Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
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I lntroduction
I FLUENT Products lntegrated lnto ANSYS Product
. FLUENT -
Suite
I
I'
t
r
FLUENT Products lntegrated into ANSyS product
Suite iANSYS'j
' lcepak - Has a custom-buirt interface on top of FLUENT
for analyzing electronics cooling applications. "oruoG
' Airpak - Has a custom-buirt interface on top of FLUENT
sorver used
for sorving ventiration/environmentar contamination
probrems.
lntroduction
ANSYS Workbench tflttffi';
#
"e.
u@="
Introduction
FLUENT l*Hsxst
Ttaining Manual
. FLUENT applications:
- Exiernal/internal automotive flows and
in-cylinder llows
- High-speed aerodynamics
- Rocket flows
- Turbomachinery
- Chemical reactors
- Cyclones
Bubble columns pressure distribution
Mixing vessels in an automotive engine
Fluidized beds cooling jacket.
Flow-induced noise
Moving and dynamic mesh
lnstantaneous solids
Many more! concentration in a riser
indicating uniform distribution
of catalyst at the riser head.
lntroduction
POLYFLOW 1/lNstas' j
Manual
. FLUENT for CATIA V5 brings CFD analysis into the CATIA V5 PLM environment.
. Fully imbedded in the analysis inlrastructure of CATIA V5:
I .
- knowledgeware and
data management
Full generative associativity
between geometry and CFD
I .
models
FLUENT for GATIA V5 can be
deployed throughout the full
product life cycle.
I
I ANSYS lnc Prcpriel4
1-21
I
e&ANSYS lnc Al illhbreseryed.
I lntroduction
imH$ffi_i
t GAMBIT
. A single, integrated
pre-processor for CFD
Trcining Manual
analysis.
T - Geometry creation
- Mesh generation
- Mesh quality
T examination
- Boundary zone
assignment
T
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Introduction
TGrid
' A pre-Processor for
teVhybrid mesh INFC%**.:::;.".'^^@
..*. lu*. sd#4 "'l
generation. ;:;iH: -ffi- -j,:",u .,,,.,, ",,,,1
-
j (id 9, tupe l. asclr).
::j!l -Sy-rilfl*F i1:0,:: i:;:.j: !::lll
:::l:d lO. tqpe 4, EEcrlr'
E3:ir!#!-r: 'i nodee (ad I3r tgpe 2J aecii)
s."d;m
. Usefulwhen starting 2?aa#:l::
with triangular
surface mesh.
Introduction
MixSim lsl$ys-j
' Mixsim is a specialized user interface that allows quick and easy
set-
up of mixing tank simulations.
' The tank size, bottom shape, baffre configuration, number and type of
impellers, etc. are specified direcfly.
'The mesh and complete problem definition are then automaticaily
created.
. Other features
- lmpeller libraries from leading equi
manufacturers
- Transient sliding mesh, steady-
state multiple reference frame
models
Non-Newtonian fluid rheology
lntroduction
ANSYS Workbench Overview
I/TNSYS
'*--f;;kks";;;;*r **- 1
Introduction
DesiqnModeler Overview illNsY$.1
,'',',,,----'.*--'.,.- *',,,' :
TBihihg Manual
. DesignModeler (DM) is a
component of ANSYS Workbench. -
. A CAD-Iike modeler with analysis
modeling goals:
- Contains unique
geometry modification
capabilities for
simulation:
. Feature Simplification
. Enclosure Operation
. Fill Operation
' Spot Welds
'. Split Surfaces
Surface Model
Extraction
. Planar Body Extraction
. Beam Modeling
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Introduction to CFD
What is CFD? Trcining Manual
' 'tltusxs-:
Gomputational fluid dynamics (cFD) is the science of predicting fluid flow,
heat and mass transfer, chemical reactions, and related phenomena by
solving numerically the set of governing mathematical equations
T -
-
Conservation of mass
Conservation of momentum
I -
-
-
-
Conservation of energy
Conservation of species
Effects of body forces
Etc.
t
I
-
lntroduction to CFD
How Does CFD Work? Manual
lntroduction to CFD
CFD Modeling Overview inNsr"$l Manual
. Problem ldentification
1. Define your modeling goals
2. ldentify the domain you will model
. Post-Processing
8. Examine the results.
9. Consider revisions to the model.
ANSYS lnc Propr€t4
Apil 28, 2@s
ANSYS, lnc Al rlqhts resetued
@ 2009 2-4
1. Define Your Modeling Goals tffiffi
Taining Manual
'wh3l results are you rooking for (i.e. pressure drop, mass
F' ------ frow rate),
and how willthey be used?
