; 74-16). (12-10) (pi.).
pa-, a verbal prefix of very general makapakam ta, your children (subj.)
use. So far as can be determined (12-10, 13, 17, 22).
it seems to be employed in cases makapakam tupam, to your children
where the action is definite in time (obj.) (12-24, 29).
or place, past, present, or future pam, very (?) (10-19; 30-8, 9; 52-7, 22;
(passim). 55-24; 56-6; 63-26; 67-8, 20; 68-1;
p'ai, nephew (son of a man's younger 69-11, 13, 14).
brother), or niece (daughter of apauxpam, oxaux pam, very many
same) (33-11).
xap'ai po e, is he your nephew? apauxpamyokuen, oxauxpamyokuen,
(78-17); or is she your niece? very many times (33-14).
(78-19). apnan pam, much (10-19), very great
p'akenmam, to pass (of time). (28-28; 41-22; 42-1).
app'akenmamexta, passed (38-21; apcap'an pam, very good (30-5;
48-14). 69-14).
payam, now (ahora). makpapl san ma, to cohabit in future

(6-10; 18-4, 6; 19-11; 25-20; 26-22, (23-15, 18).
24; 27-22; 31-7; 54-18; 63-7, 17; makpapl' tukuaxat, when he co-
72-15; 84-3; 86-9, 17.) habited with you (12-12; 23-24).
payamkue, (?) (the RG dialect has makpaplya san ma, to cohabit with
payamko). (in future) (23-22).
penitencia, penance (Spanish word), maxpie, (how many times) did you
pin penitenciakat, what penitential cohabit? (21-20).
things? (2-23). maxpl yam e, (ibid.) (21-22).
pewal, to be remiss. mamaiaxpiu wax tcik am e, did you
maipewal am e, were you remiss pretend to cohabit? (23-11).
ifloxo)'! (2-7, 28; 10-10). mamaipl yam e, did you cohabit with?
pi, seemingly a demonstrative referring did you commit fornication? (15-
to something which has immediately 16; 16-1; 20-15, 19, 21; 87-9).
preceded either in the syntax or the mameyaxpiu tcik am e, did you
thought, cohabit with? (81-15, 18).
pita, (?) (18-10). mameyaxpiu tcik atam e, did you
pitakuem, from that (17-12). cohabit? (17-28).
pitapa, (?) (24-9, 14). mamej'axpiu tcik kalo yam e, did
pitapo, this (aforesaid) (18-13, 14; you cohabit with? (18-2).
21-26; 22-17; 23-15; 76-12; 77-8; mamikpaimo yam e, did you cohabit
81-15, 18). (with them)? (16-8).
pitapom, with that (woman, etc.) mamikpi yam e, did you cohabit
(17-26, 27; 19-28; 20-24). with? (20-17, 21, 22, 24; 88-2).
pitapoyo, with that (17-3, 4). mamikpiya yam e, have you co-
pitatcem, all these (sins) (6-13, 20). habited with? (22-11).
pitatciyo, all these (years) (4-24; mamipairao yam e, did you cohabit?
29-3). (21-17).
pitukuaha san na, (?) (18-27). not commit
napi yaxam, and do
pitukuen, (?) (55-19; 69-17; 70-24). lewdness! (33-5).
pitukuet, in order that (48-6). pikak'tzam, to nail.
pitukuex, in (28-22, 26). appikak'tzam e, he was nailed
pitupamoyo, always (5-10, 15; 17-8; (38-10).
37-3, 5, 14, 19; 40-6, 15, 24; pixat (word in RG dialect) (47-21)
41-10; 42-5, 12; 47-6; 53-11, 20; {see apaxat under apa).
54-19, 20, 24; 55-4, 18; 69-12, 18; pil', one (the numeral), some (?)
74^23; 75-9). (2-10; 3-4, 6, 23; 5-27; 7-24, 25,
pitupamoyokuex, for that reason 26; 8-21, 22, 27, 28; 13-9, 14, 16;
(42-2, 6). 14-12, 27; 15-16; 16-1, 13, 15;
pitupayo, for that reason (30-8). 19-21, 24, 26; 20-3, 14, 16, 18, 22,
pitupayokuem, on account of this, for 27; 21-19, 21, 24, 26; 22-1, 6, 9,
that reason (4-4, 11, 16). 12, 14, 22; 23-5, 7, 11, 13, 18;
pitupayokuen, on that account, for 27-4, 15; 30-20; 31-15, 16; 37-4;
that (26-17). 47-19; 76-1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13;
pitutcem, all these (sins) (6-13, 20). 77-1, 2, 3, 4, 6).
pitutciyo, all these (years) (6-9; pil'aima, in another (17-14; 18-11).
17-29). pil' ai ta, (?) (84-19, 23).
pitutciyokuex, those (43-2). pil'ax, of whom (84-2).
pi, pi, to cohabit. pil'in, the other (52-20; 76-9; 77-6;
xapapl san ma, to cohabit in future 83-3, 23).
(20-22, 24, 27). pil'ka, who? (25-3; 34-23; 36-19;
xapapl tukuaxat, when you cohabited 42-14).
(12-9; 21-6). pil'kam, (?) (76-3; 77-1).
makpapaimo san ma, you would pil'kame, who is (the Holy Spirit)?
cohabit (21-4). (35-6; 41-16).
pil'tce, (?) (28-24; 50-21). pinwak apsa atcet,

(?) (34-21).
pil'tcex, (?) (76-1). pinwakta, the things (2-18; 7-4,
all
pil'tcem, any (26-16). 15; 11-8; 12-15, 26; 13-1; 18-24;
pil'tzan mo
po, there is only one 29-13, 18; 39-5; 10; 40-29; 41-13;
(34-17; 35-11, 22, 24; 36-8). 44-9; 46-7; 49-5, 10; 64-12, 16;
pil'tzan mo, there is only one (36-2; 66-15; 69-4; 85-3).
46-19; 53-25; 64-9; 65-8). pinaxagti, Spaniards (24-23).
pil'ta, (?) (12-26; 16-6, 3; 15-20,
p6, po, a demonstrative used of animate
22; 21-26; 22-1, 9; 23-3, 7, 20,
beings in the singular number and
27; 25-1, 2, 4, 6, 15; 29-18; 38-9;
perhaps of human beings speci-
39-5, 10; 40-29; 41-14; 44-2;
fically (2-20; 6-17; 38-27; 42-16,
45-2; 47-7; 49-6, 10; 56-2; 63-16;
17, 21).
64-13; 65-1; 82-13; 83-1, 15, 17,
pom, (35-2; 36-26; 37-5, 7, 11, 12,
21; 84-5; 85-4, 22; 86-6, 14; 87-6).
17, 19, 25; 38-1, 8, 25, 26; 39-23,
pil'yokuet, (?) (65-15).
25; 67-1; 84-19; 85-2).
pilam, people, human beings (pil per-
haps = pil'); as a verb sig. "to po, an auxiliary perhaps composed of
live." (9-22; 12-7; 14-12, 14, 17 p + o, sig. "it is," "he is," "there is"
(sing, number) (15-21, 22, 23, 24,
20; 15-1; 21-7; 23-25; 24-11, 15
25-7; 38-17; 39-3, 9, 26; 40-18 16-4; 30-6, 7; 34-17; 35-5, 11, 12,
41-4, 18, 20, 26; 42-3. 10; 48-2 13, 14, 15, 17, 18; 36-8, 12, 21;
49-4, 9; 50-17, 22; 64-11, 15; 66-4, 37-21; 38-29; 39-3; 41-23; 50-3,
4; 52-6; 64-10; 85-20).
8; 68-27; 69-22, 24; 70-1.)
xapapilam, your life (28-13; 63-15). pa, (pi.), (35-19; 41-20, 21).
manam tc'an napapilam santupayo, apo, he is (42-2; 50-2).
in order that I may live well pomino, that they are (65-9, 13, 14,
always (53-12). 16, 21, 22; 70-20).
miapilame, if you live bad (29-21). puhu, polio; thus, so, like that.
miapllam kam, if you live (well) pohomopax, in the very same way, so
(29-16, 17). (36-3).
napapilam, (?) (72-10). pohon, so (68-16).
napapilam san ma, that I live pohoyokuex, for that reason (37-20,
(54-19). 29; 47-13; 56-7).
napapilam santupayo, in order that pohoyokuen, for that (55-2).
I live (53-12). p5xoyokuex, in that way (42-11).
papllam kam e, is he an inhabitant? puhum maihoi tcik ex, if you do so
(83-9). (85-6).
pin, thing (2-23; 3-29; 7-10; 8-26, 28; puhum malum kam e, will you say
9-16; 14-20; 15-10; 19-13; 24-3, so? (25-13).
5, 14, 20; 25-4; 27-14; 35-25,
9, puhum miahoiaxam awaxta, if you
29; 42-19; 43-27; 52-21; 67-26; do not do so (18-19).
69-24; 70-2; 85-24; 86-2). puhupax Dios tupo watanko, God so
pinpa atcen, these things (55-25). commands (24-17).
pin pil' ma, with anything (27-14). puhupax xaspamo e, do you believe
pintcex, (?) (42-4). that also (asi) (50-5).
pintci nakammam axam, I am worth puhupam, so (57-23; 69-26).
nothing (51-2). puhupan nakatzo, so I receive them
pinta, things (28-23; 35-26, 27, 28;
(87-7).
59-4).
puhut, so (Span, asl) (37-18).
pinwak, (40-26; 46-22, 24; 53-21;
(?)
piixoyokuex, on account of that, for
54-1; 66-20; 69-1; 71-17).
that (6-17).
pinwakai, any animal (7-25; 21-17,
19, 21). ptik'al, grandfather.
pinwak apsa atclyokuex, in all the xapuk'al po e, is he your paternal

things (34-21). grandfather? (77-15).
Swanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN" TEXAS 35
puzuai, stepfather. akpawltzma sal santupayokucx, that

xapuxuai po e, is he your step- they be always lashing them (41-12).
father? (78-1). Jesu-Christo tupot apkuan sal tupa,
puwant'zan (probably intended for those who are awaiting Jesus Christ
puwantz'an), four (30-28; 31-20). (48-5).
puwant'zan ko axtikpil*, seven ("four mahoi salate, you sinned with?
and three") (31-24). (17-6).
puwant'zan axte, eight ("twice four") nakpakawa sal santupayo, in order
(18-25 (puwantzam); 31-27). that I may always be loving you
puwant'zan, ko xuyopamaux {or ko (69-18).
maxuaxuyo), nine ("four and five") tak um salate, he always tells us
(32-1). (42-13).
puwant'zan axtikpil', twelve ("three t'axat axako aptclka tagu pitapoyo
times four") (32-7). saxpam pinapsa mahoi salate, for
p a ko pil', thirteen ("three how many years have you sinned
times four and one") (32-8). with this woman? (17-6).
p a ko axte, fourteen ("three samin, frixolillo, said by Mooney to be
times four and two") (32-10). the red seeded berry used in neck-
sa, see so. laces and also in a decoction to
saayex. to be wanting, to need. produce drunkenness (15-6).
maksaayex, they are wanting to you san, future particle (sometimes replaced
(52-21).
by kam (cam) (2-8; 3-20; 14-3, 15,
sahuin, pregnant. 18; 15-12; 17-23, 25; 19-14, 19;
xasahuin, you were pregnant (15-10). 20-23, 25; 22-14; 23-14, 19, 22;
saxop, to divide, to come between, to 24-16; 25-12; 26-13, 23, 25; 72-12).
separate,
apasayaxam kalo santce, perhaps it
pin fan aksaxop san tan isa klom, would not be true (7-21).
there is something to separate them
sanax5mino, that you will (67-2, 13,
(85-24).
14).
sazpam, bad. sanano (RG sanan), (55-20).
saxpam pinapsa, sin (3-7, 11, 15, 24;
sanino, that you shall (unite) (85-13).
4-5, 14, 19; 5-2, 9, 13, 18, 26;
sanpax, (you) shall (do so) (6-21).
6-3, 6, 12, 18; 9-4, 8, 13; 16-9;
sanpam, (?) (19-5, 9; 86-4, 9, 12, 17).
17-4; 18-6, 21; 19-3; 20-8; 22-27;
sanpo, (?) (28-9; 57-10; 65-28;
25-7, 14, 18, 22; 26-6, 11, 15, 18;
66-3, 7, 12).
27-10, 20; 28-5, 14; 29-1, 8, 22;
sanpomin, (?) (19-17).
30-3; 31-9, 12; 38-1, 5, 11; 43-8,
santce, (?) (57-9).
15, 20; 44-1; 45-1; 47-22; 49-20;
santukuem, when you shall (have)
51-6; 52-8, 11; 54-6; 55-9; 56-1;
(85-3).
57-14, 18, 21; 63-12, 18; 65-17;
santupay5, in order that he may
66-25; 67-11; 70-15, 21, 27; 71-6,
(pardon you) (6-22, 25; 26-25
9, 14; 72-3; 73-26; 75-12, 15, 19;
28-17; 30-10, 11, 13; 31-1, 2, 5
85-10).
37-26; 38-14; 43-7; 44-8; 46-6
saxpamaye, ill (your badness?) (5-22).
48-2, 7, 8; 49-4; 50-10, 12, 16
saxpame, badly, sins (3-18; 29-21).
51-5; 52-16; 53-12; 54-23, 25; 55-8
saxpame pinapsa, sins (53-13; 55-6;
13, 22; 57-5, 11; 59-5; 63-29; 64-2
68-10; 70-7, 11).
68-10; 69-19; 72-24, 27; 73-9
saxpame pinapsat, sins (84-20, 23).
75-2, 6).
sal, a particle used after many verbs
and seeming to signify "always," santupayokuex, in order that (40-25,
"habitually" (37-12; 47-4; 48-2, 5). 28; 41-12; 84-22, 25).
akpataikoguo sal santupayo, in order santupayokuen, in order that (43-15;
todraw them forth (48-1, 6). 53-19; 54-8, 9, 17; 72-5; 73-4, 8,
akpat'exkamko sal, that they always 12; 74-5, 8, 12; 75-10; 82-3;
burn them (41-11). 84-22; 85-14, 18; 87-3).
santupayokuet, in order that (47-25; mex ahaux tupa pitupamoyo ikuan-

85-6). tzam e (or iwaxum e), and will the
sanyokuen, in order that (43-22; body always be dead? (40-8).
55-12). misa kalo yam, do you have? (45-3;
sanima, see sima. 56-3).
s6ux, a particle used after many verbs. nakpakuane napasa santupayo, I
Sometimes this appears to mean shall always be with you there
something like "always" or "com- (54-25).
pletely," and sometimes "means," namo t'oaxam tukuem maisaxak mem,
"by means of which." (19-16; you would already be in hell (29-6)
20-1, 12; 22-20; 23-3; 28-13, 25; osa apom, he who is here (86-3, 11).
35-4, 24, 26, 27, 28; 36-2; 38-15, osano, that there are (65.5).
19, 23; 39-29; 48-4; 52-3; 63-3; oso, he is there (34-22; 38-27; 42-15,
54-28.) 17, 23; 43-3; 50-5; 65-23, 25).
xak'makoxsaux, kneel down! (1-1). oson, he is (52-5)
pin ma pil' xapamo saux tapam, the osono, that thereis (64-10).
thing with which you bewitched pin xapsak'aux, sin (3-8) (RG).
(8-28). pin fan aksaxop san tan isa klom, if
semana, week (from the Spanish) there is something to separate or
(17-29; 30-27). divide them (86-1).
sima (SA), sanima (RG), before
saxpam pinapsa, sin (3-8).
(37-1; 43-29; 47-4). t'axat Dios apsa tee osa e, how many
gods are there? (34-15).
sk'atzauxt'am, dream.
usa, there are (three things) (35-26,
xapask'atzauxt'am, your dreams, or
27, 28; 36-5).
you dreamed (8-1).
wasa yaxam, it will not be (29-1).
sno (18-11), snazo (3-19), snaxomino spamo, to believe.
(67-4), probably future forms con- apaspamo, what it believes (46-9).
taining san (q. v.).
xapaspamo yaxam, you do not be-
so, sa, so, to be, certain forms indicate lieve (7-11).
so (sing.), sa (pi.), (pronounced se xaspamo e, do you believe? (7-9;
by the Rio Grande Indians). 46-13, 15, 19; 47-15, 26; 48-8, 16,
akuet oxsam apo, who are here 23; 49-13; 50-5).
(85-19). xaspamo hine, do you believe this
anikuekat (or anukuekat) Dios tupo also? (46-21; 47-1, 17, 28; 48-11,
oso e, where is God? (34-19). 18, 25).
apasa, where he is (18-14). xaspamo yaxam 6, did you not be-
apasayaxam kalo santce, they are not lieve? (7-14).
perhaps true (7-21). mamayaspamo xam e, did you be-
apsa (55-1, 16; 57-3, 7; 64-1, 6; 66-5, lieve that? (8-2).
9; 67-25; 68-1, 4; 69-2; 82-12; mamayaspamo yam e, do you believe
71-2, 22, 27; 72-7, 8, 9, 25; 73-2, something? (7-27).
10, 15, 28; 74-6, 10; 75-4, 7, 16; miaspamo kam, you are to believe
85-15). (46-12).
apsakame, (what) is it? (42-20). mikaspawamo yaxam san ma, they
isa klom, if there is (86-1). are not to believe you (25-11).
kanac kuem xasa yaxam ino, you naspamo, I believe it (46-14, 20, 27
have not freed yourself (appears to 47-16, 27; 48-10, 17, 24; 49-14
be exception) (18-8). 50-7; 64-9, 11; 65-4, 7, 10, 19, 26
xapasa, you are (in) (55-17). 66-4, 14, 21).
maisa klo, if you place yourself (well) caic; evil, bad; pi. cakaic
(63-11). pilam apcaic, bad people (39-9; 41-4;
maisaxak mem, you would be there (?) 64-15, 16; 66-8; 69-24; 70-2).
(29-5). pilam apcakaic, bad people (49-9).
SwantoD] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 37
pin apcakaic ma, maledictions (11-23, tiwaclpt'am atapamo ayet, that he

25; 14-20, 23). always wishes to deceive me
pinwak apcakaic ta, things unchaste (55-18).
(13-2). cipok, womb (RG).
can, little or young (?). acipok' tukuex, in her womb (36-25;
t'anpam can, the little child (15-13). 65-12).
t'awalam can, a little girl (37-16). acip5k' tukuet, in her womb (37-9;
47-9).
cap'an, good.
xacipok, your womb (15-14).
apcap'an pam pominom. He is very-
(oux)ci(wako), to teach.
good (30-5).
apcap'an, good (38-17; 39-4; 64-12;
makouxclwak5 e, have you taught
66-4; 68-27; 69-14.
them? (8-25).
apcap'akan, good things and people
mameyouxciwako yam, did you teach
(40-26; 46-25; 48-2; 49-4).
them? (8-21).
apcapa'nex tupam, what is good mamikouxciwako, he taught you
(to bewitch) (8-11).
(72-7, 9).
xapaxam apsa tcik tatce apacp'
mamikouxciwako yam e, he taught
you (to bewitch) (12-27).
akanit, you (pi.) with pure souls
tza, to be sick.
(85-16).
xapca'an pam axomino, because you
mameyatzakaloyam e, were you sick?
(10-11).
are my good (67-20).
tza, again, to return to do, etc.
xapcap'an pam axomexo, because
you are my goodness (67-8). akpatpayokam wak5 tzanam in sanpo,
tcum apcap'an apa Vigilia tupayo, He will restore them to life (39-3;
66-3).
the vigil of the holy night (11-3).
amtzalam sanpo. He is to return to
cap'awano, to cleanse.
(65-28).
apacap'akanit, (with your souls)
apatpayamtzanam apam, He returned
cleansed (85-16).
to life (48-15).
apcap'awano in santce, they will
apatpayam tzanam in, it (the soul)
also cleanse you (57-8).
returned to life (38-25).
cip', to deceive, to tell a falsehood, to apatpayam tzanam pomino, that He
lie. returned to life (65-21).
xacipexo you had lied? (27-18).
e, apatpayamtzanam in sanpa, they
maiclp'e, you lied (25-10). will return to life (40-13).
makpaclpt'am axam santupayo, in xapahoi ex tzax in axam santupayo,
order that he may not deceive you in order that you do not return
(57-5). to the commission (of sins) (28-21).
mikacipt'am kam, he will deceive maihoi tzax in kam, you will do again
you (18-20). (18-22).
pil'apclp'yo, with lies, lyingly (25-6).

makpakuatzum tzax in santupayo,
in order that he pardon you again
pin pilapcip', lies or lyingly (9-16;
(26-24).
25-4).
mamaiaxtzanam am e, did you
taxaclpt'am axam, do not deceive
return it {or give it back) (24-12).
me! (3-13).
mayatzalam axam (?), you do not
tapacipt'am axam santupayo, so that
return again (18-15).
he does not deceive me (75-1).
miktagex tzam kam. He will aid you
tapacipt'am saux tupayo, with which (85-8, 9, 10).
he always deceives me (55-10). napahoi tzax in axam santupayokuen,
tapacipt'am tzax in axam santupayo, in order that I do not return to
in order that he does not deceive the commission of sins (43-15).
me again (55-22). tapacipt'am tzax in axam santupayo,
tiaclpt'amex, if you deceive me that he do not deceive me again
(3-14). (55-22).
tap pa akuet amtzalam sanpo, he napakuantzam san, whether I die

will return to this world (38-29). (72-11).
tzaal, elder sister of woman, napakuantzam san ta, that I die
atzaal, her elder sister (81-15). well (74-21).
xatzaal po e, is she your elder sister? napakuantzam tukuem, when I die
(78-15). (67-4; 72-17).
tzakez, to seek. napakuantzam tukuen, when I die
mamaitzakex (54-21; 66-19).

ame, did you seek
(or go to visit) (someone) ? (17-18). niwakuantzam axam kalome, if per-
mamayatzakex axam sanex, that chance
do not die (71-11).
I
you should not seek (17-23). ukuakantzam, they died (8-19).

ukuantzam, it dies (40-4).
tzam, to die (SA).
ukuantzam e, He died (38-7).
apakuakantzam axam sanpa, they
tzamoxu(ani), to sleep.
will never die (40-15).
mameyatzamoxuam e, were you
apakuakantzam tukuaxat, when they
asleep? (10-16).
die (40-21).
miatzamoxuam, did you sleep (little) ?
apakuantzam axam, they did not
(10-18, 19).
die as (39-22).
piltce watzam5xuaxamatc, pilapaxuax
apakuantzam apam, He died on
saux tcoxai, there is no sleeping
(47-18).
or resting (28-25).
apakuantzam san ma, that they
tz'an, and (?).
might die (11-14; 14-2, 17).
pir tz'an mo, one and no more
apakuantzam tukuaxat, when He
(31-16).
died (39-17, 26).
tzat'an, granddaughter (a woman's
apakuantzam tukuet wamalexta, after
son's daughter),
He died (48-12).
xatzat'an po e, is she your grand-
apakuantzam tupayo, through his
daughter? (81-6).
death (67-16).
tzawax, mother (woman speaking)
apkuakantzam tat, all the dead
(RG) (cf. tai and leic).
(39-1; 49-1).
xatzawax po e, is she your mother?
apkuakantzam tupat, all the dead
(81-2).
(66-1).
tzin, I (independent pers. pro. of 1st
apkuantzam, he died, he dies (37-29;
person) (19-11; 24-14; 29-8; 30-15,
38-8; 39-24; 65-15).
19, 21, 27; 49-18; 50-2; 53-1, 4, 8,
apkuantzam pomino, because He
10, 26; 54-28; 55-6; 66-24; 67-10,
died (70-19).
18, 22, 24; 68-3, 14, 18, 25; 69-17,
ikuantzam e, will it (the body) be
21; 70-1, 5, 10, 14, 23; 71-6, 20;
dead? (40-7).
73-2, 7, 14; 73-19; 74-4, 9, 14, 21;
xapakuantzam san, about to die
75-9, 15, 22; 87-1).
(53-2).
tzo, strong (?).
xapakuan tzam san ma, to die (fut.)
aptz5 pamex, it is strong (57-4).
(29-11).
tzo {or atzo), to receive.
xapakuantzam santupayS, in order
puhupan nakatzo, so I receive them
to die (68-9; 72-23).
(87-7).
xapakuantzam tukuet, when you
tzoxal, niece (daughter of a man's
die (6-26; 29-26; 30-13; 52-16;
or woman's elder brother),
63-8).
xatzoxal po e, is she your niece?
maikuan tzam awaxta, if you had (79-9; 80-7).
died (29-3).
tzotz, breast (of man).
mikuantzam, they die (39-29; 40-4). xatzotz, your breast (50-26).
mikuantzam kal5 yam e, did He tzutzan, younger sister of a woman
die as ? (39-19, 20). (SA) (see matzutzan).
mikuantzam ma e, if she is dead xatzutzan po e, is she your younger
(83-19), if he is dead (84-7). sister? (78-15).
SwantonJ LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 39
tcakei, to hear (perhaps plural form; tci, tee, those, these (a demonstrative
singular tceiP). or indicating plurality,
particle
maktcakei e, (how many) heard you? generally a plurality of inanimate
(21-15). objects but occasionally a plurality
mamik-tcakei am e, did they hear ofanimate beings, as angels, saints,
you? (12-18). 36-4; 65-5; and passim)
etc. (35-5;
teal, to bear, to give birth. (pronounced tee by the Indians of

apatcalaux apam, she bore Him San Antonio and tci by those of
(47-3). Sa,n Juan Capistrano).
apatcalaux sima {or sanima) ai kuet, apaux tee {or oxauxuitce), there are
before she bore Him (37-1; 47-4). many (33-20).
apatcalaux tukuaxat, when she bore axtcixu tee, there are few (33-18).
(37-8; 47-8). manam tcan ta apatclyaxam, they
apatcalaux wamalexta, after she bore are not good (6-16),
Him (37-2; 47-5). tcex, (?) (25-15; 41-1, 28; 43-1; 76-1).
xapatcalaux k'aux san tupayo, that teem, something (obj.) (7-26; 10-23;
you might miscarry (15-11). 15-3, 6; 26-16).
teen, (?) (31-13).
teal, maternal aunt younger than
tcet, (?) (20-1, 11; 22-20; 23-3;
mother (SA) {see mitcal).
36-26; 37-10, 25; 65-12).
xatcal po e, is she your maternal
tcik, (?) (23-12; 52-6; 72-16; 84-14,
aunt? (80-14).
15, 16; 85-2, 3, 5, 7, 12, 13, 14,
(6ux)tcalak, to steal.
16, 17).
nouxtcalak axam, I do not steal
t'axat Dios apsa tee osa e, how many
(33-6).
gods are there? (34-16).
pilamxapouxtcalaktupom, the people
utce, they are (36-3).
you stole it from (24-11, 15).
tcikuas, six (SA) (31-23),
pin pil' ma
xouxtcalake x5 e, did
tcikuas axtikpir, eighteen ("three
you steal anything? (27-15).
times six") (32-18).
pin pil' ma mamayouxtcalak am e,
tcikuas axtikpil' ko pil', nineteen
have you stolen anything? (24-3, ("three times six and one") (32-19).
8, 20).
tco, to carry, to take, to bring,
pin t'axat apsakam xouxtcalake, akpatcu ean apam. He will raise them
what thing did you steal? (24-6). (49-8).
team, daughter-in-law (of man or akpatcu santupayo, that He may
woman), a woman's father- or raise them (48-8).
mother-in-law. aktco sanpo. He will take them (to
xatcam po she your daughter-
c, is heaven) (39-8; 66-7).
in-law? (79-17), is she your mother- apatcu san ma, that He raise me (to
in-law? (79-19), is he your father- heaven) (74-2).
in-law? (79-17). apatcu santupayo, in order that He
tcan, carry up (50-12; 64-2).
manam tcan, well, good (5-20; 6-15). xapatcu san pan, that you will raise
it (51-11; 73-17).
tcap, to kill.
xapachu santupayokuen, in order that
mamaitcap am e, did you kill some-
you raise me (73-4; 74-7, 12).
one? (14-27; 15-15; 24-24; 25-2),
maitcu kam, you will carry it (72-20).
t'axatapsakam mamik-tcapko yam e, makpatco san apam. He is to raise
how many did you kill? how many
you (46-23).
were killed by you? (14-29).
makpatcu santupayo, in order that
tcatz xop, nephew or niece (son or He raise you (30-12).
daughter of a woman's younger maktco sanpo, he will carry you (3-
brother) 20; 29-20).
xaptcatz xop po e, is he your nephew? maktcSsnex, that he carry you (28-
is she your niece? (80-1, 3). '
11).
maktcu san pa, he will carry you t'axakat (SA), xakat (RG), why?
(82-6). (passim).
miktcti tzam kam, He will take you t'axat (or xat), how many? (passim).
(pi.) (85-9). t'oaxam tukuet maktco san po, he
nakpamas tco santupayo, that I shall will carry you to hell (3-19).
"go" to see you (54-23). tukuaxat, since (2-17).
takpatcu santupayo, in order that He ta, a subjective article (pi.) (3-19
raise carry
or us (37-26; 44-8; 6-15; 7-4; 8-22; 12-10, 13, 17, 22
54-16; 68-13). 26; 13-2; 18-13, 20; 19-29; 20-11
takpatcu santupayokuet, to carry us 22-20; 23-2; 25-9; 37-4, 12; 38-15
to? (47-25). 16, 22, 23; 39-5, 10, 28, 29; 41-23
taxpatcu santupayokugn, in order 46-25; 47-7, 10, 11; 54-1; 55-18
that you carry me (54-9). 21; 68-1; 69-4, 24; 71-23; 72-25
taxtco, carry me! raise me! (69-17). 26; 74-22; 83-3, 4, 16, 17, 22, 23
taxtco snaxomino, that you may carry 84-20, 23).
me (67-4, 14). tax, (?) (42-27).
tamaxtcox, bring me (that thing)! tam, the (obj.) (2-18; 8-6; 14-14;
(8-29; 9-1). 67-26).
waktcote, He raises them (40-20, 23). tan, (?) (43-22; 85-24).
watcono, that He raises them (64-15), tatce (tatci, San Juan Capistrano)
tcoxai, there is (28-23, 25). (85-16).
toon, tatcet, on (22-14, 15, 17, 18, 22;
mamakkaman tcon, he comes (here) 23-1).
to visit you (46-3). tat, (?) (39-1, 2; 49-3; 84-21, 24).
mamakkamam tcon, he comes (here) tapa, this (24-26; 52-15; 57-4).
to visit you (52-3). tapam, (?) (73-11; 74-7; 4-6, 15, 21).
tcum, night or evening (SA) (11-3). tapan, (?) (53-9).
tcum aye (or tcomxam), tomorrow tapat, (?) (19-16; 28-13; 50-12; 57-8
(34-7). 64-1).
-t, a suffix said by Garcia to mark the tapam, (?) (5-3, 10, 14, 19; 6-4; 8-29
third person. While this is usually 20-6).
the case, it occasionally appears to tapo, this (sing, subj.) (14-1; 15-20
be employed after the second 16-3; 17-7; 30-21, 22).
person, tapom, this (sing, obj.) (13-18; 14-5
anikuekat Dios tupo oso e, where is 8, 9; 17-16, 21, 22; 19-6, 7; 30-24
God? (34-18). 25).
xagut apahawai tukuaxat, after he takuem, from it (15-14; 24-7; 26-5).
made himself man (36-14). takuet, in it (28-5).
xapamalkuita tukuaxat, since you takulyo, in (your heart) (52-6).
confessed (2-16). ta-, ti-, objective pronominal prefix of
xapatxam tukuet pitupamoyo mitxam the first person (ta-, singular; tak,
am e, he lives always in your house? plural)
(17-8). takpatcu, that he carry us (37-26).
namo xapaxle wako yaxam tukuaxat, takxo, it teaches us (46-9).
since you refused to speak to him takpaiim, he tells us (7-5)
(13-25). takakawa, he loves us.
pin penitenciakat mamlkax e, what taxakawa, you love me (55-25).
penances did he give you? (2-23). taxtco, carry me! (69-17).
pinguac apsa achet, and all things taxpatcu, that you carry me (54-9).
(34-25). taxpoi axomino, because you do (love)
Santo Sacramentot, the Holy Sacra- me (67-23).
ment (84-7). taxpakuamex, you care for me (53-
saxpam pinapsa xami tutcet mak- 19).
pakuatzum san ma e, he will taxpakuatzum san, you will pardon
pardon all your sins? (9-8). me (51-8).
taxkuatzum sanpan, that you pardon tagex, to aid, to assist,

me (7*0-17). makpatagex san ma, to assist you
taxamalkuita tzax in sanpax, you (63-7).
confess to me again (6-20). makpatagex santupayo, in order that
taxashlpt'am axam, do not deceive he aid you (30-11; 31-2; 50-9).
me! (3-13). maktagex, that he aid you (52-14;
taxtal5, pardon me (for them)! 57-9).
(75-14). miktagex tzam kam. He will aid you
taxtagex, aid me! (72-16). (pi.) (in turn?) (85-7).
taxtagex, sanino, that you aid me taxpatagex san ma, that you aid me
(53-10). (55-21).
taxum, tell me it! (6-11). taxpatagex san pan, that you aid me
taxaum, axam, you have not told me (55-5, 23; 73-14).
(26-16). taxpatagex santupayokuen, in order
taxpaum santupayokuen, in order that you aid me (73-7; 74-4).
that you tell me (82-8). taxtagex, aid me! (72-16, 22; 74-24;
tamaxtcox, bring me that thing! 75-3, 11).
(8-29; 9-1). taxtagex sanino, that you aid me
tamiawam kam, you (pi.) will inform (53-10).
me (86-1). tagu, woman (cf. tayagu, wife).
tapoi tutcen, who do me evil (69-25). (12-21; 13-9; 14-1, 5, 8; 15-16, 20
tapkuam, she (angel) cares for me 16-1, 3, 5, 13; 17-3, 7, 17, 21
(55-29). 26; 18-13; 19-6, 21, 24, 26, 28
tapakwatzum sanma, that He pardon 20-3, 14, 18, 22, 24, 27; 21-3, 6
me (73-28). 23-11; 27-4, 9; 30-21, 22, 25
tapashipt'am saux tupayo, with which 37-12; 47-12; 76-9, 11; 81-14
He always deceives me (55-10). 83-3, 21; 84-1, 3, 19).
tiaxuankam axam kam, do not be
tai, mother (of man or woman) (cf.
ashamed before me (3-21).
and tzawax).
leic
tiashlpt'am ex, if you deceive me
atai, his mother (37-21; 83-13).
(3-14).
tiwashlpt'am atapamo ayet, that he
xamin nakpatai ano, you are my
always wishes to deceive me (55-
mother (72-15).
xatai, your mother (11-9, 13, 17, 20,
18).
tiatalam axam kam, do not fear me! 22).
(3-20). xatai po e, is that your mother?

tiaum axam awaxta, if you do not (80-23).
tell me (3-17). naxopitawai, our mother (46-8;
t'a, a particle of uncertain meaning 52-22; 85-21; 86-5, 13; 87-5).
used by the San Antonio Indians in tai nami, my mother (72-21; 73-1,
combination with other particles. 6, 13, 18, 24).
Possibly it is connected with taikagud, to draw forth.
fan (q. v.).
akpataikaguo sal santupayo), in order
t'axakat, why? (2-5, 26; 4-4; 10-8;
to draw them forth (48-1,. 6).
27-25, 27; 29-6; 36-15; 37-22;
taic, maternal aunt older than mother
38-4; 83-11, 13; 84-12).
(RG).
t'axat, how many? (passim) (2-1,
xataic po e, is she your maternal
14; 3-29; 4-19; 5-5; 6-1; 7-10, 13;
8-4, 9-11; 10-4,
aunt? (80-11).
13, 16, 24, 26;
25; 11-6, 11; 13-12, 22; 15-18 xataic wako po e, is she your sister-
17-1, 2; 21-9, 14, 19, 21; 24-1 in-law (older than self? or wife?)
33-23; 34-1, 3, 4, 12, 13, 15 (80-21).
42-9, 19; 72-6, 9). taiwakS, twenty (32-20).
t'axakan, what? (43-4, 23; 44-5). taiwako ko piP, twenty-one ("twenty
t'ahaka, what? (como) (82-1). and one") (32-21).
t ko xuyopamaux axte (or makxuako aye maklo sankue, and

komaxuaxuyo axte), thirty perhaps it will be soon taken away
("twenty and ten") (32-22). (19-19).
t axte, forty ("twice twenty") maktalo, will take away from you
(32-24). (19-17).
t axte ko xuyopamaux (or maktalo klo sanpo, he will take away
maxuaxuyo) axte, fifty ("twice (28-14).
twenty and ten") (32-25). saxpam pinapsa nami tutcem tax-
(All higher numbers are in terms of talo, pardon me all my sins! (75-14).
20) (33). taxtalo, pardon me (for them)!
taklaxpo, big owl (Spanish tecolote) (75-14).
(7-23). talom, fire (28-28).
takom, night, or evening (RG) (11-3).
talt'an, nephew (son of a man's elder
tax, nephew, niece (son or daughter of
brother) (RG).
woman's younger sister). xatalt'an po e, is he your nephew?
xaptax po e, is he your nephew? is
(79-2).
she your niece? (80-9, 11).
tain, breast (of a woman).
tal, elder sister (of man) (SA).
atam, her breast (19-24; 20-3).
xatal po e, is she your elder sister?
xatam, your breasts (22-14, 17, 22).
(78-9).
t'al, t'al', (houh) t'am, to cast, to throw; to lie.
apat'akal, griefs (38-10). akpahakox t'am san apam, He will
apt'akal, griefs (54-4; 71-21). cast them into (49-12).
apt'al, apt'aP, grief (26-4; 37-10; apouxt'amoyaxam, she did not lie
43-13; 47-10; 57-12; 69-11; 70-6). with (37-4,6, 16; 47-7).

apt'akal' ta, the griefs (71-22). makpahouht'am axam san, He will
apt'akal' taxwaxayo, all these griefs not cast you (6-24).

(71-20, 26). makpahouxt'am sanpo. He will cast
nakaxapfakal', I give you (all you (28-19; 29-25).

those) griefs (70-23). t'oaxam tukuet akpahakoxt'am sanpo,
pinta apat'al', sickness (59-4). He will cast them into hell (39-14;
pinta apat'al tot, the sick person 66-11).
(59-4). ukakoxt'am. He throws them (41-9).
pin matiat'al' pam, you are very ill
ukakoxt'amino, that He throws into
(52-22). (65-3).
tala, nephew (son of a man's elder ukakoxt'am ate. He casts them (into
brother) (SA). hell) (39-14).
xatala po e, is he your nephew? wahouxt'am. He throws them? (41-6,.

(79-1). t'am (probably identical with fan)
talam, to fear. (13-9).
Dios tupox talam, have fear of God! xagu pil' t'am, with some man (13-9).
(19-15). (xa)tam, to be unable,
xatalam axam e, did you not fear? mameyaxatam am were you unable
e,
(27-26; 28-2; 29-7).
(to confess)? (2-9; 10-13).
maitalam kaloxo, did you fear (the
pilapouxpako san pax waxatam ate,
priest)? (4-10).
one cannot go out of (28-27).
pil' fan mamaitalam kalo, because
you were afraid (76-5; 77-3). taman, to invoke, to call on.
tiatalam axam kam, do not fear
maktaman in, call also on! (63-27).
me! (3-20). mamaitaman am e, did you invoke
tfi.16, to pardon, to take away. (the devil)? (8-6).
Dios tupo xapapllam saux tapat naktaman, I call you (82-2).
maktalo san pomin, because God tzin naktaman, I call upon you
will take away your life (19-17). (73-7; 74-4).
Swauton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 43
tamox, the devil (probably this word tzin naktanko, I command you
was originally applied to some (30-15, 19, 21, 27).
native spirit or spirits) (3-19; 8-6, takpatanko tutcen, what they com-
11; 18-20; 28-1, 8, 10, 18, 20; mand us (44-11).
41-10; 55-10, 18, 21; 57-4; 73-8; taxtanko tutcen, what you command
75-1; 82-5). me (71-18).
t'ampam (19-29) (probably a mis- taxtankono, because you command
print; see t'anpam). me (69-27).
fan, a postposition apparently of very waktanko, he commands them (41-
general signification, meaning "of," 23).
"with," "at, "etc., and at times "either watanko te, does he command?
or." (2-10; 7-25; 8-21; 11-13, (42-5), he always commands (42-7).
17,20, 22; 13-10, 16, 17; 14-27 t'anpam,
15-2, 11, 16; 18-2; 19-21, 24, 26 t'anpam can, the little child (15-13).
20-15, 16, 18, 22; 22-12, 14; 23-6 t'anpam ta, (?) (20-11; 22-19; 23-2).
7, 11, 13; 27-4, 5; 37-4; 44-3; 45-2
tap, world, earth.
47-7; 56-2; 76-5; 77-3; 85-24
tap akuex, in the earth (34-20;
86-2; 87-7; 88-1). 41-13).
tan t'ani, very near (of relationship; tap pa akue, this world (38-27; 40-9;
(15-24; 22-4). 48-26; 65-27).
t'anage, father (of a woman). tap pa akuem, in this world (26-2).
xat'anage po e, is he your father? tap pa akuet, in this world (29-14
(77-12). 37-13; 38-28; 39-4, 9; 47-12
tane, perchance (52-22). 49-5, 9; 64-12, 16; 65-29; 68-27
tanko, to command, to order (ko pos- 69-1).
sibly a suffix)
tap pa akulkuex, here in this world
axpatanko tutcem, what they com- (40-28).
manded you (11-9).
tapai, stepmother.
apatanko, what He commands (29-19;
xatapai po e, is she your stepmother?
41-1, 14; 49-6; 63-16; 85-4, 22;
(81-10).
86-6, 14; 87-6).
apatanko sanpax, what he com- tapamo, to wish.
shall
mand (42-9). ax xek'atzawamke tapamo axpam,
apatanko tutcet, the things He com- those who wish to marry (82-16;
mands (49-10; 64-13; 65-1). 83-5).
He commands atapamo, did (you) wish (to marry)

apatankot, what (39-5,
11).
(said to a woman)?
(76-13; 77-1,
Dios po watanko, God commands 2, 5, 8; 81-17; 83-22; 84-1, 4, 15).
(6-18). xatayagu tapamo e, do you wish to

Dios tupo watanko, God so com- marry? (76-1, 3).
mands (24-17). xayax atapamono, because you have
makpatanko, he commanded you wished to enter (53-7).
(2-20; 29-29). maiaxle wako atapamo yaxam am e,
mamiktanko yam, he commanded you did not wish to speak to him
you (17-12, 21). (13-20).
naktanko, I command you (18-9, 24; maxam atapamo e, do you wish to
24-14). eat? (50-9).
pin naktanko tutcem, what I com- naspamo atapamo, I wish to believe
mand (19-13). (66-21).
pinwak ta Dios pilta apatanko tutcem, ox xek'atzawamke tapamopo, they
the things God teaches (obj.) wish to marry each other (85-20).
(12-26). tapamo, did you wish (to marry)?
pinwak taxtanko tutcen, the things (76-4, 7, 11; 81-14; 83-16; 84-10).
you command me (53-21). tapamo pa apo, who wishes (83-2).
184198—40 \
tiwacipt'am atapamo ayet, that he xatayagumam e, have you lived in

always wishes to deceive me concubinage? (16-13).
(55-19). mameyatayagu tapam5, did you
wak'au atapamo apo, she wishes to marry? (76-4).
marry (83-22). mameyatayagu tapamo kalo yam e,
tatce, maternal aunt older than mother. did you desire to marry? (76-6).
xatatce po e, is she your aunt? miwatayagu yam e, is he married?
(80-10). (83-17).
xapatatce wako po e, is she your nakpatayagu apam, that I marry
sister-in-law younger than wife? myself to you (87-4).
or self? (80-22). natayagu, my wife (87-1).
fatal, elder brother (of woman) (RG). pil' mameyatagu yaxam am e, are
xat'atal po e, is he your elder brother? you single? (82-14).
(78-6). pil' mameyatayaguyam e, are you
tawaxayo, all. married? (3-4).
(3-7, 11, 15; 4-23; 6-6, 9, 18; 7-1, tagu xapatayagu tapamo, the woman
4; 9-4, 13; 11-27; 14-6, 25 you wished to marry (76-11).
16-9; 17-29; 25-18, 22; 27-22 watayagu tapamo apo, he who wishes
29-13; 34-22, 24; 35-1; 38-29 to marry (83-16).
41-18, 20; 42-3, 10; 43-2, 8, 11 watayagu tapamo pa, who wishes to
44-9; 45-4; 46-7, 21; 49-1, 20 marry (83-2).
50-17; 53-27; 54-3, 12; 55-13 te, ate, present or past continuing
59-1; 63-27; 64-8; 65-29; 66-14 temporal suffix.
20, 25; 67-11, 19; 70-15; 71-17 xaxam axam ate e, you were not
21, 27; 72-2; 75-12; 85-10). remembering (5-11).
tawaxayokuen, (?) (55-4; 66-13, 22; mahoi salate, you sin with always?
68-5; 69-21, 23; 70-1, 24; 75-3). (17-6).
t'awalam can, a little girl (37-16). mamaimas ate e, do you observe
tawan, to be a friend, (mass)? (10-3).
nakpatawan san ma, that I shall be naxamtzamate, I desire it (68-19,
your friend (54-21). 26; 74-16).
tayagu, wife; to marry (when referring pilapouxpako san pax waxatam ate,
to a man) one cannot go out of (28-27).
apatayagu, married (22-9). piltce watzamoxuaxamate, pilapaxuax
apatayagu po e, is he married? saux tcoxai, there is no sleeping
(21-26). or resting (28-25).
apatayagu san ta e, he would marry takum salate, he always tells us
her? (83-4). (42-13).
apatayagu yaxam, unmarried (22-10). t'axat axako aptclka tagu pitapoyo
apatayagu yaxam po e, was he saxpam pinapsji mahoi salate, for
single? (22-1). how many years have you been
atayagu, his wife (83-19; 84-22). sinning with this woman? (17-6).
xapatayagu axo e, are you married? ukakoxt'am ate, he casts them (into
(82-13). hell) (41-9).
xapatayagu san ma e, that you would wahouxt'am ate, when does he throw
marry her (76-10). them? (41-6).
xapatayagu sanpam, to marry (86- waktcote, he carries them (40-20, 23).
12). watanko te, does he command?
xapatayagu tapamo, (the woman) (42-5).
you desired to marry (81-14). tixara(ko), to burn.
xataiagu, your wife (20-20). akpat'exkamko sal, that they always
xatayagu tapamo e, do you desire burn them (41-11).
a wife? (76-1, 3). makpatixamko santupayo, in order
xatayagu tom, with your wife (12-9; that the demons may burn you
13-4, 7). (28-21).
til', posteriors, anus. t'otzam, to descend,

atil', his posteriors, his anus (20-16, apt'otzam, it (soul) descended (38-16;
18, 20; 87-8). 48-1).
xatil', your posteriors, your anus totatze, priest (RG).
(23-7, 9; 88-1). (2-19, 23; 3-26; 4-1, 9; 7-7, 18
t'il, day (17-27; 18-25; 34-3; 38-20; 12-1, 4; 17-11, 20; 27-2, 7, 13, 17
48-13). 41-22, 24, 29; 42-24, 26; 43-12
akuem, today (34-6).
t'il 46-10; 66-16).
timiko, Sunday (from Span, domingo). tpa (?) (RG).
apatimiko, on or during Sundays akpatpayokam wako tzanam in sanpo,
(10-1, 4). he will make them return to life
tiopa, church. (39-2; 66-2).
tiopa takuet, in the church (20-14; akpatpayokam wako tzanam san-
23-5).
tupayo, that they live again (49-3).
tiopa takuem, from the church
apatpayam saux, one single soul
(24-7).
(35-23; 36-1; 38-19, 22; 39-7, 13,
txam; to live, to dwell; dwelling, house,
28; 40-11, 19; 41-5; 48-4; 66-6, 10)
apatxam, dwelling (28-1, 11, 24). apatpayam saux ami ta, his soul
apatxam tukuem, in his house (17-17; (38-15).
30-22). apatpayamtzanam apam. He re-
xapatxam, your house (17-8). turned to life (48-15).
maitxam kam, you will live in (18-12). apatpayam tzanam pomino, that He
mamaitxam sanex e, you should live
returned to life (65-20).
in (17-14). apatpayokam tzanam in sanpa, they
mitxam am e, does he live (or dwell)
will return to life (40-13).
there? (17-9). xapatpayam saux, your soul (50-11;
patxam kam e, is he an inhabitant?
52-14; 57-3, 7; 63-1; 64-6; 68-4;
(RG) (83-9). 85-15).
t'axat aptxam, how many people are
xapapilam saux tapat, he will take
there? (34-13). away your life (19-16).
txe, a dance called in Spanish mitote napatpayam akuen, in my life (66-18).
(15-9). napatpayam saux, my soul (51-3, 9
to, to, an article, probably indicating
53-6, 17; 55-1, 16; 67-25; 71-2
the singular number, 72-19, 25; 73-3, 11, 16; 74-1, 6, 10
ac'au to, the husband (84-19). 75-4, 8).
axanai to, the Father (in the Trinity)
tu, to, relation, relative.
(35-12).
xaptu, your relation (15-23, 24, 25).
apam the Son (ibid.) (35-14).
to,
xaptu po e, is he related to you?
atayagu the wife (84-22).
to,
(22-3, 4, 5; 76-12; 77-9).
Espiritu-Santo to, the Holy Spirit
makto, your relations, or related to
(35-16).
you (16-7; 22-10).
xak'au to, your husband (subj.)
maktu po e, you are a relation?
(12-12; 23-9).
(82-17).
xatayagu tom, with your wife (12-9;
mamaixo kloyam miextayamkem, do
13-4, 7; 20-20).
you know whether they are re-
pinta apat'al' tot, on the sick person
lated? (84-11) (pi.),
(59-4).
t'axakat oxaxtayamke, how are they
Senor San Joseph tot, the Seiior St.
related? (84-12).
Joseph (37-6).
t'oaxam, hell (3-19; 6-23; 28-1, 10, 18, tu, that, a demonstrative also used
22, 26, 28; 29-5, 25; 37-27; 39-14; widely for syntactic purposes,
41-9; 49-12; 65-2; 66-10; 82-6). tuawaxayo (misprint for tuaguajayo),
tox, to gain, with (19-2).
tawaxayo indulgencias napatox, the tukuaxam, (?) (5-15, 20; 6-5; 7-24,
indulgencies I have gained (54-13). 26; 13-3; 14-24; 15-10; 22-19).
tukuaxat, (?) (6-14; 13-25; 17-10, tupayokuen, with all (66-13; 67-19;
19; 19-29; 20-11; 21-6, 14; 23-2, 68-4; 69-23; 71-24).

