Unit 2: Justice & Self
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1. Identity: Who we are, one's sense of self
2. Personality: The way we act; the sum of all inherited and
acquired characteristics
3. Worldview: The filter and perspective we use to understanding
the world based on our past experiences / knowledge
4. Nature: Individual identity that is based solely on biology
and/or genetic,
5. Nurture: Individual identity that is based on one's environment
and/or experiences
6. Variables not within our control:: Cosmetic (looks)
Genetic
Cultural
Circumstantial
7. Erik Erikson: Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial
Development
8. Erik Erikson: Identity VS. identity diffusion: The fifth stage is
identity vs. role confusion, and it occurs during adolescence,
from about 12-18 years. During this stage, adolescents search
for a sense of self and personal identity, through an intense
exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals.
9. Erik Erikson: Intimacy VS. Isolation: During this stage, young
adults face the challenge of forming close relationships with
others. They develop intimate friendships and partnerships.
Intimacy is commonly associated with a sexual relationship, but
it's possible to have intimate friendships as well.
10. Abraham Maslow: Humanistic psychologist known for his
"Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"
11. Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of needs:
Deficiency Needs=Basic Needs
Growth needs= Psychological needs
12. Robert Havighust: Independence (economic, emotional,
social): - Learning to get along with friends of both sexes
-Accepting one's physical body and keeping it healthy
-Becoming more self-sufficient
-Making decisions about marriage and family life
-Preparing for a job or career
-Acquiring a set of values to guide behaviour
-Becoming socially responsible
13. Lawrence Kohlberg: Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning:
The theoretical emphasis is on how one decides to respond to
a moral dilemma, not what one decides or what one actually
does.
14. Lawrence Kohlberg: Preconventional level: At the
preconventional level, morality is externally controlled. Rules
imposed by authority figures are conformed to in order to
avoid punishment or receive rewards. This perspective involves
the idea that what is right is what one can get away with or
what is personally satisfying.
15. Lawrence Kohlberg: Conventional level: At the conventional
level, conformity to social rules remains important to the
individual. However, the emphasis shifts from self-interest to
relationships with other people and social systems. The
individual strives to support rules that are set forth by others
such as parents, peers, and the government in order to win
their approval or to maintain social order.
16. Lawrence Kohlberg: Post-conventional level: At the post-
conventional level, the individual moves beyond the
perspective of his or her own society. Morality is defined in
terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all
situations and societies. The individual attempts to take the
perspective of all individuals.
17. Sigmund Freud: ID/EGO/SUPEREGO:
Austrian neurologist known for his work on the unconscious
mind. According to Freud's model of the psyche, the id is the
primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual
and aggressive drives and hidden memories, the super-ego
operates as a moral conscience, and the ego is the realistic
part that mediates between the desires of the id and the
super-ego.
18. James Fowler: Faith Development: Stage 0 - "Primal or
Undifferentiated" faith
Stage 1 - "Intuitive-Projective" faith (ages of three to seven)
Stage 2 - "Mythic-Literal" faith (mostly in school children)
Stage 3 - "Synthetic-Conventional" faith (arising in
adolescence; aged 12 to adulthood)
Stage 4 - "Individuative-Reflective" faith (usually mid-twenties
to late thirties)
Stage 5 - "Conjunctive" faith (mid-life crisis)
Stage 6 - "Universalizing" faith, or what some might call
"enlightenment".
19. Conception: The moment when the genetic material from a
woman's ovum and a man's sperm fuse, creating a genetically
unique individual, who immediately begins to grow
20. Abortion: The deliberate termination of a human pregnancy,
most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy.
21. Contraception: Use of artificial methods or other techniques to 34. What you can do to promote a culture of life: -Treating
prevent pregnancy as a consequence of sexual intercourse. everyone with dignity and respect
(condom or pills that freezes your eggs, preventing ovulation -Collect baby supplies
in female) -Volunteer at a local crisis pregnancy centre
22. Euthanasia: The intentional killing of someone whose life is -Focusing on healing rather than revenge
deemed to be no longer worth living (capital punishment) 35. Respect for the life and dignity of all humans: The Catholic
23. Retributive Justice: The approach to criminal justice in which Church proclaims that human life is sacred and that the dignity
the emphasis is on hurting the perpetrator of the offense of the human person is the foundation of a moral vision for
society. This belief is the foundation of all the principles of our
24. Restorative Justice: Restoring the good that has been harmed
social teaching.
by criminal activity - for victims, the community and offender
25. Consistent Ethic of Life: The belief that all life is sacred; an
approach to respect for human life
26. Culture of Death: Life is separate from God:
-value of a person that's based on what they have
-being fully alive when you have/do anything you want
-Valuing things leads to death because of things like cars,
clothes & bodies of all pass
-In a culture of valuing people for what they have (means
unborn criminals elderly, ill etc. as seen as less valuable)
27. Culture of Life: Life is a gift from God:
-value of a person is because they're created in the image of
God & have dignity as a result
-fully alive means imitating Jesus because he was the perfect
image of God
-Focus is on Souls
-All life comes from God and is meant to return to God in time
-Paschal Mystery (Jesus' life, death & resurrection) shows us
that though there's suffering, we can become fully alive
28. Capital Punishment: the legally authorized killing of someone
as punishment for a crime
29. Both-and approach: We do not need to choose between
helping one group or the other, we are to seek well-being of
those harmed by crime and the one who causes that harm.
30. Evangelium Vitae: the Gospel of Life, created by Pope John
Paul II (Second). To proclaim the good news of the value and
dignity of each human life
31. 2 convictions of Human Dignity: -Human life is sacred
-All human beings are equal
32. Victim Offender Meditation: mediator helps criminal offenders
and victims carefully work towards goal of talking to each
other (examines feelings and attitudes). For the victim be heard
and offender take accountability for actions. Healing from
both sides
33. Ways to make it easier to choose life: -Changing laws that fail
to recognize the sacredness of life
-Changing sexual behaviour to emphasize abstaining
-Addressing poverty so women do not feel like they have to
abort to not be poor
-Making workplaces and schools more parent friendly
-Stopping violence against women
-Encouraging greater involvement by men