- What are your modeling options?
' what phyqigar moders wiil need to be incruded in your analysis (i.e. turburence,
compressibility, radiation)?
. What simplifying assumptions do you have to make?
. What simplifying assumptions can you make (i.e. symmetry, periodicity)?
. Do you require a unique modeling capabili\B
- userdefined lunctions (written in C) in FLUENT or user FORTRAN functions in cFX
. What degree of accuracy is required?
F+'
,4::
5. "ry;);l
lphystei'1:
Introduction to CFD
4. Design and Create the Mesh
i/TNSYS
A mesh divides a geometry into
many elements. These are used by
the CFD solver to construct control
volumes
. What degree of mesh resolution is required in
A tl
each region of the domain?
- The mesh must resolve geometric features of
intere.:t and capture gradients of concern, e.g.
velocity, pressure, temperature gradients
llangle Quadrilateral
- Can you predict regions ol high gradients?
b
Pyramid
V
PrismMedge
.
- Are non-conformal interfaces needed?
Do you have sufficient computer resources?
- How many cells/nodes are required?
- How many physical models will be used?
I
I Introduction to CFD
Tri/Tet vs. Quad/Hex Meshes i^n$asi
naining Manual
I
. Meshing tools designed for a
specific application can streamline
I the process of creating a quad/hex
mesh for some geometries.
lntroduction to CFD
Non-Conformal Meshes
. Non conformal meshes are useful
for meshing complex geometries
- Mesh each part then join together
. Non conformal interfaces are also
used in other situations
- Change in reference lrames
- Moving mesh applications
3D Film Gooling
Coolant is injected into a duct from a
plenum. The plenum is meshed with
ietrahedral cells while the duct is
meshed with hexahedral cells
Compressor and Scroll
The compressor and scroll are joined through a
non conformal interface. This serves to connect
the hex and tet meshes and also allows a change
in reference frame
ANSYS, tnc. ProPrietary
@2009 ANSYS, lnc. Al rights resfled. 2-12
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I
I Introduction to CFD
Set Up the Physics and Solver Settings isstrsi
I . For a given problem, you willneed to:
- Define material properties
I FIuid
Solid
Mixture
For complex problems
l solving a simplified or 2D
problem will provide
valuable experience with the
models and solver settings
-
-
Select appropriate physical models
. Turbulence, combustion, multiphase, etc.
Prescribe operating conditions
- Prescribe boundary conditions at all
I
for your problem in a shorT
amount of time. boundary zones
- Provide initial values or a previous solution
- Set up solver controls
I
I
I . The discretized conservation equations are
solved iteratively until convergence.
I
I
lntroduction to CFD
Examine the Results
'I$N$YS.1Training Manual
5
. Examine the results to review solution
and extract useful data
l
- Visualization Tools can be used to
answer such questions as:
. What is the overall flow Pattern?
. ls there separation?
. Where do shocks, shear laYers, etc.
form?
. Are key flow features being resolved?
Introduction to CFD
i]\msYs'i
Consider Revisions to the Model
l.--------:
Training Manual
b
. Are the physical models appropriate?
€
f,
- ls the flow turbulent?
- ls theflow unsteady?
Are there compressibility effects?
Are there 3D effects?
I
Momentum, continuity, energy
equations
- Radiation
. Turbulence
t -
-
RANS-based models (Spalart-
Allmaras, k-8, k-rd, Reynolds stress)
Large-eddy simulation (LES) and
detached eddy simulation (DES)
I
.:i::
. Species transport
. Volumetric reactions Pressure Contours in Near-Ground Flight
t -
-
Turbulent fast chemistry
. Eddy Dissipation, non-Premixed,
premixed, partially premixed
t
Turbulent finite-rate chemistry
. EDC, laminar flamelet, composition
PDF transport
- Surface Reactions Temperature Contours for Kiln Burner Retrofit
I
T
Introduction to CFD
Gas
outtet
I
I
j
.