24; 36-14, 15; 37-8; 39-27; 40-10; tupo, the, that (2-20,23; 6-22,23; 7-5;
41-8; 42-29; 47-8; 48-27). 9-3, 8; 19-15; 24-17; 26-23; 28-13,
tukue, (?) (28-29). 18; 29-20, 24; 34-19; 35-1, 5; 36-
tukuex, in the (34-20; 36-4, 25; 13, 28; 40-18; 41-4; 42-7, 17, 22,
38-27; 40-23; 41-9; 42-8; 65-3, 4, 26; 43-3; 44-7, 10; 46-2, 21; 47-3,
12, 23, 25). 29; 48-12, 19, 26; 52-5; 54-4; 56-6;
tukuem, when (4-3, 24; 5-8, 25; 57-9; 59-3; 64-11; 65-10, 20, 27;
17-18; 20-16, 18, 20; 18-15; 26-22; 67-16; 68-20; 70-19, 25; 84-17;
28-1; 29-5; 30-23; 51-10; 54-9, 16; 85-4, 7; 86-5, 13).
57-10, 13; 67-6, 14; 68-9, 12; 72-18, tupox, of (19-15).
20; 73-4, 17; 74-7, 12; 87-8). tupom, from the, to, with (3-26; 4-2;
tukuen, to (37-27; 43-14; 54-22, 24; 7-1; 14-20; 15-15; 17-11, 20; 19-1,
66-20; 68-16; 69-11; 70-5; 73-19; 15; 24-11, 16; 26-6, 9; 27-3, 8, 14,
74-16). 18, 26; 28-3, 7; 29-28; 30-1, 5;
tukuet, at, to (?), (3-20; 6-24, 26; 31-7; 46-6; 52-1, 2, 3; 57-14, 17, 24;
17-8; 23-7, 9; 28-10, 18, 29; 29-25, 63-4, 5, 10, 24; 64-4; 73-25; 74-19).
27; 30-12, 14; 34-23; 37-10, 26; tupon, the (priest), (43-12, 15, 18;
38-17, 20, 24, 26, 28; 39-8, 14, 17; 53-27; 73-21).
42-15, 22, 23; 44-7; 46-23, 24; tupot (37-1, 8; 40-24; 47-2; 48-5;
47-9, 25, 29; 48-7, 13, 20, 21, 22; 63-28).
49-8, 12; 50-4; 52-15, 17; 54-5, 15; tupoyo, through (por), (9-17; 55-27,
63-9; 64-2; 65-21, 28; 66-7, 11; 28, 29).
67-16; 68-22; 69-8, 17; 71-24; tutce (tutci San Juan Capistrano),
72-26; 74-2; 82-6; 85-8; 88-1). what, that (6-12; 7-17, 19; 21-7;
tukulyo, in (64-5, 6). 23-21,24,25; 28-20; 38-18,19,20;
tupa, the (7-7, 11, 18; 8-11; 36-8; 39-6, 11; 40-12, 21; 41-7, 10; 48-
40-6; 41-19; 46-11; 48-5; 55-10; 14; 57-6; 68-23, 28).
57-4; 66-17; 73-9; 75-5; 82-6). tutcex, (?) (41-14; 42-25; 64-14;
tupahamopan, as (como) (68-21, 23). 65-2; 70-3).
tupahan, as (69-14). tutcem, the (obj. pi.) (2-20; 3-9, 13,
tupahapax, what, that which (85-23). 16; 6-8; 7-5, 8; 8-1; 9-15, 23;
tupahapam, as (86-7, 15). 10-2; 11-9; 12-1, 4, 27; 18-8;
tupahapan, as they (love) (68-28; 19-14, 24, 26; 20-4; 21-4, 6, 17;
87-6). 22-25; 26-2, 12; 28-16; 29-10, 19,
tupaxam (46-13; 63-17). 23, 29; 31-4; 46-9, 11; 48-22;
tupaxat, like them, as (37-13, 17; 50-18, 23; 52-9, 12; 57-19; 67-1,
39-18, 20, 22, 24; 47-14). 12; 75-14; 85-5, 12).
tupam, the, to the (10-2, 6, 9, 12, 15; tutcemotcen, only them (69-5; 72-12).
12-24, 29; 26-20; 63-26; 71-3; 72-7, tutcen, (?) (31-11; 43-10, 21; 44-11;
9, 19; 73-16; 75-19). 53-14, 21; 54-2, 5, 14; 63-19;
tupamo, (the body) only (40-2). 66-17; 69-19, 25; 70-1, 26; 71-8,
tupamopa, (the body) alone (40-4). 18; 73-22; 75-16, 20).
tupayo, (?) (1-5; 2-12; 3-2; 7-6, 17 tutcet, (?) (9-5, 9; 38-13; 40-12, 20;
9-17,18,20,24, 25, 26; 11-4; 14-7 41-6; 47-24; 48-4; 49-7, 11; 64-14;
15-12; 46-16; 49-17, 20; 55-11 65-1; 73-27).
67-17; 69-23; 70-19; 82-9; san- tutclyo, with (3-23; 5-2, 12, 17; 9-20,
tupayo, in order that he may 27; 11-2; 12-20, 21; 21-7; 22-26;
(6-22, 25; 26-25; 28-21). 26-7; 27-1, 6, 9, 12, 16; 28-6;
tupan, (?) (55-7; 73-3; 74-11). 30-4; 38-3, 6; 54-7; 63-13; 65-18;
tupat, (?) (42-11; 49-11; 66-2, 5, 8; 68-12; 69-8; 70-22; 71-1, 9, 10).
72-8, 10). tutciyokuem, (?) (57-16; 63-21).
tupayokuex, in (35-24; 36-2). tutciyokuen, with them (43-16; 44-
tupayokuem, with all the (heart) (7-2). 15; 71-24).
tutciyokuet, with (38-11). wa-, one of the pronominal prefixes

turn, or atum, to promise. indicating the third person; he,
mamiatiim am, did you promise? she, it, they (see a-, o-, u-,).
(76-9; 77-6). pil'ka wa Dios e, who is God?
miwatum am, has he promised? (34-25).
(83-3), has she promised? (83-3). wa Jesu Christo, who is Jesus
pil'ka
nakatum, I promise you Christ? (36-19).
(55-15;
70-10; 71-13, 17). wa-, a verbal prefix which seems to
U-, personal pronominal prefix of the convey the sense of "all" or "com-
third person, related perhaps to pletely". It is probably to be
wa-; singular, he, she, it; see a-, recognized in the wak of pinwakta,
0-, wa-. things (2-19), and in wak5, which is
ukuakantzam e, they died (SA) often placed after the verb proper.
(8-19). This latter may be nothing more
uxuar, heaven (29-20; 30-12; 34-20, than the verb "to be" with this
23; 37-26; 38-26; 39-8; 40-23; prefix, also found in taxawayo
44-7; 46-23, 24; 47-24; 48-7, 19; (q. v.), "all".
49-7; 50-12; 51-10; 52-15; 54-9, wako, to cause (causative auxiliary)
16, 24; 57-10; 64-2, 14; 65-21, (7-8, 19; 9-2; 13-24; 14-9; 17-25
23; 66-7; 67-3, 14; 68-12, 16, 22; 18-5, 17, 29; 19-8, 12; 28-4
69-7, 16; 71-4; 72-20, 26; 73-4, 28-8; 30-2, 26; 31-8; 39-3; 43-17
16, 19; 74-2, 7, 11, 15; 75-5; 85-8). 18; 46-9, 11; 49-3; 50-18, 22
um, to tell. 52-7, 10; 57-18; 63-10, 14, 23
Dios tupo pitupamoyokuex ouminox 66-2, 17; 70-9; 85-5).
axasal tukuex, because God always wax, pretending (23-12).
advises him in his heart (42-8). wamalet; afterward, finally, at last,
maium kam e, will you tell them? after, since (2-12; 6-3; 9-1).
(25-13). wamalexta, after, since (2-16; 36-14;
mamai um am, did you tell him? 37-3; 42-25; 47-6; 48-13).
(27-3, 8, 14, 18). wanta apexama, the Christian people,
nakpaum apam, that I speak to you a Christian (41-18, 20, 27; 42-3,
(55-14). 10; 46-12; 68-15).
nakum, I you, I warn you
tell
watz, to whip, to lash.
(19-13; 57-12; 85-10).
akpagltzma sal santupayokuex, that
nak um ino, I warn you, I tell you they may be always lashing them
(26-18; 29-8).
(41-12).
nayeawam kam, we will tell them
mamaiwatz am e, did you whip (your
(43-12).
wife)? (13-8, 17).
takpaum, he tells us (7-5).
mamikwatz'moyam, you whipped
tak um salate, he always tells us
(them) (12-29; 13-1).
(42-13).
taxa um axam, you have not told me wayo, to cry (as an animal), to howl.
apawayo tukuaxam, when it (an
(26-16).
animal) cries (7-26).
taxpaum santupayokuen, in order
xawayo, you weep (63-19).
that you tell me (82-3).
taxum, tell me it! (3-13; 6-11; 25-17, (cf. yam).
ya, to dislike (?)
20; 82-5). xayaame, you do not like, you do not
tamiawam kam, you will inform me love (52-9).
(86-1). xayaamexo, (?) (57-20).
tam5x tat ap um
kalo sanpo. He will yax, to enter, to reenter.
perhaps tell the devil (28-9). ahaux tutcet apxayax tzanam santce,
tiaum axam awaxta, if you do not they (souls) will reenter their
tell me (3-17). bodies (40-13).
uspame, distant (of relationship) apyaxex, it (soul) reentered (his body)
(15-25; 22-5). (38-24).
48 BUKEAU OF AMERICAN ETHl^TOLOGY [Bull. 127
xapayax santupayo, in order that you xayewal e, are you a witch? (RG)
enter (51-5). (8-8).
xayax atapamono, you have wished yo, yo, an adverbial particle or demon-
to enter (53-7). strative usually found in composi-
yam, to be angry with (SA). tion with other elements and con-
xayamexo e, you were angry with veying a general meaning (of which
(27-5). there have been suggested "all,"
mameyayam am e, were you angry "during," embracing certain objects
with? (11-18). or a certain period of time) (passim).
miayam kalo yam e, you have been axtcixuyokuen (or oxtuxuyokuen)
angry with? (14-12). few times (33-16).
nayam ino, I do not love, I am angry apauxpamyokuen (SA), oxauxyokuen
with (?) (31-13). (RG), very many times (33-14).
yam, tofly (?). apauxyokuen (SA), oxauxyokuen
awayam, bird, "always flying" (?) (RG), many times (33-12).
(7-23).
apoiyokuet, by the work of the
yat'an, the younger sister (of a man),
(36-27).
xayat'an po e, is she your younger
apsa yokuet, (?) (47-21).
sister? (78-5).
pil'yokuem, (?) (30-20).
yawa, son-in-law (of man or woman),
xayawa po e, is he your son-in-law? pil'yokuet, to the (38-9; 47-19;
65-15).
(79-13).
yewal, to bewitch. yokuex, with (52-5).
xapayewale, you are (or have been) yokuem, that (obj.) (30-17).
a witch (8-15). yokuen, (?) (66-22; 72-1).
COAHUILTECO NUMERALS
(Pp. 31-33jn^Garcia's Manual.)

one pil'
two axte
three axtikplP
four puwantz'an
five xuyopamaux (or maxuaxuyo)
six tcikuas (or axtikpll' axte)
seven puwantz'an, ko axtikpil'
eight puwantz'an axte
nine puwantz'an, ko xuyopamaux (or ko maxuaxuyo)
ten xuyopamaux axte (or maxuaxuyo axte)
eleven xuyopamaux (or maxuaxuyo) axte ko pil'
twelve puwantz'an axtikpil'
thirteen puwantz'an axtikpil' ko pil'
fourteen puwantz'an axtikpil' ko axte
fifteen xuyopamaux axtikpil' (or maxuaxuyo axtikpil')
sixteen xuyopamaux (or maxuaxuyo) axtikpil' ko pil'
seventeen xiiyopamaux (or maxuaxuyo) axtikpil' ko axte
eighteen tcikuas axtikpil'
nineteen tcikuas axtikpil', ko pil'
twenty taiwako
twenty-one taiwako ko pil'
thirty taiwako ko xuyopamaux axte (or ko maxuaxuyo axte)
forty taiwako axte
fifty taiwako axte ko xuyopamaux (or maxuaxuyo) axte
"And in this way they count to 100 and 200, multiplying with the number 20.
Swanton]
The final -m is used after words governed by second person n after those governed
;
by first person; and t or x after those governed by third person Garcia.

All these appear to be objective forms but it is not clear whether they indi-
cate the direct object alone or the indirect object also.
As the subjective forms may simply omit the -m, it is as yet uncertain what the
significance of -t is.
Plural tci found with words meaning: confessions, doctrines, people, men, sins,
dreams, Sundays, feast days, priests, breasts, women, animals.
ENGLISH-COAHUILTECO INDEX
abandon, to; maso. bear, to; teal.

about to, iwatanet. because, ino, mem, mi, no.
adore, to; le. become, to; hoi.
advise, to; um. before, sima.
afraid, talam. beg, to; xuakam.
after, wamalet. believe, to; spamo.
afterward, wamalet. bewitch, to; kuaxo, mo, yewal.
again, tza. bird, yam.
aid, to; tagex. blood, kuas, hatz.
all, wa-, yo, tawaxayo. body, ahauh.
alone, xanmo, tu. born, to be; k'uana, im.
already, nakue. break, to; k'xuakalap'.
also,ai, in, puhu. breast (general term), tzotz.
always, sal, saux. breast (of woman), tam.
ancient, aptzai. bring, to; tco.
and, ko, mam, mat, mex, mexo, mi, brother, kuanitap, xat'al, makutzan,
tz'an. matzan, fatal.
and then, mem. brother-in-law, aptax ai, kuatzo.
and there, mex. bull, bezerro.
and you, mi. bum, to; tixam(ko).
anger, to; xt'ewal. but, mat, mi.
angry, to be; xt'ewal, xum, yam. by means of which, saux.
animal, kai. by the, yo.
animate beings, pa, po. calf bezerro.
another, ai, in, pil'. call, to; aux.
anus, til'. call on, to; taman.
any, ata, ma, pil', pin. cannot, (xa)tam.
anything, pin. care for, to; kuam.
as, tu. carefully, to go; otaktzin.
ascend, to; mao. carry, to; tco.
ashamed, xuanam. cast, to; (houh)fam.
ask, to; k'tai, xuakam. cause, to; hoi, wako.
asleep, tzam6xu(am). child, pam, f anpam.
assist, to; tagex. Christian, a; wanta apexama.
at, kue, fan, tu. church, tiopa.
at last, wamalet. cleanse, to; cap'awano.
at once, aye. cohabit, to, pi.
at that time, apa. come, to; kal, tcon.
aunt; xotal, makis, makit'an, mitcal, come between, to; saxop.
teal, tatce, taic. command, to; hoi tanko.
await, to; kuam. commit, to; hoi.
bad, k'aux, saxpam, caic. commune, to; komulgar.
badly, saxpam. companion, paxti.
be, to; kuan, no, o, po, so, tcoxai. completely, wa-, saux.
conceal, to; xak, xaulax, le. fear, to; talam,

concubine, mam. feast, iliwat.
concubinage, mam, k'an, tayagu. few, axtclxu, oxtclxu.
confess, to; malkuita. few times, yo.
confession, malkuita. fifteen, axte, xuyopamaux, maxuaxilyo.
confessional, the; malkiiita. fifty, axte, xuyopamaux, taiwako.
cousin, mamotcam, mamou. fight, to; koi.
cow, bakes. finally, wamalet.
cross, k'au. fire, talom.
cry, to; le, wayo. five, xuyopamaux, maxuaxuyo.
dance, a; txe. flesh, ahauh.
dance, to; xa. fly,to; yam.
daughter, palum, k'ul, xue. food, ham.
daughter-in-law, team, k'ui. forget, to; xam.
day, t'il. fornication, pi.
dead, the; xum, tzam. for that, mi, puhu.
death, xum, tzam. for that reason, puhu.
deceive, to; dp'. forty, axte, maxunaxuyo, taiwakO.
descend, to; t'otzam. for what reason, mem.
desert, to; maso. four, puwant'zan.
desire, to; xamtzam. fourteen, axte, puwant'zan.
devil, the; tamox. free from, kanak.
die, to; xum, tzam. friend, to be; tawan.
dislike, to; ya. frixolillo ("little bean," see frejol),
distant (of relationship), uspame. samin.
divide, to saxop.
; from the, tu.
do, to; hoi. future tense, sign of the; kam, san,
doctrine, mestla. sno.
draw forth, to; taikaguo. gain, to; tox.
dream, a; sk'atzauxt'am. girl, t'awalam can.
drink, to; ouxu. give, to; ax.
drunk, man. give back, to; tza.
during, apa, y5. give birth, to; teal,
dwell, to; txam. give up, to; maso.
dwelling, txam. glorify, to; le, letzam.
earth, tap. go, to; kal, kuan.
eat, to; ham. go away, to; (oux)pako.
eight, axte, puwant'zan. go forth from, to; (oux)pako.
eighteen, axte, tcikuas. go up, to; teo.
either, mak, fan. God, Dies.
eleven, axte, xuyopamaux, maxuaxuyo. good, tcan, manam, cap'an.
embrace, to; 5p'ol. goodness, cap'an.
end, to; xai. go out of, to; (oux) pako.
enter, to; (k)ammam, yax. grandchild, kuant'an, ha.
entreat, to; k'tai. granddaughter, kuant'an, ha, tzat'an.
evening, tcum, takom. grandfather, kuan, puk'al.
every, ata. grandmother, kis, kaka.
evil, k'aux, caic. grandson, ha, kuant'an, mat'an.
expiate, to; katzogu5. grief, t'al.
extinguished, to be; xai. habitually, sal.
extol, to; le, letzam. hand, maux.

falsehood, cip'. handle, to; k'ai.
fast, to; ayuna. have, to; mi.
father, xanai, mama, t'anage. he, a-, mi, o-, -t, u-, wa-.
father-in-law, team, kuan. hear, to; tcakei.
heart, xasal. little, atiut'an, can.

heaven, uxual', live, to; pllam, txam.
hell, t'oaxam. look, to; mas.
her, a-, mi, o-, u-, wa-. lose, to; houx(sal).
him, 0-. love, to; kawa.
his, a-, mi, o-, u-, wa-. lyingly, cip'.
hold, to; xuatz. mad, man.
holy, cap'an. make, to; h5i.
hope, to; kuam. make fun of, to; xamaya.
house, xuai, xam. male, xagu.
how manyP, xat, t'a. maledictions, caic.
however, mex. man, xagu.
howl, to; wayo. many, axtzo, apa, ka, oxaux,
human being, pilam, po. many times, yo.
husband, k'au, marriage, xek'atzawamke.
I, na, tzin. marry, to; k'au, xek'atzawamke, tayagu.
if, awaxta, -ex. me, na, ta-.
saxpam.
ill, t'al, means, saux.
immodest, xuanikahame. meat, ahauh.
implore, to; k'tai. menstruate, to; h6ux(sal), ot'awaxope
in, kue, tu. mercy, to have; kuatz(um).
indicative suffi,x, am. memory, xam.
indirect object, k-. mine, mi.
inform, to; le, um. miscarry, to; k'aux, teal.
inhabitant, pllara, txam. miserable, kuatz(um).
injury, k'aux. mission, xuai.
in order that, mem, san, tu. mitote (a dance), txe.
into, kue. month, anua.
interrogation, e. moon, anua.
in that way, puhu. mother, lei, tai, tzawax.
into, kue. mother-in-law, team, makis.
intoxicated, man. much, apa.
invoke, to; taman. my, mi.
it, mi-, 0-, a-, -t. nail, to; pikak'tzam.
its, a-. name, aux.
jest, to; xamaya. name, to; aux.
join, to; xagu. near, tan t'ani.
joined with, xagu. need, to; saayex.
joyful, to be; kawa. nephew, kant'an, tcatz xop, j xk'ou,
kill, to; teap. xont'an, mixal, p'ai, tax, tala,
kind, ka. talt'an.
kiss, to; k'uap'. never, apa.
kneel, to; (ma)k'makox. niece, apxaic fan, apxat'an, kant'an,
know, to; xo. tcatzxop, xk'ou, p'ai, tax, tzoxal.
lash, to; watz. night, tcum, takom.
last, apa. nine, xuyopamaux, maxuaxuyo,
laugh at, to; xamaya. puwant'zan.
leave, to; maso, (oux)pako. ninteen, axte, tcikuas.
Lent, kuaresma. no, ox.
lewdness, pi. no more than, mo.
lie, a; cip'. not, axam.
lie, to; dp'. nothing, pin.
lie (down), to; (houh)t'am. now, nakue, name, payam.
life, tpa, pllam. observe, to; mas.
like, puhu, tu. of, ma, fan, tu.
old, aptzai. seek, to; tzakex.

on account of that, puxoyokuex. separate, to; saxop.
one, pil'. seven, puwant'zan.
only, mo, tu. seventeen, axte, xuyopamaux, max-
or, mak, t'am. uaxuyo.
order, to; tanko. sexual organs, female; xue.
other, ai, axtzo, in, pil'. sexual organs, male; malaux.
our, mi, na. shall, kam, san, sno.
over, pax. shame, xuankam.
owl, taklaxpo. she, mi-, o-, a-, -t, u-, wa-.
own, to; mi. shut in, to be; ot'awaxope
pardon, to; kuatz(um), talo. sick, fill,
pass, to (of time) p'akenmam
;
sick, to be; tza.
past, the; apa. sickness, t'al.
pay, to; katzoguo. silent, le.
penance, penitencia. sin, k'aux, saxpam.

people, pllam. since, wamalet.
perchance, tane. sing, to; le.
perhaps, makpaxtikalo. single, tayagu.

person, pilam. sister, matziitzan, kuital, tal, tzaal,
peyote, paxe. tzutzan, yat'an.
piece, xuizkuan. sister-in-law, mitcal, tatce, taic.
pitiable, kuatz(um). six, axte, tcikuas.
pity, to; kuatz(um). sixteen, axte, xuyopamaux, maxuaxuyo.
place, to; xakauko. sleep, to; tzamoxu(am).
pleased, to be; kawa. so, puhu.
plural, ate, xo, tcl. some, pil'.
poor, kuatz(um). son, xue, pam.

possess, to; mi, son-in-law, yawa.
posteriors, til'. soon, xuako aye.
potential mood, sign of the; kalo. sort, ka.
praise, to; le. soul, xam, tpa.
pray, to; mestia. Spaniard, pinaxagii.
preg:nant, sahuin. speak, to; le, iim.
present tense, te. spill, to; kax.
pretending, wax. spirit, a; tamox.
priest, kutatze, totatze. steal, to; (oux)tcalak.
promise, to; turn. stepdaughter, palum.
pure, cap'an. stepfather, puxuai.
quickly, xuako aye. stepmother, tapai.
raise, to; tco. stepson, pam.
really, xanaye. strike, to; k'oxtawai.
receive, to; tzo. strong, tzo.
reenter, to; yax. suddenly, aye.
related, tu. suffer, to; kuax(ai).
relation, tu. Sunday, timiko.
relative, tu. take, to; tco.
remember, to; xam. take away, to; talo.
remiss, to be; pewal. teach, to; xo, (oux)ciwa(ko), tanko.
rest, to; xuax, tzam6xu(am). um.
tell, to; le,
restore, to; tza. ten, axte, xuyopamaux, maxuaxuyo.
return, to; ax, tza. that, ino, ma, pa, p6, tu, yo.
same way, the; puhu. that which, tu.
say, to; ka, le. the, pa, to, tu.
see, to; mas. then, mom, mi, namo.
there, mi. very, pam.

there is, tcoxai. village, xuai.
these, ate, tci. visit, to; kamam.
they, mi-, o-. wait for, to; kuam.
thing, pin. walk, to; k.î.
think, to; nako. wanting, to be; saayex.
thirteen, axte, puwant'zan. warn, to; um.
thirty, axte, xuyopamaux, maxuaxuyo, we, xo, na-.
taiwako. week, semana.
this, pa, pi, po, ta. weep, to; wayo,
those, ate, tci. well, tcan, manam.
thou, xa-, xamin, mai. what, anu, ka, xakat, t'a, tu.
three, axte. what things, apa.
through, tu. whatever, apa.
throw, to; (houh)t'am. when, ayexta, tu.
thus, puhu. whereP, anu.
thy, xa-, mai. which?, anu.
time, maline. whip, to; watz.
to, pax, tu. who?, ka, pil'.
today, t'il. whom, pil'.
together, xagu. whose, mi.
together with, xagu. why?, xa, xakat, mem, t'a.
tomorrow, tcum. wife, tayagu.
too, in. will,kam, san, sno.
to the, tu yd. will, to;kawa.
touch, to; k'ai. wish, to; kawa, xamtzam, tapamo.
town, xuai. witch, kuaxo, yewal.
true, man. with, aux, xagu, xane, t'am, fan, tu, yo.
truth, man. wizard, kuaxo, yewal.
twelve, axte, puwant'zan. woman, tagu.
twenty, taiwako. womb, k'uax, cipok.
twenty-one, taiwako. word, le.
two, axte. work, to; hoi.
unable, to be; (xa)tam. world, tap.
unchaste, xuanikaliame, caic. worthless, (k)ammam.
uncle, kotctan, kou, kuanax, kut'an. year, axako, atulam.
understanding, xo. yes, aa, xa.
united, xagu. you, xa-, xamin, mai.
unmarried, tayagu. young, can.
us, na-, ta-. your, xa-, mai, mi.
utter, to; ka. yours, mi.
WORDS FROM A DIALECT SPOKEN NEAR THE MISSION OF &AN

FRANCISCO SOLANO, BELOW EAGLE PASS ON THE RIO GRANDE
aapag, yes. nikaog (nicaog), meat.
apam, water. no, fur.
genin or genint, three. paam, there is none.
hikomeya (hycomeya), is she your papam, father.
sister? saath, four.
hipayo, (hypayo) {quiere (?)). sieh, give me.
kainika (cainica), tortilla. sihik (sihic), tobacco.
krisen (crisen) or krigen (crigen), bad. sopaam, sister.
nabaog, I am hungry, soya, brother.
naha, mother, tciene (chiene), salt.
namo, eat it. taapam, there are.
ENGLISH-SAN FRANCISCO SOLANO INDEX
bad, krisen. none, there is; paam.
be, to; see hikomeya. salt, tciene.
brother, soya. she, see hikomeya.
eat it, namo. sister;sopaam, hikomeya.
father, papam. sister, she your? hikomeya.
is
four, saath. there are, taapam.

fur, no. three, genin.
give me, sieh. tobacco, sihik.
hvmgry, I am; nabaog, tortilla, kainika.
I, see nabaog. water, apam.
me, see sieh. wish, to; hipayo.
meat, nikaog. yes, aapag.
mother, naha. your, see hikomeya.
ADDITIONAL COAHUILTECO WORDS FROM THE MISSION RECORDS

asawan (asaguan), heart.
In the languages of the Parchaque, Mescaleros, Yoricas, Chomes, Alachomes,
and Pamais.
ganapetuan, large body of water, the Rio Grande.
In the languages of the Parachaque, Mescaleros, Yoricas, Chomes, Alachomes,
and Pamais.
yana wana (yana guana), the San Antonio River.
In the language of the Payaya tribe which lived upon it.
COMECRUDO-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Recorded by Albert S. Gatschet in 1886
The letters (E), (J), and (A) indicate the names of Dr. Gatschet's Indian
informants, Emiterio, Joaquin, and Andrade. The numbers refer to pages in
his two manuscript field books.
afisiau', (1) mescal, (2) brandy {aguar- ahatai, ehatai,

wine {vino) (44).
diente), (3) alpekuete'n x a'l ahatai', the snuff-box
afisiau' paika'm mekme'kne, I enjoy (or the little box) is going to be
drinking wine (or mescal) (45). opened (la cajita va se abrir) (65).
pamesua'k afisiau', to become intoxi- xa'l pehetai'le, mouth open {boca
cated {emborracharse) (112). abierta) (31).
lafesiau' ika'm, brandy is bitter pehetai'le, opened {abierto) (80).
{aguardiente es amargo) (52) (the
ahua'p, to put, power.
initial 1 probably represents an
ahua'p aha'k ayapa', to put (some-
error)
thing) inside (129, 130).
afesewitiau', coffee {cafe) (69) (afisiau
ahua'p ayapa', to put on the top (130).
+
yatau (black?)).
ahua'p gleka'l ayapa' {or apa'), to put
afesewitiau' paika'm mekme'k, give
me coffee to drink! (103).
something on the side of (130).
ahane'k(la), a'xpaye'k, a match (65) ahua'p kama't, to put under (130).
(cf. axpale'k, apaki'le). ahua'p meska'm, to place far from
ahane'kla pamakua'k, the match is {poner lejos de) (131).
burning (65). ahua'p tokom ayapa', to put some-
klewe'n pemoya'k ahane'kla {or ax- thing on top (93).
paye'k), to light a match {cerillo), ahua'p to'mke potis, let that blow
to produce light in a match (65). away! {deje eso soplar) (115).
ahua'p ya-ama'm, to place against aka, to throw (cf. awagot).

another thing (poner contra otra gna'x epi' (?) kemio'p apaka'tle, a
cosa) (130). man who is going to shoot (un
ahua'ple nahakme'm, to hang, to kill hombre qui va tirar) (68).
by hanging (suspender, ahorcar) gna'x kemyo'p apaka'tle, a man
;
ahua'ple is said to be the past shooting (hombre tirando) (16).

participle of ahua'p; nahakme'm is kemyo'p apaka'tle, gunpowder (polvo
translated poor (pobre) (60) para tirar) (16).
bala kemio'p helahua'mla, the bullet, pa-aka't, to throw; pi. of obj.
the ball ("the ball he put in a payenuaka't (30, 113).
gun") (68). paka'tle, to shoot (with a gun) (tirar
:âl pehua'p kem pese'x, to kiss a (fusil)) (112).
pretty woman {besar una mujer pa-aka't wuyekue'l, to throw a stone
hermosa) (pese'x sij?. pretty) (30). (echar una piedra) (30).
payahua'p, to put down (dejar) (115). woyekue'l aka't, to throw a stone
toko'mpaipe't payahua'p, which is (echar piedra) (49).
going to leave (or throw down) the ake'k, who gets up, arisen (levantado),
load (que va a dejar la cargo) (47). who arises, who rises (qui se
ahui', excrement, dung, levanta) (102). (see ya-una'k).
aikatua'k, to belch (114). akike'te, to swim (111) (cf. kie').
aikiet, jerked beef (?) (given as tasajio atui's akike'te, the fish swims (36).
which is perhaps intended for aklelo', burdock (lampazo), the Indians

tasajo) (also tet q. v.)) (see kie'). eat the little tubers (los Indios
comen el camotito del abdjo) (45).
aina'p, to cure, curing (curando), to
axklelo' pa'-i, a plant which flowers
suck (120).
in lagoons and hence may be the
emna' payaina'p, to suck each other
Nuphar (Spanish word given is
(chupar entrambos) (97, 120)).
same as above, lampazo) (46).
nawi's pai-aina'p, I am curing (yo
akma't,
soy curando) (120).
sen akma't, little by little,
nawi's pamaina'p, you (?) sucking
akna,
{tu estas curando) (120).
gna'vx akna', old man (hombre viejo)
nawi's papiauna'p, they are curing
(J) (possibly gnax doubled) (53).
{ellos son curando) (120).
a'x, tobacco (47, 112); Uhde, p. 185,
nawi's payaina'ple, to suck them-
has a.
selves (chupar si mismos) (97).
a'x kahue'l, pipe, tobacco pipe (6, 65).
paina'pnata, already it is sucked (yd
a'x pawoska'm, a cigar (cigarro) (65).
estd chupado) (97).
a'x pe'kla, to chew tobacco (chupar
payaina'p, I suck something (chupo
tabaco) (47).
algo) (97, 120).
a'x pe'kle, cigarette (cigarito), to
somna'-u xop payaina'p, to make
chew tobacco (65).
suck (hacer chupar) (xop, other part
,
a's a'x, a little plant (yerbita),

(otra parte)) (65, 97).
caccaccio (45).
omna'-u payaina'p, to make suck
a'x, a'x, a'xh, water (49).
(hacer chupar) (97).
a'x elpaka'm, the water is not
they drew
u-ika' xe't aina'p piauno'k,
boiling (el agua no hierve) (48).
blood from the temple by sucking
a'x epalue'm, otter (nutria) (25).
in curing the sick (chupaban la
ax guapo'k, calabash (guaje) (45).
sangre de los enfermos) (76),
a'x ikami semi', after drinking
piauno'k, sucking (chupando).
(despues de beber) (129).
aine'me, a'x kekieke't, running water (agua
tet aine'me, what shall I do? (que
corriente) (49).
hare yol) (91).
a'x kekiete't, spittle, (agua corriente) ;
aiwama'm, I go there! (voy alldl) (101). (A) gave the word as a' x powui'
ak, a blackish louse (piojo prieto) (38). (20).
a'x ko'n, bank of the (pool of) water ko-ome't a'x pakape'tle (or paka'mle),
(orilla del agua) (49). the pot is full of water (la olla
a'x me'l, the water falls (el agua cae), llena de agua) (22).
the water slips down (resbala el xai' a'x pakati', fisher-boat (68).
agua) (54). pamkam a'x me'kwe ( ?) I drink water ,
a'x paka'mle, I wish to drink water (who wishes to drink water) (19).
(quiero beber agua) (119). to'm a'x apapa'kla, I am washing
a'x pakieke't, the water is running (yo soy levando) (22)
agua) (49) water
{estd corriendo el ; yape't a'x ikami, before drinking
channel (canal de agua), the water (antes de (mi) beber) (129).
runs (el agua corre) (70). axklepe'-u, toad (sapo) (35).
a'x pakli', cold water (agua fria), to axkuapo',
cool water (friar el agua) (49).cocoanut (perhaps from
akuapo',
a'x pakma't, lagoon (laguna, muchas
Spanish guaje) (68).
aguas) (50). akuapo' paktel, a kuapo' paktel,
a'x pako'n, pool of standing water rattle used in dancing (made of a
(charco) (49). cocoanut or guaje) (68).
a'x pakwu', a'x pepo'k, foam (espuma axpakle'k (see apaket(le), ahane'k(la)).
del agua) (50). map axpakle'k, ma'p a'x pakle'k, to
a'x pamelai' pakieke't, the water falls smooth with a plane (fregar con
in rain (el agua lloviendo ccie) (54). cepillo) (67, 119).
a'x pamesai', the rain falls (la lluvia a'l, sun (57) (also Uhde, p. 185) a'l,
cde) (54). day(?) (53); al, today,
a'x papa'k, to wash with water (lavar a'l etela'mle, it is now late (es tarde
con el agua) (119). sun has gone down.
yd) (57), the
a'x paptu'k, a dry pool (un charco a'l makua'k, parasol (Mex. para'-u)
seco) (61). (67).
a'x pasewetiau', hot water (agua a'l pamatamak, thesun arises(?) (Ill)
caliente) (49). a'l pamatama'k anekna', saying that
a'x patepa'tla, island (isla) (49). the sun is going to rise (hablando
a'x payesu'i, clear water (agua limpia que va ser sol), he says day is com-
(or clara)) (49). ing (dice que de dia (E)) (75).
a'x pe'xpola'm, to throw the water a'l pasowetiau', the sun is warm (sol
(echar el agua) (131). estd caliente) (57), the sun is strong

a'x pekSwe'k, low water (mar bajo) (sol estd fuerte) (57, 95, 111),
(?) (50). a'l pe'm, the sun sets (el sol se mete, el
a'x pepola'm, to throw the water sol se acuesta) (57, 111),
(echar el agua), to baptize (62);

a'l wata'k (A), the sun is coming up
a purge? (lavativa) (el sol viene saliendo) (57).
(68).
a'x pepola'mla, the water
a'l yauna' alua'x(?), noon (mediodia)
is pouring
(53).
down (esid derramando el agua)
gushing out or cascading a'l ya-una'k awakiu', the sun is rising
(54), it is
(el sol se levanta) (57), 131).
(estd chorro (or cascada)) (54).
ala'k, yesterday (ayer) (126).
a'x petekue't, turbid water (agua
ala'k ankua'manta, yesterday you bit
turbida) (49).
(ayer Usted mordio) (65).
a'x powui', spittle (A) (20).
ala'k paisellai', I was weeping yester-
a'x wapna'k, to the other side of the
day (yo lloraba ayer) (64).
river (d el otro lado del rio (50, 129).
xai' ma-uta' (or ala'k) peha'ple, the
a'x ya-una' (p)bakio', high water tree fell yesterday (el palo cayo
(alia marl) (ya-una', upward) (50).
ayer) (36).
a'x yohue'l, the clouds (las nubes) a'l, road (camino) (50, 57).
(54). al amaiko'k, alamaikS'k, rainbow
ko-ome't a'x alpaka'm, the pot is (arco iris) (2d a = a'x, water) (but
dry (la olla seca) (22). cf. al, "sun").
a'l kica'x, path, pathway, "little alpekuete'n, box (caja) (65).

road" {camina angostito) (50). alpekuete'n xa'l ahatai', the little box
ale met, {qui tiene sete) is to be opened (la cajita va se
(this may be intended for qui tiene abrir) (65).
sed, or it may be al emet, "the sun alpekuete'n xa'l pawalai', the little
sleeps") (32). box is to be closed (la cajita va se
cerrar) (65).
ale'l, leg (pierna) (8, 12); ale'l (or el),
alpekuete'n, see kuiti'n.
buttocks, backsides, bottom (culo)
alua'x, (cf. alpa, elua'x).
(8)
a'l yauna' alua'x(?), midday (medio-
ale'l wai', thighs (rmtslos de los
dia) (53).
piernas) (8).
ke'm ale'l pepo'k, woman with white
apalua', I am going to be this (voy d
ser esto) (95) (the verb "to be"),
legs (mujer a las piernas hlancas)
a'x epalue'm, otter (nutria), "which
(27).
is in the water" (25).
male'I mapta'kle, to stand with legs
gna':y nawi's palue'm, the man is
separated (117).
alone (el hombre estd solo) (17, 95).
ali', ear.
xai' nawi's apalua', all the plants
ali paboska'm, who has large ears
(todas las plantas) (nawi's, "all"),
(qui tiene las orejas largas) (25).
xa'm apalua', nest, "bird-staying
alpa', to be, there is.
place" (nido, nidito) (30).
alpa' alpa ma'xle, who looks at kiau' palue'm ketekui', star in the
another stopping (que se mira a el south (estrella en el sur) (57).
otro par ado) (95). na'wis palue'm, you alone (listed
alpaka'm, there is nothing (no se hay solito) (A) (36).
nada, no tiene algun, no tiene nada, nawi's palue'm nana', you alone
no hay, no hay nada) (29, 80, 95, (listed solito) (95).
120). nawi's palue'm pakiapai'n, we alone
alpaka'm ke'm, ke'm payi'y, there is go (nosotros solitos ) (103). —
no woman (ninguna mujer) (23). somi palue'm, sumpalue'm, foreign
gla'm' yen kam xat alpa', where is my (ladino) (81).
dog? (donde es mi perro?) (93). waiha'k wakate' sumpalue'm, a wild
kepe'l palpaka'm (8), kepe'l pa animal (animal de la res ladino)
alpaka'm, he has no buttocks (no (75).
tiene nalgas) (121, 130). am, liver (higado) ; also stomach(?).
ko-ome't a'x alpaka'm, the pot is dry am pele', good liver (higado bueno)
(la olla seca) (22). (9).
xai' pekuete'n pesna'k apalpa', the ama'k, see apta'k.

prepared (el ultimo palo ama't, village, town (rancheria).
last stick
parado) (67, 95). ama't akie' esto'k, where is the
xai' pekuete'n yapla'k apalpa', the
Indian going? (par onde se va el
first stick which is prepared (el
India?) (91), who are those men?
primero palo que estd parado) (67). (from whence do they come?) (74).
ama't am kie', where do you come
men omta'-i alpaka'm, he has no
from? (donde vienes?) (quien es
parents (sus parientes no hay) (16).
Ustedf) (91).
nawi's palpa', hollow (79, 95), "it is
ama't awan kie', where do you come
by itself."
from? (or where do you walk from?)
nawi's palpa' wama'k, an empty (donde vienes? donde andas?) (91,
house (casa hueca) (22).
131).
telo'm alpaka'm, he did not grow esto'k ama't amkie', where did the
feeble (no se acabd) (29). Indian come from? (que donde
alpai'(la). venia India?) (73).
wama'k alpai'la, in front of the house esto'k ama't meta'p, who are you?
(en frente de la casa) (26). (quien es listed?) (74).
amha'n(l§), thumb (pulgar) (9). apakuen(le).

amkiet {see kamau')- xai' apakue'nle, bowstring, ligaments
te't amkiet, the thorn pricked him {ciierda del arco) (72).
(la espina lo pied) (42, 87). a'pal, (cf. apehe'l).
amo', emo', neck (pezcuezo, garganta) le'ha wa'k a'pal, bad house (casa
(11). mala) (66).
amo' paposka'm, amo' pawoska'm, apatuet(le),
big, stiff neck (pescuezo largo) (9). xai' apatuetle, bowstring (cuerda del
Amos, arco) (68).
Amos pa'l, name given to Charco apehe'l, ap'he'l, an other (un otro) (65),
Escondido by (A) (pal = black) some (algunos,) others (otros) (80).

(21) (see Abaikio' under kio). ape'hel pe'x, they (ellos), others
anawe'n, he palled up (arranco) by the (otros) (85), some (135-text).
roots (120) (cf. pawe'le). apehe'l pe'x paye'he, they (others)
anawe'wayi, little {cMquito) (139-text). think piensan) (39).
(ellos (otros)
anelua'k(le), to beat somebody (gol- esto'k apehe'l, (or ap'he'l) esto'k

pear) (114). xo'p, another Indian (otro Indio)
aneluena, (93).
pesna'k anelue'm, I am going across. apekatai'(le),
(ijo voy airas) (105). kua'k apekatai'le, that anointed the
somixo'p anelue'me maseka'm, will arrows (que unto a las flechas) (47).
you be far away another day? ape'l, face (cara) (11).
(estards lejos otro dia) (95, 99). i-ape'l pexue't (or pehue't), who has a
anwalom, very dry face (qui tiene la cara muy
anualo'm, to inform oneself (avisarse) seca) (11).
(99, 113). mi-ape'l pexue't, his face is very dry
anwalo'mle, they informed them- (11).
selves (se avisdron) (99). ape'l, sky, heaven, (cielo), clouds
Apaikawai', the Pinto tribe (135-text). (nubes) (53) (cf. mape'l, rain, mepel,
apakain(le), to carry, to place upon bed cover), above, v/hat is above;
(poner) (114) (cf. kamla', earth, and also Uhde on p. 185.
aka, to throw), ape'l xi', clear sky (cielo claro) (54).
xai' apaka'mle wakate', an ox-yoke, apa'l pakwatiwa'k, the heaven thun-
"wooden thing carried by oxen" ders (el cielo truena).
{yugo de bueyes) (67). apta'k, that opened itself (que se abrio)
mapi' apapaka'm, mapi' ekna'tla, ring (29); ama'k, I break (115).
(anillo), "fits the finger closely" xai' ama'k, I break a stick (yo rompo
(67). un palo) (51).
ap akamsap (le) xai' apta'k, to break a stick (rajese
xai' apakamsa'ple, broom (escova, palo) (51).
escoba) (43). xai' ima'k apta'k, to break a stick in
apaket(le), the middle (romper un palo en el
xai' apake'tle, a saw, a handsaw medio) (51).
(serrucho) (70); also given as ax xai' yase'n xama'k, I break a stick at
(hacha); and torch or taper; (Mex. its end (51).
witchiwan). xai' yawe't yama'k, I break many
apakia8a'm(la), comb (el peine) (67). sticks (51).
nawi's apakiasa'mla, I comb myself male'l mapta'kle, to stand with legs
(67). separated (117).
apaki'(le), metate (71), rubbing stone, mapi' apta'k, fist, "broken hand."
mapi' apaki'le, the long stone taken mapta'kle, to separate (separar) (117).
in the hands to be used on the maptama'k, the following day (el dia
metate {mano de la metate) (71). siguiente) (115).
184198—40-
a's a'x, caccaccio (a little plant (yerbita)) a'yami, a word used in a song (137)
(45). (perhaps meaningless),
atanawai', sea {la mar) (43, 50). ayapa,
atmahau', atmau', river (rio) (50); ahua'p aha'k ayapa', to put (some-
abbr. hau', xau' (50). thing) inside (129, 130).
atmahau' e'-u, atmahau' o'-u, deep ahua'p ayapa', to put on the top
river {rio Jiondo) (50). (130).
atmahau' pakieke't, steamboat (70). ahua'p gleka'l ayapa' {or apa'), to
Atmahau' {or Atmau') pakma't, the put on the side of (130).
Rio Grande (21). ahua'p tokom ayapa', to put some-
atui's, fish {pescado) (36). thing on the top (93).
atui's akike'te, the fish swims (36). peya-una'ma, he stays inside, he
atui's gna.xpa't, a fish called "alewife" remains inside (138).
(Spanish matalote), "old fish" (36). ayawe't (perhaps should be payawe't,
atui's kica'x, sea bream {besugo), much),
"little fish" {pescado chiquita) (36). tawelo' ayawe't nahakme'm, harvest
atui's xa'l awagatil6, fish-hook {an- {cosecha) (51).
zuelo) (67). ayema', to give {darme!) (A), to give
atui's pakati', fisherman (49). something {dar cosa) (14); pi.
atui's pakma't, bagre {Silurus bagre, ayema'lo.
L.) (36). payema', he gave {did) (99).
a'u, a'-u, fruit of the tuna or cactus fig yenko't manza'na payema', you gave
(44). my son an apple {listed did 6, mi
au' awai', flower of the tuna {fior de hijo una manzana) (68).
la tuna) (45), au' nawai', the same ayenwa'p(la),
in a song (136). plato ayenwa'pla paikai', plate {plato,
au' heke'l, seed of the tuna {semilla casuela) (67).
de la tuna) (42) bala (Spanish word).
au' kica'x, little fruit (of tuna?), bala kemio'p helahua'mla, the ball
any small fruit (42).
berry, (68).
aussoles, aduachapan, "hot baths," boto'n, button (identical with Spanish
"sweat baths" {termas) (?) (49). word) (68).
awa, awei', dieina'wi, 10.
a'l ya-una'k awa kiu', the sun is dieina'wi sekua'ssi, 10 times (10
rising {el sol se levanta) (131). vezes) (25).
awei' kiu' Reinosa, let us go to e' (interrogative particle?),
Reinosa {vamos a Reinosa) (131); nane' {or nawe') ihua halau kame e',
cf. sen owe' ya. (131). do I not know? {no conosco y?)
awagat, ehuakat, to catch by (se pren- (120).
dio) (118), awagati'ie, to take (cf. ehap, evhap, ellap,
aka). a'x evha'p, to sprinkle water (116).
atui's xal awagati'lg, fish-hook (67). xai' ma-uta' peha'ple, the timber fell
mapi' pehuaka't, handle {manijera) yesterday {el palo cay 6 ayer) (36)
(71). (ma-uta'-ala'k (?)).
awai', flower {flor) (45) (cf. exno'). xai' inyu's peha'ple, the timber is
au' awai', flower of the tuna {flor de going to fall {elpalo vacaer){i6, 119).
la tuna) (45). xai' peha'ple, fallen timber {palo
xai' pawai', flower {flor "al monte") caido) (46).
(43). xai' perra'ple, xai' pella'ple, the tree
awakui'l (cf. payiwa'k), fell, or clearing the
(2d wood
xai' awakui'l, hammer {martillo) (A). informant)
awekna't(le), pake'm somixo'p peha'pleme, the
xai' awekna'tle, cradle for a baby snow fell yesterday {la nieve cay
{cuna por nifios) (70). ayer) (54).
Swanton] LIXGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 61
pake'm eha'plame, the snow stops {la ekna't(la), it fits closely (se atoro, se ha
nieve se retira), (54). tor of) (67).
pake'm ma-uta' eha'plame, the snow mapi' ekna'tla, ring {anillo) (67).
stopped yesterday, or the snow fell poya'k
poya'k apeme'tle,
emi'
(cayo) yesterday (Spanish given pekna'tle (A), horseshoe {herradura)
same as above) (54). (71).
ehio, to snort ihufar) (120). ekohua'k, I am sorry for him {le tengo
ewe' pehio' + e'hio, the deer is snort-
, lastima) (115).
ing (es bufando el venado) (77). eko'k(le), it opens {es abriendo) (65).
eh<iei', bone; also xi' (cf. we). ekuete'n, extinguished {extinguido) (78,
eh-de'm, skin (cf. emo'l). 98).
ewe' ehue'm, deerskin (28). le'n ekute'n, the fire is extinguished or
out {la lumbre es extinguida) (54).
eikahua'k, wanting or going to? (115).
pa'l ekuete'n, the charcoal is extin-
meme't eikahua'k, meme'te eikahua'k,
guished {el carbon es extinguido)
telo'm meme'te, he very sleepy
is
(54).
{tiene mucho sueno), a sleepy head
exno', to sniff, to smell {huele) (cf.
[dormilon) (37, 73, 116).
weka'payo) (116) (cf. awai').
eke', his {el suyo) (89); eka'm, his (59,
mok e'xno, the hog sniffs or smells {el
89).
cochino huele) (50), to snuff.
ewaye'he eka'm, church {iglesia)
xai' exmo', flower {Jlor, que huele) (43)
{"es del cura," "es del prete")
(originally xai' exno', but n is
(61, 89).
crossed out).
nawaso'l torn eke' payawe't, a rich
pohue'n, steam engine {maquina d
man {kombre rico) (89). vapor). (It is smelling on account
semi' eke', his land unwooded {terreno
of the oliendo par queniar)
fire {estd
peloncito el suyo) {eke' = el suyo)
(28). (So Gatschet, but it is pos-
(8, 89, in song),
sibly related to po(t).)
wai' eka'm pa-uta'p, (?) (89).
expe'n, tongue.
ekla', daughter {hija) (15). e'xpen papo'l, tongue cut off {lengua
yen ekla, my daughter {mi hija) (15). mocha, "mocha ravon," "mocha
yen ekla' (contr. yekla') petawi's, my rabon") (10).
younger daughter (15). expe'n pawaska'm, broad tongue (6).
ekna, el {or ale'l), bottom {culo) (8, 31); it
al pamatama'k anekna', saying that seems to be used as a prefix mean-
the sun is going to rise {hablando ing "down," as in the verbs elka-
va ser sol) (75). petle, elpa, elpau, elua'x).
anekna', he says {dice), he speaks ela'x, ella'x, ela', head, hair.
{habla), he discourses {platica) ela'x kayau', headache {enfermo de
(19,111). cabeza) (29).
anekna' kio', to utter a discourse e'lax pamso'l, red headed {cabellos
{hablar platica) (19), conversation, colorados) (24).
kat pa-uka'm kekna', the Indian was ela'x peke'l, bald headed {pelona la
not able to speak the other language cabeza) (31).
(but this is somewhat uncertain, ela'x tewa'k {or iwema'k (A)), to cut
"you yourself who can't speak that the head {cortar la cabeza) (28).
language" being a possible render- poya'k ela'x, horsehair {cerda) (28).
ing) (74). elea', fever (?) (cf. len, fire).
kekna', to speak {hablar) (111), elea' wamte' pakayau' amkamau',
xa'm pekna', the bird sings {el p&jaro dead of fever {muerto de la fiebre)
canta) (30, 112) (pi. same). ^(32).
somi' peknakami', silent, dumb {mudo) elia'wa-ite,
(79). xai' elia'wa-ite', the play went badly
wa-uta'k anekna', who is going to for him {el juego huizo lui dar mal)
speak? {que va hablar?) (61). (37).
elkapet(le), wama'k panelue'm mavi's, he is alone

emi' elkape'tle, to kneel down (arro- in the house (in the house, en la
dillarse) (el = down?) (18, 115). casa) (26).
elpa, to come down (?). wama'k yenke' panelue'm, in my
elpaka'm, el paka'm, when the rain house (en mi casa) (26).
stops {quando la lluvia se quito) (54) eme't, to sleep (dormir) (14, 28, 116).
a'x elpaka'm, the water is not boiling a'l pe'm, the sun sets (se mete el sol,
{el agua no hierve) (48). el sol se acuesta) (57, 111),

ka'n eme't (not neme't), waning moon
elpau', to kneel down, to sink or sit
(luna menguante), "moon sleeps"
down {hincarse, se va sentar) (114).
(58, 116).
ainelpa'-u, who is going to climb into
kio'a neme't, let us go to sleep (vamos
the saddle (qui va subir la silla) ;
meaning "to unsaddle" a dormir) (14).

also given as
neme't semi', after sleeping (despues
(desensillar) (5); and "I lean
de dormir) (116, 129).
back" (?).
kenelpau' ya't, he will be at home (or
meme'te eikahua'k, sleepyhead (dor-
milon), he has much sleep (tiene
I shall be in my house (estard en
casa) (95).
mucho sueno) (37, 73, 116).
pa-ineme't yape't, before sleeping
xai' pai' nelpau'le, chair (silla, butaco)
(antes de dormir) (103, 129).
(68).
panelpau', to sit, to sit down (sen-
na'k pa-ineme't, I come to sleep
(vengo para dormir) (103, 130).
tarse) (14, 101); pi. wanelpa'-u
peme't, he is going to sleep (va dormir)
(14).
(20).
pamelpau, sit down here! (101)
telom memi'te, sleepyhead (dormiUn)
(probably an error),
(73).
poya'k alpapau'la, rider, horseman,
emi', foot, hoof (12, 18, 24) (see wami').
"one who mounts" (alpapau'la, to
mount (stibir)) (35).
emi' elkape'tle, to kneel down (arro-
dillarse) (8, 115);
elua'z, he wishes to lie down (quiera
emi' eso'k, finger or toe nails (unas)
acostar) (20) (cf. alua'x).
(9, 16).
panelua', to lie down (acostarse)
emi' ke malai', foot which trod (pie
(20).
que piso) (hue'ya, r astro) (10, 118).
apanlue'mle, apayue'mle, to stay
emi' wami' (or wa'm), sole of foot (8).
(morar) (95).
mapi' emi', toes (8).
panelua'x, panelua', bed (la cama)
pemeima'm, to travel (caminar) (116).
(65).
pemeima'm pama'p kete'kue, falling
apanluem(le), apalue'mle (A), to in-
stars (estrellas que caminan) (57).
habit, to dwell, inhabitant (mora-
poya'k emi', a horse's hoof (una del
dor) (24).
cavallo) (24, 71).
somixo'p apane'luem, outward from
poya' kemi' peka'tle, horseshoe (her-
my land, outside of my land, radura) (A).
somise'k inhabitant of
apalue'mle,
yemi' (contr. from ye'n emi'), my
Texas (morador de Texas, Tejano)
foot (mi pie) (8).
(24).
emlakta'm, the norther is blowing,
wama'k apanelue'm, to live in the
pemlakta'm, he is steering northward
house (habitar en casa) (17, 66). (esta norteando) (115).
wama'k inke' alpekuete'n panelue'm, pasekiau' pemlakta'm, to blow from
in their house (en la casa de ellos) the north (16).
(26). emna"',
wama'k menke' panelue'm, in his emna°' gna° paihua'mle, I bought a
house (26). man (yo compro un hombre) (121).
wama'k mentke' panelue'm, in our emna"' xa'l kawi', I shave myself
house (26). (52).
Swanton] LIXGUISTIC MATERIAL PROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 63
emna° paikua'men'ta, to bite each any animal) {cola) (20, 28).
e'p, tail (of
other (morder entrambos) (97). e'p pau'c, short tail {cola corta).
emna" paiyakla'p, I pinch you (yo e'p pateme't mukiewe't, the tails
te pellizco) (97). of pigs are twisted {las colas de los
emna° pakueti'wak, I make a thunder- cochos son torcido) (44).
ing noise (yo trono) (81). e'p pawema'k (Andrade has
emna'" payaina'p, to suck each other pewuema'k), to cut the tail (cortar
(chupar entrambos) (97). la cola) (28).
emna° wata'p payawe't, you (pi.) are e'p pawoska'm, e'p pakma't, long
pulling up (vosotros estais arran- tail {cola larga) (28).
cando) (86). kla'm e'p pawene'n, the tail of the
emna° yen mat, your (pi.) mother dog is straight {la cola del perro
(89). es derecha) (44).
napi's emna' xa'l mawe'nle, they epapu'l, spotted cat (?) {gato ravon,
shave themselves (52). gato borrado, gato pinto) (25, 76).
ta'n emna'n, who are you? (quien es epe't(le),
tu?) (91). komat epe'tle, chocolate cup {jicara)
emo', see amo'. (70).
emo'l, skin {cuero), hair on epe'-u, a worm entering wood, a worm
emu'l,
body animal or man; wool
of boring wood (cf. e'-u).
(Andrade called wool (lana) wuya') xai' ape'm, it entered the wood
(cf. ehue'm, pamo'l). (ape'm, it entered {entro)) (99).
emo'l papapta'k, hair on the skin expe'-u, burning worm (?) (cater-
(pelo del cuero) (28). pillar?) {gusano quemador) (38).
gna'x emo'l peke'l (=nahakme'm), ma'-eyo'(?), it is going to enter {va
poor man {hombre pobre) (it seems entrar) {al monte, wai) (137).
to mean a man with skin hair, or epi',
the skin-hair of a man) (28). gna'x epi' kemio'p apaka'tle, man
kla'm emo'l pamo'l, blackish dog who is going to draw (a bow)
(perro prieto) (Mexican, pachon) {hombre qui va iirar) (68).
(25). epie'-u, the maguey (44) Uhde (p. 185) ;
lok-amo'l, scrotum (pendazo) (27). has epieu, mescal.

pekio't emo'l peke'l, a boy naked, epie'-u kale't, head of the maguey
uncovered (muchacho desnudo, no {cabeza del maguey) (44). In Gat-
encuerado) (67). schet's original book the word
wakat eme'l, skin of ox or cow cajeta is given as a translation of
{cuero de res) (28) (eme'l should this term but it was not recopied in
probably be emo'l). the later book,
enapta'-u, chinkapin (43, 10) (ta'-u is epiu',
also given, but I do not find the epiu' kica'x, he grinds or whets
original entry) (pta-u = dry?). {amok) (47).
emtai', payo'; silver (73). epo',
xai' epo' pakma't, xai' apo' pakma't
emte',
le'xo te' emte' pameklai', pocket (11), machete (pakma't, largo) (71).
{bolsa) (probably wrong) (le'xo = xai' epopakui', iron hammer (martillo
va y vien) (76). de hierro, "podrir el palo") (71).
ene't, eska'n, scorpion {alacran) (39).

ene't paka'(le) (possibly eme't esmakue't, esmaxue't, turkey {guajo-
paka'le), to make fun of (hacer lote) (31).
burla) (117). esmakue't pese'x, esmaxue't pese'x,
-enta, suffix used with reflexive and good turkey {guajolote mansito or
reciprocal forms of the verb (87). bueno) (31).
paikua'm enta', to bite one's self esmo'l awamke', pantaloons (esmo'l=»
(117). d la pierna los puso) (66).
eso'k, esto'k yeni' payawe't, they are his

emi' eso'k, finger and toe nails (unas) companions {son sms companeros)
(9). (90).
espe'n, spider's web (tela de la arana) ke'm ke'm somna'-u, an Indian
esto'k,
(39.) woman {una mujer India) (23).
esto'k, gna° esto'k, somna'-u; (Joa- ke'm pakahwai'le esto'k, Painted
quin has sonna'-u) an Indian ; (Tattooed) Indian woman {mujer
(Indio), an Indian man, a Mexican India Pinta) (23)
Indian, kiau' yawe't esto'k, Mexican Indians
ama't akie' esto'k, where ig the Indian {Indios Mexicanos), also Mexico
coming from? (par onde se va el (23); "many southern Indians."
Indio?) (91). etayuap(le)
esto'k ama't, where did the Indian [etajuap(le)], good day! (Uhde, p.
come from? (que donde venia 186) ;
(cf. pele'x and ahua'p).
Indio?) (73).
etela'm.(le),
esto'k ama't meta'p, who are you?
al etela'mle, it is now afternoon {es
(quienes listed?) (74).
tarde yd) (57) ; the sun has gone
esto'k apehe'l, {or ap'he'l) esto'Ic
down(?) (HI).
xo'p, another Indian (otro Indio)
etpaka-yau', etepakayau', see pakayau'.
(93).
esto'k kla'm yen he'l kam, an Indian e'-u (J), o'-u (E), deep, deep down
going without a dog {India andando {bajo, hondo) (77, 125); well {pozo)
sin perro) (119). (51); (cf. epe'-u).
esto'k kla'm yen hel, kla'm yen kam, atmahau' e'-u, atmahau' o'-u, deep
an Indian with a dog {Indio con river {rio hondo) (50).
perro) (119). e'-u pate'-u, the hole is deep {hondo
esto'k kua'k iyope'm, a Carrizo estd el pozo) (38); a cave (73).
Indian {un Indio Carrizo) iyope'm, ;
e-ula'k, which is low {que es abajo)
other part {otra parte) (23) (78); which is below {qus es de
esto'k xo'p, another Indian, abajo) (79).
esto'k pakahwai'le. Painted Indian e'-u pate'-u, a cave (una cueva) (73),
{Indio Pinto) they tattoo with a
;
the hole is deep (Hondo estd el pozo)
needle (se rajan con aguja {acabaron (38).

toditos)) (23). huipawe'l, xuipawe'], blind in one eye
esto'k selakampo'm, wild Indians {tuerto) (42,49).
{Indios bravos){?). i pohue'l, i pawe'l(a), a hollow tooth
esto'k pakai', a Comecrudo Indian (7).
{un Indio Comecncdo) pakai', they ;

kiome't e'-u ika'm, the ant hill {or
eat {comen) (23). ant hole) {el pozo de las hofmigas)
esto'k palaka'm, that does not know it (38).
{que no lo conoce) (120). xai' mawe'ne gatla'mla pate'-ula, cork
esto'k Reynosa paka'm, an Indian for an ink bottle (73).
born at Reynosa (135-text). xai' pehio'l, hollow tree {arbol hueco)
esto'k sepe'n kai', Indians eat salt (41).

{hidios comen sal) (34). xai' pohue'l, a hollow tree (polo hueco)
esto'k somixo'p {or esto'k somaxo'p) also given as a big or heavy tree
kotona'me, Cotoname Indians {In- {palo grueso) (41, 43).
dios Cotonames) (24). xai e-ula'k, lower lip {labro de abajo)
esto'k Tejo'n, Tejon Indian {Indio (20).
Tejon) {acabaron toditos) (23). xa'l pohue'l, or xa'i ya-una'k, upper

esto'k yak elpa', that is the Indian lip {labro de arriba) (20)
{aqui es el Indio) (95). me-epe'l apate'-ulan, mepe'l apate'-

esto'k yen mat, his mother {su madre) -ulan, cotton (47).
(89). pate'-u, deep, hollow.
Swanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL. FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 65
(a)pate'-ulan, starch, mortar, yucca ahua'p gleka'l ayapa' (or apa'), to
(almidon was made from yucca) put something on the side of (130).
(47). ke'm gleka'l, woman near by (mujer
pawe'l, cavern, hole (horado) (79); cercano) (23).
blind {ciego) (102). Matamoros kleka'l, around Mata-
pohue'l, hollow (hueco), a cavern moros (135-text).
{horado, cueva) (50) wama'k gleka'l, wama'k kleka'l, near
somi' keho'l, cave, cavern (cueva) (50). the house (acerca de la casa) (130).
wama'k e'-u pexpola'm, under the glepo', chapote-tree (12-20 feet tall;
house (poso) (131). trunk white; leaves small) (47).
yape'l pehio'l, dot, blot (cacarizo) (73). xai' glepo', walnut tree (nogal), pecan
e-ue', see ewe', tree (its nut) (43).
ewape'tlem, to dig in the earth (cavar gloskue'l, (g)loxkue'l, grass, hay (za-
la tierra, but given in the text as cate) (44).
scavar la tierra) (10). gloxkue'l pawe'le, a mat or straw
ewaye'hhi, priest (padre, cura) (61). (petate) ("zacate arrancando") (44).
ewaye'he eka'm, church (la iglesia), glo'l, glu'l, night (given in one place
"it is the priest's" (es del cura, es as day, evidently erroneously) (21).
del prete) (61, 89). glul pawoska'm, midnight (media
ewe', e'we, e-ue', deer (venado) (26, noche) (53).
136); also meat; emme (Uhde, p. gluk, penis (?) (10).
185). gnak, the nerves (los niervos) (9).
ewe' ehue'm, deer skin (cuero de gna'x, gna°, gna'vx (J), na (Uhde,
venado) (28). p. 186), man.
e'we ewe°, venison (came de venado) atui's gnaxpa't, seahorse (matalote),
(26). "old fish" (36).
ewe' paikai'la, meat for eating (12). emna° gna" paihua'mle, I bought a
ewe' pehio', ewe' e'hio (?), the deer is man (yo compro un hombre) (121).
snorting (esta bufando el venado) gna° apahua'mle, a man bought
(77). (hombre comprado) (98, 121).
ewue' kna':?, ewe'kna'x, gna" ewe°, gnaêsto'k, man, Indian (see
human flesh,
sonina'-u) (23).
newa'ya imawe', for the "colita" gna' yen mat, their mother (madre
(para la colita) (138). de ellos or ellas) (89).
ne'we, ne'we", nu'we, deer (el venado) gna'x ma'x, someone is looking
(in song) (137, 138, 139).
(alguno estd mirando) (93).
ye'ye kenema, for the female deer gna'x emo'l peke'l, poor man (hombre
(doe) (por hembra) (138).
pobre) (seems to mean a man with
gatla'in(la),
skin hair or a man's skin haij)
xai' mawe'ne gatla'mla pate'-ula, cork
(28).
for inkstand (73).
gna'.x epi' kemio'p apaka'tle, a man
giahu'is, a parasitic excressence on the bow (hombre
who is going to draw a
"cat claw" tree (una de gato) (46).
qui va tirar) (68)
glai', klai', tortoise (tortuga)
gna'? kemyo'p apaka'tle, a man
(34) (see
peklai)
shooting (hombre tirando) (16).
klai' pepo'k, white turtle (tortuga
gna'x kla'm yentka'm payenhe'l, a
blanca) (34).
man with a dog (119).
glake'n, granjeno (a shrub 5 to 8 feet
gna'x lipapua'l, deaf (sordo) (31).
high) (46).
gna'x nawi's palue'm, a man who is
gla'm, sturgeon (estiirion) (36) (per-
alone (un hombre estd solo) (17, 95).
haps a mistake, as kla'm, or gla'm
also means "dog"). gna'x paptewe't, a tall man (un
Glape'n wama'k, Tampico city (21). hombre grande, un hombre alto) (6).
gleka'l, kleka'l, near, side of, around, gna'x payatau', a negro man (un
neighboring. negro) (22).
gnaxpa't, old (viejo) (both men and xa't tetehala', what it means in the
animals) (77). language (que en el
quiere decir
gna'x patotiau', shadow of man (10). idioma) (120) (also tetefala').
gna'::j patotiau' patopetne, shadow xa't yen halaka'm, I don't under-
of man is grasping (?) {estd prendi- stand the language (120).
endo (?)). xa't yen uhalau', I understand the
gna'x u'i kayau', eyesore (29). language (entiendo el idioma) (64).
gna'vx akna', an old man {un hombre nana', iskwala'wye, I do not know
viejo) (52). anything (also given as "I say")
kna'x pese'x pakwau'Ia, a married (64).
man (un hombre casada) (17). nane' (or nawe) ihua halau kam e',
nawaso'l gnaxpa't, old people {gente do not I know? (no conosco yol)
viejo) (58). (120), that I do not know (que no
paikua'm gna', I bite someone {yo conosco yo).
muerdo alguno) (93). pape'l payana'm wahglau', he knows
pewai'le gna'x, to wound someone, to read the paper (120) (sabe leer
to cut someone (30). el papel) or he goes to read the
pisna'k gna'k, the last man {el ultimo paper (va leer el papel) (74).
hombre) (67). somi' tete' hala', how will that one
Reinosa gnaxpa't. Old Reinosa be named? (como se llamard aqu'i?)
(Reinosa vieja) (in Tamaulipas) (91).
(21). tete hala' (or tete fala'), language
gni'ss, a small snail (caracolito) (39). (idioma), "que quiere decir?" (73,
gni'ss pakma't, a snail (caracal) (39). 91).
guahia'k, armpit (sobaco) (9). yen hal5 ka'm, yena' la kam, to
guapi', straps with which oxen are forget one's self (olvidarse) (89)
tied to the yoke (coyundas) (65) (olvidarme) (120), I do not know,
(cf. kuapi'). or I do not recognize (yo no se, yo
no conosco) (105).
guapo'k,
heke'l, seed (semilla) (42)
a'x guapo'k, (guaje, "calabash"?) (45).
au' heke'l, seed of the tuna (semilla
guati', quadi, (Uhde, p. 185), hare
de la tuna) (42).
(la liebre; larger than conejo) (26).
hexlai'le, it is now night (es noche yd)
hak, -ak, (53, 95).
ahua'p aha'k ayapa', to put (some- pa-ma-ute' hexlai'le, at midnight (a
thing) inside (129). media noche) (53) (A).
met hak, in his heart, in his insides homble't, north (norte) (16, 53) (cf.
(en SM coragon, en el dentro) (39, le't).
129). hua'm,
wai' hak pakieke't, he goes running aihua'm, aiwa'm, thing bought
a
to the mountain (anda corriente al (cosa comprada) another in-
(98);
monte) (129). formant gave ayema', but this
wai' hak wakate', head of cattle in means "to give" or "give me"!
the mountain (res al monte) (129). emna° gna°paihua'mle, I bought a
wai aka'ma, he does not come out man (yo compro un hombre) (121).
of the mountain (no sale del monte), gna°apahua'mle, a man bought (un
probably "he is not in the moun- hombre comprado) (121) (there is no ;
tain" (138-text). word for slave).

wama'k hak, within the house (adentro paihua'mle, to buy (98), to purchase,
de la casa) (129) (possibly also hue'ya, track (rastro) (45) (cf. Spanish
;
final syllable of wama'k). huella),

hala, i', self(?).
esto'k palaka'm, those who do not na'wis i' kamau'la, to kill one's self
know (que no conoce) (74, 120). (93).
i', i'y, he-ewu'i, xewu' i, xe'wu i, tooth ite', to do.

(dievte) (11). awaite'm, they are entered {son
i pakuape'l xewu'i, or he-ewu'i pakua- entrado) (121), they are entered
pe'l, molar teeth (muelas) (11). (for baptism) (135-text).
i-apo'; knee {rodilla), kneepan. ay una waite', to fast {ayunar) {ayuna
i-en, is, of course, from the Spanish)
i-en ke' payawe't, a mission {una {see also kai, to eat) (61).
mision) (62). ite' mi, to confess {confesar); pi. of
ihua, obj. witau'la (61).
nane' {or nawe') ihua halau kam e', kete', making (saying) {haciendo)
do I not know? {no conosco yo?) (118).
(120). mi'sa kete', the mass (kete', "per-
ika'm, sharp? (81). forming"), "he is saying mass"
ikwalua'k, {estd haciendo misa) (61, 102).
paikwalua'k, hunger {hambre) (10). nana' tetepaye', what will you do?
pekualua'k, who is hungry {que tiene (99, 118).
hambre) (8). pamkwa'ment keta, to cause to bite
paikuaso'k, paikwaso'k, hungry {ham- {hacer morder) (118).
briento), who has hunger {qui tiene somi' tetehala', how shall that be
hambre) (11). called? {como se llamard aqul?) (91).
torn paikai' paikwalua'k, hungering somi' to'kom keite'kam {or kaite'kam)
(hambriento) (11). pessua', that does nothing {que no
wa'x pasa'm ikwalua'k (A.), to fast hace nada) (126).
{ayunar) (61). tetaine'me, what shall I do? {ans.
ima'k, in the middle {en el medio) (125). somi'kam, "nothing") (99).
kamla' konima'k, in the midst of the tetamne'ka, what does he have? (64).
land {en medio de la tierra) (50). to'm ite' ka'm, I will do nothing {no
ima'k apta'k, to break a stick in
xai' hare nada) (93, 99, 118).
the middle {romper un palo en el iwakuet,
medio) (51). paiwakue't, to rest {cansarse) (30).
imawe, the little tail {la colita) (138). iwe'he, to urinate {orinar) (114).
in, their (?). iwe'he, iwe'xmi, I am going to urinate
wama'k inke' alpekuete'n panelue'm, {yo orino) (105).
in their house {en la casa de ellos) paiwe'he, who is going to urinate {qui
(26). va orinar) (105).
in an, iyope'm., other part (d otra parte, en
inan to'kom kiwa? what do I say? otra parte) (23, 81, 126).
{el lo que digo yo?) (64). esto'k kua'k iyope'm, Carrizo Indian
inyu'a, about to or in the act of (46) {Indio Carrizo) (23).
{prendido yd) (119). iy<i°'si,
xai' inyu's peha'ple, the post is going wai iyu°'si, side of the mountain {lado
to fall {el palo va caer) (46, 119). de la moniaiia) (49).
kabristo', (cabristo'), a cord, a rope
isma'-u, squirrel {ardilla) (26).
{mecaie) (72) (a Mexican word?),
isma'-u paka'-u, the squirrel goes
kahue'l,
jumping about {ardilla anda brin-
ax kahue'l, tobacco pipe (65).
cando) (26).
kai, to eat.
icikue'n, in a little while {poco tiempo
ayenwa'pla paikai', plate (67).
hay) (125).
esto'k pakai', Comecrudo Indian
icnako', antelope {berrendo en el llano) {Indio Comecrudo) (pakai, they eat
(26). {comen)) (23).
itakua'k, to finish, to end {acabar) (117). esto'k sepe'n kai', Indians eat salt
paitakuya'k paisellai', I finish weep- {Indios comen sal) (34).
ing {yo acabo a llorar) (64). ewe°kai', meat.
ewe' paikai'la, meat for eating (ewe', kale't,

deer) (12). epie'-u kale't, head of the maguey
gla'm yen ka'mi, my dog is eating {mi {cdbeza del maguey) (44),
perro estd comiendo) (ka'mi-kai'mi?) kam (?), to own, to possess.
(103). gla'm yenka'm, where is my dog?
katawa'n peya'p (pakai'?), Come- {donde es mi perrol) (73).
crudo chief (23). gla'm yen kam xat alpa', where is my
mekme'ki paikai', he desires to eat dog? {donde estd mi perrol) (93).
(tiene gana de comer) (103) (possibly kiome't e'-u ika'm, an ant hill {el pozo
imperative) de las hormigas) (38, 90).
na'k paikai', I come to eat (vengo Reinosa paka'm, a native of Reinosa
para comer (the original has beber, {originario de Reinosa {era)) (21,
evidently a mistake)) (130). 81, 135-text).
paikai', do you eat? (104); for eating ka'm, no.
(116);fiour. a'x elpaka'm, the water isn't boiling
paikai', pa'muapl, food, bread (69). agua no hierve) (48).
{el
paikai' kuampa'mat, dance of the esto'k kla'myen he'l ka'm, an Indian

peyote(?) {baile del peyote) (42). going without a dog {India andando
paikai' mekme'ki, he desires to eat sin perro) (119).
(tienegana de comer) (105); seems nana°pa-ulamai' kame yeina', you
to be name of the kidney bean, (pi.) can't shout {listed no puede
though first m
is omitted in note- gritar) (110).
book) (45). nane' {or nawe') ihua halau kame', do
pakai'la, eatable (78) I not know? {no conosco yol) (120).
pakai'le, is going to eat {va comer); somi' ka'm, nothing at all {nada)
nut; squash, pumpkin, calabash {or (126).
pakai'la) (43, 44, 69) ,
gourd {cala- somi' tokom kaite kam pessua', that
baza) does nothing {que no hace nada)
pakakui', to chew, to masticate (126).
{masticar) (113). to'm ikai kami, not to eat anything
pamkai', do you eat? (104), do you (116).
wish to eat? to'm ite' ka'm, I will do nothing {no
pase' pakai', bread {pan) "to be hare nada) (93, 99, 118).
eaten"? {comida) (68). wai' aka'ma, he does not come out of
payawe't pakai', all men eat {todos the mountain {no sale del monte),
hombres comen) (8). probably "he is not in the moun-
pele' pakai', chapote (which has a tain (138-text)."
large fruit) ("good to eat") (same kam, to drink.
as zapote (pine?) (44). a'x ika'mi semi', after drinking water
pitai' pakai'le, pitahaya, pitaya {pita, {despues de beber) (129)
agave) (44). a'x paka'mle, I wish to drink water
{quiero beber agua) (119).
to'm ikaikami, to'm ikai kami, not to
eat anything, to fast {ayunar) (61, afesewitiau' paika'm mekme'k, give
116).
afisiau' paika'm mekme'kne, I enjoy
to'm i'kai semi', after eating {despues
drinking wine {or mescal) {me tiene
de comer) (129).
gusto de beber vino {or mescal)) (45).
kaise't, haisohue'l, (g)loxkue'l (44), xai'
kafe' paika'm mekme'k, coffee {caf4),
(33), grass {yerba, zacate).
or "give me coffee to drink!" (22).
kale't, cagador (faeces or pot for same, lafesiau' ika'm, brandy is bitter
or person defecating), {aguardiente es amargo) (52).
kale't, kale't pawetia'p, pot for faeces paika'm mekme'kne, I want to drink
{cagador) chamberpot (60). (105).
kale't (a)pela'pla, to clean the pot paikino'k, that is going to drink {que
(66). va beber) (14).
SwantOD) LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 69
paka'm, to drink (beher) (119). kamau',

pakami'(a) pakami', watermelon {san- (am) kamau', to prick (in mouth)
dia), "for drinking" (44). {picar {in boca)) (114).
pamkam a'x me'kwe (?), I drink tau' amkamau', chile stings (45).
water or who wishes to drink water ta-u' payawe't amkamau', chile stings
{que quiere chupar el agua) (19). much {el chile pica mucho) (45).
pamka'me, medicine (medicina, reme- tet amkie't, the thorn pricked him
dio), "what is drunk" {para heber) (le pico) (114).
(47, 119). kamla', earth, land {tierra) (49).
pamka'me pawetia'p, medicine for kamla' konima'k, in the middle of the

purging {remedio para purgar) (66). land {en medio de la tierra) (50).
yape't ax ika'mi, before drinking ka'mla xo'p, distant land {tierra de
water {antes de {mi) beher) (129). lejos) (49).
kamla' nawi'spalue'm, uninhabited
kama't, under
land, deserted land {tierra des-
ahua'p kama't, to put under (130).
poblada, tierra desierta) (51).
kama'tle, hidden {escondido) (49. 80,
102).
ka'mla pakue'l, mud {tierra mojada,
lodo) (50).
kamau', to kill.
ka'm.la papakwe'l, morass {atasco,
ampakamau'le, war {guerra) (73).
tierrahumida) (49).
apakamau'Ie, (they) were warring
kamla' paptau', dry land {tierra seca)
(135-text).
(49).
elea' wamte' pakayau' amkamau',
ka'mla peti'y, mud {lodo, zoquete) (50).
dead of the fever {muerto de la
kamla' yentke', my land {mi tierra)
fiebre) (32).
(89).
em kamau'kam, don't kill it!, I did
pamalai' pa-uta'p ka'mla, to stamp
not kill any (?) (104) (em perhaps
forcibly on the soil (118).
= yen). ka'n, moon {luna) (13, 58, also Uhde,
empakamau'le, to kill each other p. 185).
{malar entrambos) (97). ka'n eme't {not neme't), moon on
Ikamau', I killed (135-text). the decrease, waning moon {luna
klam enkamau' kam, klam emko'l menguante), "moon sleeps" (58,
enkamau'kam, he did not kill a 116).
dog (emko'l = imposter, cheat) {no ka'n kica'x, waxing moon {luna
mato un perro) (43). cresciente) (58), "little moon."
klam pakamau', he killed a dog ka'n pehepola'm, full moon (luna
{mato un perro) (43). llena, "se lleno") (58).
xa'm paikamau', did you kill a bird? kanosa', brother {hermano); contr.
(104), do you wish to kill a bird? ko's (?).
nawi's i' kamau'la, to kill one's self ma kenosa', thy brother (??).
(93, 97). ye'n kanosa', my brother, or my little
paikamau' payawe't, to kill each brother (6).
other {matarse entrambos) (73). ye'n ko's kica'x, my younger brother
pakamau', to kill {matar), to wound, {mi hermano menor) (15).
he killed; pi. waikamau' (but given ye'n ko's pakna', my elder brother
in one place as being same as in {mi hermano mayor) (15).
singular) (14, 97, 114). kape'l, goat (?) (perhaps a corruption
pakamau'le, to kill another, killed of the Spanish word)
(15, 135-text). kape'l kica'x, little goat {cabrillo) (26).
to'm apakamau'Ie, lead {plomo) kasme't, mule {mula, burro) (25).
"something to kill with" (73). kat,
to'm ikamau', I killed some (135-text). kat pa-uka'm kekna', the Indian was
temkaxmau', witchcraft (A) (25, 61) not able to speak the other language
(probably torn kamau', "to kill (or possibly "you yourself who
someone"). can't speak that language") (74).
katawa'n, governor. kekla'xpapau', keklahapau', born (?).

katawa'n peya'p (pakai'?), Come- kekla'xpapau' na'wi, four boys (4
crudo capitan (23), chief. ninos) (35).
katawa'n pakma't, governor {jefe ke'm keka'xpapau', a woman who has
politico) (3). given birth (mujer parida) (78,
kawi, to shave pakahuai').
(cf. 102).
antkuai', to cut on. pelawi's alekuete'n keklahapau', twins
emna' xal kawi', I shave myself (51). (keklahapau' born) =
emna"' payawe't xa'l mawe'nle, we kelenkui's, chameleon kuis,
(35) (cf.
shave ourselves {or "ye all shave red).
yourselves") (105).
ke'm, woman (e is short) (135-text,
ka'hanlg, to shave (the beard) (115).
Uhdep. 186) (seekene').
kayewu'i, a pocket knife, a clasp-
alpaka'm ke'm, ke'm payi'y (A), no
knife (navdja), a razor (11, 71);
woman (ninguna mujer) (23).
the same as xai'-epo'.
ke'm ala'l pepo'k, a woman with
xai' pakawui', a scraper, he scrapes
white legs (mujer a las piernas
(raspe) (not a file (lima)); pi.
blancas) (27).
pakwawui', they are scraping a
ke'm alpakwa'ula pese'x, a married
they are smoothing a stick
stick,
woman (mujer casada) (27).
(palo estan raspando (A)) (71).
ke'm apaikawai', a tattooed woman
nana"' xa'l ikawi', thou shavest thy-
(mujer pinta); pakawai' (J) (23).
self (105).
ke'm apela'pla, a washerwoman (22).
napi's emna' xal mawe'nle, they shave
ke'm esto'k, ke'm somna'-u, an Indian
themselves (?) (52).
woman (mujer India) (23)
nawi's xa'l emkawi', he shaves him-
ke'm glekal, a woman near by (mujer
self (or I shave myself) (105).
cercano) (23).
payawe't xa'l pawe'nle, ye shave your-
ke'm kekla'xpapau', a woman who has
selves (all shave themselves) (105)
given birth (una mujer parida) (78,
kayase'l, heart (8, 29).
102).
kayau', ache, sore.
ke'm kica'x, ke'm pekio't kica'x, a
ela'x kayau', headache (enfermo de
girl (3).
cabeza) (29).
ke'm meska'k, a distant woman
etpakayau', etgpakayau' (sing, and
(muj^r lejos, or aquel mujer) (23).
pi.), sick {enfermo) (15).
ke'm pakahwai'le esto'k, a tattooed
gna'x u'-i kayau', eyesore (29).
Indian woman (mujer India pinta) ,
elea' wamte' pakayau' amkamau',
a woman of the Pakawa tribe (23).
dead from fever {muerto de la fievre)
ke'm paki's, a pregnant woman
(32).
(mujer prenada) (27).
xi'pakayau', lame {cojo) (78), sick in
ke'm pameklai'la, a woman's robe, a
the legs {enfermo en los huesos) (9).
long dress (65).
ne't pakayau' {should he me't
pakayau'), sick in the body.
ke'm pa't, an old woman (mujer vieja)
(53) (J).
pa-aya'k, sick (enfermo) (30).
pakayau', sick, he is sick (esta ke'm payatau', a negress (mia negra)
(22).
enfermo) (32, 78).
pakayau' yehau', sick to the stomach ke'm pese'x, wife (esposa), "domestic
(enfermo del vomito) (32). woman" (cf. pesa'm, I love (quiero))

wami' pakayau', or lemi' payawe't, (15).
"many feet" (muchos pies) (38), ke'm pese'x pakwau'la, a married

centipede (pakayau, pricker), woman (mujer casada) (17).
ka'yem, see ko'm. kempesc, pretty girl (Uhde, p. 186);
kayepo', crowbar (fence?). (Seexayepo'). perhaps this should be ke'm pese.
ke, (?), word in song (139). ke'm yen he'l, my wife (mi case), "the
keha'l, see kia'l. woman who goes with me" (17,
keho'l, see e-u. 119).
Swanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS
ke'm yi'y. three women (tres mujeres) kene', chest.