T User-defined scalar transport
equations Pressure Contours in a Squirrel Cage
Blower (Courtesy Ford Motor Co.)
T
Introduction to CFD
FLUENT CFD Workflow under Workbench 2 ,NNSYS:
. Start ANSYS Workbench
& w Tmk st! Heb :
i..1h ':}q*;'' S$w !&F;e.;.
. Drag the Fluid Flow (FLUENT) e;d;i;;
.r:-t_---_i i
tr : ss, T@b Wr Hp
lu* ii;qem,., dw Si!.re*...
ffi FudFoB(cFx)
ffi
!*, H6m.ntRelponse(ANsyt
hlii lned tucuin! (aNsYs)
fji Menetostatic(aNsys)
$R Mdal(ANsYs)
BS Md.r(s.m.ED
&iA Randomlibr.un(ANsvs)
Hit Rerp6,e sFchuh (aNsys)
' lmport the geometry file (cAD model or DesignModeler .agdb file)
1ffi
n::l.lr
,?i$ ..", 4
3:€ Me'h .e )
+ i& s"tq
I
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I Introduction to CFD
I Generate a Mesh
. Right-click on Mesh cell and select Edit. '*s,lyst
Tnining Manual
F
F
T
!I
@2009 ANSYS. lnc All riqhts ressved 2-21
l- Introduction to CFD
Define Boundary and Cell Zones i/\NSYS.i
T . Create boundary zones using Named
selections-
- Select the surface which will
represent the boundary you wish
ltt -
to set.
Right-click the selection and select
Create Named Selection.
F - Name the selection and click OK. 'i
!
regions of the flow containing fluid ,E rq,-be
I
: Er@ i &r€ i t€ *ffi ]esr .
l* w'"l ..9*+ l
I
T
Set Up and Run FLUENT 1,TNSYS
. Edit the Setup cellto set up the model options
- Boundary conditions
- Solver settings
- Solution
- Post processing
. Once run, the solution can then be either post processed in FLUENT
or data exported to CFD-Post for post processing
- Contour and vector plots
- Prolile plots
* Calculation of forces and moments
- Animation of unsteady flow results
lntroduction to CFD
Demonstration of FLUENT Software I/TNSYS
Tftining MilE
lntroduction to CFD
i
I
. Your support engineer will save your work at the end of the week.
. lt is recommended that you restart FLUENT and/or Workbench for
each tutorial to avoid mixing solver settings from different
workshops.
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Training Manual
FLUENT 12 GUI Navigation
are generally
. The FLUENT GUI is arrangea such that, the tasks
the proiect setup tree'
arranged from top to bottom in
Solver Basics
Scaling the Mesh and Setecting Units ?4SSYS
. When FLUENT reads a mesh
file (.msh), all physical hhkft \
.4+!n
drmensions are assumed to be tu(*) i.$.;6e2r ' turfr),sij;j
j--'-
--,/ ; i_ cwatu*
in units of meters. ^ :-- t*. I huY luq'*1*
"*,.t ;t +"^ i t*l:.,t-"..
,
Solver Basics
Text User lnterface
Training Manual
. Most GUI commands
have a corresponding
TUI command.
- Manyadvanced
commands are only
available through
the Tl.Jl.
- Press the Enter key
to display the
command set at the
current level.
- q moves up one level.
' www.
A TUI_user guide is avairabre on the FLUENT User services
center
fluentusers.com
I
I
I Solver Basics
I Mouse Functionality
. Mouse button functionality depends on the chosen solver
Training Manual
(2D / 3D)
I
and can be configured in the solver.