(23). gne'm wakate', wakate' gne'm, milk
xal pehua'p ke'm pese'x, to kiss a (leche) (27).
woman una mujer) (30).
{besar kne'm, kenema, gne'm, female breast,
mos pake'm, pake'm mu's, a female kne'm yeso', yeso' kne'm, to nurse,
cat {gato hembra) (25). to suck (mamar las tetas) (112).
pake'm, female (hembra) (80). wakate' kne'm, also teats of the cow
payatau' ke'm, or pa'l ke'm, a black (tetas de la vaca) (28).
woman (prieta mujer) ; pi. takes ye'ye kenema, for the female (doe)
payawe't (23). (por hembra) (138).
poya'k pake'm, po'yak pake'm, a kepe'l, buttocks {or hips) (nalgas) (A.)
mare (25). (8, 93, 121).
yen kemi's, my aunt (nanita), "my kepe'l paalpaka'm, he has no but-
little mother" (cf. ken) (6). tocks (8, 93) (no tiene nalgas) (93,
kem, (orpakem), 130).
pake'm, paka'm, snow (nieve) (54), kerenami, it (deer) goes out (136-text)
icicle, ice (yelo, candelilla) (49), hail (see kie).
(granizo) (54). kesewuyo' (J), kesuwoyo', a lamb
pake'm eha'plame, the snow melts (la not yet a year old, a ewe (borrego,
nieve se retira (or reditio or derritio)) oveja) (25).
(54). kfsewuyo' kica'x, a lamb (cordero)
pake'm ma-uta' eha'plame, the snow (26).
fellyesterday {la nieve cayo ayer) (54). keswahui', fly (mosca) (39).
pake'm somixo'p peha'pleme, the keswahui' kica'x, mosquito (39).
snow fell yesterday {la nieve cayo ke'tseyo', word in song said to be
ayer) (54). meaningless (136).
keme'n, vein {vena) (8). ketekui', star (estrella) (57).
kemio'p, kemyo'p, ketekui' palesu'm, evening star
bala kemio'p helahua'mla, the ball (estrella de la tarde, estrella voyera)
(helahua'mla=se metio) (68). (57).
gna'x epi' jcemio'p apaka'tle, a man kiau' ketekui' (26), kiau' palue'm
who is going to shoot (with a bow) ketekui', star in the south {estrella
(hombre qui va tirar) (68). en el sur) (57).
gna'j: kemyo'p apaka'tle, a man mlet ketekui', western star (26).
shooting (hombre tirando) (16). pama-ute' ketekui', morning star
kemio'p papu's, pistol (68). (lucero, estrella de la manana) (57).
kemyo'p apaka'tle, gunpowder (polvo pemeima'm pama'p kete'kue, shoot-
para tirar) (16). ing stars, meteors, falling stars
payehepi' (contr. pehepi') kemio'p, to (estrellas que caminan y truenan),
shoot with a carbine (tirar con "stars that travel and thunder"
carabina) (68). (57).
kemo', coma (a fruit) (44). little dog (perrico)
ketuau', (parakeet ;
ken, aunt (tia) (16) (cf. kem). is also suggested) (30).

ye'n ke'n. my aunt (mi tia) (16); kia'l, blood (8, 29).
(given once as ye'n tken). kia'm, uncle (tio) (16).
yen ken kisa'x, my younger sister {mi ye'n kia'm, my uncle (mi tio) (16).
hermana menor) (15). kiapai'ne, kiawaine,
yen ken pakna', my elder si.ster (mi paisellai' paikiapai'ne, I continue to
hermana mayor) (15). weep (yo continuo a llorar) (64).
ye'n kenosa' (A), ye'n kenesa', my somixo'p akiawai'ne, forests ( ?) (silvas
little sister (mi hermanita) (15). (?)), he wandered in the forest
ye'n kenosa' kica'x, my younger {retard d selva, "he wandered very
sister (15). far") (47).
ye'n kenosa' pakna', my elder sister kiapai'ni, walking, going (andando)
(15). (103) (cf. kie, to come; kio, to go).
ka'mla xo'p pakiapai'n, who goes esto'k ama't amkie, where did the
far, who walks far, (que anda Indian come from? (que donde
Ujos) (103). venia India?) (73).
napi's pakiapai'ne, walking alone
I xai' pakwatata'ple pakieke't, railroad
{yo andando solito) or they walking (ferrocarril) (70).
alone {son andando solito) (103). xau' pakieke't, hau' (abbr. from at-
nawi's paikiapai'ne, who walks alone mahau'), pakieke't, steamboat (70).
(andando solo (or solito)) (103). nana° pamkie', come here! (ven acd)
nawi's pakiapai'n, he is walking alone (66).
(el solito es andando) (74, 103). paite' paikie'm apaikie', me to come
nawi's palue'm nana', you alone here (?) (135-text).
(Ustedsolo) (74). pelawi's pa'kie, he (the boy) came
nawi's palue'm pakiapai'n, we are there (vino acd) (47).
walking alone (nosotros solitos, pelawi's yakie', boy, come here!
etc.) (103). (muchachito, vien aqui!(1)) (47).
kiau', south (sur) (53, 139) (cf. pelawi's pekio't pakieke't, the boy is
pasekiau'). running (el muchacho es corriendo)
kiau' ketekai', south star (26). (24).
kiau' palue'm ketekui', star in the sap yakie', come quick! (101).
south (estrella en el sur) (26, 57). wai' hak pakieke't, he goes running to
kiau' yawe't esto'k, Mexico, also the mountain (anda corriente al
Mexican Indians (Indios Mexi- monte) (129).
canos) (23). woyekue'l pakieke't, the stone moves
xai' kiau', paper, book (another in- (corre) (49).
formant) . ya akie'!, also ya kie', come at once!
kie', to come, to go, to run, to walk (?) (vien pronto!) (101).
(91) ; cf. kio. ya wanki'!, sudden!
ama't akie' esto'k? where is the Indian ya' wan kie', come quickly! (vien
going? (par onde se va el Indiol) repentino!) (101).
(91). kiexue'n, ki'ehuen, kixue'n, rabbit
ama't am kie' ? where are you coming (conejo) (19, 26).
from? (donde vienes?) (91), who are kiemu', navel (ombligo) (9).
you? (quien es Ustedf) (perhaps kiemu' kakaye'-u, stomach (estomago)
ta'n emna'n). (12).
ama't awan kie'? where are you com- kio, to go (andar) (cf. kie').
ing from? (donde vienes? andas?) Abaikio', the native name of Las
(91, 131). Cuevas and Charco Escondido
apaikie', that I go (que voy) (38) according to one informant, but
maptama't kie', he is going to come Andrade called Las Cuevas Wama'k
today (el va venir hoy) (125). kiot awalpa'. The ab- in Abaikio'
ax kekieke't, running water (agua is probably intended for the com-
corriente) (49). mon prefix ap-.

ax kekiete't, spittle (10) (perhaps the ax ya-una' bakio' (or pakio'), high
same form as the preceding); ax water (alia mar), flood tide (50).
powui' (A). al ya-una'k awakiu', the sun is rising
ax pakieke't, the water is running (al watak, which is coming out)
(estd corriendo el agua) (49), the (el sol se levanta) (131).
water runs (el agua corre) (70), ankiu', I come, or let us come! (?)
water channel (canal de agua) (70). antgio', antkio', let us go! (vamosf)
ax pamelai' pakieke't, raining (el (14).
agua lloviendo cae) (54). apankio', let us go! (vamosl) (28, 101).
atmahau' (abbr. hau') pakieke't, steam- awei' kiu' Eeinosa, let us go to
boat (70). Reinosa! (vamos d Reinosa) (131).
S wanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL, FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 73
xa'm unakekiu' (probably xa'm ya- ye'n ko's kica'x, my younger brother
una'k ekio'), the bird flies (29). (15).
pakio', to go (irse) (14), go there! {va kiwa,
alia!) (101) and pL).
(sing, inan to'kom kiwa, what do I say? (el
paikio'kam, do you wish to walk? lo que digo yol) (64).
(or
do I walk?) (104). mesmati' kenkiwa'ye, hear what I
pelawi's pakio', little boy, go there! tell you! (oyese lo que digo!) (32).
(47). kiwete't, testicles (tesiiculos) (9).

Reinosa warn kiu', I come (!) from mos kiwete't pakma't, tomcat, "cat
Reinosa {yo vengo de Reinosa) (131). with large testicles" (27).
sap wananakio', with haste (he went?) kla'm, gla'm, dog (perro) (25, also
(con prieza) (60) Uhde, p. 186).
ya-una'k akio', God, "who went esto'k kla'm yen he'l kam, Indian
above." walking without dog (Indio
a
kiome't, kio°me't, ant (38). andando sin perro) (119).
kiome't e'-u ika'm, the anthill (el esto'k kla'm yen he'l, kla'm yen kam,
pozo de las hormigas) (38, 90). Indian with a dog (Indio con perro)
kiome't kipayawe't, kiome't payawe't, (119).
"many ants" (hormiguera) (38). gla'm pakua'm, biting animal (ani-
kiomsi', a kind of squirrel (genero de mal mordiente) (36).
ardilla) (26). gla'm payatau', gla'm pakna', bear
kio't, west (oeste, occidente) (16, 21, 53). (oso) (9, 25).
wama'k kiot awalpa'. Las Cuevas (A), gla'm somipe'x, a tame animal
(2) ("house west is"). (animal mansito) (36).
kica'x, kica'x, small, little, (chiquito) gla'm yen kam, where is my dog?
young (joven) (77, 135-text). (73).
a'l kica'x, path, pathway (camino gla'm yen ka'mi, my dog is eating
angostito) (50). (mi perro estd comiendo) (103).
atui's kica'x, sea bream (besuyo), gla'm yen kam xat alpa', where is my
"little fish" (pescado chiquito) (36). dog? (donde estd mi perro?) (93).
au' kica'x, berry, any small fruit (42). gna'x kla'm yentka'm payenhe'l, a
ka'n kica'x waxing moon (luna man (walking) with a dog (119,
cresciente) (58). 131).
kape'l kica'x, little goat (cabrillo) (26). kla'm emo'l pamo'l, blackish dog
ke'm newaso'l kica'?, girl, "female (perro prieto); Mexican, pachon,
person small" (5). pointer (Aztec dog?) (25).
kgsewuyo' kica'x, lamb (cordero) (26). klam enkamau' kam, or klam emko'l
keswahui' kica'x, mosquito (39). enkamau' kam, he did not kill a
kla'm kica'x, a little dog (perro dog (no mato un perro) (43).
chiquito) (4). kla'm e'p pawene'n, the tail of the
xa'm kica'x, "little bird," a bird dog is straight (la cola del perro es
called chuparosa in Spanish (30). derecha) (44)
newaso'l kica'x, nawaso'l kica'x, boy, klam kica'x, little dog (perro chiquito)
"person small" (5). (4).
newaso'l pitawic kica' (or kicia'), little kla'm mentka'm ta'hikam, whose is
people (gente + muchachito + chiquito that dog? (de quien es ese perro?)
(J)) (53). (91).
omta'-i kica'x, grandson (nieto) (16). klam pakamau', he killed a dog
paikua'm kica'x, to be polished (ser (mato un perro) (43).
pullido) (117). klam papi', gla'm papi', brave dog
pekio't kica'x, children (135). (perro bravo) (25, 27).
poya'k kica'x, colt (25). kla'm payauya'p, kla'm payawiau
woyekue'l kica'x, flint (piedritas de (J), wolf (lobo) (25, 53).
lumbre) (68). kla'm payawi't, many dogs (muchos
yen ken kica'?, my younger sister (15), pierros) (4).
kla'm payenhe'l pessua', (a man) le'n komiau', le'n kayemiau', the fire
walking without a dog {{hombre) is smoking (la lumbre estd humeando)
sivo perro) (119, 131). (54).
kla'm pay owe' t papi', many brave kon,
dogs (muchos perros bravos) (4) ax k5'n, edge of the water (orilla del
kla'm sumia'k, coyote, "which agua), shore (49).
wanders alone" (anda fuera solo) a'x pako'n, a'x powui', a pool (charco)
(25). of standing water (49)
kla'm yi'y, three dogs {tres perros) kamla' kon ima'k, in the midst of the
(84). land (en medio de la tierra) (50).
klap, ko-ome't, kettle, cauldron (tinaja),
alpekuete'n anakla'p, to pinch each earthen pot (olla) (Aztec ko'mil)
other (peMizcar entrambos) (97). (70).
emna° paiyakla'p, I pinch you (yo komat epe'tle, chocolate cup (jicara)
te pellizco) (97, 117). (70).
nakla'p, to pinch (pellizcar) (117). ko-ome't a'x pakape'tle (or paka'mle),
napi's yena'n payakla'p, I pinch my- the pot full of water (la olla llena
self alone (yo me pellizco solo) (97). de agua) (22).
nawi's yen a'npayakla'p, I pinch ko-ome't pehue't, a dry pot (una olla
myself (yo me pellizco mismo) (117). seca) (22).
pan akla'pnata, it is already pinched xa'l ko-ome't, edge of the earthen pot
(yd estd pellizcado) (97). (orilla de la olla) (70).
seklape'l, to handle or touch (mano- ko'p, peyote (44).
sear) (59). Kopte', name of the last conjurer
klemi', bone. (medicine man) (brujo) (26).
klewe'm, klehue'n, light, fire (lumbre) ko's (see kanosa').
(of match, etc.) (73). yen ko's kica'.x, yen ko's kica'x, my
klewe'm pemoya'k ahane'kla, to light younger brother, my younger sister
a match (cerillo) klewe'm pemoya'k
; (47).
{sacar lalumbre) (65). yen ko's pakna', yen kas pakna', my
paklehue'nle, to thunder (tronar) elder brother, my elder sister (47).
(113). ko't, son (hijo) (15).
ye-una'k paklehue'nle, steam (vapore), yenkla', to my son (d mi hijo) (68).
it is thundering above (esta tru- yen ko't, my son (mi hijo) (15).
enando arriba (por el viento)) yenko't manzana payema', you gave
(ye-una'k := up) (28). my son an apple (listed did a mi
kne'm, see kene'. hijo una manzana) (68).
ko-e'rewe, he raised himself (138). Kotoname, Cotoname.
ko'k, tick (garrapata) (38). Esto'k somaxo'p (or somixo'p) Koto-
ko'l, crane, heron {garza, gruya) (31). na'me, Cotoname Indians (Indios
kol, Cotonames) (24).
pako'l, to lie (mentir) ;
pi. pakwawe'l koyoti'yo (Spanish word).
(14). xai' koj'oti'yo, coyotillo (43).
emko'l, an impostor, a cheat (em- kua'k, reed, cane (carrizo, cana); also
busiero) (43). arrow (fiecha) (7, 45) (quae, Uhde, ;
kolma's, to fly (volar) (121). p. 185).

xam kolma's, flying birds, birds fly esto'k kua'k iyope'm, Carrizo Indian
(pajaros volan) (30). (India Carrizo) (iyope'm, other
ko'm, gom, smoke (huvio) (54) ; ka'yem part) (23).
(47, 54). kua'k apekatai'le, who anointed the
ax gom, tobacco smoke (6). arrows (que unto a las flechas) (47),
ko-omiau', go'-omiau', komiau', to what is smeared upon arrows,
smoke (humiar) (115); also given poison (121).
as "smoke," but probably errone- kua'k pawiau', sweet cane, sugarcane
ously (for kayem-iau'?). (caiia dulce) (46).
Swautou] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 75
kuakau', lagartijo (newt, small lizard) paikai' kuampama't, dance the peyote
(34). (baile del peyote!) (42).
kuani, kuama't, to dance (21), quam (Uhde,
ala'k ankua'menta, yesterday you bit p. 186).
(ayer Vsted mordio) (65). kuampak,
ankua'manta, you bit (Usted mordio) kua'mpake't, violin (el violin) (71,
(99). 120), to sing (cantar) (120).
apankua'menta, tomorrow I will bite kuampakue', a singer,
{manana yo mordere) (65). kuampakue' pele', a good singer (un
emna" paikua'men'ta, to bite each buen cantador) (120).
other (morder entravibos) (97). kuampakue'he, he is singing (esid
glam pakua'm, biting animal {animal cantando) (120).
mordiente) (36). kuana'ya, kewa'naya, (in dance song)
kuame't, kueme't, rat (raton) (26). (136).
xai' apelkua'mle, bridle (freno) (43). kuapi', whip (cf. guapi').
xa'l apekue'mle, given as meaning kua's, fruit of a shrub called tasajito in
"to throw at" (from aka) but Mexican, v/hich has a long, thin,
probably wrong (71). prickly berry of a red color; the
xal apekuemle, bridle (lo voy echar name is also given to the granjeno,
caballo) (71). a shrub 5 to 8 feet tall (46).
napi's paikua'menta, to bite himself kuaska'm (pi. same), to grow (crecer)
(morder se mismo) (97). (plants) (cf. pepewe't) (114).
nawi's apankua'mgna, already it is xai' kuaska'm, the plant grows; (pi.)
bitten (yd estd mordito) (97). xai' yawe't kuaska'm (45).
paikua'm, he bit him (le mordio) (99), kuayama'ya, a word used in a song
to bite (mordar) (117), I bite (yo (138).
muerdo) (97).
kuayoinane, examines, looks (se otira)
paikua'm enta', to bite one's self
(138).
(mordar se mismo) (117).
kuis,
paikua'm gna', I bite someone (yo
xa'm pakui's, xam pamso'l; cardinal
muerdo alguno) (93).
bird (29).
paikua'm kica'x, to have a rash or
pakui's, pamso'l; red (Colorado) (76).
tetter (ser pullido) (73, 117).
pakua'm, biting (mordiente) (102). kuiti'n, pekuete'n, one (uno) ;
pequeten
pamkwa'ment keta, to cause to bite (Uhde, p. 186).
(hacer morder) (118). ekwete'n, each day (one) (26).

somnau' apehe'l pamkwa'mentketa, xai' pekuete'n pesna'k apalpa', the
to make bite another Indian (hacer last stick there is (el ultimo palo que
morder) (97). estd, el ultimo palo parando) (67,
(yen) apakua'menta, I will bite (yo 95).
mordere) (99). xai' pekuete'n yapla'k, the first stick
kuama', kuamane, words used in a (el primero palo) (84).
song, perhaps meaningless (137). xai' pekuete'n yapla'k apalpa', the
kuama'k, to dance (111), let us dance! first stick (el primero palo que es
(vamos a bailor (uno)) (101), parado) (67).

kuama' t, to dance (21); pi. kuam- m.es pekuete'n, one month (28).
pama't (111), an Indian dance pamatama'k panau', four days (111),
(bailor de miiote) (32), peyote dance paraatama'k pekwete'n, one day (111),
(bailor el peyote) (44), kuampama'k alekuete'n, ali'kuiti'n, two (3); Uhde
(vamos a bailor) (21) (they danced (p. 186) has acequeten.
every day in March). alpekuete'n anakla'p, to pinch each
kuampama't pekwete'n, to dance other (pellizcar entrambos) (97).
(sing.) (21). alekuete'n gna'.x, two men (2).
kuampama't yawe't, to dance (pi.) alekuete'n torn pele'x apelai'le, two
(vamos a bailor (muchos)) (101). seams (71).
181198—40 6
pelawi's alekuete'n keklahapau', twins xai' awekna'tle, cradle for a child

(ninos dos nacidos). {cuna por ninos) (70).
hu'i alpekuete'n, two eyes (no word xai' exmo', flower {flor {que huele))
meaning "both") (6). (43).
lo't pat alpekuete'n, who has two xai' elia'wa-ite', the game went badly
arms {qui tiene dos brazos) (89). for him {"eljuego huizo lui dar mal")
wama'k inke' alpekuete'n panelue'm, (37).
in their house {en la casa de ellos) xai' epo' pakma't, chopping knife
(26). {machete) (pakmat, big) (71).
kwamlal, war chief {jefe de guerra). xai' epopakui', iron hammer {martillo
ikwamla'la, I command {yo mando) de hierro), to cause the stick to
(105). rot {podrir el palo) (72).
paikwamla'la, to command, com- xai' glepo', walnut tree {nogal), pecan
mander {mandar, mandador) (105), tree (its nut),
{mandas) (121). xai' ima'k apta'k, to break a stick
pakwamla'l, chief {see katawa'n) (3). in the middle {romper un palo en el
kwamo', the pleides {las cabrillas) (57). medio) (51).
kwau, kuai, married {casado) xai' inyu's peha'ple, the post is going
ampakwau'la, to marry {casarse) (16, to fall palo va caer) (46, 119).
{el
17, 113). xai' koyoti'yo, {coyotillo) (43).
anquailam, I love you (Uhde, p. 186). xai' kuaska'm, the grass grows {la
ke'm al pakwa'ula pese'x, a married yerba crece); pi. xai' yawe't
woman {mujer casada) (27). kuaska'm (45).
ke'm pese'x pakwau'la, a married xai' kumpehau'la, a wooden ball
woman {mujer casada) (17). {bola de palo) (72).
kna'x pese'x pakwau'la, a married xai' xom, fiishpole (67).
man (hombre casado) (17). xai' mawe'ne gatla'mla pate'-ula,

pakwau'la (4, 23, 81, 102, 113). cork for inkbottle (73).
pakwawe'l, lover {amustero) (?) (60). xai' ma-uta' peha'ple, the tree fell
xai', tree idrbol), stick {falo, palito), yesterday {el palo cayo ayer) (36).
wood {madera, Una); bow {arco) xai' mu's, cat's claw (tree) {una de
{also xai' pata'ple). gato) (43).

xai', paper {papel), book {libra), xai' nawi's apalua', all the plants
letter {carta) (70). {todas las plantas) (42).
xai' a'x pakati', fisher boat (68). xai' pai' nelpau'le, chair {silla, butaco)
xai' apaka'mle wakate', ox yoke (68).
{yugo de bueyes) (67). xai' pakassa'p, cat's claws (a tree)
xai' apakamsa'ple, broom (?) {escova, {una de gato) (46).
escoba) (43).
xai' pakati', bent post {palo gacho)
xai' apake'tle, hatchet, ax {hacha),
(46).
saw {serrucho) (Mex. witchiwdn)
xai' pakawui', to scrape {raspe) (71);
(70).
not file {lima) (71).
xai' apakue'nle, bowstring {cuerda del
xai' pakuatata'ple, canoe, skiff (68).
arco); ligaments (72).
xai' pakwa'm, colima; xai' sahueti'
xai' apehau'le, playing-card {carta de
(A),
jugar) (70).
xai' pakwatata'ple, cart {carro) (?),
xai' apelkua'mle, bridle {freno) (43).
wheels {ruedas) (70).
xai' ape'm, he entered the forest (?)
{entro los pahs) (38). xai' pakwatata'ple pakieke't, rail-
xai' ama'k, I break a stick {yo rompo road {ferrO'Carril) (70).
un polo) (51). xai' pakwawui', they are scraping a

xai' apta'k, to break a stick {rdjese stick {palo estan raspando) (A).
palo) (51). xai' he is pricking or
palakua'ple,
xai' awakul'l, a hammer {martillo) piercing (the woodpecker) (es pi'
(71). cando {el carpintero)) (115).
xai' pamoxma'm, bark (corieza) (27, xai' pella'ple, xai' perra'ple, the wood
41). fell (el palo se cayo), it was cleared
xai' pamso'l, colariu (a weed with of wood (limpiado el palo) (41).
small red berries) (46); also given xai' peme'nle (peme't (J)), wood to
as brazil wood (palo brazil) (43). burn (lena para quemar) (41)
xai' papo'l, stump of a tree {irunco del also given as "locomotive" (70).
arhol) (24, 41). xai' peme't, burned stick (41).
xai' papta'kle, back of chair (68). xai' pepo'k, white stick (palo bianco)
xai' pata'ple, bow; jaipatable (Uhde, (41).
p. 185); to draw the bow (tirar del xai' pewe'nla, locomotive (carrozo)
arco) (68). ("artiza la lumbre"). (70).
xai' pa-uta'p, hard wood (lefia dura) xai' pohue'l, a heavy (or hollow) tree
(in the forest) (also judge (juez)) (tepegudje (palo), (palo mujerado,
(52). palo hueco, palo grueso) (41, 43).
xai' pawai', flower (in the forest (ai xai' se'l, leaf (hoja) (41).
monte)) (43), including the rose xai' se'l pa-uple, a vegetable poison
and the brazil tree (?) (43). (veneno vegetal) (46).
xai' pawape'l, knot (in wood) (nodo, xai' te't pawoska'm, long thorns
nodito (en el palo)) (41); also given (espina a shrub without
larga),
as "nacahuita" (see wai wuel leaves but with long thorns (46).
under wai (45)). xai' torn apapa'kle, lignum vitae
xai' pawapta'k, split log {palo rajado) (guayacan) (61).
(41, 98). xai' torn apawe'nle, he goes rowing
xai' pawema'k, I am sawing (estoy (el va ramando) (68, 116).
cortando) (70) xai' tom apela'pl, xai' tom apapa'kle
xai' pawetlai', branch (?) (ramada) (A),guayacan (lignum vitae tree),
(41). "one wants to wash with it" (quiere
xai' payalu'i (abbr. pelui), broom (?), lavar con el) (43).
a bush (retama) colored green and xai' tomepehau'la, a wooden ball
yellow) (43). (bola de palo) (72).
xai' payau', to draw the bow (tirar xai' tompalakua'ple, auger (barrena,
el arco) (68). varena) (46).
xai' payauya'p, evergreen oak (?) xai' wama'k apahuai'le (A), scant-
{encina) (43). lings (huilote?) (21).
xai' payauya'p payawe't, wood of the xai' weme'n, straight post (palo
evergreen oak (encinal) (43). derecho) (46).
xai' payawe't, forest (monte) (41). xai' wuemak, I cut a stick (or many
xai' payelu'i, mariposa, "green sticks?) ; wai wuemak (sing, of
obj.) (73).
flower"? (39).
xai' yase'n ama'k, I break a stick at
xai' payerae't, burning stick (palo
its end (51).
quemando) (41).
xai' yawe't yama'k, I break many
xai' payena'-u, play (el juego) (68).
sticks (51).
xai' peha'ple, a fallen post (palo
xa'm xai' pateta'm, woodpecker (car-
caido) (46).
pintero) (29) recargado, parado (en
;
xai' pehio'l, a hollow tree (arhol

el palo) (29).
hueco) (41). (waka te) xai', forked uprights
xai' pekuete'n pesna'k apalpa', the (horcones)
last stick there is (el ultimo palo wama'k xai', wooden house (casa de
que estd) (95). lena) (66).
xai' pekuete'n yapla'k, the first stick xa'l, mouth (boca), lip (labro).
(palo uno primero) (84). afese witiau' halemo'l, beard,
xai' pekuete'n yapla'k apalpa', the alpe'kueten xa'l ahatai', the little
first stick which is prepared (el box is to be opened (la cajita va se

primo palo que esta parado) (67). abrir) (65).
alpekue'ten xa'l pawalai', the little xa'm pakui's (?), locust (langosta,
box is to be closed (la cajiia va se chapulin) (39).
cerrar) (65). xa'm pa'], raven (cuervo) (29).
atui's apekue'mle, fish-hook (anzuelo) xa'm pamso'l, cardinal (pdjaro Colo-
(67). rado) (29).
emna' xa'l kawi', I shave myself (52). xa'm papu's, xa'm papu'c, goose
emna° payawe't xa'l pawe'nle, ye (ansar), water hen (gallina de
all shave yourselves (105). agua) (papu's = "low") (29).
xa'l apalai'la (?), covered with some- xa'm pa-ulamai', hen (gallina), "cry-
thing (cobierta de alguna cosa) (28). ing bird" (ave gritando) (29).
xa'l apekue'mle, bridle (freno) (71). xa'm pa-ulape't, parake,
parrot
xa'l emo'l, xa'l emu'l, beard, mus- ("pa-uraque"), "bill crooked" (29).
tache (7). xa'm pa-uta'p, eagle (aguila), or
xa'l epawe'nle, razor (navdja de hawk (?) (29).
barbero) (116). xa'm pawata'p, sparrow-hawk
xa'l e-ula'k, lower lip (labro de abajo) (gavilan) (cf. above) (29).
(20). xa'm payalu'-i, green bird (pdrajo

xa'l pateme't, hollow mouth (boca verde) (29).
chueca) (7). xa'm payatau', thrush (tordo) (pdjaro
xa'l pehetai'le, mouth open (boca prieto, pdjaro ceniza) pelican (uraca
;
abierta) (31). y alcatraz) (29).

xa'l pehua'p ke'm pese'x, to kiss a xa'm parroquet (perrico,
payelu'i,
woman (besar una mujer) (30). coiorra),"green bird" (pdjaro verde)
xa'l pohue'l, xa'l ya-una'k (A), upper (perrico also called ketuau' (q.v.))
lip (labro de arriba) (20). (29).
nana ° xa'l ikawi', thou shavest thy- xa'm peka'm, mocking bird (tzen-
self (105). tzontli) (29).
napi's emna' xa'l mawe'nle, they xa'm pekna', the bird sings (el pdjaro
shave themselves (?) (52). canta) (30, 112).
nawi's xa'l emkawi', I shave myself xa'm pepo'k, pigeon, dove (paloma)
(105). (30).
payawe't xa'l pawe'nle, all shave xa'm pitawi'c, swallow (golondrina)
themselves (105). (a small bird, the identification
xalma't, bells (cascabel) (put on the somewhat doubtful).
legs below the knees for dancing, xa'm u-i mo'elpa', tecolote (29).
full of little shining pieces of stone xa'm u'-i pakma't, owl (lechuza)
(flint?), a sketch in original) (ojos grandes) (29).
(llenas de piedritas de lumbre) (68). xa'm unakekiu', the bird flies (29).
xa'm, (1) bird (pdjaro), (2) bird's xat, v/here (?)
feather (pluma de pdjaro) (29). gla'm yen kam xat alp&? (95) where
xa'm apalua', nest, "staying place" ismy dog? (donde estd mi perro?)
(nido, nidito) (30). (93).
xa'm kica'x, "little bird," perhaps xa't, speech, language (idioma, lenguaje)
sapsucker (Sp. chuparosa) (30). (73).
xa'm kolma's, birds fly (pdjaros volan) xa't pa-uka'm, langviage (el idioma)
(30). (76), (he does not understand him).

xa'm xai' pateta'm, woodpecker (car- xa't tetehala' (or tetefala'), the lan-
pint ero) (29). guage, what I want to say in the
xa'm mapi', wing (ala) ("manito") language (que quiere decir en el
(29). idioma) (120).
xa'm paikamau', did you kill a bird? xa't yen halaka'm, I don't under-
(104) (?). stand the language (no entiendo el
xa'm pakma't, goose (29). idioma) (120).
xa'm pakui's, cardinal (pdjaro Colo- xa't yen uhalau', I understand the
rado) (29). language (entiendo el idioma) (120).
xateti's, xatati's, saliva. lavor yentke', lavor ientke', the crop

xatatis patata'p, to cast the saliva is mine (la rnilpa es mia (A)) (51).
(que lira la saliva) (112). mentke', the crop is his (la
lavor
xayapo', key (Have) (67). milpa estd suya) (89).
xayepo' (or xai epo'), knife, blade for lekau', the name (?) (73).
cutting leather (velduque); nail; le'xo, he went and he came (va y vien)
crowbar (barra) (perhaps two words, (76).
see kayepo'); Uhde (p. 186) has le'xo te' emte' pameklai', pocket (bolsa)
jayepoc (67). (probably wrong) see lenaikwena'. ;
xet, puyumate (a little plant among the lemi'; foot, feet, tip, point (see emi').
lagoons) (yerhita enlaslagunas) (45). expe'n lemi', or yase'n, tip of the
xe't, he drew (sac6) (76). tongue,
u-ika' xe't aina'p piauno'k, they drew lemi' payawe't, "muchos pies", centi-
out the blood of the sick in curing pede (ciento pies) (38).
(chupaban la sangre de los enfermos) ya'x lemi', tip of the nose, point of the
(76). nose (puntilla de la nariz) (11).
xi', clear. len, fire (ftiego, lumbre) (54) ;
(also Uhde,
ape'l xi', clear sky (cielo claro) (54). p. 186).
xi', ki',bone (hueso) (9, 51) (see ehllei', le'n komiau', the fire is smoking (la
we, i'). lumbre estd humeando) (54).
xi' pakayau', lame, crippled (cojo) le'n pamakua'k, the fire burns (8).
(78), sick in the bones (enfermo en le'n seme'l, ashes (ceniza) (8).
los huesos) (9). lenai'kwena', he goes hunting (va
mapi' ki, wrist. cagando) (138) (see le'xo).
media awamke', stockings (11, 66). lesum, lesom,
xi
xi'kwap, xai'kwap; to draw, to pull ketekui' palesu'm, evening star (es-
(tom, something) (116). trella de la tarde, estrella voyera)
xom, (57).
xai'xom, fish-pole (67). lesuma'k (A), yesterday (ayer, en la
xomenaiik, eight (see mata'he). tarde) (13, 125).
jomenanc, eight (Uhde, p. 186). paleso'm, palisom, palesu'm, evening,
jomennaumeteu, ten (Uhde, p. 186). late (ayer, en la tarde) (13, 53, 80,
xo'p, far, distant (otra parte) (27). 125).
esto'k xo'p, another Indian (oiro le't, rnle't, east (este, oriente) ("por
Indio) (93). abajo") (53).
ka'mla xop, distant land (tierra de mle't ketekui', north(?) (26).
lejos) (49). mleta'-u, letau', from above (de
ka'mla xo'p pakiapain, who goes far arriba) (119), to below (16, 20).
(que anda lejos) (103). lok,
somi xo'p, very far (muy lejos) (126). lok emo'l, scrotum (pendazo) (10, 27).
somna'-u xo'p payaina'p, to make lo't, arm (brazo) (9) (see mapi').
suck (hacer chupar) (65). lo't pat alpekuete'n, who has two arms
(qui tiene dos brazos) (89).
xowamte', the damage, injury (el
dano) (10). lo't pawame'n, left arm (brazo izqui-
tewalise'l xowemte', erdo); also lo't pakwetis (9).

witchcraft
(hechiceria) "wizard injury" (61).
,
lo't pepeki'sgn, right arm (brazo
derecho) (9).
xuepe't, guepe't, panther, wildcat
mahape'l, the heat (el color), summer
(given as lion, tiger, catamount
(?) (53).
(leon, tigre, gato monies (25)); Uhde mahue'l,
all (todos) (80, 58).
(p. 186) has zuepet.
mahue'l paplau' kica'y, all the little
lau', la'-u; ray of light (rayo) (55).
ones died (135-text).
lavor, used in sense of "crop," but paplaua'p mahue'l Tejon, the Tejon
probably from the Spanish word (Indians) are all gone (los Tejoves
"labor," labor. son todos acabados) (99).
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
maiko'k (cf. mak, thunder). malai', to stamp, to tread.

a'l amaiko'k, a'l amaiko'k, rainbow emi' ke malai', foot which treads
{arco iris) (57) (pie que piso), track (rastro) (118).
mak, mok, kamla kemalai', footprint (?) (10).
pama'k, pamo'k, thunder (13), thun- malai' nawaso'l, people stopped (gente
derclap (trueno) (55). paradol) (29).
pameima'm pama'p kete'kue, falling pamalai', to stamp with the feet
stars (estrellas que caminan (y (parar(l) ).
truenan)) (57). pamalai' pa-uta'p, to stamp strongly

maketiau', to be heavy (pesar) (117). (parar fuerte) (49).
woyekue'l maketiau', a heavy stone pamalai' pa-uta'p ka'mla, to stamp
(piedra pesada) (49) forcibly on the soil (118).
makua'k, m.aleau',
al makua'k, parasol (Mex. para'-u pamaleau', to laugh (reirse) (14).
(paragua)) (67). man, net (red).
makue'l, five (84, 135-text); maguele manzana, an apple (adopted Spanish
(Uhde, p. 186). word) (68).
pamakue'l, seven (84); nauviyir yenko't manzana payema', you gave
(Uhde, p. 186); mats' xe, given by my son an apple (listed did a mi
another informant but probably hijo una manzana) (68).
"eight". map, plane (cepillo) (67).
pamakue'l sekua'ssi, five times (5 map axpakle'k, to smooth with a plane
veces) (25). (fregar con cepilla) (67).
max, ma, ma'he, to see (50), he saw
mape'l, rain (llovia) (53), cloud (nube)
(mira el), he thought (piensa el)
(55) (cf. ape'l,sky and me'l, to fall),
(115).
alpa' alpa ma'xle, who looks at
mapeme'ma, is bent (or curved) (la
corbita, corva) (138).
another stopping (que se mira a el
otro parando) (95). mape'n, cochineal (nopal), Indian
apanma'he, apan ma'xe, I wish to see prickly pear (39, 44).
you or do you wish to see me? (in mape'n pamso'l, cochineal (39), "red
order) to see you (or me) (103). mape'n."
gna'x mah, someone is looking (algo pecekue'n mape'n, little cochineal
estd mirando) (93). (pocos nopales) (43).
ima'x, to see, I see (yo miro) (105, mapi', hand, fingers (dedos) (9) given ;
115). once as arm (brazo).

ma'rema, is looking (es mirando) (139). xa'm mapi', wing (ala) ("manito")
meta'k pame'he, the thought (el (29).
pensamienio) (10). mapi' apaki'le, handle of the metate
paima', in order to see (para ver) (103, (?) (mano de la metate) (71).
115). mapi' apapaka'm, finger-ring (anillo)
pama'he, to look at one's self (se vee) (67).
(115). mapi' apta'k, fist (9).
nua'ya ma, word used in song (see mapi' emi', toes (8).
below) (137). mapi' ekna'tla, finger-ring (anillo),
nueno a'ma, is looking (estd mirando) "to fit or stick tightly" (67).
(138). mapi' ki, the wrist (mufiecay (ki =
nuenua'ya ma, a word used in a song huesol) (9).
(see above and below) (137). mapi' pawape'l, elbow (codo) (9).
nuwaya man, kuaya ma'ya, is looking mapi' paweme'n (or weme'n), I
(estd mirando) (138). extend the arm (yo contracto el
yampesa'me apanma'he, I do not wish brazo) (9).
to see you (no quiero ver d te) (43). mapi' payawai'le (or papo'l (A)), I
yename'ra, looking (mirando) (138- contract the arm (yo contracto el
text). brazo) (9).
S wanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERI^ TEXAS 81
mapi' pehuaka't, handle (manijeral) pama-ute' ketekui', morning star

(71). {lucero, esfrella de la manana) (57).
mapta'kle, pamote' {or pa-ma-ute') pexlai'le {or
male'l mapta'kle, to stand with legs hehlai'le), in the middle of the
separated, night.
maptama'k, today (hoy), now (ahora) ma'wayo, singer (cantador) or dancer
(19, 125), the day following (cf. {bailador) (136) (also given as
ma-ute) huical).
al pamatamak, the sun rises (?) (111). mawene,
al pamatama'k anekna', saying that xai' mawe'ne gatla'mla pate'-ula,
day is coming {hablando que va set cork for inkbottle (73).
sol), he says day is coming {dice mawi's {contr. to mos), father {padre);
que de dia — (M)) (75). ma'm (J).
maptama'k kie', he is going to come yen mawi's, my father {mi padre)
(today) {el va venir {hoy)) (19, 125). (49).
maptama'k (or masekama'k) paisellai', ye'n mo's, my father {mi padre)
I will weep tomorrow {yo Harare (13o-text).
manana) (64). media (Spanish word).
pamaptama't payawe't, past time media xi awamke', stockings {media,
(59). Spanish word) (66).
pamatamak pana'-u, four days {cuatro
mek,
dias) (111),
afesewitiau' paika'm mekme'k, give
pamatamak pekuete'n, one day {un
dia) (111),
afisiau' paika'm m.ekme'kne, I want
raa't, mother {madre) (15, 89).
to drink mescal {or wine) {me tiene
esto'k ye'n ma't, his mother (su
gusto de beber mescal (or vino)) (45).
madre) (89).
mekme'k, to have desire to, to desire
emna°' ye'n ma't, your (pi.) mother
{tener gusto) (114).
{madre de vosotros) (89).
mekme'ki paikai', he desires to eat
gna' ye'n ma't, their mother {madre
{tiene gana de comer), give me to
de ellos (or ellas)) (89).
eat! {da me comer!) (103).
men mat, thy mother madre) (89).
{tu
mekwe, who wishes (to suck) {que
ye'n ma't, my mother {mi madre)
querir {chupar)) (19).
dso ye'n te (15).
(89);
paikai' mekme'ki, kidney beans,
mata'he mata'hi (2d informant)
(84) ;
"he has an appetite," or "he
also
jomenanc (Uhde p. 186), eight,
desires to eat" {tiene gana de corner)
ma-ute', ma-ote' (cf. maptama'k).
(45).
xai' ma-uta' peha'ple, the tree fell
pamkam ax me'kwe (?), I drink water
yesterday {el palo cay 6 ayer) (36)
(I wish to drink water) (19).
(alak may be used for ma-uta').
meka'reyo, is going to enter {va entrar)
ma-uta'ke, tomorrow {manana) (19,
(137) (in song) (cf. epe'-u, e'-u).
125).
ma-ute'm, to dawn {amenece) (53, mekayena, mekaye'na, he was silent
111), (se callo) (137).
pake'm ma-uta' eha'plame, the snow meklai, maklai, metlai, wetlai, skirt
fell yesterday {la nieve cay6 ayer) {falda) (118), covering,
(54). imeklai', he covers himself with it
pama-ote', pama-ute', to dawn, the tapa con el) (67, 118).

(se
day breaks {amanecer) (17), morn- ke'm pameklai'la, a woman's robe, a
ing, tomorrow {mafiana, alba) (13, long dress (65).
53). xai' pawetlai', covered with branches
pama-ute hexlai'le, at midnight (53) {ramada) (41),
(d media noche (A), es noche yd) mepe'l paimeklai', American blanket,
(53, 95). blanket (66).
mepe'l pamaklai', mepe'l, bed covering (cobierta de cama)

mepe'l paklai',
serape, same as horongo, Mexican
(28), an American blanket (fresada)
blanket (66). a Mexican blanket (serape) (one
pamaklai'len, sack made of plant informant gave for the latter mepe'l
fibers and used by females (70, 118). paklai', but the second word means
pameklai', pamaklai', pocket (bolsa), simply "to cover one's self with")
to cover one's self with it (se va (66) (cf. ape'l).
tapar con el) (66). me-epe'l (or mepe'l) apate'-ulan, cot-
pameklai'Ia, pameklai'le, pametlaila, ton (algodon) (47).
cloth, dress, garment (vestido) (34), mepe'l paimeklai', blanket,
shirt {camiza) (15), bedcloth, linen mes, month (adopted Spanish word)
cloth (65), moccasins, shoes {zapa- (28).
tos) (70). mes pekuete'n, one month (28).
pametlai', shoes, meska'm, masekam, far, distant (23,
poya'k apeme'tle, horseshoe (herra- 80, 131), far or other (day) (lejos 6
dura) (71). otro dia) (125).
wami' makmetlai', sandals (sandolos, ahua'p meska'm, to place far from
haqueta de cuero, giiarachis) (70). another thing (poner lejos de) (131).
yen meklai', my skirt (mi falda) ke'm meska'm, distant woman (mujer
(49) (?). lejos or aquel mujer) (23).
me'l, to fall, to slip, to slide (caer, masekama'k (or maptama'k) paisellai',
resbalar) (119) (cf. mape'l, I will weep tomorrow (yo llorare
pamesai'). man ana) (64).

ax mel, the water falls (el agtia cae Monterey wama'k meska'm, Monte-
(54) (resbala el agua) (119). rey (21).
ax pamelai', to rain, raining (54). somixo'p anelue'me maseka'm, will
a'x pamelai' pakieke't, the water falls you be far off another day? (estards
as rain (el agua Uoviendo cae) (54). lejos otro dia'!) (99).
pamelai', to rain (Hover) (111). wama'k meska'm, far from a house

melkuai', mekwai', female sexual
lejos de una casa) (131).
organ
mesmati',
(9).
mesmati' kenkiwa'ye, hear what I tell
men, his.
you! (oye se lo que te digol) (32).
kla'm mentka'm ta'hikam, whose is
Mesme't(?), Tamaulipas (27).
that dog? (de qiiien es ese perrol)
met, soul (alma), alive (vivo) (80),
(91).
body(?).
lavor mentke', the crop is his (lavor
met plau', the body is dead (11).
estd suya), the crop (el milpero) (51,
meta'k pame'he, the thought (el
89).
pensamiento) (10) (seeing within!).
menke', in his (en suya) (mentke, in
;
met ha'k, meta'k, in his heart (en su
ours (en nuestra)) (89).
corazon) (39), in the inside (en el
me'n mat, thy mother (ti madre) (89)
dentro) (10, 129).
(probably should be "his mother").
it
mete'l, soul (alma) (10).
men omta'-i alpaka'm, he has no ne't pakayau' (evidently this should
parents (sv^ parentes no hay) (116).
be me't pakayau') sick in the body,
to'm (m)entka'm pama'p, to seek
met, me,
something (buscar alga) (89).
xai' peme'nle (peme't (J)), wood to
wama'k menke' panelue'm, in his
burn (lena para quemar) (41); also
house (26).
given as "locomotive" (70).
ment, our (?). xai' peme't, a burned stick (41).
mentke, in ours (en nuestra) (89). xai' pewe'nla, a big coach (carroza),
wama'k mentke' panelue'm, in our a locomotive, "to stir the fire"
house (26). (atiza la lumbre) (70).
Swanton] LIISTGUISTIC MATERIAL FROINI SOUTHERN TEXAS 83
meto't, to lighten (relampaguear) yeina'n paina'k, I arrive (yo llego)
(55, 111), (110) (yeina' can't be said; it
pameto't, a flash of lightning (relam- doesn't mean "I").

pago) (55). nahakme'm (see ahua'p), poor little
met, see ale met. thing (pobrecito), poor (pobre) (135-
mete'wela, a word used in a song (137). text) in one place "rich" (rico) (80).
;
meyo, (cf. miop). ahua'ple nahakme'm, to hang, to kill

pameyo', fog {nieblinazo) (39, 54). by hanging, to suspend (ahorcar)
milio, (60), "to come to be unfortunate."
pamilio', fog, foggy (nieblinazo) (54) tawelo' ayawe't nahakme'm, harvest
also pameyo' (54). (cosecha) (51).
miop, (cf. meyo). nahtleli'z, flea (pidga) (38).
pamio'p, explosion, noise (ruido, tro- na'na", thou (listed) (75, 135-text)
nando), rifle, all guns {todos fusiles) (seena, "I"),
kemio'p (M). nana" ig-wata'p, you are pulling up
misa, mass (from the Spanish). (tu estds arrancando) (85).
misa kete', mass, "he is saying mass" nana' iskwala'ye, I say (yo digo)
(estd haciendo misa) (61, 104). (nana' is given below as "I also,"
mo'elpa', but there is evidently an error in
xa'm u-i mo'elpa', tecolote (29). both places),
mo'k, mu'k, hog {marrano) (25); also nana" xa'l ikawi', thou shavest thy-
cocho (from French Creole), self (105).
exmu'k, peccary (javalin) (17). nana" pamkie', come here! (ven oca!)
ep pateme't muk iewe't, the necks of (66).
the hogs are twisted (las colas de los nana" pa-ulamai' kame yeina', you
cochos son torcido) (40). (pi.) are not able to shout (Ustedes
mo'k exno', the hog sniffs (el cochino no pueden gritar) (110).
huele) (50). nana" tetepaye' (?), what will you
mo'k paka'mle, the hog grunts, do? (que har6 Ustedl (99, 118).
mo'k yawe't, mu'k yewe't, hogs (25, nana' tokom yene', think to be this
I
60). is given as
(pienso ser esto) (nana'
mowe'n, armadillo (26). "I" but this would seem to be a
moya'k, mistake)
pemoya'k, to draw out (sacar) (118, nane' ihuahalau'kam e', that I do not
129). know (que no conosco yo! (again
u-ipamoya'k, blind (ciego) (79, 129). given as "I") (64).
wama'k moya'k, outside of the house nawi's palue'm nana', you alone
(afuera de la casa (or jacal)) (129). (Usied soliio) (95).
mu's, mo's, muo's, fox (zorra), cat yeni' nana' ampeywa'kle, to fight
(gato casero) (25). each other (pelear entrambos) (I
xai' mu's, a sp. of tree called "cat's and you fight(?)) (97).
claws" (una de gato) (43). nani', he, she (85).
mo's kiwete't pakma't, tomcat ("cat nani' ig-wata'p, he or she is pulling
with large testicles") (27). up (el, arrancando) (86).
ella estd
mo's pake'm, or pake'm mu's, female napet, painape't, farther off, onward
cat (gato hembra), female fox (25). (adelante) (126).
na, nak, -nata, suffix in passive verbs (?) (87).
gna', I myself (perhaps this is gna'x, nati,
human being). pele's: nati, he is good (es bueno) (95).
na'k ax ika'mi, I comedrink nawa'peka, word in song said to be
to
(vengo para beber) (103, 130). meaningless (136).
na'k pa-ikai', I come to eat (vengo nawaso'l, naweso'l, people (genie) (cf.
para comer) (130). somi).
na'k paineme't, I come to sleep (vengo malai' nawaso'l, people stopped, stop-
para dormir) (103, 130). ping people (gente parado) (29).
nawaso'l gnaxpa't, old people {gente nawi's pai-aina'p, they are curing
vieja) (58). {son curando), I am curing {yo
nawaso'l kica'x, newaso'l kica'x, boy soy curando) (120).
{muchacho) (5). nawi's paikiapai'ne, nawi's paiki-
nawaso'l met, live body (31). apai'n, going alone {andando solo,
nawaso'l paplau', a dead body {cuerpo andando solito) (103).
muerto) (sing, and pi.) (31). nawi's palpa wama'k, a hollow house
nawaso'l torn eke' payawe't, rich {casa hueca) (22).
man (hombre rico) (89). nawi's palue'm, you alone {listed
nawoso'l payawe't, many Indians solito) (36).
{gente son muchos) (7). nawi's palue'm nana', you alone
newaso'l pitawic kica' (or kicia'), {Usted solito) (95).
little boys (?) {gente muchachito nawi's pamaina'p, they are sucking
chiquito) (53). {son chupando), you are sucking
{tu estds chupando) (120).
payawe't nawaso'l pajdwa'k, to beat
many people {golpear muchas gentes) nawi's papia-una'p, he made the
(30).
sound of sucking (?) {sono chu-
pando), they are sucking {ellos son
nawi's, napi's, alone, self, one's self,
chupando) (120).
itself,
nawi's payaina'ple, to suck themselves
napi's, I alone, I myself {yo solo)
{chupar si mismos) (97).
(77).
nawi's wata'p payawe't, we are
napi's emna' xa'l mawe'nle, they pulling up {nosotros somos arran-
'
shave themselves (52). cando) (85).
napi's paikua'menta, to bite one's self nawi's yen a'npayakla'p, I pinch
(97). myself {yo me pellizco mismo) (117).
napi's yena'n paiyakla'p, I pinch payenue'n nawi's wata'p payawe't,
only myself {yo me pelUzco) (97). we are pulling up {nosotros somos
nawi's, alone; mavi's (afterm) (26), arrancando) (77).
the same; mawi', the same {el wama'k panelue'm mavi's, in the
mismo) (138-text) (?). house {en la casa), or "he is alone
gna'x nawi's palue'm, a man is alone in the house" (?) (26).
{un hombre estd solo) (17). yen wata'p payawe't, they (mas. or
kamla' nawi's palue'm, uninhabited fem.) are pulling up.
land {tierra despoblada, tierra nawiya'we, word in song said to be
desierta) (51). meaningless (136).
xai' nawi's apalua', all the plants
nawui', nawuyi', nawu-i', na'-u,
{todas las plantas) (42).
pana'-u (cf. panawuyi) (84), na'wi
(135-text), naiye (Uhde, p. 186),
nawe' {or nane') ihua halau kame',
four,
do not I know? {no conosco yo?)
kekla'x papau' na'wi, four boys (4
(120).
ninos) (35).
nawi's apakiasa'mla, I comb myself
pamatama'k panau', four days (111).
(67).
na'yowe, thrown to the plain {echado
nawi's (a)palue'm, unpopulated {des-
al llano) (139).
poblado), "being by itself " (?) (85).
ne'-eke, a word in a song (138).
nawi's apankua'mdna, already he is neke't, chigoe {nigua) (38).
bitten {yd estd mordito) (97). nelpo'k (sing, and pi.), to stand, to
nawi's ig-wata'p, nawi's iguata'p, stop prepared (?) {pararme) (14)
I am pulling up {estoy arrancando) (cf. elpau').
(85). gna'x nelpo'k, the man stands (?)
na'wis i kamau'la, to kill one's self {el hombre se para) (14).
(93). nua'ya, nuwaya, nueno (137, 138)
nawi's xal emkawi', I shave myself (used in a song),
(105), nua'ya ma, (?) (137).
S wanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 85
nueno a'ma, is looking (estd mirando) kamla' papakwe'l, morass (atasco,