. Default settings @FH,'ouse Buttons '
- 2D. Solver
Left button translates/pans (dolly)
I
LErL morEF-rnfifF
. Middle button zooms l4iddle *o*"-roo,
. ;
t
. Left button rotates about 2 axes
. Middle button zooms FLUENTDefEUIts (workbenchC'eFaults
. -""-.]h-__--
t
Right bufton selects/probes
April 28.2009
@2009 ANSYS, lnc Al righls reserued 3-5
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rc02600
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I
Solver Basics
Material Properties
. FLUENT provides a standard
database of materials and the
jnN$x9i
TEining Manudl
I
I . Your choice of physical models
may require multiple materials
and dictate which material
properties must be defined.
l
t
I
-
-
-
-
Multiphase (multiple materials)
Combustion (multiple species)
Heat transfer (thermal
conductivity)
Radiation (emissivity and
----"" " ftryeH*Si{s
I
absorptivity) jcuiirc'i'*" oii" Il @ l l-- il-
I
- Use of other solution variable(s) requires UDF.
I
t
Solver Basics
Materials Databases I/\NSYS i
Training Manual
April4 2m9
02009 ANSYS lnc Alrights 1644 3-7
Solver Basics
Operating Conditions Training Manual
. Specified Operating
Density sets the reference
value for flows with widely
varying density.
t
s $ !_: ldF,'ciio
b I ufq(,cdr.ms.hdd
- running
FLUENT is fully parallelized and capable of
across most hardware and D.dc, OD'@ tua rcEph
! Dso&MerAhFeeq -l 5H6,
software confiourations. such as comDute ': EmbaG,#V@. _"
Paala, -atulb€Lhftl
clusters or muTti-processor machinesl ./ Vdltu Ldo g(:"*
: 1..
\udr dqd'.c
t
I .! sno^Les
using the system command prompt or
using the FLUENT Launcher panel.
, a";Jo;fi 1 i;;;i;is;i;;;-; ;i1fr1 .19ioil9 ; i,ii1ii,**,1
t
fluent 3d -tn 11,'.!!Pc ..
i!eleyl!... .......................?.:
. The mesh can be partitioned either $i SkedM.mo'uon Lod BdhE
manually or automatically using a number
of different methods.
- Non-conformal meshes, sliding mesh
I .
interfaces and shell conduction zones
require partitioning in serial.
A web-based lecture is available on the
FLUENT User Services Center.
I ot lT;*l i*rd_l I !"h -
t
I Solver Basics
Summary
. This lecture has presented many basic tasks that are often performed
isnffiK$_i Training Manual
I .
during a CFD simulation setup.
I time-dependent problems.
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FLUENT Journals rnNsffi"j
Training Manual
April 28 2009
@2009 ANSYS lnc. Allilghb r6wd 3-12
-
I
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I Solver Basics
I1\NSYS
I - Zones
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Rtate-s hadow
4srtd :6]! *'
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-*
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tii.;d: ii;;;;i; t;r;
l4,rteri.ls
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L-ot
Problem Setup
Gener6l
Modelj
l"laterials
.Bgunqary c9t-d-i!igl:
Zsne
iideFallFinteriDr
ldefalll ifterion00S
Default-interior zone(s)
\" can always be ignored.
:
'.:i4H': : del€ult-interiorr 0 l0
tu+arr
Relerence Valuet lweil:not
. ln this example, there are two cell zones (fluid-upstream and fluid-
t downstream).
. Because of this, FLUENT splits the exterior wall zone into two zones
(walland wall:001). This is because an external boundary cannot
span multiple cell zones.
t . FLUENT also splits the orifice plate into two walls also (plate and
plate-shadow) since the plate zone is an internal wall.
ANSYS lnc Propnetq Aprt 23, 2009
t
@2009 ANSYS, lnc. All riqhls reseryd 3-1 3
:
Solver Basics
Mesh lnformation and Hierarchy ;/\NSYS'
: . All mesh information is stored in the mesh file.
- Node coordinates
t - Connectivity
- Zone definitioh
. Similar to the way geometry is defined, mesh r
entities obey a hierarchy:
Node
- Edge intersection / grid point
- Edge Boundary ol a tace (defined by
two nodes
T - Face The boundaries ol cells, delined by
a collection of edges
- Cell
t
The control volumes into which the
domain is discretized.