(137). tierra humida) (49)
nuenua'ya ma, (137). xai' apapa'kle (A), lignum vitae
nuwayaman, kuaya ma'ya, is looking (guayacdn) lit. "one wishes to wash
,
mirando) (138).
(estd with it" (quiere lavar con el) (43);
nuewo, a word used in a song (137). soap (jabon) (71).
nuewa'na (dance song-136). xai' tom apapa'kle, lignum vitae
ore, gold (fr. Spanish) (73). (guayacdn) (61).
pa-, verbal prefix. pakue'l, wet (mojado) (39).
kepe'l pa alpaka'm, he has no buttocks papakue'l, wet (humedo) (79).
(no tiene nalgas) (93). tom ax apapa'kla, I am washing (yo
payawe't pa-ser payawa'p, provisions soy lavando) (22).
(69) (ser = Spanish "to be"). tom apapa'kle, soap (A) (71).
pah.alai'(la), to scratch (rascar, raspar) wewui' pakue'l, fat(?) (68).
(60). pakahuai', pakawai', to write (escribir)
paliuai'(l), near (estd cercano) (26, 126). (118), to paint, paper (cf. kawi and
xai' wama'k apahuai'le, scantlings pekatai').
{huilotes) (A) (21). esto'k pakahwai'le, esto'k pakawai',
wama'k apahuai'le, rafters, beams painted Indian (Indio Pinto), same
{cahio) (66). as Tompakua's.
wama'k pahai'le, roof (techo) (66). kem apaikawai' (pakawai' (J)), Tat-
pahuel, tooed woman (mujer Pinta) (23).
tompahue'l, yame'l tompahue'l, devil kem pakahwai'Ia esto'k, an Indian
(pahue'l= seeking?); latter also woman of the Pinto tribe (rmijer
given as meaning "he goat" (cabron). India Pinta) (23).
pai-, forms the future tense sometimes Newaso'l pakawai', Pinto Indians
(?) (47). {Indios Pintos) (their tongue was
pa'-i, the same as that of the Comecrudo
axklelo' pa'-i, (a plant which flowers and Tejones) (23).
in lagoons and is perhaps the pakahuai'le, to paint one's self (pintas
Nuphar?) (lampazo) (46). afeitarse) (60), painting (pintura)
pai, (66) to cut in or tattoo with a
;
xai' pai' nelpau'le, chair (silla, butaco) needle (se rajan con aguja) (acabaron
(68). toditos) (23).
paikomla'(s.), pamaleau' (pi.); to paka'(le), same as ha'la? (117).
laugh (reirse). ene't paka'le, to make fun of (hacer
paikue'sne, corral (that I am going to burla) (117), to mock.
work on) (que toy d trabajar) (two
paka'm(Ie), full of (lleno de) (49, 80).
informants)).
koome't a'x pakape'tle (or paka'mle),
paina'k, (nak = to come) (cf. kiapai'ni)
the jar is full of water (la olla llena
yeina'n paina'k, I arrive (yo llego)
de agua) (22).
(85).
paka'in(Ie), it grunts.
painate'l, darkened {borrado) (27).
pa-isia'u, bitter {amargo)
mo'k paka'mlg, the hog grunts (25).
(78) (cf.
sewetiau). pakassa'p,
paite', to sleep {suefiar) (?) (112). xai' pakassa'p, cat's claw tree (una
pa-iwe'-uni, to go frisking and skipping de gaio) (46).
about {anda retogando) (119, 137- pakati', crooked (corcovado, tuerto, tor-
text). cido) (77).
pa'k,(cf. pawape'l). atui's pakati', fisherman (49).
ax papa'k, a'x papa'k, to wash with xai' a'x pakati', fisher-boat (68).
water (lavar con el agua) (119). xai' pakati', bent wood (polo gacho,
kamla pakue'l, rnud {lodo, tierra polo tuerto, polo torcido) (46).
mojada) (50). ya'x pakati', crooked nose (6).
paka'-u, pakau', to go leaping, to jump; pakma't, camote pakma't, potato

frog, "it jumps" (fcnwca), tarantula {batata) (45).
"it jumps" (38). selau' pakma't, or sela'-u pakma't,
isma'-u paka'-u, the squirrel goes alligator {caiman) (34).
leaping (ardilla anda brincando) tewalese'l pakma't, a great doctor.
(26). u-i welo' pakma't, high cheek bones
pakenha'(le), corncob; the kernels of (11).
corn {grano de maiz) (A) (tawalo'- woyekue'l pakma't, a rock {roca) (49).
hi = corncob {olote)) (A) (44). pakna'x, pakna', high {alio), big
pakepta'g(le), cheese (grueso) (52). {grande), greater in age {major de
paketetua'k, to lower, to put down edad) (77) (cf. akna).
{bejar); also "to bring over" (117, gla'm pakna', bear {oso) (25).
118). pakna' pawoska'm, less tall {menos
paketiapo', buzzard (aura,zopilote) (31). grande) .
pake' tie, bark (corteza) (41). wama'k payawe't pakna', city (51).
pakiap, wemu'(k) pakna'x, shark {tiburon) (9).
papa'kia'p, cooked (sing, and pi.) yen ken pakna', my elder sister {mi
(cocido) (78). hermana mayor) (15).
waxpaka'm, I am boiling food, I am ye'n ko's pakna', my elder brother
cooking (estoy cociendo) (111). {mi hermano mayor) (15).
paki's, pregnant (78). pakokla'p, I spit, or spitting (gargajiar)
ke'm paki's, a pregnant woman (111).
{mujer prenada) (27). pakomlayau' (78),pako'm.laya'-u (39),
paki's, clean (limpio) {see payesu'i, pakumleyau' (8), sweet {dulce).
and peki's). paktel,
paklape'n, straight (derechito) (77) {see axkuapo' paktel, rattle for dancing
weme'n (26). (from cocoanut or guaje) (68).
ya'x paklape'n, straight nose {nariz pakuape'l, grind {moler) (cf. kuam).
derechito); pi. ya x waklape'n (77). i pakuape'l, xewu'i {or he-ewu'i
pakle'l, seed of the usachito (put into pakuape'l,) molarteeth (mwel'a.s) (11).
rattles) {semilla de usachito se meten pakuape't(le), pakape'tle (A), (1) hat
en las cascabeles) (46). (sombrero), (2) chocolate cup
pakli', {jicara) (12, 21, 70, 80) (cf.
ax pakli', to cool water, or cold water ko-ome't).

{agua fria) (49). pakuatiwak,
pakma't, great {grande) (77)
big, large, ape'l pakuatiwa'k, ape'l pakwatiwa'k,
(with tewalese'l (51)) (cf. akma't). the sky thunders {el cielo truena)
a'x pakma't, lake, lagoon {laguna), (55).
"much water" {muchas aguas) (50). emna pakueti'wak, I thunder {yo
atmahau' pakma't, atmau' pakma't, trueno) (81).
the Rio Grande, "the big river" pakui',
(21). xai' epo' pakui', hammer (of iron?)
atui's pakma't, bagre (a kind of fish) {martillo {de fierrol)).
(36). pakui' s,
e'p pakma't, long tail {cola larga) (28). xa'm pakui's, locust (?) (chapulin,
gni'sspakma't, snail {caracol) (39). langosta) (39).
katawa'n pakma't, governor {jeje pakwa'l,
politico) (3). yemu' pakwa'l, soldier,
xai' epo' pakma't (71), xai' apo' pakma't pakwa'm,
(11), machete, xai' pakwa'm, colima (a tree?); xai'
xa'm pakma't, gander {ganso) (29). sahueti' (A).
xa'm u'-i pakma't, owl {ojos grandes) pakwase'l, he is angry with another
(29). {esta enojado con otro) (119).
mo's kiwete't pakma't, tomcat, "cat pakwase'l pa-uta'p, very furious {muy
with large testicles" (27). furioso) (60).
pakwase'l, peme't (sing.), payeme't (pi.), burned
yente' pakwase'l, my friend (mi {quemado), to burn {quemar) (78).
amigo) (89j. peme'nle in, order to burn {para
pakwatatap, quemar) (111).
xai' pakwatata'ple pakieke't, rail- pamala'p, stinking, stench {hediondo,
road (ferrocarril) (cart and wheels) hedor) (8,81) (see pamata'p).
(run or go), pama'p, to seek {buscar) (112) {see
xai' pakwatata'ple, canoe, skiff (68), mapi').
carriage (carro) (?); wheels (ruedas) tom mentka'm pama'p, to seek
(70). something {bmcar algo) (89).
pakwa'-ule, raccoon (tejon) ("warrior"?, wa'mak hak pama'pen, to seek in
"bravo"!) (23-26). his house {buscar en su casa) (112).
pakwesso'm, an orphan (huerfano) (17). pemeima'm pama'p kete'kue, falling

pakwetai'le, pillow stars {estrellas que caminan) (57).
(almhada?) (65).
pakweti's, left (9). pamaplai'le, pampai'le, tortilla (69).
pakwu', pamata'p, odor (43) {see pamala'p).

a'x pakwu', a'x pepo'k, foam (espuma pamata'p poxla'p, good odor {bonito
olor) (43).
del agua) (50).
pa'l, black, dark {negro, raven,
pi-idia'p pamata'p, bad odor {malo
prieto)
odor) (43).
(76).
Amo's pa'l, name of Charco Es-
pamawau', to snarl or growl {reganar)
(112).
condido (A) (21).
pame'le, flat, level {cosa liga, liso) (80)
gna'x pa'l, a mulatto, "a dark man",
(cf. me'l).
xa'm raven, crow (cuervo) (29).
pa'l,
pamesai', to fall (caer) (111) (cf. mape'I,
pa'l ekuete'n, the coal is extinguished,
me'l).
the charcoal is extinguished {el
a'x pamesai', the water falls, it rained
carbon es extinguido) (54).
{la lluvia cae) (54).
pa'l ke'm, or payatau' ke'm, a black
woman pake'm pamesai', the hail falls {el
{prieta mujer) (23).
granizo cae), it hails (54).
wama'k pa'l, name of Las Prietas,
Tamaulipas pamesua'k afisia'u, to become intoxi-
(21).
cated {emborracharse) (112).
palakua'p,
xai palakua'ple, he
pamoxma'm,
is pecking at the
xai' pamoxma'm, bark {corteza) (41).
wood (the woodpecker) (es picando
pamo'l, emo'l, blackish {prieto) (cf.
{el carpintero)) (115).
emo'l, pamso'l).
xai' tompalakua'ple, auger, gimlet.
kla'm pamo'l, kla'm emo'l, blackish
pamakua', pamakwa, to boil {hervir) dog {perro prieto) {Mexican pachon,
(69).
pointer) (25).
ahane'kla pamakua'k, the match is
pamso'l, pamsu'l, brown, red {Colo-
burning (65). rado) (76) (cf. pamo'l).
(a)pamakua'kle, to cook {cocer) (111); e'lax pamso'l, ela'x pamso'l, red hair
food {comida) (A) (69).
{cabellos colorados) (24).
le'n pamakua'k, the fire burns (8). xai' pamso'l, brazil wood {palo brazil),
to'm apamakua'kle, cup {or dish) for "coloring wood" (43); colariu, a
eating, cooking pot {vaso por weed with small red berries (46).
comida) (69) (A).
xa'm pamso'l, cardinal {pdjaro Colo-
klewe'm pemoya'k ahane'kla, to light rado) (29).
a match {cerillo) {sacar la lumbre) mape'n pamso'l, cochineal {la grana,
(65). cochinilla) (39).
xai' peme'nle, xai' peme't, xai' pa- pamuai', burdock {lampazo) (47).
yeme't, firewood {lena para quemar) pamua'l, male {macho) (81).
(J), burning wood {palo quemando) wakate' pamua'l, male bison, bull
(41). {macho, toro) (25).
88 BUREAU OF AMERICAN" ETHISTOLOGY [Bull. 127
pa'muapl, food (comida) (69) (A) {see xai' papta'kle, back of chair, chair
pamakua')- back (68), (probably "wood divided
pana'l, into rods"),
sepiau' pana'l, honey of wild bees (39). ya'x klemi' papapta'k, nostrils (7).
panate'l, painate'l, spotted (as a snake) paptewe't, tall (alto) (77).
(pinto) blotted, obscured ihorrado)
, gna'x paptewe't, a tall man (hombre
;
purple, violet {morado) (33, 76). grande, hombre alto) (6).

wemu'k panate'l, rattlesnake (vibora paptope't, resplendent (resplendiente)
cascabel) (34). (80); plewe'n (contr. len), (de la
panawuyi, six (cf. nawui'). lumbre)
panawuyi sekua'ssi, 6 times (6 vezes) papua'l, deaf (sordo) (79).
(25). gnax lipapua'l, deaf (sordo) (31).
papa-usa'mle, fife (la pipa) (71). papusamai', to whistle (chiflar) (121).
papela'ple, dirty (sucio), ("to be yeina' pessua' papusamai', I can't
washed"?) (78). whistle (yo no puedo chiflar) (110).
pape't, pasa'm,
ampela'm pape't, a breaking of wind wa'x pasa'm ikwalua'k
(A), to fast
(rumbados) (27). (ayunar) (61).
pape'-ula, breechclout (el pavico) (65). pase',
papewe't, to grow (crecer) (121). pase' pakai', bread; pakai' (comida)

ela' papewe't, the hair grows (el pelo (69).
crece) (121) (perhaps payawe't, see pasekiau', cold (elfrio), winter (53, 78).
yawe't). pasekiau' pemlakta'm, to blow from
papi', brave (bravo), as man or animal the north (16).
(77), wild, pase'l, rattle (79).
kla'm papi', gla'm papi', brave dog wemu'k pase'l, rattlesnake (vibora
(perro bravo) (25), wild animal cascabel) (34).
(animal bravo) (27). pasinope't, money (dinero) (73).
kla'm payowe't papi', many brave paskue'l, it comes (viene) (136-text)
dogs (muchos perros bravos) (4). (cf. kie').
selakampo'm papi', Comanche (23). pat,

wakate' papi', buffalo, bison (27). lo't pat alpekuete'n, who has two
papiewi', weak, exhausted (flaco) (80). arms (qui tiene dos brazos) (89).
paplau' papiewi', he died of weakness pat (for gnaxpa't or ke'm pat), old
(se murio de flaqueza) (36). (viejo) (81).
papi's, gnaxpat, old person (77).

u-i papi's, blind (ciego) (79). ke'm pat, old woman (muger vieja)
(J) (53).
papna'n,
Reinosa gnaxpa't, old Reinosa.
ya'x papna'n, pug-nose,
pataita'm, to fall in love (enamorarse)
papo'l, mutilated (mocho), docked
to cohabit (60), to commit fornica-
(raven, rabon) (76).
tion (fornicar) (113).
e'xpen papo'l, tongue cut off (lengua
patapta'k, drum (tambor) (71).
mocha, lengua ravon, lengua rabon)
patata'ra(le), saddle (silla), seat (25,
(10).
65).
xai' papo'l, stump of a tree, trunk of
pateta'm, indolent, careless (parado),
a tree (trunco del arbol) (24, 41).
remanded to prison (?) (recargado)
ya'?: papo'l, flat nose (A) (see
(81).
poska'm).
patetua'k(le), cord (cuerda; Mex. ixtli)
papola'mla, papola'mle, necklace (la (67).
cuenta, or las cuentas) (66, 67). pati', white louse (piojo bianco) (38).
paptak, pati'ssi, I write, to write (escribir) (118).
papapta'k, divided (partido) (102). pa'tni, mad (loco, rabido) (79) (cf.
emo'l papapta'k, hair on the skin powi)
(pelo del cuero) (8, 28). gna'x pa'tni, mad man (44).
patoli'to, beans (?) (frixolillo) (in the pamalai' pa-uta'p, to stamp strongly
woods) {en los monies) (45). {parar fuerte) (49).
patope'tne, he is taking (estd prendi- pamalai' pa-uta'p ka'mla, to stamp
endo) (113). forcibly on the soil (118).
gna'x patotiau' patopetne, shadow of wai eka'm pa-uta'p, (?) (89).
man {estd prendiendo) (?) (10). pa-uyau', the refuse of sugar, or crust
patotiau', patotie'-u, it is night {es la of sugar that remains in the boiler
noche) (53), it is dark {es oscuro) (47), sugar sediment {piloncillo,
(53), dark {oscuro) (79) (cf. yatau'). chancaca).
gna'x patotiau', shadow of a man pawai', flower.
(10). xai', pawai', rose {rosa), brazil tree
gna'x patopetne, shadow
patotiau' (in the woods) {"en el monte") (43).
of man {estd prendiendo) (?) (10). pawape'l, pa-ape'l, bend, bent (as
wama'k patotiau', the grass house is arm) {vuelto), round {redondo) (9,
dark {el jacalli eatd oscuro) (95). 78, 102) (sing, and pi.),
patua'm, brave {valiente, bravo) (79). xai' pawape'l, knot in wood {nodo,
gna'x patua'm, a vaHant man, a nodito {en el palo)) (4); (or wai
warrior {or peyua'k). wue'l), nacahuita (43).
selamkampo'm patua'm, Comanche mapi' pawape'l, elbow {codo) (9).
(J) (23). pawape'l, basket {canasta) (which is
pa-vika'm, not to understand (perhaps green!, "que esta verde") (71).
pa-u or u). pawape'l, see pak.
kat (probably xat) pa-uka'm kekna', a'x pawape'l, to bathe in the water
the Indian was not able to speak {banarse en agua) (112) (cf. pa'k).
the other language (or possibly pawapta'k, hole {hoyo) (50).
"you yourself who can't speak kua'k pawapta'k, joints in the cane
that language") (74). {conyunturas de la cana) (102).
xa't pa-uka'm, the language {el xai' pawapta'k, a split log {palo
idioma) (also says "?io se le entiende," rajado) (41, 98, 102).
E) ("they are the same") (76). pawe'le,
pa-ulape't, parakeet, parrot; name gloxkue'l pawe'le, straw, "pulling up
said to sig. "bill crooked" (?) (29). grass" {zacaie arrancando), mat
xa'm pa-ulape't, parakeet, parrot, {petate) (44) (cf. anawe'n).
(29). pawetia'p, to defecate {cagar) (66).
paulape't, countryman, fellow country- kale't pawetia'p, vessel for faeces
man {paisano) (J) (31). {cagador), chamberpot (66).
pa-uple, pamka'me pawetia'p, medicine to
xai' se'l pa-uple, vegetable poison cause purging {remedio para purgar)
{veneno vegetal) (47). (66).
pa-uta'p, pawatap (77), (1) hard, strong poya'k pawetia'p, horse manure or
{duro, fuerte, fuertamente (125)), dung (28).
hard (forest wood), (2) hard money yeina' paseyau' paipetia'p, I can't
{peso duro), gold (73). defecate {yo no puedo cagar) (110).
xai' hard wood {Una dura payahuai', fence {cerca) (67).
pa-uta'p,
{en el monte)) (41); also given as payai'la, which is wrinkled (?) {rugado)
judge {juez), probably by some (79).
mistake (52). pai'la, wrinkle {arruga); {ruduzull).
xa'm pa-uta'p, xa'm pawatap, hawk, payase'l, life {la vida) (36).
sparrow hawk {gavilan); or eagle payasu'i, blue {azul) (76).
{aquila) (29). u'-i payasu'i, blue eyes {ojos azul) (24).
pakwasel pa-utap, very furious {muy paya'-u, pakaya'-u, to prick {picar),
furioso) (60) the lance (105).
papo't pa-uta'p, a strong wind {viento xai payau', to shoot with the bow
fuerte) (53). {tirar del arco) (pi. same) (68).
payauya'p, brave or wild {bravo) (79). pehau, payenau,

kla'm payauya'p, wolf (lobo) (J) (see xai' apehau'le, playing card {carta de
payawiau'). jugar) (70).
xai' payauya'p, evergreen oak {en- xai' payena'-u, the play (eljuego) (68).
cinal) (43). xai' pehau', to play cards {jugar a las
xai' payauya'p payawe't, wood of gamble (70).
cartas), to
evergreen oak (encinal) (43). pehepola'm,
payawai'(le), to contract, to bend, (An- kan pehepola'm, the moon
is full, full
drade gave papo'l) (115). moon (luna llena), "se lleno" (cf.
mapi' payawai'le, I contract or bend pepola'm and pe'xpolam, under)
the arm {yo contracto el brazo) (9). (58).
payawa'p(le), food {la comida) (69). pehue't, dry {seco).
payawe't paser payawa'p, provisions i-ape'l pexue't, i-ape'l pehue't, who
(69) {ser, Spanish word) (payawa'p has a very dry face (like an old
= llevar) person) {qui tiene la cara muy seca)
torn paya°wa'p]e, porcelain, china, (11).
(also plata) (67). koome't pehue't, ko-ome't ax
payawela'-u, to fear {tener miedo) (114). alpaka'm, a dry kettle {la olla seca)
payawiau (53). (22).
kla'm payawiau', wolf {lobo) (25, 53) mi-ape'l pexue't, his face is very dry
(J). (11).
payaye'l, flexible (said of paper) {flojo) pe'-iwa's, ripe {maduro) (42, 81).
(80). to'm piwa's, fruit "thing ripe" {cosa
payehepi', madura) (42) (payalui, non maduro)
payehepi' kemio'p, pehepi' kemio'p, (42).
to shoot (a carbine) (îrar {carabina)) peka'm,
(112) {tirar con carabina) (68). xa'm peka'm, tzentzont(li) (a species
payenui', to return (v. intr.); also of bird) mocking bird (29).
payenue'n (112). pekatai', (121).
payenue'n nawi's wata'p payawe't, kua'k apekatai'le, what is smeared
we are pulling up {nosotros somos upon arrows {que unto a las fiechas)
arrancando) (77). poison (121) (cf. pakahuai').
payesiau', peke'l, bald {pelon, desnudo, peloncito)
sepe'n payesiau', salted (?) {salado) (77) (/rom peki's?).
(50). ela'x peke'l, bald headed {pelona la
payesu'i, clear {limpio, claro) (80). cabeza) (31).
ax payesu'i, clear water {agua limpido, gna'x emo'l peke'l, a poor man (or
dara) (49). nahakme'm), "skin deprived of
payiwa'k, to beat {aporrear) (112) (pi. hair" (28).
of obj. same) {golpcar) (114) (cf. peke'lena, hairless {peloncito) (139).
anelua'k(le), awakui'l). pekio't emo'l peke'l, anaked boy, an
payawe't nawaso'l payiwa'k, to beat uncovered boy {muchacho desnudo,
many people {golpear muchas gentes) non encuerado) (67).
(30). pekio't {and pelawi's), boy.
payowa'tni, ipekio't, I as a boy (135-text).
paisellai' payowa'tni, I begin to weep pekio't emo'l peke'l, a naked boy, a
{yo comienzo a llorar) (64). boy uncovered {muchacho desnudo,
pe-a-una'ma, it doesn't leave the muchacho non encuerado) (67).
mountain (or wood) una, away (?),
; pekio't kica'x, boy, baby, child (135-
cf. unakehui (dance), text) .
pe-i-una'ma, does not come out (from pelawi's pakieke't, pekio't pakieke't,
the forest?) (song-136) {no sale del the boy is running {el muchacho es
monte) (137). corriendo) (24).

peki's, clean, and flat(?) (see paki's). pele' pakai', (sapota-tree?) (chapote
a'x pekgwe'k, low water {mar bajo) said to be same as zapote) (44).
(50). somi' pele'xhi, somi' pele'hhi, a
somi' peki's, flat, a field (llano) (23). plain, a prairie, a savanna (llanura)
pe'kla, to suck {chupar) (112). (somi' = afuer a) (23, 50).
a'x pe'kla, to suck tobacco (chwpar wama'kpele', church (iglesia), "sacred
tobaco) (47). house" (61), "good house" (66).
a'x pe'kle, cigarette {cigarito), to suck wama'k pele'he, wama'k pele'x, the
tobacco (65). house is good (la casa estd buena)
peklai', turtle (tortuga) (34) (see glai'). (66).
pekota'mle, to win, "they have won pelkua'm, to return to (tr. verb with
it"? {lo han ganado) (37). sing, obj.) (112).
pekue'l,
pella'p(le),
set sepiau' pekue'l, the wasps (bees?) apela'pla, I wash (yo lava) (22).
make honey (las avispas hacen
xai' pella'ple, xai' perra'ple, the tree
miel) (39).
fell (el palo se cayo), the wood was
pe'x, forehead (frente) (31). cleared (limpiado el palo) (cf.
(41)
pel, to break wind (form denied by 2d elua'x)
informant)
pela'pla, to wash (lavar, limpiar) (113).
ampela'm pape't, the act of breaking
kale't (a) pela'pla, to clean the pot for
wind (rumbadorl) (27). faeces (limpiar el cagador) (66).
pelai(le),
kem apela'pla, a washerwoman (22).
alekueten torn pele'x apelai'le, seams xai', apela'ple, a long hollow washing
(71). wood
trough made of (artesa) (71).
alekuete'n tom pele'x apelai'le, two
xai' tom lignum vitae, "one
apela'pl,
seams (71).
wishes to wash with it" (quiere
apelai'le, to sew (coser) (and deriva-
lavar con el) (43).
tion) (114).
to'm apela'pla, soap (jabon) (71).
ke'm to'm pelai'le, seamstress (cosi-
ya'x (a)pela'pla, to wipe the nose, to
dor).
wash the nose (limpiar el nariz)
to'm (a)pelai'le, (1) needle (aguja),
(10, 36).
(2) thread (hilo), (3) one who sews
peniai', see wai.
(cosidor) (71).
pelawi's, boy (see pekio't). pepeki'sen, right (derecho) (79).
pelawi's pa'kie, he (the boy) came lo't pepeki'sgn, right arm (brazo
there (vino a^d) (47). derecho) (9).
pelawi's pakieke't, the boy running pepo'k, pepu'k, white (bianco), a white,
is
(el muchacho es corriendo) (24). a native of Spain (gachupin) (21),

pelawi's pakio', boy, go there! (mu- tin ("white" ware) (estafio) (73, 76).
chachito, va alia) (47). a'x pepo'k, or a'x pakwu', foam (50).
pelawi's yakie', boy, come here! kem ale'l pepo'k, a woman with white
(muchachito, vien aqui (?)) (47). legs (muger a las piernas blancas)
pele'x, pele', good, it is good, it is new (27).
(bueno, santo, nuevo) (77) (cf. klai' pepo'k, glai' pepo'k, white turtle
pese'x, poxla'p). (tortuga blanca) (34).
alekuete'n tom pele'x apelai'le, two xai' pepo'k, white stick (palo bianco)
seams (71). (41).
am pele', good liver (higado bueno) xa'm pepo'k, pigeon, dove (30).
(9). pawiau' pepu'k, white sugar (azucar
pakue' pele', a good singer (un buen bianco!) (69).
caniador) (120). payatau' pepu'k, mestizo.
pele'he, it is good, pepo'k gatcupino, a white, a native of
pele'x nati, it is good (estd bueno) (95). Spain.
184198—40-
pepolam, pesna'k anelue'm, I am going back-

a'x pe'xpola'm, pepola'm, to
a'x ward (yo voy atrds) (105).
baptize, to throw water (echar el pisna'k gna'k, the last man (el ultimo
agua) (62, 131); a purge (lavativa) hombre) (67).
(68). wama'k pesna'k, behind the house
a'x pepola'mla, the water is pouring (detrds de la casa) (131).
out, is spouting, is cascading (estd pessua', nothing, without, there is
derramando el agua, estd chorro, nothing (no hay nada) (95, 120).
cascada) (54, 116). kla'm payenhe'l pessua', (a man)
pepola'mle, to pour out (derramar) walking without a dog (hombre sino
(116). perro) (119, 131).
wama'k e'-u pexpola'm, a v/ell (pozo) somi' tokom kaite kam pessua', that
under the house (131). does nothing (que no hace nada)
pes, to desire, to wish (querer) (113). (64, 126).
yam pesa'me apanma'he, I do not toko'm el pessua', there is nothing,

wish to see you (no quiero ver a te) whatever thing, nothing (93) (no
(43, 85). hay nada, no hay alguna cosa) (95)
ye'm pesa'm, he says he does not yeina' paseyau' paipetia'p, I am not
wish {dice que no quiere) no! (50) ;
able to defecate (yo no puedo cagar)
(from pese'x, good and kam, not (110).
(?)).
yeina' pessua' papusamai', I am not
ye'm pesa'm ya-uno, he says he wishes able (or I am unable) to whistle (yo
(dice que quiere), lit. "he says he does no puedo chiffar) (110).
not wish; yes, (he does)" (50). pe't (or ipe't), to load (cargar) (114).
ye'n pesa'm, I don't desire (no quiero) toko'm paipe't, the load (la carga)
(113, 121). (114).
toko'm paipe't payahua'p, that is
pese'x, good (bueno, manso), pretty
going to leave the load (que va d
(bonita,hermosa) Uhde (p. 186)
;
deiar la carga) (47).

has kempesc(probably intended
petawi's, younger (menor) (15, 77).
for kern pese), "pretty girl" (cf.
xa'm pitawi'c,swallow (golondrina)
pele'x).
(30)
esmaxue't pese'x, esmxue't pese'x, a
pitawi'c, little (chiquito) (77).
good turkey (guajolote mansito) (31).
yen ekla' (contr. yekla') petawi's, my
ke'm al pakwa'ula pese'x, a married
younger daughter (mi hija menor)
woman (muger casada) (27).
(15).
ke'm pese'x, a wife (esposa), "a
newaso'l pitawic kica' (or kicia'), very
domestic woman" (15) Uhde has ;
little people (gente muchachito chi-

kempesc (p. 186), probably in-
quito) (J).
tended for kem pese, "pretty
peti'y,
woman."
petekue't, to rub (estregar) (118),
ke'm pese'x pakwau'la, a married
turbid (turbido) (80).
woman (muger casada) (17).
ax petekue't, turbid water (agua
kna'x pesi'x pakwa'ula, a married
turbida) (49).
man (hombre casado) (27).
ka'mla peti'y, mud (lodo, but also
xal pehua'p ke'm pese'x, to kiss a
given as zoquete, probably an error
(pretty) woman (30).
or localism) (50).
pese'n, shoulder (hombro) (9) (cf.
peto'n, thin shanked, thin legged
pesna'k) (zancudo) (39).
pesna'k, pisna'k, backward pewaptai'ne, to frighten (espantar) (118).
(atrds)
(126), last (ultimo) (80, 95) raw (sing, and pi.) (crudo) (78).
(per- peya'p,
haps pese'n and hak). katawa'n peya'p (pakai?), Comecrudo
xai' pekuete'n pesna'k apalpa', the chief (Marcellino was the last, dead
last stick there is (el ultimo palo more than 30 years before 1886)
que estd) (95). (23).
pilie'p, pilia'p, pi-ilia'p, pila'p, bad amo' paposka'm (or pawoska'm), a

(malo) (que no sirve) (66, 78). big stiff neck (pescuezo largo) (9).
etpelia'p, a wound (no sirve el cuerpo expe'n pawaska'm, a long tongue (6).
de uno) (et for met or net?) (30). e'p pawoska'm, a long tail (cola larga)
le'he wa'k a'pal, bad house (casa (see pakmat) (28).
mala) (66). glu'l pawoska'm, midnight (media
pa'l pilia'p, mestizo (?), "bad negro" dia) (53).
(3). xai' te't pawoska'm, a shrub called
pi-idia'p pamata'p, bad odor (43). long thorn which has only long
wama'k pila'p, wama'k pilie'p, an old spines and no leaves (espina larga)
or useless house {casa mala) (13) (46).
(also le'he wak a'pal). xam ui pakma't, "bird with big eyes,"
pic's, moss (el paste) (Aztec pachtli"* owl (29).
(27). pakna' pawoska'm, not so tall (menos
pitai', pataipakai'le; pitahaya, pitaya grandel) (47).
(agave) (44). paposka'm, paboska'm, pawoska'm,
plate, plate (from the Spanish) (67). long, wide (largo) (77).
plato ayenwa'pla paikai', plate (plato, selau' paposka'm, eel (anguilal) (36).
casuela) (67). yax pawoska'm (pelicanos), pelican
plau, (6).
paplau', paiplau', dead (muerto, de- ya'x wawoska'm, ya'x papo'l, flat
Junto) (135-text), paplau', to die nose (A).

(morirse) (14), death (la muerte) po'so, moccasins (70); also te'-u (q. v.).
(36); pi. waplau' (14). po(t), to blow (as wind) (soplar) (53).
met plau', the body is dead (tengo ahua'p to'mke potis, I am breathing
muerto el cuerpo) (11). (yo soy soplando) or blow that way
nawaso'l paplau', a dead body (sing. (dei"e eso soplar) (93, 115).
and pi.) (cuerpo muerto) (31). emna' pot, I am blowing (or they are
paiplau' enta, he is dead (se murio) not blowing?) (18).
(99). gnax papo't, a blower (18).
paplau' papiewi', he died of faintness papo't, pepo't, (1) to blow (soplar);
(se murio de flaqueza) (36). (2) wind (viento) (53, 120).
paplaua'p, paplawa'p, dead (muerto) papo't pa-uta'p, strong wind (viento
(80). fuerte) (53).
paplaua'p mahue'l Tejon, the Tejon papo't wametua'k, tornado (chubasco,
(Indians) are all gone (los Tejones "voltio el aire") (53).
son todos acabados) (99). pokue't, breath (alieîto) (according
yen te' Tonita paplau', my mother to one informant, but tee pokue't)
Antonita died (135). (29).
pohokue't, tired (cansado) (79, 102). powi,
paiwakue't, to rest (cansarse) (102). gna' powa'tni, a mad man (cf. pa'tni).
pokue't, feeble (flojo), it is dying (estd pa'powi', rage, wrath (ira) (79).
muriendo) (29) (given by one powui,
informant as "breath") (aliento) ax powui' (A), spittle (see ax
(see po(t)). kekiete't) (20).
pozla'p, pretty (bonito) (80) (cf. poya'k, horse (cavallo) (25); poiat
pele'x, pese'x). (Uhde, p. 186).
pamata'p poxla'p, a good odor (bonito poya'k apeme'tle, horseshoe (herra-
olor) (43). dura) (71).
poska'm, woska'm, wide, large, great; poya'k ela'x, horsehair (cerda) (28).
also pakma't. poya'k emi', horse's hoof (una del
a'x pawoska'ra, a cigar (cigarro) (65). cavallo) (23).
ali paboska'm, which has large ears poya'k emi' pekna'tle, horseshoe
(qui tiene las orejas largas) (25). (herradura) (A) (71).
poya'k kica'x, colt, "little horse" sel, straw {paja) ; (2d informant) torn
(23). umse'l, to.
poya'k pake'm, mare (yegua) (25). xai' sel, leaf {hoja) (41).
poya'k pawetia'p, horse dung, horse xai' se'l pa-uple, vegetable poison
manure (28). {veneno vegetal) (47)
ptau', p'tau', paptau', dry {seco, seca) selakampo'in, Comanche (135-text);
(44, 79); also pehue't, pexue't (79). Cotoname (23); brave {or wild)
ax paptu'k, a dry pool (un charco Indians {Indios bravos) (23).
seco) (61). selakampo'm ampiwa'klen, the
pu's, po's, short; just now {ahorita);

Comanche fought {los Comanches
pelearon) (referring to a fight at
fox whelp (zorillo) (8, 26).
alpapu's, the day is shortened (cortito)
Matamoros in 1853) (66).
selakampo'm papi', Comanche (23).
e'p papu'c, a short tail {cola carta)
(28).
selamkampo'm patua'm, Comanche
(23), "wild people."
kemio'p papu's, a pistol (68).
sela'i, sellai', paselai', paselei' (sing.
xa'm papu's, xa'm papu'c, water hen
(gallina de agua), goose (29).
and pi.), to cry, to weep {llorarse)
papu's, papo's, low (bajo) (77). (14), weeping {llorando) (130).

ala'k paisellai, I wept yesterday {yo
sahueti',
lloraba ayer) (64).
xai' sahueti', some kind of tree
masekama'k (ormaptama'k) paisellai',
{colima (?)) (43).
I will cry tomorrow {yo llorare
sap, quick. manana) (64).
sap wananakio', with haste {con
paisellai', I was weeping (lloraba yo)
prieza) (not inflected) I weep {yo
(99),
sap ya kie', come quick! (101).
lloro) (105).
sawalpa', new(?). pamsellai, you weep {tu lloras) (105).
Reinosa sawalpa'. New Reinosa or pansellai, pasellai (?), he weeps {el
Reinosa de San Anton (21). llora) (?) (105).
sekua, sekue, cekue, (cf. Tonkawa paisellai' paikiapai'ne, I continue to

se'kuec) cry {yo continuo A llorar) (64).
dieina'wi sekua'ssi, ten times {10 paisellai' payowa'tni, I begin to cry
veces) (25). {yo comienzo a llorar) (64).

pamakue'l sekua'ssi, five times (5 paitakuya'k paisellai', I finish crying
veces) (25). {yo acabo a llorar) (64).
panawuyi sekua'ssi, times {6
six tetepamne'ka pamselai', why do you
veces) (25) (given by one informant weep? {porque lloras?) (64).
as wax pasa'm ikwalua'k). selau', a fish called cata'n in Mexican,
pasekua's, given once as "six," once perhaps the swordfish, but said to
as "six and a half," and (in the be found in the Rio Grande (36).
form pasekua'sse) once as "five"; selau' pakma't {also given as selau'),
Uhde (p. 186) secuasc as

gives alligator {caiman) (34).
"six"; panawuyi' given as "six" by selau' paposka'm, worm {anguila?)
another informant. (36).
pecekue'n, few {pocos) (80). serae'l,
pecekue'n mape'n, a little cochineal le'n seme'l {from semi?) ashes {cenizas)
,
{pocos nopales) (43). (8).

how many {quantos), times, seme'ye, word in song (137).
sekua'ssi,
how many there are {quantos son) semeye'no, word in song (136).
(with numerals) (93) semi', after (129).
ax ika'mi semi', after drinking {despues
yi'y sekua'ssi, three times {tres veces)
{veces not expressed according to debeber) (129).
Andrade) (25) (given by one in- neme't semi', semi' neme't, after
formant as 6 times, evidently sleeping {despues de dormir) (103,
erroneously). 116).
semi' ya'k, after arriving (129). somi' pele'xhi, a prairie {llanura) (50).
tomikai semi', after eating {despues somi' tete hala, how will that one be
de comer) (129). called? (como se llamard aqul?) (91).
sen, somi' toko'm kaite kam pessua',
sen akma't, little by little (poco a that does nothing {que no hace
poco) (125). nada) (126).
senowe'ya, around itself, all about {at somi' yentka'm, in my land {en mi
rededor) (126, 138 in song), tierra) (89).
sepe'l,
so'misek, Texas (21).
yau' sepe'l, sepe'l yau'; eggshell {cas-
somise'k apalue'mle, an inhabitant
cara del huevo) (29).
of Texas {morador de Texas, Tejano)
sepe'n, salt (la sal) (50) (cf. sepiau',
(24).
honey),
sumia'k, going about {or out) alone
esto'k sepe'n kai', Indians eat salt
{anda fuera solo) (25).
(Indios comen sal) (34).
waiha'k wakate' sumpalue'm, a wild
sepe'n payesiau', salted (salado) (50).
animal {animal de la res ladino)
sepiau', bee (abejas), honey (miel)
(75, 78).
(39).
sepiau' pana'l, honeycomb semi-eke' [somi-eke'j, his land {terre-
(39).
se't sepiau' pekue'l, the bees make no el suo) (given as "terreno pelon-
honey {las avispas hacen miel) (39). cito el suyo") (80, 89, 138).
sepiauya'm, it is a dart or stick (wil- somixo'p, somi xo'p, very far {muy
low??) ijara, jaracina) (45). Ujos) (125), against the sierra (?).
ser, (probably Spanish word "to be") esto'k somaxo'p {or semixo'p) Koto-
(69). na'me, Cotoname Indians {Indios
payawe't pa ser payawa'p, provisions Cotonames) (24).
(69). pake'm somixo'p peha'plem.e, the
set, wasp (avispa) (37) bee. snow fellyesterday (la nieve cay6
se't sepiau' pekue'l, the bees make ayer) (54)
honey (las avispas hacen miel) (39). somixo'p akiawai'ne, forests? {silvasf),
sewetiau', {see sowetiau'). he wandered in the forests {rotart
pasewetiau', strong (or hot?). d silvas) (47).
ax pasewetiau', warm water {agua somixo'p anelue'me, you (pi.) will
caliente) (49). be far? {estards lejos?) (95).
a'l pasewetiau', the sun is strong {el
somixo'p anelue'me maseka'm, will
sol estd fuerte) (57) you be far away another day?
seyota-iye, (word in a song) (136). {eslards lejos otro dia?) (99).
somi', there is nothing {no hay nada),
somixo'p wama'k, name of Saltillo
which is outside {que es afuera)
(21).
(78), without {afuera, afuera de,
mundo) (126). somna'-u, people {gente), Indian;
sino aqul, en el
sonna'-u (J); said to be name of
glam somipe'x, a tame animal {ani-
Emiterio {see esto'k) (na-u perhaps
mal mansito) {27)
from nawaso'l) (23).
kla'm sumia'k, coyote, "going about
alone" {anda fuera solo) (25). ke'm somna'-u {or ke'm sonna'-u),
somi ka'm, nothing at all {nada) an Indian woman {muger India)
(126). (23).
somi' keho'l, a cave, a cavern (cueva) somna'-u (apehe'l) pamkwa'ment-

(50). keta, to make bite {hacer morder)
somi' palue'm, sumpalue'm, foreign (97).
(ladino) (81). somna'-u xo'p payaina'p, somna-u
somi' peki's, a field {llano) (peki's = payaina'p, to make suck {hacer
clear) (23). chupar) (65).
somi' peknakami', dumb, silent somna'-u payawe't, many Indians
{mudo) (79). {muchos Indios, mucha gente) (23).
sowetiau', hot (caliente) (78). ye'n wata'p payawe't, they are pull-
a'l pasowetiau', the sun is warm (sol ing up (ellos (or ellas) son arran-
estd caliente) (57, 95). cando) (85).
pasopta'm, making heat American red pepper (45).
(haciendo ta-u', chile,
calor) (53). payawe't amkamau', chile stings
ta-u'
sulpape'l, to write (this is uncertain; much (el chile pica mucho) (45).
the word may be corrupt Spanish). tawelo', corn, maize (maiz), ear of corn
swahue'l, back, spine (dorso, espinazo) (mazorca del maiz) (44).
(also three-spined stickleback) tawalohi', corncob (olote) (A) (see
swahue'l teme't (?) pa't teme't, side pakenha'le) (44).
of the body (lado del cuerpo) (9). tawelo' ayawe't nahakme'm, harvest
tcau', oil (aceite) (45). (cosecha) (51).
ta'hikam, te, mother (?) (see ma't).
klam mentka'm ta'hikam?, whose is ye'n te, my mother (mi madre) (15,
that dog? (de quien es ese perro?) 135-text).
(91). te, (cf. we).
ta-i, ax patepatla, island (isla), "cut off
omta'-i, parents (parientes) (16); by water" (49).
A. gave keka's, kana-usa' in what ela'x tewa'k, ela'x iwema'k (A), to
is perhaps another dialect, cut off the head (cortar la cabeza)
men omta'-i, his parents, (28).
men omta'-i he has no
alpaka'm, xai te't pawoska'm, long spines (es-
parents {sus parientes no hay) (16). pina a leafless shrub with
larga),
omta'-i kica'x, grandson (nieto) (16). long thorns (46).
tarab6r, drum (adopted from the xa'l apate' gna'x, barber, "man who
Spanish) (71) also patapta'k (q.v.).
; cuts off hair" (51).
ta'n, mesquite tree, mesquite pod (43). xa'm xai' pateta'm, woodpecker (car-
tan, pintero), "bird piercing trees" (29).
ta'n emna'n? who art thou? {quien es le'xo te' emte' pameklai', pocket
tu?) (91). (bolsa) (probably wrong (le'xo =
tap, va y vien) (76).
xai' pata'ple, xai', bow (arco) (68, patewa'k, to cut one's self (cortarse)
73, 112). (113); also given "it stops short,"
xat ati's patata'p, to cast the saliva "it is ashamed."
(que tira la saliva) (112). te't, (1) thorn (espina)', (2) lechu-
pata'ple, to draw (as a bow) (tirar guilla (a plant, Spanish "small
arco) (15, 73). lettuce") (44); (3) tasajio (42).
patata'p, to draw (tirar) (111). te't amkie't, the thorn pricked him
emna" wata'p payawe't, you (pi.) are (la espina lo pico) (42, 87).
pulling up {vosotros estais (?) arran- Tejo'n,
cando) (85). esto'k Tejo'n, Tejon Indian (Indio
nana" ig-wata'p, you are pulling up Tejon) (acabaron toditos) (23).
(tu eres arrancando) (85). paplaua'p mahue'l Tejon, the Tejon
nani' ig-wata'p, he (she, it) is pulling Indians are all gone (los Tejones
up (el (ella) es arrancando) (85). son todos acabados) (99).
nawi's ig-wata'p, I am pulling up telom,
(estoy arrancando) (85). telom memi'te [nemite], sleepyhead
nawi's wata'p payawe't, we are pull- (dormilon) (73).
ing up (nosotros estamos arran- telo'm alpaka'm, he did not grow
cando) (85). feeble (no se acabo) (29).
payenue'n nawi's wata'p payawe't, teme't,
we are pulling up (nosotros somas e'p pateme't mukiewe't, the tail of
arrancando) (77). the pigs is twisted (la cola de los
watap, to pull up (arrancar) (120). cochos es torcido) (44).
xal pateme't, hollow mouth {hoca xai' tom apapa'kle, lignum vitae
chueca) (7). {guayacan) (61).
pateme't, twisted {chueco, torcido) xai' tom apawe'nle, he goes rowing
(102). {el va romando) (68, 116).
swahue'l teme't, pat teme't, side of xai' tom apela'pl, xai' tom apapa'kle
the body {lado del cuerpo) (9, 35). (A), lignum vitae {guayacan), lit.
wi pateme't, squinting {ojos tuertos, "wishes to wash with it" {quiere
ojos torcidos) (2, 79). lavar con el) (43)
tet, tasajio (tasajo), jerked beef (?); also xai' tompalakua'ple, auger {barrena,
aikiet (q. v.). varena) (46).
tete, how, what, why. nawaso'l tom eke' payawe't, rich man
nana"' tetepaye', what shall you do? {hombre rico) (89)
(99, 118). temkaxmau', witchcraft (A) (25, 61)
tet aine'me, what shall I do? (que hare (probably tom kamau, "to kill some
yo?) (91). one"),
tetamneka, que tiene? (64). to'm ax apapa'kla, I am washing {yo
tetepamne'ka pamselai, why do you soy levando) (22).
weep? (porque lloras) (64).
to'm apamakua'kle, dish {or cup) for
tete hala', tete'fala', language (idioma, food {vaso pot comida, "cosa que
"que quiere decir)" (73, 91). va cocer") (69).
how will that one be
somi' tete hala' ?
to'm apakamau'le, lead {plomo) (73).
named? {como se llamard aqui?)
to'm apapa'kle, soap {jabon) (A) (71).
(91).
to'm apawema'k, scissors {tijeres
te'-u, {also po'so); moccasins (70).
(should be tijeras)) (71); der. from
tewalise'l, conjurer (61).
gna'x tewahse'l, a wizard (brujo) (61).
wuemak {see we),
kem tewalise'l, a witch (hechizero) (61). to'm (a)pelai'le, (1) needle {aguja),
tewalise'l xowemte', tewalise'l tem- (2) thread {hilo) (71).
kaxmau' (A), witchcraft (61). to'm apela'pla, soap {jabon) (71).
tkuau', husband. tomepehau'la, wooden ball {bola de

yen tkuau', my husband (mi maredo) palo) (72).
(16) (probably for yentk kwau'; cf. tomgowite'me, tongowite'me (?), thing
ampakwau'la, casarse) (16). to be bought (cosa de ser comprada)
toko'm, whatever thing {qualquier cosa; (21).
also que es) (80, 93) (perhaps con- to'm ikaikami, to'm ikai kami, to fast
tracted into tom (q. v.)). {ayunar) (61), not to eat anything
ahua'p toko'm ayapa', to put some- (116).
thing on the top (93). tom i'kai semi', after eating {despues
inan to'kom kiwa, what did I say? de comer) (129).
(el lo que digo yo?) (64). to'm ite' ka'm, I will not do anything
nana' tokom yene', I think to be this {no hare nada) (93, 99, 118).
{pienso ser esto) (64).
Tomcarrizo, the Carrizos {los Ca-
somi' tokom kaite kam pessua', that
rrizos) (23).
does nothing {que no hace nada) (126)
to'm (m)entka'm pama'p, to seek
toko'm el pessua', there is nothing
something {buscar algo) (89).
{no hay nada) (93).
toko'm paipe't, to load {cargar) (47).
tom paikai' paikwalua'k, hungering
{hambriento) (11).
toko'm paipe't payahua'p, that is
going to leave the load {que va d Tompakua', Tampakua', Tompacuas
dejar la carga) (47). Indians (another language) (23).
torn, things {cosas) (89, 135). tom pawelkua'm, a thief {ladrone)
ahua'p to'mke potis, let that blow (117).

away! {deje eso soplar) (93, 115). to'm paya^wa'ple, plate {plata), porce-
alekuete'n tom pele'x apelai'le, two lain, china (67).
seams (71). to'm piwa's, fruit {cosa madura) (42).
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY fBull. 127
u-i, u'-i, hu-i, eye {ojo) (in all num- waiha'k wakate' sumpalue'm, a wild
bers) . animal (animal de la res ladino)
gna'x kayau', eyesore (29).
u'-i (75).
hu'i alpekuete'n, two eyes (6). wai' wa-uta'p, the rough mountain
huipawe'l, xuipawe'l, wipawe'l, one- (duro al monte) (36).
eyed (79), blind in one eye (tuertos) wai aka'ma, he does not come out
(42), also given as crosseyed. of the mountain (no sale del monte) ,
xa'm u'-i mo'elpa', tecolote (29). probably "he is not in the moun-
xa'm u'-i pakma't, owl {ojos grandes) tain" (138-text).
(29). wai', great white "fruit," round
u-i eme'n, eyebrows. (mushroom?) (46).
u-ika' xet aina'p piauno'k, they wai wuel, nacahuita-tree (45).
sucked the blood of the sick wa'k, le'he wa'k a'pal, bad house
(chupaban la sangre de los enfermos) (casa mala) (66).
(76).
wak,
u-ika'x, the temple bone (7).
aligwa'kle (sing, and pi.), to fight
u-i kmehue'l, eyelash (6).
(pelear) (15).
u-i pamoya'k, blind (ciego) (129).
gna'x peyua'k, a valiant man, a
u-i papis, or u'-i pamoya'k, blind
fighter; also gna'x patua'm (118).
(ciego) (79).
peyua'k, he scuffled (se peleo) (118).
u'-i payasu'i, eyes blue (ojos azul), a
selakampo'm ampiwa'klen, the Co-
native of Spain (24).
manche fight (los Comanches
ulamai',
pelearon) (in 1853 at Matamoros)
paulamai', to cry (sing, and pi.)
(66).
(gritar, gritarse) (14); one shouts
yeni' nana' ampeywa'kle, to fight
(111); wa-ulamai', many shout each other (pelear entrambos) (I
(111).
and thou) (97).
xa'm pa-ulamai', hen, cock (gallina,
wakate', cow (from Spanish vaca).
ave gritando) (29).
xai' apaka'mle wakate', ox-yoke (yugo
nana" pa-ulamai' kame yeina', you
de bueyes) (67).
(pi.) can't shout (Usted no puede
wai'hak wakate', cattle on the moun-
gritar) (110).
tains (res al monte) (129).
payawe't pa-ulamai', many shout.
waiha'k wakate' sumpalue'm, a
urio'n (Mex. word), flying squirrel
foreign or wild animal (animal de
(ordilla volante) (26).
la res ladino) (75)
va-utisa'ra, to baptize (from Spanish
wakat eme'l, skin of cattle (cuero de
bautizar) (62, 135-text).
res) (pakatome'l is false).
wahue'n (sing, and pi.), soft (mole)
wakate' gne'm, milk (27).
(79), soft earth, sand (arena,
wakate' kne'm, a cow's teats (tetas de
tierra molida) (50), sand (arena),
la vaca) (28).
metal (plata, arjento) (73).
wakate' pamua'l, bull, ox (toro, macho)
wai', hill, mountain, forest (montana,
"male bison" or "male of cattle"
monte, cerro) (8, 46, 49, 138) (cf.
(7, 25).
yahue'n)
wakate' papi', bison, buffalo (27).
ale'l wai', thighs of the legs (muslos
wakate' somipe'x, a tame cow (vaca
de la pierna) (8).
mansita) (27).
pemai', the mountain (la sierra), the
wakati' yemo', horn of an ox (19).
slope (la loma) (50).
wai' eka'm pa-uta'p, (?) (89). wa'x, belly (barriga, vientre, pansa)
wai' iyu°'si, side of the mountain (9, 12).
(lado de la montana) (49). wa'x pasa'm ikwalua'k (A), to fast

wai' hak pakieke't, he goes running (ayunar) (61).
to the mountain (anda corriente al waha'k, intestines (las tripas), "inside
monte) (129). the belly" (9).
wahemo', wehemo', (?) ribs {costilla) wama'k apanelue'm, to live in a

(9). house (habitar en casa) (17, 66).
weheki', (?) hips (8). wa'mak e'-u paxpola'm, under the
waxLau', wahela-u'; to read (leer) house (poso) (131).
(74, 120). wama'k gleka'l, near the house
walai', it covered itself (sc tap6) (113), (acerca de la casa) (or pahuai'l in-
to paste together with gluten (50, stead of gleka'l) (130).
113), to glue. wama'k ha'k pama'pen, to search in

alpekuete'n xal pawalai', the snuff- his house,
box is going to be closed (65). wama'k inke' alpekuete'n panelue'm,
xal apali'la covered with some-

(?),
in their house (en la casa de ellos)
thing (cobierta de alguna cosa) (28) (26).
pahuai'le {or pahai'le), to cover wama'k kiotawalpa'. Las Cuevas

{taparl) (111). (according to A) (21) (kio't = west).
pawalai'la, door, gate, (puerta) (66, wama'k xai', wooden house (casa de
113) (la cajita va se cerrer) (65). Una) (66).

wama'k mentke' panelue'm, in our
warn,
house (26).
apawe'nla, band, belt (cintura, faja,
banda) (67).
wama'k meska'm, distant from a
house (lejos de una casa) (131).
esmol awamke', trousers, pantaloons
wama'k moya'k, outside of the house
(d la pierna los pus6) (66).
(afuera de la casa) (129).
media xi awamke', stockings (66).
wama'k pahai'le, roof (techo) (66).
papu't wametua'k, tornado, squall
(chubasco) (116), "the air whirled"
wama'k pa'l. Las Prietas, Tamauli-
pas (21).
chumasco) (53, 116).
(voltid el aire,
pawametua'kle, he whirled himself
wama'k panelue'm mavi's, in the
house (en the house is
la casa) (or
(sevolteo) (29).
alone or alone in the house) (26).
wametua'k, to envelop, to wrap up
wama'k patotiau', the house is dark
(as a book) (116).
(el jacalli estd oscuro) (95).
wama'k wametua'k, around the house
rededor de la casa) (131).
wama'k payawe't, town, village
(al
(pueblo) (51).
wametua'kle, (1) to whirl one's self
wama'k payawe't pakna', city (pakna,
about (voltejarse), (2) contrarywise
great) (51).
(al revSs) (116, 126).
wama'k pele', good house (casa
warn,
buena) (66), church (iglesia), "sa-
ama't awan kie'? where are you
cred house" (61).
coming from? {donde vienes?) (131),
wama'k pele'he, wama'k pele'x, the
where are you walking from? (donde
house is good (la casa estd buena)
vienes? donde andas?) (91).
(66).
Reinosa wam kiu', I come from
wama'k pesna'k, behind the house
Reinosa (yo vengo de Reinosa) (131).
(detrds de la casa) (131).
wama'k, house. wama'k pila'p, wama'k piliap, old
glaspe'n wama'k, Tampico City (21). house (casa vieja) (13).
xai' wama'k apahuai'le, scantlings wama'k pilie'p, bad house (casa
(huilotes) (A) (21). mala) (66).
Monterey wama'k meska'm, Mon- wa'mak ya-una'k, upon the house
terey (21). (sobre de la casa, arriba de la casa)
nawispalpa' wama'k, a hollow house (131).
(casa hueca) (22) wama'k yenke' paneluem, in my
somixo'p wama'k, Saltillo (21). house (en mi casa) (26).
wama'k alpai'la, in front of the house wamen,
(en /rente de la casa) (26). pawame'n, left (hand) (izquierdo)
wama'k apahuai'le, rafters, beams (79) (given once as "right," but
(66). evidently erroneously) (79).
lo't pawame'n, left arm (brazo iz- pewai'le gnax, to wound someone;
quierdo) (9). also to cut (30).
wami', warn, emi', sole (of foot), tom apawema'k, scissors (tijeras) (71,
sandals (also leather whip) (see 112) (cf. pewai'le above),
emi') wuemak, wemak, to cut (cf. te).
wami' makmetlai', sandals (sandalos, wehemo', see wa'x.
baqueta de cuero guarachis (70)). weka'payo, smelHng (oliendo) (136)
wami' pakayau', centipede (ciento (cf. exno').
pie) (?), ("picador de las gua- wekati', measuring worm (gusano medi-
raches") (38). dor) (10).
w a rate', welkua'm,
elea' wamte' pakayau' amkamau', pawelkua'm (sing.), papelkua'm (pi.)
dead of a fever (muerto de la fiebre) to steal (hurtar) (14).
(32) (cf. warn). tom pawelkua'm, a thief (ladrone)
wapna'k, (117).
ax wapna'k, on the other side of the welo',
river (d el u-i welo', cheek (pakma't, muy cache-
otro lado del rio) (50, 129)
wata'k, ton) (11).
a'l wata'k (A), the sun comes up, the weme'n, straight, a line (linea)
(80).
sun rises (el sol viene saliendo) klam ep pawene'n, the tail of the dog
(57, 111), is straight (la cola del perro es
wata'p, to flee (huir) (121). derecha) (44)
iwata'p, they fled (121, 135-text). xai' weme'n, straight wood (palo
wa'-u, ebony (ebano) (44) (?). derechito) (46).
u-i wau', given as name for fluid in mapi' weme'n, mapi' paweme'n,
the eyes and also earwax, ear water stretching the arms (yo estiendo el
(6). brazo) (9).
wa-uta'k, paweme'n, straight, to straighten

wa-uta'k anekna', who is going to (estender) (115); limb of a tree,
speak (que va hablar) (61). branch (ramo, palo derechito) (42).
wa-utap, we' mi, weme, (in dance song) (136).

wai' wa-uta'p, the rough mountain wemu'k, wemu', ewemo'k, snake
(duro el monte) (36). (vibora) (7).
waya, xam u-i mo'elpa', a bird called teco-
wayaka'ma, not lacking (no se falta

is lote ("head Hke a snake"?) (29).
(en el monte)) (137) (see ayawe't). wemu'k panate'l, or wemu'k pase'l,

rattlesnake (vibora cascabel) (34).
we, wue, wai,
wemu' payatau', black snake (vibora
ela'x iwema'k, to cut off the head (A)
prieta) (24).
(28) (see te).
e'p pawema'k, e'p pewuema'k, (A) to wemu'(k) pakna'x, shark (tiburon) (9)
cut off the tail (cortar la cola) (28). (?).
xal epawe'nle, a razor (navaja de wen, (cf. we and kawi).

barber o) (116). emna' payawe't xa'l mawe'nle, ye all
xai' pawema'k, I am sawing, I am shave yourselves (105).

cutting off (estoy cortando) (70). epawe'nle, clasp-knife (navaja) (116).
xai wuemak, I cut a stick (or pL); payawe't xa'l pawe'nle, all shave
pa-wuemak, many (73). themselves (105).
pai'wuema'k, I cut things; wai' wue- napi's emna' xa'l mawe'nle (?), they
mak, I cut one thing (112). shave themselves (52).
pena'wayg, he cut off (trono), to xai tom-apawe'nle (?), he goes row-
whittle (cortar un palito) (139). ing (el va ramando) (116).
pewai'le, (1) to cut off (cortar); (2) to xa'l epawe'nle, razor (navaja de
wound (113). barbero) (116).
SwantonJ LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 101
we'na, weno', word in song, perhaps yahue'n, rising ground, hill, sierras
meaningless (136, 137). (loma) (49) (cf. wai).
wena'payo, word in a song, perhaps ya'k,
meaningless (136). semi' ya'k, semi' neme't, neme't semi'.
wene', weni', word in song said to be after arriving, after sleeping (despues
meaningless (136). de llegar, dormir) (103, 129).
wessi', bat (animal) (viurcielago) (27). yape't ya'k, before arriving (antes de
wessi', nit {liendre) (10). llegar) (37).
wewa'na (in dance song) (136). ya'x, ya'x, nose.
wewui', fat (manteca) (wewui' pakue'l, ya'x (a)pela'pla, to wash the nose
fat?). (limpiar el nariz) (10, 36).
wiau', ya'x lemi', point of the nose (puntilla
kua'k pawiau', sugarcane {cana dulce) de la nariz) (11).
(46). ya'x papna'an, pug nose (22).
pa-uyau', the crust of sugar that ya'x pawoska'm, pelican (31).
remains in the boiler {piloncillo), ya'x wawoska'm, or ya'x papo'l (A),
sweet (47). flat nose (22).
pawiau', pa-uyau', sweet, sweetmeats, yalu'-i,
sugar (?) (dulce) (78). payalu'i, payelu'i, pelui, unripe, not
pawiau' pepu'k, white sugar (azucar ripe (nan maduro, verde), green,
bianco) (69), "sweet white" (78). light-green (verde), yellow (amarillo)
wixne'p, a little stick.
(42, 44, 45, 76, 81) (guisache).
wixne'p, xai' pakassa'p, "cat-claw xai payalu'i (abbr. pelui), broom, a
tree" (una de gato) (46). bush (retama) (43).
wisne'p, perhaps word for "insect" but xai' payelu'i, butterfly (mariposa).
given as "spider" (arana) (39), xa'm payalu'i, xa'm payelu'i, a parrot
bedbug (chinche), and cockroach of the smallest kind (perrico,
or beetle (cacaracho) (38). cotorra), a "green bird" (pdjaro
woska'm, poska'ra.
see verde) (29, 30).
woyekue'l, stone, rock (piedra) (49).
yame'l, ya'mel, devil (diablo) (61);
pa-aka't wuyekue'l, to throw a stone
yamis emi's (E), (6).
(echar una piedra) (30).
woyekue'l aka't, to throw a stone
yanam, to know (saber), he knows
(echar piedra) (49)
(sabe) (120); yeme'm? (120).
woyekue'l kica'x, (piedritas de
pape'l payana'm wahglau', he knows
flint
to read the paper (sabe leer el
lumbre) (68).
papel) (120).
woyekue'l maketiau', a heavy stone
(piedra pesada) (49). yap,
woyekue'l pakieka't, the stone runs aleyape'tle, a file, a row (una jila)
(la piedra corre) (49). (73).

woyekue'l pakma't, rock (roca) (49). xai' pekuete'n yapla'k, the first stick
wuya', wool (A) (cf. emo'l). (palouno primer o) (84).
ya, here xai' pekuete'n yapla'k apalpa', the
sap ya kie', come quick! (101). first stick which is prepared (el
ya akie', ya kie', come here!, come at primero palo que estd parado) (67).
once! (vien pronto) (101). paineme't yape't, before sleeping
ya' wankie', come quickly! (vien (antes de dormir) (103, 122).
repentino!) (101). pe'yap, to follow, to be following
esto'k yak elpa', we ourselves (cor- (seguir, estar siguiente) (116).
rected as "here is the Indian") yape't ax ikami, before drinking
(aqui es el India) (95) (antes de (mi) bever) (129).
ya-ama'm, yape't yak, before arriving (antes de
ahua'p ya-ama'm, to place against llegar) (37).
another thing (poner contra otra yape'l pehio'l, dot, blot (cacarizo)
cosa) (130). (73).
102 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY rBull. 127
yase'n, at the end (125). yem pesa'm ya-uno', he says that he

xai' yase'n ama'k, I break a stick wishes {dice que quiere) (50).
at its end (51). yawa'ye, word in song, said to be
ya't, meaningless (136),
kenelpau' ya't, he will be at home yawe', word in song, perhaps mean-
(estaro en casa) (95). ingless (136).
yawe't, hiawe't, yawue't (135-text),
yatau', black (c£. afisiau').
many, much {muchos), they are
gla'm payatau', glam pakna', bear
many {son muchos), all {todos){7A, 80).
(9,25) (?).
(oso)
payawe't, pahiawe't, many, much
gna'x payatau', a negro man (un
{mucho); largely (125).
negro) (22).
ano eka'm payawe't, future time,
gna'x petau', petau', negro (76).
ke'm payatau', a negro woman {una
many years in the future {ana,
Spanish word) (89).
negra) (22).
emna° payawe't xa'l mawe'nle, ye
xa'm payatau', thrush (tordo), also
allshave yourselves (105).
described as pdjaro prieto and pdjaro
identified also with the
emna° wata'p payawe't, we are
ceniza;
pulling up {nosotros estamos arran-
magpie (urraca) and pelican (alca-
cando) (86).
traz) (29).
esto'k yeni' payawe't, they are com-
payatau', petau', dark {prieto), black;
panions {son companeros) (89).
also gray (76)
i-enke' payawe't, a mission {una
payatau' ke'm, a black woman
mision) (62).
{mujer prieto); pi. payawe't ke'm
kiau' yawe't esto'k, Mexican Indians
(23); pa'l ke'm, black woman
{mujer prieto) (23).
{Indios Mexicanos) Mexico, "many
Indians at the south" (23).
payatau' pepu'k, {mestizo), mixed
kiome't payawe't, anthill {hormi-
blood (3).
guera (38).
petau', dark {prieto) (22, 76).
kla'm payawe't, many dogs {muchos
wemu' payatau', a black snake
perros) (4)
{viboro prieto) (34)
kla'm payowe't papi', many brave
yau', egg (bird's) {huevo).
dogs {muchos perros bravos) (4).
yau' sepel, sepe'l yau'; eggshell
kuampama't yawet, let us dance
{coscara del huevo) (29).
{vomos a bailor {muchos)) (101).
ya-una'k, above {orriba), what is xai' payauya'p payawe't, wood of
above {que es arriba) (79), high up the evergreen oak {encinal) (43).
(125); ya-una', upward (50). xai' payawe't, wooden mountains,
a'x ya-una' (p)bakio', high water forest {monte) (41).
{altamor) (50) (?). xai' yawe't kuaska'm, the grass grows
a'l yauna' alua'x (?), midday {me- {la yerba crece) (pi.) (45).
diodia) (53) (cf. ake'k). xai' yawe't yama'k, I break many
a'l ya-una' k awa kiu', the sun is sticks (51).
rising {el sol se levanta) (57, 131). lemi' payawe't, centipede {ciento
xa'l ya-una'k, upper lip {labro de pii), "many feet" (38).
arriba) (20). mahue'l (?), they are all.
xa'm unakekiu, the bird flies (29) mok yawe't, muk yewe't, hogs (25,
(xa'm ya-una'k ekiu'). 60).
ya-una'k akio', God {Dios), "Who nawaso'l tom eke' payawe't, a rich
went above" {que se fue arriba) man {hombre rico) (89)
(61). nawose'l payawe't, nawoso'l paya-
ye-una'k paklehue'nle, steam {vapore) we't, there are many people {gente
(28). son muchos) (7).
ya-uno', yes! {si!) (125). nawi's wata'p payawe't, we are
ya-uno'me, he says that it is so {dice pulling up {nosotros estamos arran-
que si) (125). cando) (86).
paikamau' payawe't, to kill one an- yehau, vomit (vomito) (114).

other (matarse entrambos) (73). paihau', to vomit (vomir) (114), one
pamaptama't payawe't, past time who has vomited (10, 102).
(59). pakayau' yehau', sick to the stomach
payawe't xa'l pawe'nle, all shave (enfermo del vomito) (32).
themselves (105). ye-ina', you (listed); yena'x, you (pi.)
payawe't nawaso'l payiwa'k, to beat (vosotros) (85) (see emna"').
many people (golpear muchas gentes) nana" pa-ulamai' kame yeina', you
(30). are not able to shout (listed no
payawe't pakai', all men eat (todos puede gritar) (110).
hombres comen) (8). ye-ina'n, we (nosotros) (85).
payawe't paser payawa'p, provisions yeina'n paina'k, I arrive (yo llego)
{ser seems to be the Spanish word (110) (yeina', I, can't be said) (110).
"to be", paser, "que va ser") (69, yeina' pessua' papusamai', I can't
95). figure (yo no puedo chiffar) (110).
payenue'n nawi's wata'p payawe't, yeina' paseyau' paipetia'p, I can't
we are pulling (nosotros somos defecate (yo no puedo cagar) (110).
arrancando) (77) ye-ina'n paye'he, we think (nosotros
somna'-u payawe't, many Indians pensamos) (39).
(muchos Indios y mucha gente) yekere'na, agile (ajilao) (?), exhibiting
(23). feats of agility (volteando) (word in
Tampakua' hiawe't, Tampakua' pa- song) (136, 137).
hiawe't, Tampacua Indians, "many yeketso, word in song, said to be mean-
Tampacua Indians" (muchos (son) ingless (136) (see ke'tseyo').
Tampacuas (or Tompacuas)) (23). ye'm (perhaps should be I, cf. ye'n).
ta-u' payawe't amkamau', chile stings ye'm pesam, he says he doesn't wish
much (el chile pica mucho) (45). (dice que no quiere) (50).
wama'k payawe't, town (pueblo) yem pesa'm ya-uno', he says he wishes
(51). (dice que quiere) (50).
wama'k payawe't pakna', city, "big yemo', yemo'; horn (cuerno) (19, 28).
town" (51). yemo', root (raiz) also key (Have) ;
ye', to hear (oir) (115), to think (pensar) (28, 41).
apehel pex paye'he, those (others) ye'n, I, my, me (sometimes given as

think (or hear (oyeron)) (ellos "he," or "she," probably errone-
(otros) piensan) (39). ously) .
mesmati' kenkiwa'ye, hear what I ama't pakio', klam yen ka'mle, where
you! (oye se lo quetedigo!) (32). did my dog go? (73).
tell
anquailam, I love you (Uhde, p. 186).
nana' tokom yene', I think it is this
emna" yen mat, your (pi.) mother
(pienso ser esto) (yene = pensar) (64).
(madre de vosotros) (89).
paiye', in order to hear (para oir)
esto'k yeni' payawe't, they are com-
(103, 115).
panions (son companeros).
paye'he, to think and to hear (pensar
esto'k yen mat, their mother (madre
y oir) (111, 115), that one thinks de ellos, madre de ellas) (89).
(aquel piensa) (39) ; you think (tu
gla'm yenka'm, where is my dog? (or
piensas) (39).
this dog is mine) (73).
somi' pexka'm, deaf (sordo) (79). gla'm yen kam xat alpa'x, where is
ye-ina'n paye'he, we think (nosotros my dog? (donde estd mi perro?) (93).
pensamos) (39). gla'm yen ka'mi, my dog is eating
yena'x paye'he, you (pi.) think (mi perro estd comiendo) (103).
(vosotros pensais) (or emna' gna' yen mat; their mother (madre de
pame'he) (39). ellos, ellas) (89).
yen paye'he, I think (yo pienso), I kamla yentke', my land {mi tierra)
hear (yo 6yo) (39). (89).
ke'm yen he'l, I am married, "a ye'n ko't manzana payema', you gave
woman goes with me" ("me casS") my son an apple {listed dio a mi
(17). hijo una manzana) (68).
xa't yen halaka'm, I don't under- ye'n ma't, my mother {mi madre) (15).
stand the language {no entiendo la ye'n meklai', my skirt {falda) (49).
idioma) (120). ye'n mo's, ye'n mawi's, my father
xa't yen uhalau', I understand the {mi padre) (15, 135).
language {entiendo idioma) (120).
la ye'n omta'i, my parents {mis
lavor yentke', lavor i-entke', the crop parientes) (16).
is mine (la mil-pa estd mid) (51, 89). ye'n paye'he, I think {yo pienso) and
nawi's yen a'npayakla'p, I pinch my- Ihear {yo oyo) (39).

self {yo me pellizco mismo) (117). yen pesa'm, I don't know (76)
somi' yentka'm, in my land {en mi ye'n te', my mother {mi madre) (15,
tierra) (89). 135).
wama'k yenke' panelue'm, in my yen(t)ke' pakwase'l, my friend {mi
house {en mi casa) (26). amigo) (89).
yeina'n paina'k, I arrive {yo llego) ye'n tkuau (probably for yentk
(nak=to come) (85). kwau'), my husband {mi marido)
yemi' (contracted from ye'n emi'), (16).
my foot {mi pie) (8). ye'n wata'p payawe't, they are pull-
ing up {ellos son arrancando, ellas
yena'ha {or yena') la kam, I don'r
son arrancando) (85).
know {yo no se), I don't recognize
yena'mle, tied {amarrado) (102).
{yo no conosco) (105).
yeme'm, he bridled alone {arrendo
yenamera, looking {mirando) (138-
solof).
text)
yene'-i, you (pi.) {vosotros) (75, 85).
(yen) apakua'menta, I will bite {yo
yena'x paye'he, you think {vosotros
mordere) (99).
pensais) (39).
yeni' nana' ampeywa'kle, to fight yenhel, to walk {andar)
(?) (119) (cf.
each other (I and thou) {pelear apehe'l, other),
entrambos) (97) (yeina' can't be esto'kklam yenhe'l, klam yen kam,
used for "I"). an Indian with a dog {Indio con
yen ekla, my daughter {mi hija) (15). perro) (119).
yen ekla' (contr. yekla') petawi's, my esto'k klam yenhe'l kam, an Indian
younger daughter (15). without a dog {andando sino un
yen halS kam, to forget one's self perro) (119).
{olvidarse) (89). gna'x kla'm yentka'm payenhe'l, a
yenke', in mine {en mia) (89). man (walking) with a dog (119,
ye'n ke'n, my aunt {mi tia) (16). 131, 189).
ye'n kenesa', ye'n kenosa' (A), my kla'm payenhe'l pessua', (a man)
little sister {mi hermanita) (15). walking without a dog (131, 179)
ye'n ken kica'x, my younger sister {{hombre) sino perro) (119).
{mi hermana menor) (15). ke'm yen he'l, my wife, "she married
ye'n ken pakna', my elder sister {mi me" {me case) (17).
hermana mayor) (15). kla'm yen kam, Indian with a dog
yenkepo', I recline (on a chair) (68). {Indio con perro) (119).
ye'n kia'm, my uncle {mi Ho) (16). yeso',
yenkla', to my son (d mi hijo) (68). knem yeso', to nurse,
ye'n ko's kica'x, my younger brother yeso' knem, to nurse {mamar las
{mi hermano menor) (15). tetas) (112).
ye'n ko's pakna', my elder brother yina'-u; yina'wi, dienansecuas (84)

{mi hermano mayor) (15). (tienau seknas) (Uhde p. 186);
ye'n ko't, my son {mi hijo) (15). nine.
yi'y, three; Uhde (p. 186) has guiye. yowe n, yo n,

ke'm yi'y, three women {tresmujeres) panayowe'n, it goes alive {anda vivo)
(23). (81, 138); he is alive {vivo estd)
ke'm payi'y, no women (not three (137).
women?) {ninguna viujer) (23).
payo'warema (abbr. payo'), when it
kla'm yi'y, three dogs {tres perros)
goes seeking {cuando va bramando
(84).
(or buscando)) (138).
payi'y, three and a half (51).
yi'y mata'hi (?); pamakue'l
nawi payowe'n, payo'n, alive (30, 137-
(2d informant); jomennaumeteu text)
(Uhde, p. 186), eight (?). payowe'ra, pa'yowen, yayo'n, it is
yohue'l, alive {estd vivo) (81).

a'x yohue'l, the clouds {las nubes)
(54) (cf. pohuen, steam engine
under exno').
COMECRUDO TEXTS
This material is very crude but was all that Dr. Gatschet was able to obtain
and all that ever can be obtained owing to the utter extinction of the language.
Miterio ipekio't Reynosa va-utisa'ra (or) ax pehe-

boy (fiaulisar (Span.)) baptized
pola'm awaite'm, ano 1824; yen mo S nahakme'm

(threw I entered my father poor
the water) (to be baptized)
esto'k, Reynosa paka'm; yen te' Tonita

Indian was a native mother Antonita
of (originario)
paplau' ke'm na wi apaikawai' iwata'p pekio't

died women 4 Pintos fleeing boys
kisha'x yawu'et malcuei; mahue'l paplau' kica'x;

little many (pi.) all (or plau) died little
20 anos ha paite' pailde'm(?) apaikie' nana

20 years since he wished I came that I go
(quiso)
Selakampo'm apakamau'Ie ikamau' apeha'l; Matamoros

the Comanche in fighting that I killed some
kleka'l to'm ikamau' Tom Carrizo pakamau'le

around some I killed the Carrizos they killed
Selakampo'm.
the Comanches.
Dancing Song
1. Kuana'ya we'mi kewa'naya we' me,

We'wana kua'naya we'mi,
E'we paskue'l pe-a-una'ma.
deer comes does not go from the
{venado) (wene) mountain {no sale del monte)
2. Nuewa'na kuana'ya, kuana'ya we'mi,

Nu'e e'we paskue'l pe'-auna'ma.
3. Kere nami nu'we seyota'-i-ye kerena'mi.
(fiale el venado) (word of the singer)
3a. a'xpepola'mla, it is a gush of water (or estd demando elagua)

(a'h pe'xpolam, to throw water),
a'x mel, the water slides).
apei xi', clear sky.
a' yohuei, the clouds (a', water).
4. Nawai' ma'wayo nawi'yawe nawa'peka.

(tuna flower) (huical) (unmeaning)
(singer or
ballad maker)
5. Ke'tseyo' wene' yawa'ye; ke'tso wana'ye, yeketso weni' gawa'ye.

6. Yeke'rena wena'payo we'na, yawe'ye ke'rena wena'peyo we'na.
(whirling)
7. Semeye'no weno' weka'payo weno'.

itgoes on the smelling
smelling ground
8. Newe ma'-eyo' wena' newe meka'r eyo wena'.

isgoing to enter on
the mountain (wai)
9. Pa-iwe'uni newe' mleta'-u pa-iwe -uni.

(goes skipping deer above (letau')
about) (quiera de)
10. Ewe' yekerena' wena' pay+o'n (for payo'wen).

the deer is alive (alive)
(yekerena, being (estando, siendo))
11. Kuama' mekayena, kuamane mekaye'na, kuama mete'wela.

the deer was (no meaning)
silent
12. Nuwe' nua'ya ma, nua'ya ma, nueno a'ma, nuekwo a'yami nua'ya
(the deer is coming)
13. Nueseme'ye peya-una'ma nuwe' wayaka'ma.

(he is in the mountain, that he is not absent from the mountain)
14. Panayowe'n, yowe n panayowen, yowe'n.

(he is alive, yowe'n)
15. Nuwe' nuwa'yama'n kua'ya maya

the deer is looking
16. Nuwe' mapeme ma nawa'yama nuwe' mapeme'ma.

the deer la corbita
(is bent?) (pellito es corbita)
17. Newe' semi'-eke' peya-una'ma, newe' wa'i aka'ma.

deer (terreno his el mojota, the deer did not go
peloncito) mountain is there away from the mountain.
(did not go out of the water)
18. Newe ne'-eke senowe ya payo wera yename ra.

deer round about is alive looking (mirando)
walking
19. Payo'warewa pa'yo waiye'ye ke'nema [ewe

(rutting) when to the mountain female deer's
he went hunting
pakna'x klatai'l
call it makes &, S, a
20. Newe newa'ya-imawe' lenai'kwena'. mawi' newaya'-imawl.

deer for the little goes hunting the same sticks the tail up
tail
21. Newe koe'rewe kuayo mane wai'.

deer rising (when it stretches for the mountain
was lying down) out
22. Ne'we" peke'lena kiau' anawe wayi.

deer (pelonisio) to the little
south
23. Ke ma'rema pena'waye newe na yowe. [Emna° pakueti'wak.]

(the deer) is looking it trumpets thrown on the plain I trumpet (using a deer call
down (jpoT debajo) I think).
ENGLISH-COMECRUDO INDEX
about to, inyu's. auger, xai', palakua'p.
above: aunt, ke'm, ken.
from above, le't (apparently on the ax, apake't(le).
Rio Grande). baby, pekio't.
to below, le't. back, swahue'l.
above, ape'l, ya-una'k. back of chair, paptak.
ache, kayau'. backsides, ale'l.
after, semi', ya'k. backward, pesna'k.
afternoon, etela'm(le). bad, a'pal, elia'wa-ite, pilie'p.
against, somi', ya-ama'm. bagre (a fish), pakma't.
agave, kai, pitai'. bald, peke'l.
agile, yekere'na. ball, a; bala, kemio'p.
agility, feats of; yekere'na. band, wam.
alewife, atui's. baptize, to; a'x, pepolam, va-utisa'ra.
alive, met, nawaso'l, yowe'n. barber, te.
all, mahue'l, yawe't. bark, xai', pake'tle, pamoxma'm.
all about, senowe'ya. basket, pawape'l.
alligator, selau'. bat, wessi'.
alone, nawi's, somi'. bathe, to; pawape'l.
angry, pakwase'l. baths, hot; aussoles.
animal, kla'm. be, to; alpa', alua'x, aneluem, nati,
anoint, to; apekatai' (le) ser, ya-uno', ya't.
another, apehe'l, xo'p. beam, pahuai'(l).
ant, kiome't. beans, patoH'to.
antelope, icnako'. bear, kla'm, yatau'.
anthill, e'-u, kiome't, yawe't. beard, xa'l.
anything, tom. beat, to; anelua'k(le), payiwa'k.
apple, manzana. bed, elua'x.
arise, to; ake'k. bedbug, wisne'p.
arm, lo't mapi'. bed covering, mepe'l.
armadillo, mowe'n. bee, sepiau'.
armpit, guahia'k. beef, jerked; aikiet.
around, gleka'l, warn, beetle, wisne'p.
around itself, senowe'ya.
before, ya'k, yap,
arrive, to; kio, paina'k.
begin, to; payowa'tni.
arrow, kua'k (cf. reed),
behind, pesna'k, wama'k.
ashamed, te.
ashes, len, seme'l. belch, to; aikatua'k.
at home, elpau'. bell, a; xalma't.
at once, ya. belly, wa'x.
184198—40 8
below, le't. bush, yalu'-i.

belt, warn. butterfly, yalu'-i.
bend, pawape'l. buttocks, ale'l, kepe'l.
bend, to; payawai'(le). button, boto'n (Spanish word).
bent, pakati', mapeme'ma, pawape'l. buy, to; hua'm.
berry, a'u. buzzard, paketiapo'.
big, pakma't, pakna'x, poska'm. caccaccio (a little plant), a's a'x.
hitd, xa'm. cactus-fig, fruit of; a'u.
bison, wakate'. calabash, a'x, guapo'k, kai.
Tsite, to; kuam. call, to; ite'.
bitter, pa-isia'u. cane, kua'k.
black, pa'l, yatau'. canoe, xai', pakwatatap.
blackish, pamo'l. capitan, katawa'n.
blade, xayepo'. cardinal bird, kuis, xa'm, pamso'l.
blanket, a; meklai, mepe'l. careless, pateta'm.
blind, papi's, u-i, moya'k. carriage, pakwatatap.
blood, kia'l. Carrizo Indian, a; esto'k.
blot, e'-u, panate'l, yape'l. carry, to; apakam(le).
blow, to; pasekiau', po(t). cast, to; tap.
blower, a; po(t). cat, mu's.
blue, payasu'i. cat, spotted; epapu'l.
body, met. catamount, xuepe't.
boil, to; pakia'p, pamakua'. catch by, to; awagat.
bone, ehAei, klemi', xi'. caterpillar, epe'-u.
book, kiau', xai'. cat's claw tree, xai', pakassa'p,
bore, to; epe'-u. wixne'p.
bom, kekla'xpapau. cattle, wakate'.
bottom, ale'l, el. cauldron, ko-ome't.
bow, xai', tap. cause, to; ite'.
bowstring, apakue'n(le), apatuet(le). cave, e'-u, somi'.
box, alpekuete'n. cavern, e'-u, somi'.
boy, a; kica'x, pelawi's, nawaso'l, centipede, kayau', lemi', wami', yawe't.
pekio't. chair, elpau'.
branch, xai'. chair-back, paptak.
brandy, afisiau'. chamberpot, kale't, pawetia'p.
brave, papi', patua'm, payauya'p. chameleon, kelenkui's.
brazil wood, xai', pamso'l, pawai'. channel, water; kie'.
bread, kai, pase'. chapote-tree; glepo', kai, pele'x.
break, to; apta'k. charcoal, pa'l.
break wind, to; pape't, pel. Charco Escondido (Sp.), Amos, pa'l.
bream, sea, atui's. cheat, kol.
breast, female; kne'm. cheek, welo'.
breath, po(t). cheese, pakepta'g(le).
breathe, to; po(t). chest, kene'.
breechclout, pape'-ula. chew, to; kai.
bridle, kuam, xa'l. chief, kwamlal, katawa'n.
bridle, to; yena'mle. chigoe, neke't.
bring over, to; paketetua'k. child, pekio't.
broom; apakamsap(le), xai', yalu'-i. chile (Sp.), ta-u'.
brother, kanosa', ko's. china, payawa'p(le),
brown, pamso'l. chinquapin, empta'-u.
buffalo, wakate'. chuparosa (a bird), kica'x.
bull, wakate'. church, ewaye'hhi, pele'x, wama'k.
burdock (lampazo), aklelo', pamuai'. cigar, a'x, poska'm.
burn, to; met, pamakua'. cigarette, a'x, pe'kla.
S wanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 109
wama'k, yawe't.
-city, cradle, awekna't(le).
clasp-knife, wen. crane, ko'l.
clean, papi's, peki's. crippled, xi'.
clean, to; pella'p(le). crooked, pakati'.

clear, xi', payesu'i. crop, lavor.
clear, to; pella'p(le). cross-eyed, u-i.
close, to; walaF. crow, pa'l.

cloth, meklai. crowbar, kayepo', xayepo'.
cloud, a'li, ape'l, mape'l, yohue'l. crust of sugar, pa-uyau'.
coach, a; met. cry, to; sela'-i, ulamai'.
coal, pa'l. cub of a fox, pu's.
cochineal, mape'n, pamso'l. cup, pamakua'.
cock, ulamai'. cup, chocolate; ko-ome't, epe't(le),
cockroach, wisne'p. pakuape't(le).
cocoanut, axkuapo'. cure, to; aina'p, mapeme'ma.
coffee, afisiau'. cut, to; kawi, te, we.
cohabit, to; pataita'm. cut off, to; kawi, te.
colariu (a weed), xai', pamso'l. damage, xowamte'.

cold, pakli', pasekiau'. dance, a; kuama'k.
<5oliraa (Sp.), pakwa'm(?), sahueti'. dance, to; kuama'k.
colt, a; kica'x, poya'k. dancer, a; ma'wayo.
com.a (fruit), kemo'. dark; pa'l, patotiau', yatau'.
Comanche, Selakampo'm. darkened, painate'l.
comb, apakiasa'm(la). dart, a; sepiauya'm.
comb, to; apakiasa'm(la). daughter, ekla'.
come, to; kie', le'xo, na, paskue'l. dawn, to; ma-ute'.
come down, to; elpa. day; a'l, glol, maptama'k.
Comecrudo, esto'k, kai, peya'p. daybreak: ma-ute'.
come out, to; kio, pe-a-una'ma. day following, the; maptamak.
come up, to; wata'k. dead, kamau', plau.
command, to; kwamlal. deaf, papua'l.
commander, kwamlal. death, plau'.
companion, esto'k. deep, e'-u.
confess, to; ite'. deer; ewe',
conjurer, tewalise'l. deerskin, ewe', ehtie'm.
continue, to; kiapai'ne. defecate, to; pawetia'p.
contract, to; payawai'le. desire, to; mek.
contrarywise, warn. desire, not to; pes.
conversation, ekna. devil, pahuel, yame'l.
cook, to; pa'kia'p, pamakua'. die, to; kamau', plau, pokue't.
cool, to; pakli'. dig, to; ewape'tlem.
cord, kabristo' (probably a Mexican dirty, papela'ple.
word), patetua'k(le). discourse, to; ekna.
cork, a; e'-u, gatla'm(la), mawene. distant, xo'p, meska'm.
com, tawelo'. divided, paptak.
corncob, pakenha'(le), tawelo'. do, to; aine'me, ite'.
corral, paikue'sne. docked, papo'l.
Cotoname Indians, esto'k, somi', sela- dog, ketuau', kla'm.
kampo'm. door, walai'.
cotton, e'-u, mepe'l. dot, e'-u, yape'l.
countryman, paulape't. dove, xa'm.
cover, to; xa'l, meklai, mepe'l, walai'. down, el.
cow, wakate'. draw, to; xi'kwap, tap.

coyote, kla'm. draw out, to; aina'p, xe't, moya'k.
coyotillo, koyoti'yo. dress, meklai.
no BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
drink, to; kam. fear, to; payawela'-u.