Zone Simple 2D Mesh
- A collection of nodes, edges, faces
or cells.
. The computational domain is defined by all
members of the hierarchy Node
I -
-
For fluid llow simulation only, the domain consists
only of the lluid region.
For coniugate heat transfer or fluid-structure
interaction problems, the domain needs to include
any solid parts thal are present.
Boundary
Face
. Boundary data is assigned to face zones. Edge
. Material data and source terms are assigned to
T cell zones.
Simple 3D mesh
I ANSYS, lnc
@2009 ANSYS. lnc All riqhis reseNed 3-14
Apill 23 2OO9
t
Reordering and Modifying the Grid
i1\NSYS:
. The grid can be reordered so that neighboring cells are near each
other in the zones and in memory
- lmproves efficiency of memory access and reduces the bandwidth of the
computation
- Reordering can be performed for the entire domain or specific cell zones.
[@-Doman @@zon".
- The bandwidth of each partition in the grid can be printed for reference.
@PrintBandwidth
. The face/cell zones can also be modified by the following operations
in the Grid menu:
- Separation and merge of zones
- Fusing of cell zones with merge of duplicate laces and nodes
- Translate, rotate, reflect face or cell zones
- Extrusion of face zones to extend the domain
- Replace a cell zone with another or delete it
- Activate and Deactivate cell zones
ANSYS, lnc Proprieary
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variable data on both face zones and cell s!i@-....... . ..............
zones by using profile files and data + $rte c!@nB! D#d Prdrd
interpolation files, respectively.
- For example, a velocity profile from
t
experimental data or previous FLUENT run
al an inlet, or a solution interpolated from
a coarse mesh to line mesh,
ro*Profile"'
I E@F*Profile"'
Profile files are data files which contain
point data for selected variables on
particular face zones, and can be both
lFGf* tnterPotate...
t
Similarly, lnterpolation data files contain
discrete data for selected field variables
on particular cell zones to be written and
read into FLUENT.
t
i.?.reJ t+=J t!!Ll
ANSYS lnc Proprletary
@2@9 ANSYS, lnc. At rights reseryd 3-17 Apl 28,2009
r
t Solver Basics
Mesh Adaption I/INSYS-J
r
Mesh adaption refers to refinement
and/or coarsening cells where needed Optd. &rhoE Cd€m.f
to resolve the flow field without llPtu :\culatde r.rybture...
returning to the preprocessor. ilcuso d6ad
lshk rE@er*!
_. {:)E;vtu __
: l]hdaF?od
- Markcells satisfying the adaption p$e
-
criteria and store them in a ,'iegister.',
Display and modify the register if
desired.
K
,H"*,il_r1
MmM5dn
T -
-
-
Gradients or isovalues ol all variables
All cells on a boundary
All cells in a region with a detined
shape
4@e. n&nr R4*r< t!, G cE6@ ht
rful lEl'@ t;,i#i:n
- Cell volumes or volume changes :::. | | l!
T .
- y+ in cells adjacent to walls
T
T
r
Adaption Example - Supersonic Projectile
. Adapt grid in regions of large pressure gradient to better resolve the
sudden pressure rise across the shock.
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I Boundary Conditions
Defining Boundary Conditions
i/\NSYS"i
Il-
Specify fluxes of mass, momentum, energy, etc. into the domain.
r
- Supplying information at the boundaries
. The data required at a boundary depends upon the boundary
I
condition type and the physical models employed.
!I
on the flow variables are known or can be reasonably approximated
- Poorly defined boundary conditions can have a significant impact on
your solution
II
T
Boundary Conditions
Cell Zones - Fluid tns,,,$xT
Manual Training
. A fluid cell zone is a group of cells for which all active equations are
solved.
ffinbm-8*r Oledion
- Porous region
- Source terms i:,:..............................
: , !0
- Laminar region I 7i1-
- Fixed Values ,.-:'
- Radiation
Boundary Conditions
Porous Media i,\NSYS
. A porous zone is a special type of fluid zone.
- Enable Porous Zone option in the Fluid panel.
- Pressure loss in flow determined via user inputs
of resistance coefficients to lumped parameter
model
I
. Optional inputs allow you to set
volumetric heat generation rate
(heat source).