drum, patapta'k, tambo'r. feather, xa'm.
dry, pehue't, ptau. feeble, pokue't, telom.
dumb, ekna, somi'. fell, to; ehap.
dung^, ahui', pawetia'p. female, ke'm.
dwell, to; elua'x. female breasts, see breast, female.
dying, pokue't. fence, kayepo', payahuai'.
each day, kuiti'n. fever, elea'.
each other, kuiti'n. few, sekua.
eagle, xa'm, pa-uta'p. field, somi'.
ear, ali'. fife, papa-usa'mle.
ear of com, tawelo'. fight, to; wak.
earth, kamla'. fighter, wak.
earwax, wa'-u. file, a; yap.
east, le't. finger, mapi.
eat, to, kai. fingernail, emi'.
eatable, kai. finger-ring, mapi'.
ebony, wa'-u. finish, to; itakua'k.
edge, kon. fire, klewe'm, len.
eel, poska'm. firewood, pamakua'.
egg (bird's), yau'. first, kuiti'n.
eggshell, sepe'l, yau'. fish, atui's, selau'.
eight, xomenank, mata'he, yi'y. fisher-boat, a'x, pakati'.
elbow, pawape'l, mapi'. fisherman, pakati'.
elder brother, see brother. fish-hook, awagat.
elder sister, see sister. fish -pole, xai', xom
empty, alpa'. fist, apta'k, mapi'.
end, at the; yase'n. fit, to; ekna't(la).
end, to; itakua'k. five, makue'l.
enter, to; epe'-u, ite', meka'reyo. fiash of lightning, a; met.
envelop, to; warn. flat, pame'le, papo'l, peki's, poska'm.
evening, lesum. flea, nahueli'z.
evening star, ketekui', lesum. flee, to; wata'p
evergreen, oak, payauya'p. flesh, ewe'.
every day, kuiti'n. flexible, payaye'l.
ewe, a; kesewuyo'. flint, woyekue'l.
examine, to; kuayomane. flood tide, kio.
excrement, ahui'. flower, awai', exno', xai', pawai'.
exhausted, papiewi'. fly, keswahui'.
explosion, miop. fly, to; kio, kolma's.
extinguished, ekuete'n. foam, a'x, pakwu', pepo'k.
eye, u-i. fog, milio.
eyebrow, u-i. foggy, meyo, milio.
eyelash, u-i. follow, to; yap.
eyesore, kayau', u-i. food, kai, pamakua', pa'muapl,
eye water, w-au. payawa'p(le).
face; ape'l. foot, emi', lemi'.
faeces, kale't. footprint, malai'.
fall, to; me'l, pamesai', ehap. forcibly, pa-uta'p.
far, xo'p, meska'm. forehead, pex.
far, very; somi'. foreign, alua'x, somi'.
farther oflF, napet. forest, kiapai'ne, xai', somi', wai',
fast, to; ikwalua'k, pasa'm, wa'x. yawe't.
fat, pa'k, wewui'. forget, to; hala.
father, mawi's. fornication, pataita'm.
/our, nawui'. hang (until dead), to; ahua'p.

fox, mu's. hard, pa-uta'p.
friend, pakwase'l. hare, guati'.
frighten, to; pewaptai'ne. harvest, ayawe't, nahakme'm, tawelo'.
frisk, to; pa-iwe'-uni. haste, with; sap.
frixolillo (Sp.), patoli'to. hat, pakuape't(le).
frog, paka'-u. hatchet, see axe.
from, le't, warn. have, to; pat.
fruit, a'u, pe'-iwa's. hawk, xa'm, pa-uta'p.
full moon, pehepola'm. hay, gloxkue'l.
full of, paka'm(le). he, nani'.
fun of, to make; ene't, paka'(le). head, ela'x.
furious, pakwase'l, pa-u ta'p. headache, ela'x, kayau'.
future time, pai-, yawe't. hear, to; ye'.
gander, pakma't. heart, kayase'l.
garment, meklai. heart, in his; met.
gate, walai'. heat, the; mahape'I, sowetiau'.
get up, to; ake'k. heaven, ape'l.
gimlet, palakua'p. heavy, maketiau'.
girl, ke'm, kica'x. hen, xa'm, ulamai'.
give, to; ayema'. here, ya.
glue, to; walai'. heron, ko'l.
goat, kape'l. hidden, kama't.
goat, he; pahuel. high, pakna'x, ya-una'k.
God, kio. high water, kio.
gold, oro, pa-uta'p. hill, wai', yahue'n.
good, pele'x, pese'x, poxla'p. hips, kepe'l, wa'x.
good day!, etayuap(le). his, eke', men.
goose, xa'm, pu's. hog, mo'k.
go out, to; kerenami. hole, e'-u, pawapta'k.
go there, to; aiwama'm. hollow, alpa', e'-u.
go, to; aneluem, kiapai'ne, kie'.Jkio, honey, pana'l, pekue'l, sepiau'
le'xo. honeycomb, sepiau'.
gourd, kai. hoof, emi'.
governor, katawa'n, pakma't. horn, ygmo'.
grandson, ta-i. horse, poya'k.
granjeno (a shrub), glake'n, kua's. horsehair, ela'x poya'k.
grass, gloxkue'l, kaise't, xai'. horseman, elpau'.
gray, yatau'. horseshoe, ekna't(la), emi', meklai,
great, pakma't, poska'm, yawe't. poya'k.
green, yalu'-i. hot, sowetiau'.
grind, to; epiu', pakuape'l. house, wa'k, wama'k.
grow, to; kuaska'm, papewe't(le). how, tete.
growl, to; pamawau'. hunger, ikwalua'k.
grunt, to; paka'm(le). hungry, ikwalua'k.
gun, miop. h\int, to; lenai'kwena'.
gunpowder, aka, kemio'p. husband, tkuau'.
hail, to; pamesai'. I, na, ye-ina'n, ye'n.
hair, ela'x, emo'l. ice, kem.
hairless, peke'l. icicle, kem (cf. snow),
hammer, awakui'l, epo', pakui'. impostor, an; kol.
hand, mapi'. in, hak.
handle, awagat, mapi'. in a little while, icikue'n.
handle, to; klap. in front of, wama'k.
handsaw, a; apaket(le). in the act of, inyu's.
112 BUREAU OF AMERICAN" ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 127
Indian, esto'k, somna'-u, gna'x, nawa- let, to; ahua'p.

so'I. letter, xai'.
Indian, wild; selakampo'm. level, pame'le.
indolent, pateta'm. lie, to; kol.
inform oneself, to; anwalom. lie, to wish to; elua'x.
in front of, alpai'(la). life, payase'l.
inhabit, to; elua'x. ligaments, apakuen(le).
inhabitant, elua'x. light, klewe'm.
injury, xowamte'. light, to; ahane'k(la), pamakua'.
insect, wisne'p. lighten, to; met.
inside, hak. light-green, yalu'-i.
interrogation, sign of; e'. lightning, met.
intestines, wa'xh. lignum vitae, xai', pa'k, pella'pCle).
intoxicated, afisiau', pamesua'k. line, weme'n.
island, a'x, te. lion, xuepe't.
itself, nawi's. lip, xa'l.
jerked beef, aikiet, tet. little, anawe'wayi, kica'x, petawi's,.
joints (in cane), pawapta'k. sekua.
judge, pa-uta'p. little by little, akma't, sen.
jump, to; paka'-u. live, to; elua'x.
just now, pu's. liver, am.
kernels of com, pakenha'(le). lizard, kuakau'.
kettle, ko-ome't. load, ahua'p, pe't.
key, xayapo', y6mo'. load, to; pe't.
kill, to; kamau'. locomotive, xai', met.
kiss, to; ahua'p, xa'l. locust, xa'm pakui's.
knee, i-apo'. log, xai'.
kneel, to; elkape't(le), elpau'. long, woska'm.
kneepan, i-apo'. look, to; kuayomane, max.
knife, kawi, xayepo'. lose (at play), to; elia'wa-ite.
knot in wood, xai', pawape'l. louse, a blackish; ak.
know, to; hala, yanam. louse, white; pati'.
labor, lav or. love, to; kwau.
lack, not to; waya. love, to fall in; pataita'm.
lagoon, a'x, pakma't. lover, kwau.
lake, pakma't. low, e'-u, pu's.
lamb, kesewuyo'. low water, peki's.
lame, kayau', xi'. lower, e'-u.
lance, the; paya'-u. lower, to; paketetua'k.
land, kamla', somi'. machete, epo', pakma't.
language, hala, xa't, tete. mad, pa'tni, powi.
large, pakma't, poska'm, yawe't. magpie, yatau'.
Las Cuevas, kio't, wama'k. maguey, epie'-u.
Las Prietas, pa'l, wama'k. maize, tawelo'.
last, kuiti'n, pesna'k. make, to; ite', pekue'l.
late, lesum. male, pamua'l.

laugh, to; maleau', paikomla'. man, esto'k gna'x.
lead, kamau'.
mano, apaki'(le).
manure, pawetia'p.
leaf, sel.
many, sekua, yawe't.
leap, to; paka'-u.
mare, ke'm, poya'k.
leave, to; ahua'p. marry, to; kwau.
leave, not to; pe-a-una'ma. mass, the; ite', misa.
left, pakweti's, weme'n. masticate, to; kai.
leg, ale'l. mat, gloxkue'l, pawe'le.
match, a; ahane'k(la). navel, kiemu'.

me, ye'n. near (adj.), gleka'l, pahuai'(l).
means, it; hala. neck, amo'.
measuring worm, wekati'. necklace, papola'mla.
meat, ewe', kai. negro, gna'x, yatau'.
medicine, kam. negress, ke'm, yatau'.
mescal, afisiau', epie'-u. needle, pelai(le).
mesquite, ta'n. neighboring, gleka'l.
mestizo, pepo'k, pilie'p, yatau'. nerves, the; gna'k.
metal, wahue'n. nest, alua'x, xa'm.
metate, apaki'(l6). net, man.
meteor, ketekui'. new, pele'x, sawalpa'.
Mexico, kiau'. newt, kuakau'.
midday, alua'x, ya-una'k. night, glo'l, hexlai'le, patotiau'.
middle, in the; ima'k. nine, yina'-u.
midnight, glo'l, hexlai'le, ma-ute'. nit, wessi'.
midst in the; ya-una'k.
of, no, ka'm.
milk, kene', wakate'. noise, mio'p.
mine, ye'n. noon, a'l.
mission, a; i-en, yawe't. north, homble't, le't, pasekiau'.
moccasins, meklai, po'so, te'-u. norther (blows), emlakta'm.
mock, to; paka'(le). northward, emlakta'm.
mockingbird, xa'm, peka'm. nose, ya'x.
molar teeth, pakuape'l. nostrils, paptak.
money, pasinope't. not, ka'm.
money, hard; pa-uta'p. nothing, alpa', ka'm, pessua', somi',
Monterey, meska'm, wama'k. toko'm.
month, one; kuiti'n, mes. now, maptama'k.
moon, ka'n. nuphar, aklelo', pa'-i.
morass, a; kamla', pa'k. nurse, to; kene', yeso'.
morning, ma-ute'. nut, kai.
morning star, ketekui', ma-ute'. oak, xai'.
mortar, e'-u. obscured, panate'l.
mosquito, keswahui'. odor, pamata'p.
moss, pio's. oil, tcau'.
mother, ma't, te. old, akna, gna'x, pat, pilie'p.
mountain, wai'. one, kuiti'n.
mouth, xa'l. one another, yawe't.
move, to; kie'. one-eyed, u-i.
much, yawe't. one's self, nawi's.
mud, kamla', pa'k, peti'y. onward, nape't.
mulatto, pa'l. open, to; ahatai, apta'k, eko'k(le).
mule, kasme't, orphan, pakwesso'm.
mushroom, wai'. other part, iyope'm.
mustache, xa'l. others, apehe'l.
mutilated, papo'l. other side, on the; wapna'k.
my, ye'n. otter, a'x, alua'x.
myself, nawi's, ye'n. our, ment.
nacahuita (Sp.), pawape'l, wai'. out, ekuete'n.
nail, xayepo'. out of, hak.
nails (finger and toe), emi', eso'k. outside, moya'k.
naked, peke'l. owl, xa'm, pakma't, u-i.
name, the; lekau'. own, to; kam.
name, to; hala, tete. ox, wakate'.
native of, a; kam. ox-yoke, apakam(le), wakate'.
paint, to; pakahuai'. potato, sweet; pakma't.

Pakawa Indian, pakahuai'. pour out, to; pepolam.
pantaloons, warn. power, ahua'p.
panther, xuepe't. prairie, pele'x, somi'.
paper, kiau', xai', pakahuai'. pregnant, paki's.
parakeet (P), ketuau', xa'm, pa-ulape't, prepare, to; nelpo'k, yap.
parasite, a; giahu'is. pretty, pese'x, poxla'p.
parasol, a'l, makua'k. prick, to; amkiet, kamau', paya'-u.
parents, ta-i. prickly pear, mape'n.
parrot, a; xa'm, pa-ulape't, yalui. priest, ewaye'hhi.
(passive suffix), -nata. provisions, payawa'p(le), yawe't.
past time, maptama'k. pug-nose, papna'n.
paste, to; walai'. pull, to; xi'kwap, nawi's.
path, al, kica'x. pull up, to; anawe'n, pawe'le, payenui',
pathway, a'l, kica'x. tap.
pecan, glepo'. pumpkin, kai.
peccary, mo'k. purchase, to; hua'm.
peck, to; palakua'p. purge, a; a'x, pepolam.
pelican, xa'm, poska'm, ya'x, yatau'. purge, to; pawetia'p.
penis, gluk. purple, panate'l.
people, nawaso'l, somna'-u. put, to; ahua'p, ayapa.
pepper, red; ta-u'. put down, to; ahua'p, paketetua'k.
perform, to; ite'. quick, sap, ya.
person, esto'k. rabbit, kiexue'n.
peyote, ko'p. raccoon, pakwa'-ule.
peyote, dance of the; kai. rafter, wama'k, pahuai'(l).
pigeon, xa'm, pepo'k. rage, powi'.
pillow, pakwetai'le. railroad, kie', pakwatata'p(le).
pinch, to; klap. rain, a'x, mape'l.
Pinto Indian, a; pakahuai'. rain, to; me'l, pamesai'.
pipe, a'x, kahue'l. rainbow, a'l, maiko'k.
pistol, kemio'p, pu's. raise, to; ko-e'rewe.
place, to; ahua'p. rash, kuam.
place against, to; ya-ama'm. rat, kuam.
place upon, to; apakam(le). rattle, axkuapo', paktel, pase'l.
plain, a; pele'x. rattlesnake, panate'l, pase'l, wemu'k.
plane, a; map. raven, xa'm, pal.
plane, to; axpakle'k. raw, peya'p.
plate, ayenwa'p(la), kai, plate. ray of light, a; lau'.
play, the; elia'wa-ite, xai', pehau. razor, kawi', xa'l, we, wen.
play, to; pehau. read, to; waxlau'.
playing card, pehau. reciprocal, the; -enta, klap.
Pleiades, the; kwamo'. recognize, to; hala.
pocket, emte', le'xo, meklai, te. red, kuis, pamso'l.
point, lemi'. reed, kua'k (cf. arrow),
pointer (a dog), kla'm, pamo'l. reflexive, the; -enta.
poison, a; kua'k, pa-uple, pekatai', sel. reimprisoned, pateta'm.
pool, a; a'x, kon. remain, to; ayapa.
poor, nahakme'm. resplendent, paptope't.
rest, to; iwakuet, pohokue't.
porcelain, payawa'p(le).
return, to; payenui'.
possess, to; kam.
return to, to; pelkua'm.
post, xai'.
ribs, wa'x.
pot, kale't, ko-ome't. rich, nahakme'm.
potato, pakma't. rider, elpau'.
rifle, miop. self, i, nawi's.

right, pepeki'sen. separate, to; apta'k.
right arm, see arm, right. serape, a; meklai, mepe'l.
ring, apakam(le), ekna't(la). set, to; (as the sun); eme't.
Rio Grande, the; atmahau', pakma't. seven, makue'l.
ripe, pe'-iwa's. sew, to; pelai(le).
rise, to; ake'k, kio, maptama'k, wata'k. sewer (one who sews), pelai(le).
rising ground, yahue'n. sexual organ, female; melkuai'.
river, atmahau'. shadow, patotiau'.
road, a'l. shark, pakna'x, wemu'k.
robe, a woman's; meklai. sharp, ika'm.
rock, pakma't, woyekue'l. shave, to; kawi, wen.
roof, pahuai'(l), wama'k. she, nani'.
root, ygmo'. shirt, meklai.
rope, a; kabristo'. shoes, meklai.
rose, xai', pawai'. shoot, to; kemio'p, paya'-u, payehepi'
rough, wa-uta'p. shoot the bow, to; paya'-u.
round, pawape'l. shooting star, ketekui'.
row, a; yap. shore, kon.
row, to; wen. short, pu's.
rub, to; axpakle'k, pe't. shorten to; pu's.
rubbing stone, apaki'(le). shoulder; pese'n.
run, to; kie'. shout, to; ulamai'.
sack, a; meklai. shrub, a; glake'n.
saddle, patata'm(le). sick, kayau'.
saliva, xateti's. sick to the stomach, yehau.
salt, sepe'n. side (of mountain), iyA"'si.
salted, payesiau'. side of, ayapa, gleka'l.
Saltillo, somi', wama'k. side of the body, teme't.
same, the; nawi's. sierra, yahue'n.
sand, wahue'n. silent, ekna, mekayena, somi'.
sandals, meklai, wami'. silver, emtai'.
sapsucker, xa'm. sing, to;kuampak.
savanna, pele'x. singer, a;kuampak, ma'wayo.
saw, a; apaket(le). sink down, to; elpau'.
saw oS, to; we. sister, ken, ko's.
say, to; ekna, kiwa. sit, to; elpau'.
scantlings, pahuai'(l), xai'. six, panawuyi.
scissors, we. skiff, pakwatatap.
scorpion, eska'n. skin, ehtie'm, emo'l.
scrape, to; kawi. skip, to; pa-iwe'-uni.
scraper, a; kawi. skirt, meklai.
scratch, to; pahalai'(la.) sky, ape'l.
scrotum, emo'l, lok. sleep, to; (?) paite', eme't.
scuffle, to; wa'k. sleepy head, eikahua'k, telom.
sea, atanawai'. slide, to; me'l.
seahorse (a fish called in Mexican slip, to; me'l.
matalote), gna'x. slope, wai'.
seam, pelai(le). small, kica'x.
seamstress, pelai'(le). smear, to; pekatai'.
seat, patata'm(le). smell, to; exno, weka'payo.
sediment, pa-uyau. smoke, kaye'm.
see, to; max. smoke, to; ko'm.
seed (?), heke'l. smooth, to; axpakle'k.
seek, to; pama'p. snail, a; gni'ss, pakma't.
116 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHIiOLOGY [Bull. 127
snake; wemu'k. stockings, xi', media (Spanish word),

snarl, to; pamawau'. warn,
sniff, to; exno'. stomach, am, kiemu'.
snort, to; ehio. stone, woyekue'l.
snow, kem. stop, to; alpa', ehap malai', nelpo'k.
snuff, to; exno'. stop (rain), to; elpa.
snuff-box, ahatai. stop short, to; te.
so, ya-uno'. straight, paklape'n, werne'n.
soap, pella'p(le), pa'k. straighten, to; weme'n.
soft, wahue'n. strap, a; guapi'.
soil, kamla'. straw, gloxkue'l, pawe'le, sel.
soldier, pakwa'l. stretch, to; weme'n.
sole of foot, wami'. strong, pa-uta'p, sewetiau'.
some, apehe'l. stump, papo'l.
someone, gna'x, torn. sturgeon, gla'm.
something, toko'm, torn. suck, to; aina'p, kene', pe'kla.
son (said by father), ko't. sudden, kie', ya.
sore, kayau'. sugar, wiau'.
sorry, ekohua'k. sugarcane, kua'k, wiau'.
soul, met. summer, mahape'l.
south, kiau'. sun, a'l.
Spaniard, pepo'k, u-i. swallow, xa'm, petawi'.
sparrow-hawk, xa'm, pa-uta'p. sweat baths, aussoles.
speak, to; ekna. sweet, pakomlayau', wiau'.
speech, xa't. sweetmeats, wiau'.
spider, wisne'p. swim, to; akike'te.
spider's web, espe'n. swordflsh(?), selau'.
spine, swahue'l, te. tail (of animal), e'p, imawe.
spit, to; pakokla'p. take, to; awagat, patope'tne.
spittle, a'x, kie', powui. tall, pakna'x, paptewe't.
split, pawapta'k. Tamaulipas, Mesme't(?).
spot, panate'l. tame, somi'.
sprinkle, to; ehap. Tampakua, yawe't.
squall, warn. Tampico city, glape'n.
squint, to; teme't. taper, apaket(le).
squirrel, isma'-u. tarantula, paka'-u.
squirrel, a kind of; kiomsi'. tasajito (a shrub), kua's.
squirrel, flying; urio'n (Mexican word). tattoo, to; pakahuai'.
stamp, to; malai'. teats of a cow, kene, wakate'.
stand, to; mapta'kle, nelpo'k. tecolote, xa'm, mo'elpa', u-i.
star, ketekui'. Tejon Indian, a; esto'k, Tejo'n.
star, falling; emi', ketekui'. tell, to; kiwa, mesmati'.
starch, e'-u. temple, the; u-i.
stay, to; ayapa. temple bone, the; u-i.
steal, to; welkua'm. ten, dieina'wi, xomenank, yi'y.
steam, klewe'm, ya-una'k. testicles, kiwete't.
steamboat, atmahau', kie'. tetter, kuam.
steam engine, exno'. Texan, a; somi'.
stench, pamala'p. Texas, somi'.
stick, xai', sepiauya'm. that, tom.
stick, a little; wixne'p. their, in.
stickleback, swahue'l. themselves, nawi's.
sting, to; kamau'. they, nav/i's.
stink, to; pamala'p. thief, a; welkua'm.
thighs, ale'l.
thin legged, peto'n. iincle, kia'm.

thin shanked, peto'n. uncovered, peke'l.
thing, tokom, torn. under, e'-u, kama't.
think, to; max, ye'. understand, to; liala.
this, toko'm. understand, not to; pa-uka'm.
thorn, te. uninhabited, nawi's.
thou, na'na". unripe, yalu'-i.
thought, the; met. up, ya-una'k.
thread, pelai(le). upon, ya-una'k.
three, yi'y. upper, ya-una'k.
throw, to; aka, na'yowe, pepolam. upward, ya-una'k.
throw down, to; ahua'p. urinate, to; iwe'he.
thrush, xa'm, yata'. useless, pilie'p.
thumb, amha'n(le). utter, to; ekna.
thtinder, ma'k. valiant, patua'm, wak.
thunder, to; klewe'm, pakuatiwak. vein, keme'n.
thunderclap, mak. velduque, see knife.
tick, ko'k. venison, ewe'.
tied, yena'mle. very, eikahua'k.
tiger, xuepe't. village, ama't, wama'k.
times (in counting), sekua. violet, panate'l.
tin, pepo'k. violin,kuampak.
tip, lemi'. vomit, to; yehau.
tired, pohokue't. walk, to; kiapai'ni, kie', kio, yenhel.
to, (see above) hak. walnut, glepo'.
toad, axklepe'-u. wander, to; kiapai'ni.
tobacco, a'x. wane of the moon, eme't.
today, a'l, maptamak. want, to; mek, eikahua'k.
toenail, emi', eso'k. war, kamau'.
toes, emi', mapi'. warm, sowetiau'.
tomcat, kiwete't, mu's, pakma't. warrior, patua'm.
tomorrow, maptama'k, ma-ute'. wash, to; pella'p(le), pa'k.
tongue, expe'n. washerwoman, pella'p(le), ke'm.
tooth, i'. wasp, set.
top, on the; ayapa. water, a'x.
torch, apaket(le). water hen, pu's.
tornado, warn, po(t). watermelon (sandia (Sp.)), kam.
tortilla, pamaplai'le. waxing moon, ka'n.
tortoise; gia'. we, ye-ina'n.
touch, to; klap. weak, papiewi'.
town, ama't, wama'k, yawe't. weakness, papiewi'.
track, hue'ya. web, spider's; espe'n.
travel, to; emi'. weep, to; sela'i.
tread, to; malai'. well, e'-u, pepola'm.
tree, xai'. west, kio't.
trousers, wam. wet, pa'k.
trxink of a tree, papo'I. what, inan, tete, toko'm.
tuna, fruit of; a'u. wheels, pakwatatap.
turbid, peti'y. whelp of a fox, pu's.
turkey, esmakue't. where, xat.
turtle, glai', peklai. whet, to; epiu'.
twins, kekla'xpapau, kuiti'n. while, in a little; icikue'n.
tv/ist, to; teme't. whip, kuapi'.
two, kuiti'n. whirl, to; wam.
iinable, pessua'. whistle, to; papusamai'.
white, pepo'k. woman, ke'm (e short).

white man, a; pepo'k. wood, xai'.
whoP, tan', wa-uta'k. wooden, xai'.
whose, men, ta'hikam. woodpecker, xai', xa'm, te.
why, tete. wool, emo'l, wuya'.
wide, poska'm. worm, selau'.
wife, ke'm. worm, a wood; epe'-u.
wild, papi', payauya'p, somi'. worm, measuring, wekati'.
wildcat, xuepe't. wound, a; pilie'p.
will, aneluem. wound, to; kamau', we.
willow, sepiauya'm. wrap up, to; wam.
win, to; pekota'm(le). wrath, powi.
wind, po(t). wrinkle, payai'la.
wine, afisiau'. wrist, mapi'.
wing, xa'm, mapi'. write, to; pakahuai', pati'ssi, sulpape'I.
winter, pasekiau'. yellow, yalu-i.
wipe, to; pella'p(le). yes!, ya-uno'.
wish, to; mek. yesterday, a'l, lesum, ma-ute, somi'.
wish, not to; pes. yoke, apakam(le).
witch, tewalise'l. yoke, to; apakamle.
witchcraft, kamau', xowamte', you {listed, Sp.), emna°', na'na°,
tewalise'l. ye-ina'n.
with, yenhel, yentka'm. yotmg, kica'x.
within, hak. yovinger, petawi's.
without, ka'm, pessua', somi'. younger sister, ken, ko's.
wizard, tewalise'l. your, emna°'.
wolf, kla'm, payauya'p, payawiau'. yucca, e'-u.
COTONAME-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Collected by Albert S. Gatschet in 18862
akwana'mie, to masticate, he is masti- do'pax, tree, stick {palo) (185).
cating (estd masticando) (184). ehia'-u (guaya'x), velduque, jblade for
a'x, a'x, water, river.
cutting leather (185).
a'x kata'm, Rio Grande (184). esmo'k, hog.
Arangua', Karankawa Indians (living
"marano esmo'k" occurs in^the orig-
at Mesa, Urestefia, and finally at
Tampacuds) (184); also applied to
inal note book. J ^-^^g^
e'ta, below {par abdjo) (?) {or se'ta?)
the Comecrudo.
xai'ma arangua' (s), Indian of the (185) (afterward in original note
Karankawa tribe {Indio de por aqui) book said to be "false"),
(184). gama'ro, hare {la liebre) (185).
aro'kwan, eye (ojo) (184). gapa'x (gapahia(?)), tortoise Itortuga)
a'suxuga, ase'xuka, tail of an animal (185).
{cola del perro), etc.) (184). garo'pa, hat {sombrero) (185).
a'tsiu, to scratch {agarrar) (184). gura'm, giira'm; wind {viento), air {el
awe'ss, see hawe'ss. aire) (185).
awo'yo, go over there! {va alia!), let us haha'me, xaxa'me, to eat, food {comida
go! {vamosl) (184).
para comer) (185, 188).
aye'sim, aye'sema, foot {pie) (184).
bai', ba'-i, black {negro, oscuro, prieto)
haha'me kgma's, to eat meat {comer
(185); night {noche) (185).
came) (185).
da'-an, salt {la sal) (185). hawa'ss, American blanket (fresada)
da'n, ta'nie mesquite, mesquite bush (185) (cf. hawe'ss).
{hoja de mesquite) (185). hawe'ss, awe'ss, cold {el frio) (185).
' Obtained partly from Emiterio and partly, in December 1886, from Santos Cavazos, at Las Prietas,
Tamaulipas.
haya'mta, north {el norte) (185). kra'k, goose {dnsere) (187).

hua'xhe, a small piece of cloth, a kuwai', kuai', koai', feathers
{pluma
handkerchief {pano chiquito) (185). de pdjaros) (187).
hua'xle, to suck {mamar), he sucks {el kuwe'le, guts {tripas, adentro) (187).
mama) (185). kuwo'sam; (1) small, little {chiquito)
hua'npa, xua'npa, far {lejos) (agua que (187) ; (2) boy, girl {muchachito,
se retira) (188). muchachita) (187).
huwa'xe, xuwa'xi, infant {chiquito, el xagua'tema, breechclout {pavico,
nirio) (185>. vaguer o) (188).
ka'rn, bed (fr. Spanish cama) (186). xai'ma, an Indian {Indio).
ka'ma, the day breaks {amanecer) (186). kata'm xai'ma, an Indian woman
kamaplai', tortilla (41, 186). {una India) (188).
ka'pera, goat, goats (from Spanish la xai'ma arangua', "an Indian of this
cobra, las cabrillas) (186). place," a Comecrudo Indian; also
ka'pio (kapia), peccary {javalin) (186). applied to a Tampacuas Indian
kapita'n, chief {jefe India) (186) (from (54).
Spanish capitan). xa'kue, to weep {estd llorando) (188).
ka'pra, star (40). xuaina'xe, man {hombre) (188).
karako'r, crane {la grua) (186). xua'xe, to drink {behidas y para beber)
kata'm, ka'tara; great {grande), high (188).
{alto) (186). xua'xe, low (said of water), not deep
a'x kata'm, river {rio) Rio Grande {estd bajo {el agua en el mar, etc.))
,
(184). (188).
kata'm, woman (perhaps really "adult") xua'npa, see hua'npa.
(188). xuwa'xi, see huwa'xe.
kata'm xai'ma, an Indian woman makua't, hair {pelo), head {cabeza),
{una India) (188). face (?) {car a) (54, 188).
kato'wan, right arm {braze derecho) ma'nex, man, fire {lumbre) (188).
(186). marano, see esmo'k.
ka'-u, kau', (1) reed (for roofing) ma'tsekuka, to sleep {duerme) (188).
{carrizo, cana) ; (2) arrow {flecha) ma'yen, fog {nieblinazo) (188).
(186). meso'-i, white {bianco) (188).
kema's, kema'sa, kema'sia (P), deer mia'pa, wings {alos) (188).
{venado) (187); (2) flesh, meat, msa'-e, red {Colorado) (188).
ke'mma, bow {arco por tirar) (187). mta'ra, to run {para correr) (188).
kena'x, good {estd bueno) (187). na'xe, a seat, a chair {silla, asiento)
sa' kgna'x, bad, "not good", (189).
kena'm, kna'm, female breasts nan, female.
(1)
{tetas, la chiche) (2) milk {leche); kema's nan, a female deer.
(187). 6', o', (1) sun {sol); (2) day {dia) (189).
kia'xhem, rabbit {el conejo) (187). oka' we, to dance {bailar) (189).
kia'-uxa, kiau'xa; snake {vibora) (187). oka'we koya'ma, to dance {va bailar)
kissa', fox {la zorra) (187). (55) {see koya'ma).
kna'm, see kena'm. ota'-ume, ota'-uma, east {oriente, por
koka'tere, horse {cavallo) (187). abajol) (189).
ko'x, belly {panza, vientre) (187). ovx, o'x, evening {tarde) (the signs after
kombo'x, wolf {el lobe) (187). the vowel o represent a curious
komio'm, bird {pdjaro) (187). sound with the glottis open) (189).
komio'p, (1) iron {hierro) (187); (2) pa' ma, to cry (they cry) {gritar) (189).
gun, rifle {fusil) (187). pa'-vma, pau'ne; (1) pipe {pipa); (2)
komio'po, knife {navaja) (187). to smoke {chupar) (189) (cf.
komoi', the metate (187). po'-une).

kowa'-u (kgwa'wia), dog(?). pa' we, to sit {para sentar, silla), sit
koya'ma, to sing {cantar) (55) {see down! {asientate) (189).
oka' we). pa'wia, to stand {parar) (55, 189).
pe'n, earth, land {tierra) (189); mud titca'x me'n, what do you want? (que
(lodo) (last meaning questioned), quiere listed?) (190).
po'-una, dust (polvo de tierra) (189). wa'mena, wamina, tuna or cactus-fig
po'-tme, to blow (soplar) (189). (la tuna) (190).
sa', no (189). wapxa'p, maize-husk (paja de maiz)
sa' kSna'x, bad, "not good" (no estd (190).
bueno) (song) (189). wa'texo, he died (se murid) (190).
sa'x, sa'x, blood (sangre) (189). wa'txiika, to kill (matar) (190).
sa'nxe, come here! (vien acd!) (189). we'fta, west (oeste), up the country
se'ta, south {el sur) (189). (arriba) (190) (from the Spanish?),
se'wuya, sheep (oveja) (189). wuia'-u, bison(?), buffalo(?).
sua'-u, su-a'-u, (1) grass (zacate, wiya'-u ka'tara, cow (la vaca grande)
yerbas) (189); (2) tobacco (tabaco); (190).
(3) to smoke tobacco {chupar wuyopa'-u, young ox (becerro chiquito)
tabaco) (189), to smoke a cigar (56, 190).
(chupar cigarro). ya'-ex, ya"x, ya'x, nose (nariz) (186).
tsema'x, rat, mouse (raton, ratoncito) ya'x, sweet (dulce (de comer)), sweet-
(190). meats (186).
ta'nie, see da'n. yo'ino, horn (cuerno (de los mochas))
tawalo', maize (niaiz) (190). (186) ; same word also given as male
tha'we, painted (on body, face) (pinto), quadruped.
(referring to Indios Pintos) .
ENGLISH-COTONAME INDEX
adult, see kata'm. crane, karako'r.

air,gura'm. cry, to; pa'ma.
arm, right; kato'wan. dance, to; oka' we.
arrow, ka'-u. day, 5'.
bad, kgna'x, sa'. daybreak, ka'ma.
bed, ka'm. deep, not; see low.
belly, ko'x, kuwe'le. deer, kgma's.
belov/, e'ta. die, to; wa'tgxo.
bird, komio'm. dog, kowa'-u.
bison, wiya'-u. drink, to; xua'xc,
black, bai' (cf. night). dust, po'-una.
blade, 6hia'-u. earth, pe'n.
blanket, American; hawa'ss (cf. cold). east, ota'-ume.
blood, sa'x. eat, to; haha'me.
blow, to; po'-une. evening, ovx.
bow, ke'mma. eye, aro'kwan.
boy, kuwo'sam.. face, makua't.
breast (female), kgna'm. far, hua'npa.
breecliclout, xagua'tema. feathers, kuwai
buffalo, wiya'-u. female, nan.
cactus-fig;, wa'mena. fire, ma'nex.
cane, ka'-u. flesh, kgma's.

chair, a; na'xe. fog, ma'yen.
chief, kapita'n. food, haha'me.
cloth (a small piece of cloth), hua'xhe. foot, aye'sim.
cold, hawe'ss. fox, kissa'.
come here!, sa'nxe. girl,kuwo'sam.
Comecrudo, Arangua', xai'ma. go over there!, awo'yo!
cow, wiya'-u. goat, ka'pgra.
Swanton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL TROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 121
good, kgna'x. rabbit, kia'xhem.

goose, kra'k. rat, tsgma'x.
grass, sua'-u. red, msa'-6.
great, kata'm. reed, ka'-u.
gun, komio'p. komio'p.
rifle,
guts, kuwe'le. right arm, see arm (right)

hair, makua't. Rio Grande river, a'x, kata'm.
handkerchief, hua'xhe. river, a'x, kata'm.
hare, gama'ro. run, to; mta'ra.
hat, garo'pa. salt, da' -an.
head, makua't. scratch, to; a'tsiu.
high, kata'm. seat, a; na'xe.
hog, esmo'k. sheep, se'wuya.
horn, yo'mo. sing, to; koya'ma.
horse, koka'tere. sit, to; pa' we.
Indian, an; xai'ma. sit down.!, pa'we.
Indian "of this place," see Comecrudo sleep, to; ma'ts5kuka.
Indian. small, kuwo'sam.
Indian woman, see woman, Indian, smoke, to; pa'-una, sua'-u.
infant, huwa'xe. snake, kia'-uxa.
iron, komio'p. sombrero, garo'pa.
Karankawa, Arangua'. south, se'ta.
kill, to; wa'txuka. stand, to; pa'wia.
knife, komio'po. star, ka'pra.
knife (for cutting leather), 6hia'-u. stick, do'pax.
land, pe'n. suck, to; hua'xle.
large, see great, sun, o'.
let us go!, awo'yo. sweet, ya'x.
little, kuwo'sam. sweetmeats, ya'x.
low (said of water), xua'xe. tail (of animal), a'suxuga.
maize, tawalo'. Tampacua's Indian, xai'ma.
maize-husk, wapxa'p. tobacco, sua'-u.
male quadruped, yo'mo. tortilla, kamaplai'.
man, xuaina'xe. tortoise, gapa'x.
masticate, to; akwana'mie. tree, do'pax.
meat, kema's. tuna, wa'mgna.
mesquite-bush; da'n. up the country, we'fta.
metate, komoi', velduque, ehia'-u.
milk, kena'm. want, to; see what do you want?
mouse, tsSma'x. west, we'fta.
mud, pe'n. what do you want?, titcha'x me'n?
night, bai'. water, a'x.
no, sa'. weep, to; xa'kue.
north, haya'mta. west, we'fta.
nose, ya'-Cx.
white, meso'-i.
ox (young), wiya'-u.
wind, gura'm.
painted (on body, face, etc.), tha'wg.
peccary, ka'pio. wings, mia'pa.
Pintos (Indian tribe so called), tha'wC. within, kuwe'le.
pipe, pa'-una. wolf, kombo'x.
quadruped (male) , see male quadruped. woman, kata'm.
MARATINO-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
From the Spanish of Father Santa Maria
(Corrected by published list of Father Santa Maria)
-a, plural suffix. kugtima,

tciwat (chiguat), woman; tciwata kugtima memehe (cugtima memehe),
(chiguata), women (special ex- without being able to run (i. e., to
amples), escape) (7).
a-a, many (placed before the noun, and kuino (cuino), to run (?).
prolonged in accordance with the miga kuino (miga cuino), we run
number indicated), (away) (special examples),
a-atciwata (aachiguata), many women kuiiisikuima,
(special example) kuiiisikuima (cuiiicicuima), there very
baah(ka), let us drink! (14). far away (10).
bum, wolf. xuri (juri), lions, {or a lion) (2).
bumnighua, like a wolf (special maamehe, to shout for joy (9).
example) ming maamehe, we shouting for joy
lie, and (13, 14). (9).
-he, -hi, not (?). ning (ming) maamehe, we shouting
kugtima memehe (cugtima memehe), for joy (13).
without being able to run (7). maatzimetzu (probably reduplicated),
mimigihi, they will not be weeping ming maatzimetzu, we giving leaps
(11). (9).
-i, diminutive suffix. magtc (magch), bird (special example),
magtci (magchi), little bird (special magtci (magchi), little bird (special
example.) example)
ka (P), magtcnighua (magchnighua), like a
no ohgimah ka tamugni, we are bird (special example)
shouting to war on the mountain mahka, bow (5).
(or in the forest) (1).
me, them (?).
tcenohgima ciri ka tamugni (chenoh- mehgme paahtcitcu (mehgme paah-
gima xiri ka tamugni), in order chichu), we are going to kill them
that we go with arrows to war on piecemeal (4).
the mountain (or in the forest) (12). ming metepeh, we see them (8).
baah ka peyot hemegtutce (baah ka
migtikui (migticui), who eat meat (2).
peyot hemegtuche) let us drink
peyote and let us sleep (14). mimigihi (reduplicated?), will not be
katama (catama), shots (6).
weeping (11), or crying,
ko (co), komi (comi), us ming, our, we (two cases in line 6) (cf.

(?).
komipaahtcu (comipaahchu), who komi under ko).
wish to kill us (3). mehg, we (4).
koomatepa (coomatepd), let us come ming, we (8).
(home?) (10). ming maamehe, we shouting with joy
koapagtzi (coapagtzi), to the enemies (9).
(3). ming maatzimetzu, we giving leaps

koh, (9).
kohkoh (cohcoh), forces (strength) megtutce (megtuche), let us sleep!
(6). (14).
kons(gio) (cons(gio)), deer. miga kuino (miga cuino), we run
konsgiohua (consgiohua), like deer example)
(special
(special example). mi paahtcu (mi paahchu), (they) kill
kuaahne (cuaahne), a connective, "al- us (special example),
though . but yet" (two special
. . mi mino xiri, by means of our arrows
examples) (special example)
ning (ming) maameh^, we shouting for pamini,

joy (13). tzi pamini, they will make them flee
mohka, now (11). (7).

niwa (nigua, nighua), like, after the peyot, peyote (14).
manner of (explained specially; pong, cord (5).
also given in line 2). ciri (xiri), arrow (special example, also
konsgiohua (consgiohua), like deer 5, 12).
(specifically explained), tciwat (chiguat); woman; tciwata
bumnighua, (bumniwa), like wolf (chiguata), women (special example),
(a specific explanation). aatciwata (aachiguata), many women
nohgiina(?), (prolonged in proportion to the
noohgimah, we are (going?) shouting numbers) (11, 13).
(1). aahtciuata (aahchiuata), the women
tcenohgima (chenohgimd), because (8).
we go (12). tze, the (pi.), these (three cases on
paahtcu, to kill. line 5).
(ko)mipaahtcu ((co)mipaahchu), who tzikuini (tzicuini), the children (8)
wish to kill us. (tzi, the (?)).
nohgi mehgme paahtcitcu (nohgi tamu, tuniau, tomau, mountain (?)

mehgme paahchichu), we are going (or forest).
to kill them piecemeal (4). ka tamugni, to war on the mountain
kuiiisikuima paagtcitcu (cuiiicicuima (special example and 1, 12).
paagchichu), and there very far ma tomau, to the mountain (or to
away let us have them killed (10). the woods) (special example),
espafiol mipaahehu, the Spaniards tepeh, to see.
us (special example).
kill ming metepeh, we see them (8).
kuaahne paagtcitcu bum niwa tutce (tuche;, to sleep.
(cuaahne paagchichu bum nighua), megtutce (megtuche), let us sleep!
as we kill the wolf (special example) (14).
kuaahne paagtcitcu (cuaahne paag- utepa (P),
chichu), but are also killed (special koomatepa (coomatep&), we come
example). home (?) (10).
ENGLISH-MARATINO INDEX
able, kugtima. flee, to; pamini.
after the manner of, niwa. forces, koh.
although, kuaahne. forest (P), tamu.
and, he. go, to; nohgima.
arrow, ciri. joy, maamehe.
bird, magtc. kill, to; paahtcu.
bow, mahka. leap, to; maatzimetzu.
but yet, kuaahne. like, niwa.
children, tzikuini. lion, xuri.
come home, to; utepa. little, -i.
cord, pong. many, a-a.

cry, to; mimigihi. meat, migtikui.
deer, kons(gio). mountain, tamu.
(diminutive suffix), -i. not, -he.
drink, to; baah(ka). now, mohka.
eat, to; migtikui. our, ming.
enemy, koapagtzi. peyote, peyot.
escape, to; kugtima. (plural suffix), -a.
far, kuiiisikuima. run, to; kuino, kugtima.
184198—40 9
see, to; tepeh. us, ko, ming.

shots, katama. very, kuiiisikuima.
shout, to; nohgima. war, to; tamu.
shout for joy, to; maamehe. we, ming.
sleep, to; tutce.
weep, to; mimigihi.
strength, koh.
without, -he.
the, tze.
wolf, bum.
thena, me.
these, tze. woman, tciwat.
to,tamu. woods, tamu.

unable, kugtima. yet, kuaahne.
WORDS IN ARANANA
himia'na tsa'yi) give me water!
himiya'na, v/ater.
KARANKAWA-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
(the material arranged under stems)
words from Pierre and Jean-Baptiste Talon, recorded in 1688.
(T),
words from the French sea captain Berenger, recorded in 1720. The first
(B),
forms are as printed by MM. de Villiers du Terrage and P. Rivet, the forms in
parentheses being from a copy made for a Swiss family which was obtained for the
Ayer collection of Americana in the Newberry Library, Chicago.
(S), words from Old Simon, a Tonkawa Indian, collected by Dr. A. S. Gatschet
in 1884.
(W), words collected by Dr. Gatschet from Sally Washington, an old Tonkawa
woman in 1884.
(0), words from Mrs. Alice Williams Oliver, recorded by Dr. Gatschet in 1888.
a, and (0). akna'mas, akna'naus, to eat (O).

a dgmo'a na'-i, (these are) my
gai' ko'na akna'mus, not eatable, or do
bow and arrows (putting their hands not eat! (O).
upon them) (0). a'ksol, to whistle (0).
gai' a dgmo'a a'wa, (these are) your ta'l a'ksol, he whistles (0).
bow and arrows (0). akta demaje (acta demaj6), wood with
a-eas [a-las or a-bas], sick (B). which one obtains fire by rubbing
agui'ya, needle (from Spanish aguja) (0). (B).
ahaks (ahax) [alaks (alax)J, man (B). akwini', tree (0).
Sha'mmic (aha'mmish), hush! don't na'-i amo'ak akwini', I fell from the
cry! (said to children, with sharp tree (0).
accent) (0). na'tsa kwan ko'dn ha'kus akwini',
S.ha'mmic snl'n, get away! scat! (said one little bird sits on a tree (0).
to dogs and cats) (0). alamea, the clothing of a European (T).
aha'yika, friend (later they adopted
a-lams, clothing (of all kinds) (B).
the Spanish word amigo exten-
em-lams, sail of a vessel (B).
sively) (0).
a-lean (aleane), tongue (B).
ko'm aha'yika, not a friend (0).
ahona, ashes (B). a-luk (alouc) [aluo (alouo)], stomach,
ahu'k, aho'k, to kill (sing, and pi. of belly (B).
obj.) (O). a'ra, fish, aquatic animal (0).
aho'k m'su's, I am
na'-i ye' do'-atn a'm tcuta', octopus, "dangerous fish"
starting soon to
kill deer (0). (O).
a-kanan (a canan) [a-kanam (a canam)], ko'm akna'mus ta'l a'm, tcu'ta, this
tobacco (B). fish is not eaten; it is bad (O).
a'lnel, hungry; ame'-el, emphatic form buda'ma, gone, past (0).