F
I
,]
I ANsYs, hc Propriel4
.'.--.-..-
rzill trbrpl
April 28,20@
I Boundary Conditions
Ir
!
Locating Boundaries - An Example TBining Manual
!
@ Upstream of manifold
. Can use uniform profile. Combustor Wdl
. Properly accounts for mixing.
. Non-premixed reaction models
t @
. Requires more cells.
Nozzte inlet plane
. Non-premixed reaction
I
models.
. Requires accurate inlet
profile.
. Flow is still non-premixed.
4-6
Apri 28, 2009
I
r
Boundary Conditions
General Guidelines J/\NSYS
Training Manual
- lncompressible - PorousJump
. Velocity lnlet - Radiator
. Outtlow (not recommended)
- Wall
- Compressible . Cell (Continuum) zones
. Mass Flow lnlet
. Pressure Far Field - Fluid
- Other
.
- Solid
.
Wall - Porous media
Symmetry
. Axis
. Periodic
- Special
. lnlet / Outlet Vent
. lntake / Exhaust Fan
plate
plate-shadow
. Zones and zone types are
initially defined in the Bo{ldrry Cof,dilhDs
preprocessing phase.
Maieialt
:defdulFinterion00E
!@r'liGellk. I
Boundary Conditions
Velocity lnlet
. Velocity Specification
Method
- Magnitude, Normal to Boundary zoEMm
;ii;i:i""''"'"""'''"'"""'-""'-
- Components !i """"!,'.'.,,..'.,,-'.,i-.,*,:,,
pressure inlets
are suitabre for both
"orffi
- Pressure inlet boundary is treated
as
a loss-free transition from stagnation
to inlet conditions.
- FLUENT calculates static pressure
and
velocity at inlet
- Mass flux through boundary
varies
depending on the interior
specified flow direction. "otutionlnO
. Required inputs
- Gauge Total pressure
- Supersonic / lnitial Gauge pressure
- lnlet flow direction lncompressible:
Ptota, =psialic+-
oV2
- Turbulencequantities
(if appticable)
Compressible:
Ptotar.abs = pstatic,*, (, n
- Total temperature (if heat transfer ?*t)*
and/or compressible).
rrorar.aos
=Tstatic.abs (t -?rr)
I
Ir
Ir
I Boundary Conditions
Mass Flow lnlet
! . Mass flow inlets are intended for compressible flows; however, they
can be used for incompressible flows.
- Total pressure adjusts to
I -
accommodate mass flow inputs.
More difficult to converge than
pressure inlet.
Uffil&
i "tu!Si1d{
It-
iarr ro*i D\
!#4e 1.n. tu;o!(e
turFow5Fr-snMdodte;;il;'..... ;
, ::: :
. Required information
i
MdsFNF.re4{/s) lii---- t: mnt t j
k'e,qltuGuoeF.@elre'! ;
I
initialized from this boundary. i soa.*i*ruhdrrmstloaryadt'M ,g:, I
l
i;iln#iir.i:,;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::i
- Total Temperature (on Thermal tab) 1
tdar hr.'
. Used as static temperature for ld
I
I
incompressible flow. t p\'- ?",T_"j ."dp I
- Direction Specification Method
ANSYS, lnc. Proiletary Api 2a, 2009
@2009 ANSYS, lnc All rights reserved 4-13
I
!T
Boundary Conditions
Pressure Outlet iltNsK.! Training Manual
I
i
. Required information
- Gauge Pressure (static) - static
pressure of the environment into
I
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,),
r
conditions illwhen backflow occurs
(outlet acts like an inlet).
I
non-ref lecting outlet boundary sesk*Fi khd itr;, ;;;; -
ij#;-- -i:l
conditions (NRBC) are available. Ea& rdMthE6r, (%) i!l- --"""r1
tutu&tulkDadHb ri il
_i:l
r
r
Boundary Conditions
Wall Boundaries inNsYsl
. ln viscous flows, no-slip conditions are applied at walls.
- Shear stress can be applied.
. Translational or rotational
velocity can be assigned to wall
boundaries.
L-q-],1€re! [4f
Boundary Conditions
Symmetry and Axis Boundaries i4N_SYS.1 ManMl
. Symmetry Boundary
- No inputs are required.
iF#;il
- Flow field and geometry must be symmetric:
,-,-'ff1
. Zero normal velocity at symmetry plane r- t{i i!9El L ns l
Symmetry
Planes
. Axis Boundary i.i
h
I
I
t Boundary Conditions
Periodic Boundaries i^ry$]Sl
frcining Manual
Boundary Conditions
lnternal Face Boundaries INNSYS-1
. Defined on the cellfaces only:
- Thickness of these internal faces is zero
- These internal faces provide means of introducing step changes in flow
properties.
I
April 26 m
@2009 ANSYS lnc 4-18
I
I
@
Boundary Conditions
Case Setup Replication inil$Y$i
. To replicate a case setup:
- use the read/write boundary conditions feature via TUr command:
/f i1e/write-bc Creates a BC file
/fiLe/read-be Reads an existing BC lile
Boundary Conditions
Summary
' Boundary zones are used to controrthe sorution at externar
and
internal boundaries. Many different boundary types exist
for
prescribing boundary information.
' cell zones (or continuum zones) are used to assign which fruid/sorid
material(s) exist in a region.
- Options for porous media, laminar region, fixed value, etc.
'There are severar other boundary condition types which were not
presented (see appendix for more information about
these).
- Pressure Far Field
- Exhaust Fan/Outlet Vent
- Inlet Vent / lntake Fan
- Outflow
I
!I
I
t
I
t ffi
t
I
I ANSYS, lnc. Bopriehy
@2@9 ANSYS, tnc. At righb r6qvd
I
I Other lnlet / Ouilet Boundary Conditions
jnNstrs.i
t -
-
used to model free'srream compressibre frow at infinity,
static conditions and the free-stream Mach number.
with prescribed
Available only when density is calculated using the ideal gas
law.
I -
-
Options to choose iteration method in TUI
. Exhaust Fan / Ouilet Vent
Models an externar exhaust fan or outret vent with speciried pressure
/ loss coefficienr and ambient (dischai!e) pr"""rrJi-nJ'iern'Sr"rure. rise
I . lnlet
-
Vent / lntake Fan
Models an inlet vent / external intake fan with specified
pressure rise, flow direction, and ambient
linlet)
loss coefficient
pr-ssu;;;; /
I
temperature.
' Inlet boundary conditions for large-eddy / detached-eddy
--' simulations
--
are covered in the Turbulence MoOelingi lecture.
t
I
I
Boundary Conditions
Outflow lJln$Y$i
. No pressure or velocity information is
required.
- Data at exit plane is extrapolated from
interior.
- Mass balance correction is applied at
boundary.
' Flow exiting outflow boundary exhibits zero normal diffusive flux for
allflow variables.
- Appropriate where the exit flow is fully developed.
'The outflow boundary is intended for use with incompressibte flows.
- cannot be used with a pressure inlet boundary (must use velocity-inlet),
' combination does not uniquely set pressure gradient over whole domain.
- Cannot be used lor unsteady flows with variable density.
' Poor rate of convergence when bacHlow occurs during iterations.
- Cannot be used if backflow is expected in the final solution.
Boundary Conditions
Modeling Multiple Exits
' Flows with multiple exits can be modeled using pressure outlet or
outflow boundaries, depending on the informaiion you know.
- Pressure outlets - requires knowledge of downstream pressures;
FLUENT calculates the fraction of total flow through eath branch.
Velocityintet(V,Tj Pressureoutlet
OR_l
Pressure inlet (po. To) -.|ffi
--l | I
+ Pressureoutet
- Outflow:
' Mass flow rate fraction determined from Frow Rate weighting (FRw)
by
rhi FRWi
.t,., = t,.t*W
' static pressure varies among exits to accommodate the prescribed frow
distribution.