(0). buda'ma wa'l, long past (of time) (0).
na'-i a'mel, ta'kwiamo'ya akna'raus, ha'lba buda'ma, ga's messu's ba'-ak,
I am hungry, (and) I want to eat the chief has gone, he will return
bread (0). home soon (0).
a'iiih.&tn, flour (0). bu'del, barrel (from Spanish baril) (0).
ya' a'mhatn, corn flour (0). da', oyster (O).
amo'ak, to fall (O). da'home, egg (0).
ka'da amo'ak, ka'da owi'ya, the girl da'n, to push (0).
fell and wept (0). glo's'n ka'da da'n, the boy pushed
ampaj (ampaje), plaice (B). the girl (0).
a'nawan, a'nawa, smoke (?) (O). de', tobacco (0).
acade (achade(e)), a woman (T). delin, cold (B).
aca'hak (asha'hak), now, presently (0). dem, salt.
ha'lba mucawa'ta taki'na; aca'hak komkomdem (comcomdem), the sea,
kwa'-al, ta'im, the chief has worked "the salt water" (T).
continuously; now he is tired (and) demo (T), dem.o'a (O), arrow.
wants to sleep (0). ga'-i dem6'-u, with bow and arrows
atca'ta, good bye! farewell! (0). (0).
au'd, snake, serpent (O). didaham, mat (B).
a-uil (a ovil) [a-vil (a ovil)], moon (B). didot (didotte), cattle, bison (B).
a'wa, thou, you; thy, thine (0). do'-atn, do'-etn, do'tn, deer (O) the ;
na'-i a'wa ba'wus, I give you (0). same term occurs with the numerals
Captain Jim a'wa kosa'ta, Captain (O).
Jim made it for you (0). dolonakin, (dolonaquin), teeth (B).
a'wa kam'nma, thy mother (0). do'owal, sun (0).
a'wa be'hema, your father (0). e', tooth (0).
awa'n, dugout, canoe, boat, vessel, e' tessele'nia, tooth-brush (O).
ship (0). eham, foot (B).

awa'tcxol, grass (S). ekia aikui (equia aycouy), hair (B).
ba', ba', be, wind (O). ekskitula (aixquitoula) oak-apple ,
wo'l ba', strong wind (0). (pomme de chene) (B).

baa, expression of satisfaction (B). eluciin (elouchoun), [alucum (elou-
ba'-ak, Indian lodge, cabin, willow- choum)] vessel (B).
lodge, huts; Indian camp, house, e'm, to jump, to skip (0).
building (O). em-ai aluak (emay alouacq), nose (B).
ga's ba'-ak, to return home (0). em-anpok (emanpocq), [em-unpok
ba'kta, day (0). (emunpocq)] leg (B).
ba'kta buda'ma wa'l, day long past em-edal, thigh (B).
(O). em-ibak (emibacq), male sexual or-
balsehe (balsehe), an eagle (T). gans (B).
bacenana (bachenana), tattooings by em-ikus (emicous), eye (B).
puncture (B). em-iraian hanena [em-imian hanma],
bacina (bachina), cord (B). chin (B).
ba'wfis, to give (0). emi-akwoi (emy aquoy), mouth (B).
ni ba'wus tesnakwa'ya, give me milk! em-luajem (emlouajem), paddle (B).
(0). em-sebek (em cebecq), neck (B).
na'-ia'wa kwiamo'ya ba'wus, I give em-sehota, shoulder (B).
you bread (O). en-klas (en clas) [en-klak (en-clacq)],
be'hema, be'hema, be'xma, father; it knee (B).
also occurs in numerals (O). e'nno, to suck (O).
a'wa be'hema, your father (O). en-okea (enoquea) [en-oka (enoqua)],
bekekomb (bequecomb), a knife (T). head,
besehena [beseceba (beschena)], pin e'tsma, hand, finger (0).
needle (?). etjam, cannon (B).
eta, wind (B). hama'la kwa'n ko'dn, pretty little

e'we (S), ewe'-e (W), come! come here!
sparrow (0).
come quick! hamdolok (hamdolocq), feathers (B).
ga', ga'x, mosquito (0). hayo,
ga'-an, ka'-an, to strike (with hand, ha'yo hai'kia, six (perhaps abbr. from
club, etc.) (0). kaxa'yi hai'kia, "three times two")
ga'-i, gai', bow (O). (O).
ga'-i dem6'-u, with bow and arrows ha'yo ha'kn, four (0).
(0). ho'kso, alligator (S).
gaxia'metet, hu'mhe, fire (S).
gaxiame'tgt upat, long ago I spoke ihie'-a, hie'-e, hi'-ia, hi'e-a, ie-6, ybs
(the language) (S). (O).
ga's, to come (O). ini, to sleep (0).
na'tsa kwan glo'-6sn ga's, one little ta' im, he wants to sleep (0).
boy comes (O). imetes akuam (imetes acouam), papei

ha'lba buda'ma, ga's messu's ba'-ak, (B).
the chief has gone, he will return im-lahue (imlahoue), eyebrows (B).
soon (0). ka, to love, to cherish (0).
ga's ba'-ak, to return home (O). na'-i, a'wa ka, I love you (0).
ga's mgssu's, he has gone hunting (O) ka ai kuan (ca ay couan), pistol (B).
ga's ka'da, come, girl! (0). kaa-konam (caa conam) [kaa-kuam
ka'-as wana', me here! (W). (caa couam)], cask (B).
ga'ta, domestic cat (from Spanish gato) ka'da, girl (mothers addressed their
(O). daughters by this term) (0).
ga'ta kwa'n, kitten (0). ga's ka'da, come, girl! (0).
gusga'ma, shirt (cf. kwi'ss, cloth, etc.) kadiol (cadiolle), calumet (B).
(0). ka'dla, calico (0).
gwa', kwa', to read (0). kwi'ss ka'dla, calico dress, gown,
ha'be, woman's dress (O).
do'-atn ha'be, ten (0). kadiim (cadum), vermilion (B).
hai'kia, two (0). kaham. (caham), a cabin (T).
ha'yo hai'kia, six (0). kahamkeami (cahamquâmy), the
hai'kia na'tsa, seven (0). Spaniards, "people of the earth,"
hai'kia be'hema, eight (O). because they reached them over-
hai'kia do'-atn, nine (0). land. (T).
hai'tn, to catch, to capture (O). kahan (ca han), jug (B).
na'-i ko'ta kuwai' hai'tn, I ran to ka'hawan (ka'-awan), to make, to pro-
catch the horse (0). duce, to manufacture; (0).
na'-i be'hSraa hai'tn, (go and) catch demo'a ka'hawan,
na'-i I make
up with my father! (O). arrows (0).
hai'tnlokn, the large green turtle ka'he (cake), tobacco (T, S).
(Chelonia mydas) (0). ka swe'nas, cigarette (S)
ha'ka, sit down! (W). kai'ta, kata', to laugh (0).
tcakwame', sit down here! (W). a'wa kata'; kau'pn, you laugh! tell
ha'kes, ha'kus, to sit (0). (why)! (O).
ka'da ha'kfis ba'-ak, the girl sits in the kaxa'yi, three (0).
house (0).
kalama (calama) fkalamu (calamu)],
na'tsa kwan ko'eln ha'kus akwini',
hat (B).
one little bird sits on a tree (O)
ha'lba, chief (0).
kalac (calache), acorn (B).
hama [huma], grindstone (B). kalbasska (calbassca), the French,
hama'la, pretty, handsome (O). "people come from the sea." (T).
ta'l a'kwini hama'la, this tree is kez kalbassez (quez calbassez), a pig,
pretty (0). "a French dog" (T).
kalmel (calmel) (B), ku'nmil (0), klaba'n, well, healthy, in good health
gunpowder. (O).
kameplan (cameplan), shoe (B). a'wa kUni'nma klaba'n, is your
kamej (cameje) [kamoj (camoje)], fly mother well? (0).
(B). klai (clay) (B), glle'-i, gle'-i (O), water,
kani'n, keni'n, breast, female breast, liquid; sea, ocean, open waters,
teat (O). te'skaus glle'-i, molasses (O).
kani'nma, kgni'nma, mother (0). klani (clany), gimlet (vrille) (B).
na'-i kSni'nma, my mother (O). klebd (clebeu) [debea], wine (B).
kanueiim (canouaium), a horse (T). klos (clos) (B), kolon (colone(e)), sun
ka'ssig, to pound (as corn by means of (T).
stones) (0). kohon (cohon), sand (B).
kassi'tcuwakn (kassi'dshuwakn) to kok (coq), a bowl (ecuelle), pail {seau)
,
hurt, injure, cause pain (O). (B).

kau'pn, to tell, to say to, to talk, to kokara (cocam), fresh bread (B).
converse (O). koko (coco), a fire-pot (T).
kau'pn na'-i be'hCma ga's ba'-ak, tell kola'me, frying pan, tin bucket (S)
my father to return home! (0). (perhaps from Aztec comalli?)
na'-i kani'nma be'hSma ta' kau'pn, koln (coin), crane [kolu (colu), cane]
my mother wants to speak to the (B).
father (0). kolohs (colohs) (T), glo'-essen, glo'-
kedika (quedica), flagon (B). esn, glo's'n (0), boy.
kedo'd, keda'd, crane (O). ga's, glo's'n, come boy! (O).
ke'keya, foot, feet (0). boy is sick
na'-i glo's'n kwa'tso, my
kesesmai pimento [the
(quesesmaille) , (0).
interpretation in my copy is pin- ko'm, ko'm, ku'm, no! not (O); kwo'-
nace, but the word may be really om, kwom, no (S).
pennache, "feathers"] (B). ko'm aha'yiha, "not a friend," an
kesila-konan (quesilaconan) [kesila- enemy (0).
kuan (quesilacouan)], tin plate (cf. ko'rn akna'mus, not eatable or do not
kusila) (B). eat! (O).
kesul (quesoul) (B), kohal (cohal), komkom, (comcom), water (T).
wood (B). komkomdem (comcomdem), the sea,
en-gesul (enguesoul), mast (the Swiss "the salt water" (T).
text seems to have mur "wall," kosa'ta, to perform, to do, to make (O).
instead of mat; it may refer to a na'-i kwa'tci kosa'ta mCssu's, I shall
stockade) (B). soon build a fire (O).
kesul (quesoul), deer skin (B). koco (coeho), a calf (T).
kec (queche) (B),ki'ss (0), kez (quez), koje on (coje eun), basin (B).
dog (the original says "wolf" but ko'ta, kota', to hasten, to hurry (O).
claims the name was applied to na'-i kota' ba'-ak, I am hurrying
those tamed and used as dogs) (T). home (0).
kez kalbassez (quez calbassez), pig, kouaen (coouaen) (B), akwete'n (O),
"French dog" (T). to drink (boire).
kec (queche), pig (B). kruin (crouin(e)), a bow (T).
kecila-demuks (quechilademoux), mus- kuaham (couaham) [kwouaham
ket ball (B) (cf. kusila). (quouaham)], board,
ketac (quetache), salt (B).
kudec (coudeche), beans, peas (B).
ku'dn, ko'dn, ku'tn, bird (O).
kialn (quialn), ax (kiaen (quiaen)) (B).
ku'tng wo'lya, prairie chicken, chicken
kean (quean), pickax (B).
hen (O).
kiles (quyles), fish (B). kue (coue), duck (B).
kisulp (quisoulp), gun (B). kuejam (couejam), biscuit (B).
kuist-baha (couist-baha), good, some- kwojol (quojol), curlew (B).

thing good (T). xanke'ye, to run, to hurry, to hasten
kukujol (couqujol) [kukiol (couquiol)], (W).
kettle (B). xanki', ni'ktam, come quick, boy! (S).
ku'rona, to knov/, to understand; do la'-ak, goose (O).
you understand? (0). la'-akum, round, globiform, circular,
kunin (counin), big (T). disk-shaped (O).
kusila (cousila), knife, dart, fish-hook, laba'-i, whiskey (O).
harpoon, adze, glass; and probably la'hama, la'xhama, heart (0).
metal (see kesila-konan and kecila- Ion, to pass from one side to the other
demuks) (B). (B).
kusilam (cousilam), glass, ma, black (S).
[kusilea (cousilea), adze] (B). kwa' ma', black horse (S).
kuja (couja), tar (B). mado'na, pig (0).
kujahin (qujahin) [kiahin (quiahin)], ma'l, dead (0).
beads (B). matci'ta, hatchet (from Spanish
kutsen (coutsen), lark (B). machete) (O).
kuwa'yi, kuwai' (O), kwa, kwan (S), mata'kia, to hate (O).
horse (from Spanish cdballo). na'-i a'wa mata'kia, I hate you (said
kwa' ma', black horse (S). once by a Karankawa child to a
kwa'n pe'ka, white horse (S). bench when falling over it) (0).
kwa'-al, kwa'l, tired, exhausted (O). mawi'da, to marry (from Spanish
a'wa kwa'-al, ha'kgs, you are tired; marido) (O).
sit down! (0). meda'-u, medau', meda'w, canvas-
kwa'n, to grow (said of animals and back duck (probably generic for
plants) ; redupl. duck) (0).
kwa'nakwan (O) given under messu's, mesu's, m'su's, by and by,
(also
ka'hawan, to make), after a while, soon, at present (O).
kwa'nnakwan akwini', do they grow ga's mSssu's, he has gone hunting
on a tree? do thej"- grow on trees? (probably "he will go hunting") (O)
(O). muda', where? (0).
kwa'n, kwa'n, little, small, young of ki'ssmuda', where (is) the dog? (0).
an animal, child, babe (O). a'wan muda', where is the boat? (O).
ga'ta kwa'n, kitten (0). mucawa'ta, for a long while, all the
hama'la kwa'n ko'dn, pretty little time, always (O).
sparrow (0). muta', dear, affectionate (O).
kwa'ss, kwa's, to know (more fre- nape'-nai nazeru'axa pa'ra, I am very
quently used than ku'mna) (O). angry (S).
na'-i ku'rn kwa's, I do not know (O). na'tsa, one (O).
a'wa na'-i kwa'ss, do you know me? na'tsa be'hema, five (0).
(O). hai'kia na'tsa, seven (O).
kwa'tci, fire; also a man's name (0). na'yi, na'-ayi, na'-i, na'-i; (abbr. into
kwa'tco, kwa'tsu, sick (perhaps re- n'); I, my, mine (0).
lated to kwa'tci (O). n' tee' a'wa, I see you (0).
a'wa kwa'tsu, are you sick? (O). a'wa na'-i kwa'ss, do you know me?
kwia'm, corn, maize (0). (0).
kwiamo'ya, bread (0). nS ba'wAs kwa'tci, give me fire! (0).
glo's'n akwa'mus kwiamo'ya, (the boy na'i be'xma,, my father (0).
is eating bread) (O). na'-i gai, my bow (O).
kwi'ss, cloth, textile, fabric (perhaps na'-i glo"sn, m.y boy (0).
abbr. to gus in gusga'ma) (O). na tea', I see (O).
kwi'ss ka'dla, calico dress, gown, neianana [nejanana], to sleep (B).
woman's dress (0). nen, female (?).
kwoilesem (quoylesem) (B), kohoi tec-nen (tech-nen), a cow, probably
(cohoille) (T), fire. meaning a female bison (T).
ni'ktam, a boy (S).

little, tcau'tawal, to touch (something) (wal
xanki', ni'ktam, come quick, boy! (S). is perhaps a separate word) (0).
u'ci ni'ktam, a little man, a youngster tcu'ta, bad, obnoxious, wicked, dan-
(S). gerous (0).
no'tawa, to swim (0). a'm tcuta', octopus, "dangerous fish"
a'm no'tawa, the fish is swimming (0). (0).
ki'ss no'tawa, the dog is swimming ko'm akna'mus ta'I a'm, tcu'ta, this
(O). not eaten; it is bad (0).
fish is
nya', nia', there, yonder (O). ta', to want, to desire, to wish; (also
ki'ss nia', the dog (is) there (O). used as an auxiliary verb for the
wa'l nia, far on (0). future tense) (0).
na'-i awa'n tea' nya', I see a boat ga's na'-i a'wa ta, come! I want you
over there (0). (0).
o'dn, a'dn, to shoot (0). ko'm ta' taki'na, he does not want to
o'dn dgmo'a, to shoot arrows (O). work (O).
a'wa o'dn m'su's, you shoot now! (in glo's'n e'm ta' wo'l, the boy wants to
the sense of "you may shoot jump to a distance {also sig. "the
presently") (0). boy can jump far out") (0).
okman (aucmane), pelican (B). glo's'n ta' te'skaus-gUe'-i, the boy
6's, o'ss, bear (from Spanish oso) (0). wants molasses (O).
owi'ya, to weep (O). na'-i ta' ha'k6s, I want to sit down (0).
pa'l, black (?) (O). ta'hama, to break (as china, sticks,
pe'ka, white (S). arrows, etc.), to tear (as cloth) (O).
kwa'n pe'ka, white horse (S). taki'na, to work (O).
pla', good, nice, fine, useful (in both ta'I, ta'll, this, that, he, she, it (0).
concrete and abstract senses) (0). ta'I a'ksol, he whistles (0).
mad6'na akna'mus pla', a pig is good tamo'yika, red (O).
to eat (0). tapcewa', hog (W).
sebe (ceb6), plover (B). teheye (tehheill^), a saber (T),
se-imahaha [sumahaha], arm (B). teke-dolan (tequedolan) [deke-dolan
se-cotan (sechotan) [sehotam], arm (dequedolan)], cowhorn (ef. dolona-
(from the elbow to the shoulder) kin) (B).
(B). tekomandotsen (tecomandotsen), a
shak (shacq) [sotak (sotacq)], to walk stag or deer {un cerf ou un chevreuil)
(the s and h presumably pro- (T).
nounced separately) (B). tekotsen (tecotsen), a common bird (T).
sileka'yi, knife (O). teksilea (tecsilea), to sew (B).
sni'n, te'nno, too, also, and (0).
ahfl'mmic snl'n, get away! scat! (0). na'-i te'nno Walu'pe, I and Guade-
awe'nas, lupe (0).
; ka swe'nas, cigarette (S). glo's'n akna'mus te'nno, the boy eats
tao'l, blue (0). (of it) also (0).
tea', to see, to behold (0). te'skaus, sweet, sugar (0).
n' tea' a'wa, I see you (0). te'skaus gUe'-i, molasses (O).
na'-i a' wan tea', I see a
boat (O). na'-i akna'mus kwiamo'yi te'skaus-
m' tea' a'wa, how do you do? "how do glle'-i, I am eating bread with
you see yourself?" (O). molasses (0).
na lea', I see (O). tesnakwa'ya, milk (0).
Tcanka'ya, Tonkawa Indian (S). tessele'nia, tesele'nya, brush (0).
tca'pn, to be on the point of (O). e' tessele'nia, tooth-brush (O).
n'tca'pn ., I am going to
. . (0). tec (tech), a bull, probably meaning a
. . .
n'tca'pn a'wa o'dn, I will shoot you male bison (T).

(0). tec-nen (tech-nen), a cow, probably a
n'tca'pn o'dn a'wa, I will shoot you female bison (T).
(0). tecoyu (teehoyou), a man (T).
te'ts'oa, te'tsoa, beef, cow, cattle, beef- wo'l ba', strong wind (0).
meat. (The meat must be speci- wa'l glle'-i, much water (0)
fied by giving the name of the e'm wo'l, to jump to a (great) distance,
animal from which it came) (0) to take a long leap (O).
Col. Robinson te'tsoa ahu'k, Col. wa'l nia, far off, "way yonder" (0).
Robinson has killed a cow (0). na'-i ye' wol, I walked a good deal
ti'kemai, beef (S). (O).
to'los, to'lus, to run, to run fast (0). ba'kta buda'ma wa'l, day long past
n6 ba'wus kwa'tci to'lus, to'lus, give (O).
me fire! run! run! (0). wo'lya,
tuwa'mka, yesterday; also referring to ku'tng wo'lya, prairie chicken, chicken,
past time in general (O). hen (0).
uapa (ouapa), water-hen (B). wu'-ak, to lie down (0).
uahahim (ouahahim), dugout canoe na'-i be'xma wu'ak, ta' im my father
(pirogue) (B). lay down to sleep (0).
upat (emphatic form upa'-a-at), long ya'-an, great, large, tall, wide (0).
ago (S). ya'm, potato (not the sweet potato)
gaxiame'tet upa't, long ago I spoke (O).
(the language) (S)
ya'mawe, man (0).
u'ci, man (?).
ye', to go, to walk; redupl. ye' ye (O).
u'ci ni'ktam, a little man, a youngster
na'-i ye' mSda'-u o'dn, I am going to
(S).
wa'na, go away! or let us go! shoot ducks (0).
na'-i ye' do'tn aho'k, I am going to
tcakwame', (come and) sit down here!
kill deer (O).
(W).
na'-i ye' wo'l, I walked considerably
ka'-as wana', come here! (W).
(O).
wi'-asn, rain (0).
wo'l, we'll, wa'l; strong, powerful; ye'tso, to stand (0).
much, a great deal of, plenty of (O). yS'ta, music (0).
ENGLISH-KARANKAWA INDEX
about to, tca'pn. • beads, kujahin.
acorn, kalac. beans, kudec.
adze, kusila. bear, 6's.
affectionate, muta'. beef, didot, ti'kgmai
after a while, messu's. behold, to; tea',
all the time, mucawa'ta. belly, a-luk.
alligator, ho'kso. big, kunin.
also, te'nno. bird, ku'dn.
always; mucawa'ta. bird, a common; tekotsen.
and, te'nno. biscuit, kuejam.
angry, to be very; nape'-nai naxeru'axa bison, didot.
pa'ra. black, ma, pa'l.
arm (forearm), se-cotan. blue, tso'l.
arm (jpper), se-imahaha. board, kuaham.
arrow, demo, boat, awa'n, elucun.
ashes, ahona. bow, a; ga'i, kruin.
at present, messu's. bowl, kok.
ax, kialn. boy, kolohs, ni'ktam.
babe, kwa'n. bread, kwia'm.
bad, tcu'ta. bread, fresh; kokam
ball for musket, kecila-demuks. break, to; ta'hama.
barrel, bu'del. breast, kani'n.
basin, koje on. brush, tessele'nia.
Swanton] LINGUISTIC IMATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 131
bucket of tin, kola'me. eagle, balsehe.

build (a fire), to; kosa'ta. earth, see kahamkeami.
building, ba'-ak, kaliam. eat, to; akna'mas.
bull, didot. egg, da'home.
by and by, messu's. eight, hai'kia.
cabin, ba'-ak, kaham. exhausted, kwa'-al.
calf, koco. eye, em-ikus.
calico, ka'dla. eyebrows, im-lahue.
calumet, kadiol. fabric, kwi'ss.
camp, ba'-ak, kaham. fall, to; amo'ak.
can, ta'. far oflP, nya' wo'l.
cannon, etjam. farewell!, atea'ta.
canoe, awa'n, elucun, uahahim. father, be'hema.
capture, to; hai'tn. feathers, hamdolok.
cask, kaa-konam. female, nen.
cat, ga'ta. fine, pla'.
catch, to; hai'tn. finger, e'tsma.
cattle, didot. fire, hu'mhe, kwa'tci, kwoilesem.
cherish, to; ka. fire-pot, koko.
chicken, ku'dn, wo'lya. fire-sticks, akta demaje.
chief, ha'lba. fish, a'm, kiles.
child, kwa'n. fish-hook, kusila.
chin, em-imian hane'na. five, na'tsa.
cigarette, ka'he, swe'na^. flagon, kedika.
circular, la'-akum. flour, a'mhatn.
cloth, kwi'ss. fly, a; kamej.
clothing, a-lams. foot, eham, ke'keya.
cold, delin. four, hayo.
come!, e'we. French, the; kalbasska.
come, to; ga's. friend, aha'yika.
come here! e'we, ga's, wa'na. get away!, S,hS,'mmic.
come quick!, e'we. gimlet, klani.
converse, to; kau'pn. girl, ka'da.
cord, bacina. give, to; ba'wus.
com, kwia'm. glass, kusila.
cow, a; nen, didot. glassware, kujahin.
cowhom, teke-dolan. globiform, la'-akum.
crane, k6do'd, koln. go, to; ga's, ye'.
curlew, kwojol. go away!, wa'na.
dangerous, tcu'ta. going to, tca'pn.
dart, kusila. gone, buda'ma.
day, ba'kta. good, ku'ist-baha, pla',
dead, ma'l. good bye!, atea'ta.

dear, muta'. goose, la'-ak.
deer, do'atn, tekomandotsen. gown, ka'dla, kwi'ss.
deerskin, kesul. grass, awa'tcxol.
desire, to; ta'. great, ya'-an.
disk-shaped, la'-akum. grindstone, hama.
do, to; kosa'ta. grow, to; kwa'n.
dog, kec. gun, kisulp.
don't cry!, ahSmmic. gunpowder, kalmel.
dress, ka'dla, kwi'ss. hair, ekia aikui.
drink, to; kouaen. hand, e'tsma.
duck; kue, meda'-u. handsome, hama' la.
dugout, awa'n. harpoon, kusila.
132 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 12T
hasten, to; ko'ta, xanke'ye. mosquito, gS,'.

hat, kalama. mother, kani'n.
hatchet, matci'ta. mouth, emi-akwoi.
hate, to; mata'kia. much, wo'l,
he, ta'l. music, yQ'ta.
head, en-okea. musket-ball, kecila-demuks.
healthy, klaba'n. my, na'yi.
heart, la'hama. neck, em-sebek.
hen, ku'dn, wo'lya. needle, agui'ya, besehena.
hog, tapcewa'. nice, pla'.
horn of cow, teke-dolan. nine, hai'kia.
horse, kanueiim, kuwa'yi- no!, ko'm.
house, ba'-ak, kaham. nose, em-ai aluak.
hungry, a'mel. not, ko'm.
hurry, to; ko'ta, xanke'ye. now, aca'hak.
hurt, to; kassi'tcuwakn. oak-apple, ekskitula.
hush, aha'mmic. obnoxious, teu'ta.
hut, ba'-ak, kaham. octopus, a'm.
I, na'yi, one, na'tsa.
injure, to; kassi'tcuwakn. oyster, dh'.
it, ta'l. paddle, em-luajem.
jug, kahan. pail, kok.
jump, to; e'm. pain, to cause; kassi'tcuwakn..
kettle, kukujol. pan, frying-; kola'me.
kill, to;ahu'k. paper, imetes akuam.
kitten, ga'ta. past, buda'ma.
knee, en-klas. peas, kudec.
knife, bekekomb, kusila, sileka'yi. pelican, okman.
know, to; ku'mna, kwa'ss. perform, to; kosa'ta.
large, ya'-an. pickax, kialn.
lark, kutsen. pig, kalbasska, mado'na.
laugh, to; kai'ta. pimento, kesesmai.
leg, em-anpok. pin, besehena.
let us go! wa'na.
, pinnace, kesesmai.
lie down, to; wu'-ak. pipe, kadiol.
little, kwa'n, ni'ktam. pistol, ka ai kuan.
lodge, ba'-ak, kaham. plaice, ampaj.
long, wo'l. plate made of tin, kesila-konan.
long ago, upat. plenty of, wo'l.
love, to; ka. plover, sebe.
maize, kwia'm. potato, ya'm.
make, to; ka'hawan, kosa'ta. pound, to; ka'ssig.
man, ahaks, tecoyu, u'ci, ya'mawe. powerful, wo'l.
manufacture, to; ka'hawan. prairie chicken, ku'dn, wo'lya..
marry, to; mawi'da. presently, aca'hak.
mast, kesul. pretty, hama'la.
mat, didaham. produce, to; ka'hawan,
me, na'yi. push, to; da'n,
metal, kusila. quick, to come; xanke'ye,
milk, tesnakwa'ya. rain, wi'-asn,
mine, na'yi. read, to; gwa'.
molasses, te'skaus. red, tamo'yika.
moon, a-uil. return, to; ga's.
round, la'-akum. textile, kwi'ss.

run, to; xanke'ye, to'los. that, ta'l.
saber, teheye. there, nya'.
sail, a-lams. thigh, em-edal.
salt, dem, ketac. thine, a'wa.
sand, kohon. this, ta'l.
satisfaction, expression of; baa. thou, a'wa.

say, to; kau'pn. three, kaxa'yi.
scat!, fthammic. thy, a'wa.
sea, the; see kalbasska, komkom. tin, see kesila-konan.
see, to; tea'. tired, kwa'-al.
serpent, au'd. tobacco, a-kanan, ka'he, de'.
seven, hai'kia, na'tsa. tongue, a-lean.
sew, to; teksilea. Tonkawa Indian, Tcanka'ya.
sexual organs, male; em-ibak. too, te'nno.
she, ta'l. tooth, dolonakin, e'.
ship, awa'n, elucun. tooth-brush, tessele'nia.

shirt, gusga'ma. touch, to; tcau'tawal.
shoe, kameplan. tree, akwini'.
shoot, to; o'dn. turtle, a large green; hai'tnlokn.
shoulder, em-sehota. two, hai'kia.
sick; a-eas, kwa'tco. understand, to; ku'mna.
side to side, to pass from; Ion. useful, pla'.
sit, to; ha'ka. vermilion, kadiim.
sit down!, ha'ka. vessel, awa'n, elucun.
six, hai'kia, ha'yo. walk, to; shak, ye'.
skin of deer, kesul. wall, kesul.
skip, to; e'm. want, to; ta'.
sleep, to; Km, neianana. water; klai, komkom.
small, kwa'n. water-hen, uapa.
smoke, a'nawan. weep, to; owi'ya.
snake, au'd. well, klaba'n.
soon, messu's. whereP, muda'.
Spaniards, kahamkeami. whiskey, laba'-i.
speak, to; gaxiame'tgt, kau'pn. whistle, to; a'ksol.
stag, tekomandotsen. white, pe'ka.
stand, to; ye'tso. wicked, teu'ta.
stomach, a-luk. wide, ya'-an.
strike, to; ga'-an. will, tca'pn.
strong, wo'l. wind, ba', eta.
suck, to; e'nno. wine, klebo.
sugar, te'skaus. wish, to; ta'.
sun, klos, do'owal. wolf, kec.
sweet, te'skaus. woman, a; acade.
swim, to; no'tawa. wood, Itesul.
talk, to; kau'pn.
work, to; taki'na.
tall, ya'-an.
yes, ihie'-a.
tar, kuja.
tattooings, bacenana. yesterday, tuwa'mka.
tear, to; ta'hama. yonder, nya'.
^
teat, kani'n. you, a'wa.
tell, to; kau'pn. young of an animal, kwa'n.
ten. ha' be. youngster, ni'ktam.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Some supplementary assistance in the study of Coahuilteco dialects
may perhaps be derived from the tribal or band names which present
to us the same multiplicity as the dialects. It cannot be asserted
positively that all of the following names belonged to Coahuiltecan
tribes, but the greater part of them do undoubtedly. For com-
pleteness, I have included those tribal names which are wholly Spanish.
Aguastayas. Huanes.
Alasapas. Hume.
Andacaminos (a Spanish word sig. Juamaca.
"wanderers"). Jueinzum.
Annas. Juncatas.
Apayxam. Junced.
Aranama. Macapao.
Asan. Macocoma.
Atajal. Mallopeme.
Atastagonies. Mamuqui.
Borrados (a Spanish name). Manam.
Cabia. Manico.
Cacafes. Manos Colorados (a Spanish name sig.
Cachopostales. "red hands").
Camai. Manos de Perro (a Spanish term sig.
Cantunas. "dog hands," i. e., "dog feet").
Casas Chiquitas (a Spanish name sig. Manos Prietas (a Spanish term sig.
"small houses"). "dark hands").
Casastles. Maquems.
Chaguantapam. Maraquites.
Chagustapa. Matucar.
Chapamaco. Matuime.
Chemoco. Maubedan.
Chuapas. Mauyga.
Cimataguo. Mazapes.
Cluetau. Menenquen.
Cocomeioje. Mescales (a name perhaps derived from
Comecrudo (?)Spanish name
(a sig. Aztec mexcalli, which sig. "Maguey
"eaters of raw meat"). liquor").
Cotoname (?). Mesquites (a word adapted from the
Cupdan. Aztec name for Prosopis juliflora) .
Escaba. Milijaes.
Espopolames. M orb an as.
Gabilan. Mulato (a Spanish word sig. "tawny
Geies. people").
Guanipas. Narices (perhaps from Spanish nariz,
Gueiquesales. "noze", sig. pierced-nose people).
Guerjuatida. Nazas.
Guisoles. Necpacha.
Haeser. Nigco (probably meant for Sinicu)
Hapes. Obozi (?).
Harames. Ocana.
Heniocane. Odoesmades.
Hiabu. Ohaguames.
Hihames. Orejones (a Spanish word sig. "big-
Huacacasa. eared people").
Oydican. Pintos (a Spanish name sig. "the pie-

Paac. bald ones").
Paachiqui. Pita.
Pabor. Pitahay.
Pacaruja (given by Uhde). Pomuluma.
Pachal. Prietos (a Spanish word sig. "dark
Pachalaque. ones").
Pachaloco. Psaupsau.
Pachaquen. Putaay.
Pachaug. Quanataguo.
Pacpul. Querns.
Pacuaches. Quepanos.
Pacuachiam. Quesal.
Paguan. Quide(?).
Paguanan. Quioborique(?).
Pajalat. Quisabas(?).
Pajarito (a Spanish name sig. "little Quitacas.
bird"). Quivi(?).
Pakawa. Salapaque(?).
Pamaque. Salinas (?) (a Spanish term sig. "[people
Pamaya. of the] salt-pits").
Pamoranos. Samampac.
Pampopas. Sampanal.
Papanac. Sanipao.
Paquache. Saracuam(?).
Parantones. Secmoco.
Parchaque. Semonan(?).
Parchinas. Senisos (a Spanish word, either from
Pasalves. ceniza, "ashes," or cenizo, a plant
Pasnacanes. called "the white goose foot").
Pasqual. Siaguan.
Pastaloca. Siansi.
Pastancoyas. Sillanguayas.
Pasteal. Sinicu.
Patague. Siupam.
Patan. Sonaque.
Patanium. Sonayan.
Patou. Suahuaches(?).
Patzau. Suanas.
Pausanes. Sulujame.
Pausaqui. Tacame.
Pausay. Taimamares.
Payaya. Tamcan(?).
Payuguan. Tamique(?).
Peana. Tanpacuazes.
Pelones (a Spanish word sig. "the hair- Tarequano.
less ones"). Teana.
Pescado (a Spanish word signifying Tecahuistes.
"fishes"). Tejones (a Spanish word sig."raccoons"),
Piedras Blancas (a Spanish name sig. Teneinamar.
"white stones"). Tenicapeme.
Piquique. Tepachuaches.
Pinanaca. Tepemaca.
Piniquu. Terocodame.
Tet. Venados (a Spanish term sig. "deer

Tetanauoica. people").
Tetecores. Vende Flechas (a Spanish term sig.
Tilijaes. "arrow sellers").
Tinapihuayas. Viayan,
Tocas. Viddaquimamar.
Tonzaumacagua. Xarame.
Tripas Blancas (a Spanish term sig. Xiabu.
"white bellies"). Yacdossa.
Tuancas. Ybdacax.
Tumamar. Yman.
Tumpzi. Ymic.
Tusanes. Yoricas.
Tusonid. Ysbupue.
Tuteneiboica. Yem^.
Unojita(?). Yu6.
Uracha. Yurguimes.
Utaca(?). Zorquan.
The Choyapin, or Tiopin, may have been Tonkawan but probably

belonged to the present group. The Muruam, Nonapho, Pulacuam,
Sijame, Simaomo, Tetzino, and Tishim may have been Coahuiltecan
or Tonkawan, and the Pataquilla and Tiopane were Karankawan or
Coahuiltecan.
Besides these, Cabeza de Vaca supplies us with a number of tribal
names in use on this coast 150 years earlier. He speaks of a "People
of the Figs" without giving their native name. The others are:
Aguenes. Cultalchuches or Cultalculches.
Anagados. Deaguanes or Deguenes,
Arbadaos. Decubadaos.
At ay OS. Guaycones.
Avavares. Guevenes or Quevenes.
Camolas.
Han.
Camones.
Iguaces or Yeguaces.
Caoques, Cahoques or Capoques
Maliacones.
Charruco.
Chauauares. Mariames.
Coayos. Mendica.
Comos. Quitoles.
Cuchendados. Susolas.
The location of the Han at the eastern end of Galveston Island

suggests that the tribe may have been Atakapan and the word a
form of ail The Caoques or Cahoques were
or han, sig. "house."
certainly theCoaque or Coco, a Karankawan tribe. The Atayos
were probably the Toho, a Tonkawan band. The Mariames are
also identifiable at a later date with the Muruam, perhaps a Tonkawan
tribe. In fact the greater number of these tribes were probably either
Tonkawan or Karankawan. In the later Spanish period we find only
fiveKarankawa bands or tribes, including the Karankawa proper,
about Matagorda Bay, tê Coaque or Coko, just mentioned, the
Copano, the Coapite, and the Kohani.
Cabeza de Vaca also mentions two words of an unidentified lan-

guage, mira aca or arraca, "men," and x6, "dog," the last mentioned
perhaps pronounced "sho." There is an s-sound in the names
applied to dogs in the extant dialects but otherwise there is little
resemblance between these words and any su;rviving terms of com-
parable significance.
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL RELATIONS OF THE SOUTH

TEXAS TONGUES
The following comparative table has been prepared for the pury ose
of bringing out the relations which these languages bore to one
another as far as is permitted by the very scanty and defective
material. No definite attempt has been made to bring together
related words except in so far as they happen to correspond to a
single English expression.
•^ u
>^-s
E5
o
52 ^^-^^S^ga ot
Si's —•2 .a '"S

-r 3 o 2
'OS C3
W Ci " 4J c 5
-S
r" 0-" -
:i S ^ 'Ôi ci o 0) o
c at d o QJs.'-^rtQ.cC rted rtt> o3*o
.^ u n m E.25 "^^M rtftrt >;&>?& aSS I
rt
a^ 03 p, cij P. aa
o.^ a^
PQ
s
c ta S
Et<
o <^
UJ3 ^ i_;-" o^x! ooc o S oJ
E fe Sl« SS S'S £55o^'S
^-. f- r! r Km
cs (S
3
cij c4.0^j3A^^^^^^.^.I2X!J3,a.aX!X! .S o o o o
ee«:
.2 S^ o
Sm
L,-T O 3 3 .
<U'3W
CO c C3
01 ES
d) 4^ C3 ^ cd
ci £ a
^s
Si
ss
& 2
fi
C en
62
o
Swauton] LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 141
CO
.00,
^s.
..2 "^
ox
Is 5 ^ D-
ja;e3
S2 aS
Si! &
-i5 "• ^ <- J
Sid'*
5E ^ 3
la 54i«
(U o cit
u> OJ
"3 "^
,
a 2 ^
SS?E-^
~<D -2 .13
p C
^ 5 P
E3 » P 05
K &"«
ao)'^ Gm
Is
B^
I
- !
*^ - si*^ o a;
2
Sf S^ c •SStiS. «-•« g? 3 3 S fe^~ o-S S_'-' M.S.S^S c t
u
^ ^ a o a
tl H) <o :4
C D. fc* u ki
a> c
I
CQ CQ CG n 03
3
C
a
o
o
Swan ton] LINGUISTIC ]\IATERIAL FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS 143
WW
WW
. K rt rt «
rt
OJ
2 c-«
"3 rt 73 rt 1^ rt fl o
r' 33Et
,33n > as ^
E-3
=«
M3:=.~r?. C
CJ E C, D.T3
•a o
5a
.
- 03 <:3 I cd tco
'ft C 0.1C3 B ft
ftrteUftxiSftx
'le^n-^'o^t-i-i
An adequate comparison of these languages is extremely difficult

owing to the divergent motives which actuated the various recorders,
the different nationalities of the latter, and, as I have said, the fragmen-
tary character of the material. Nevertheless, it is plain that these
several forms of speech differed widely, and, indeed, from an inspection
of this table one would hardly be assured that any two of them belonged
to the same stock. The two lists of words that present most analogies
are, as might have been expected, Comecrudo and Cotoname, which
were collected by the same linguist at the same time and place from
Indians who had long been on terms of intimacy. For this reason
the considerable differences between the two tongues are surprising.
In some cases it will be noted that one of them is nearer Karankawa
than to the supposedly sister dialect.
Both Comecrudo and Cotoname are further removed from Coahuil-
teco as represented in Garcia' s Manual than the classification of the
three in one stock would lead one to suppose. Comecrudo appears
to be nearer Coahuilteco than does Cotoname, but neither is much
closer than Karankawa, though the last-mentioned has been assigned
to an independent family. Indeed, a comparison of Texas languages
made by the present writer some years ago ^ seemed to link Karan-
kawa more closely with Coahuilteco than with either of the others,
but it must be said that the older vocabularies now brought to light
tend to discount in part the results of this study.
In view of the marked divergencies exhibited by the three sup-
posedly "Coahuiltecan" dialects, their almost equally close connection
with the supposedly independent Karankawan, and the further diver-
gence shown by the San Francisco Solano vocabulary, I am of the
opinion that the present classification of the tongues of this region
into Coahuiltecan, Karankawan, Tamaulipecan and probably also —
—
Olivean and Janambrian families is wholly artificial, and that we do
not know how many stocks there were. Except perhaps for Janam-
brian (see p. 6), I am very much inclined to believe that all of these are
but widely separated dialects of a single one. My experience has been
that, when the dialects of a stock vary widely, the lexical resemblances
are very much less than the resemblances exhibited by the verb
complex, the affixes, and the structure. The present material by its
fragmentary nature, tends to exaggerate differences and conceal the
more fundamental resemblances, though such structural elements as
we have seem to indicate the same condition that we find elsewhere.
A more complete examination of the material here brought together
will perhaps establish or disprove my conclusion. It is also possible
that a greater degree of relationship will be found to extend to Ton-
kawa, formerly spoken northeast of the Coahuiltecan territory, and
3 Linguistic position of the tribes of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico, Amer. Anthrop., n. s.,
vol. 17, pp. 17-40, 1915.

to the Tunican languages beyond the Trinity, which are now being
made the subjects of intensive investigations.
Professor Sapir ^ has also suggested a much wider connection for the
old south and central Texan tongues, aligning them as he does with the
great Hokan family of the Pacific coast. This contention has still to
be placed beyond reasonable doubt, but there are certain considera-
tions which lend considerable color to the idea. We note that, north
of Mexico, there are two regions of high linguistic complexity. The
better known area is, of course, California and Oregon, but the lands
about the northwestern angle of the Gulf of Mexico exhibit a similar
condition, yet one which has been obscured to some extent by the
fragmentary character of the material from this section. It is not
only that we have a number of small linguistic stocks but that there is
evidence of very considerable divergence among the dialects of those
stocks. Now, between the Pacific and Gulf areas are, or rather were,
two great families, one of which, the Athapascan, appears to have
intruded itself from the north at a relatively late period while the
other, the Uto-Aztecan, seems to have moved in a north-south direction
one way or the other considerably earlier. May it not be that the
aboriginal Californians and south Texans represented remnants of
earlier waves, split in two by these later comers and driven west and
east respectively?
* Sapir, E., The Hokan and Coahuiltecan languages. Int. Journ. Amer. Linguistics, vol. 1, No. 4, pp.
280-290, Dec. 1920.
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be published as a bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

English-Coahuilteco index 60"

Chitimachan, and Attacapan are mutually related, while Olivean

belonging to the so-called Coahuiltecan, Karankawan, Tamaulipecan,

existence is incorporated. For the sake of completeness there is

comes from the narrative of Cabeza de Vaca, a companion of the ill-

the present Matagorda Bay, then occupied by Karankawan tribes,

introduced by civilization, coupled with attacks of hostile Indians,

American on Guadalupe River, part of the tribe fled to Padre Island

The only remaining linguistic material from Tamaulipas as yet

was preserved by a margin of about 3 months.

this reason, itwas with great satisfaction that students of American

The terminal ng in one or two Maratino words is probably equivalent

It must be remembered that the symbols used in recording these

tc is substituted for ch.

-, personal pronominal prefix of the apatcu santupayo, in order that he

apak'uana, he was born (65-13). xuai pil'aima, another house (17-14;

there is something to separate (55-2).

axtikpil', three ("two and one") apaxat (SA) (47-21).

48-14; 53-25; 64-5, 8).

xtiyopamaux axte or maxuaxuyo apayokuen, with (64-8).

apsa, whatever (21-12, 14; 24-5, 23 atiuf nn, little (10-18).

xaapxaic fan po e, is she your niece? (37-20).

mamayayunayam e, did you fast? apoi, I have made (54-12; 57-1); he

apaxawai tukuaxam, when they did make a confession)? (2-22; 11-10).

apawai pomino, that he made himself and (12-21).

mihoi e, you do? (29-19). im, to be born (RG).

makpak'ai tukuaxam, when he mamak kamam tcon, he has come to

kax, to spill (?). katzoguo, to pay for, to expiate,

mamayakaxam e, did you spill? apakatzoguo, he paid for or expiated

k'au or k'i, cross (?). mipo takakawa pam, he loves us

kuaresma (quaresma), Lent (Spanish kue, kua, seemingly a postposition sig.

pardons you? (50-23). conjointly with -t (see tzax).

xapak'ayex tukuaxat, when you tupahapax, what (85-23).

puxoyokuex, on account of that (49-22).

confess to me again (6-20). (50-19).

(40-28). xaxuakam, you ask him (63-5).

xaxoxakoimo tcik sanino, you (pi.) xam, to remember.

xanai, father (RG?). ox xek'atzawamke tapamopo, they

mak xanaye xamin pil' mameyak'au xo, to know.

66-13, 21; 67-18; 69-10, 23; 70-5; know? (86-2).

mamayaxt'egulo yam e, have you xuankam, to be ashamed, to have

tzin nakaxuakam, I beg you (53-10)

napaxum tukuen, when I die (54-22; xapaxleyaxam tukuaxat, what you

you concealed it (4-17). tinct particles of this kind. It

maham e, did you eat? (10-27).

died (29-3). 24, 25, 26; 10-19; 24-22, 23; 40-1;

malkuita, to confess (Spanish mal- nikamalkuita wako kam, you will

confessed (during Lent) (2-13; 4-7, cousin? (78-13).

cause you to confess (18-4). mac, to ascend.

uxual* tukuet apamtlo saux pom, He mat'an, grandson (a woman's son's

mamik-ax, he gave them to you (2- makpaclpt'am axam santupayo, in

pi.) (12-10). (52-23).

(9-5; 26-6). nakawa, I desire or love (50-14).

nakamalkuita wako yaxam, I will pin naiwaham axam kam, we do not

otaktzin, to go carefully. ip'aken mamet, being past (30-28).

payam, now (ahora). makpapl san ma, to cohabit in future

pil'tce, (?) (28-24; 50-21). pinwak apsa atcet,

manam tc'an napapilam santupayo, apo, he is (42-2; 50-2).

pinwak apsa atclyokuex, in all the xapuk'al po e, is he your paternal

puzuai, stepfather. akpawltzma sal santupayokucx, that