[--Outflow(FRW,)
Velocityinlet(V.To1
--
--l |
I
I ----=+Outflow(FRWr)
I
I
I
t
I
I
t
I l,ntro ctory.FLUENT
Tfaining
I
I ASYS
@
lnc. Pr+ri#y
2@9 ANSYS. anc. Al righb rswd
I
I Solver Settings
Outline
. Using the Solver (solution procedure overview)
iffisffi:
Training Manual
I -
-
Setting Solver Parameters
Convergence
. Delinition
I . Monitoring
. Stability
. Accelerating Convergence
r -
-
Accuracy
. Grid lndependence
. Grid Adaption
Unsteady Flow Modeling (covered in a later lecture)
I -
-
.
.
Summary
Appendix
Unsteady-flow problem setup
Unsteady flow modeling options
F
r ANSYS. Inc. Proprieiarv
@2@ ANSYS. lnc. Al r qhls res6Nd. 5-2
2A,M
m2600
I
I
Solver Settings
Solution Procedure Overview irxxsy$
Ttaining Manual
. Solution parameters
- Choosing the solver Set the solution parameters
- Discretizationschemes
lnitialize the solution
- Monitoring convergence
- Stability convergence
. Setting Under-relaxation
. Setting Courant number
No
- Accelerating convergence
ChE^k
. Accuracy Yes
- Adaption
ANSYS, lnc Proprtetry
@2009 ANSYS, Jnc. At rights ,essvd
Solver Settings
Available Solvers i/TNSYS
. There are two kinds of solvers
available in FLUENT - pressure
based and Density based. Pressure-Based pressure-Based Density-Basec
(coupled) (coupted)
sequentially.
Sofue Species
- Coupled Solver (pBCS) - Sotves
pressure and momentum
simultaneously, Solve Turbulence Equation(s)
I Available Solvers
. Density-Based Coupled Solver q9L'9Iul
]I\NSYS r
I
FW
- Equations for continuity, momentum,
energy and species (if required) are I ch*k ilRrytq""xty f
I
equation of state.
- Additional scalar equations are solved 5ol!iion
I
5olution Inltidl zdtion ...........
. The DBCS can be run either explicit or
Cak!ahon A+ivities
!il
implicit. Gi6Dhrs and Anmdhan! ri;l
- lmplicit - Uses a point-implicit Gauss- Plots
Repodt
I
Seidel / symmetric block Gauss-Seidel
/ ILU method to solve for variables.
- Explicit: uses a multi-step Runge-Kutta
explicit time integration method
t
t ANSYS lnc Propnelary
@2009 ANSYS lnc All .ghts reserved 5,5
Apil 23,2009
t
t Solver Settings
Choosing a Solver
. The pressure-based solver is applicable for a wide range of flow regimes
illNSYSl
t .
from low speed incompressible flow to high-speed compressible flow.
-
-
Requires less memory (storage).
Allows flexibility in the solution procedure.
The pressure-based coupled solver (PBCS) is applicable for most single
I .
.
shock interactions.
The implicit option is generally preferred over explicit since it has a very
strict limit on time step size
The explicit approach is used for cases where the characteristic time scale of
I the flow is on the same order as the acoustic time scale. (e.9.: propagation of
high-Ma shock waves).
I ANSYS nc
@2009 ANSYS.
Propnetary
lnc All iohts reseNed 5-6
&r I 23, 2009
rc02600
t
I
Discretization (lnterpolation Methods) il\NsYs.i
Vcell
a (pQ)
----- -
at PrYrQr At r
lVtace"
Solver Settings
lnterpolation Methods (Gradients) iANSlffi.i
' Gradients of solution variables are required in order to evaluate
diffusive fluxes, vetocity derivatives, and for higher-order
discretization schemes.
atpo) Ntaces Nf""."
Ycell
at
+ \
orvror .ar t*oor'I 54vcerr
-
'The gradients of solution variables at cell centers can be determined
using three approaches:
- Green-Gauss ceil-Based - The defaurt method; sorution may have false
diffusion (smearing of the solution fields).
- Green-Gauss Node-Based - More accurate; minimizes farse
diffusion;
recommended for tri/tet meshes.
- Least-squares celr-Based - Recommended for poryhedrar meshes;
has
the same accuracy and properties as Node_based 6radients.
' Gradients of sorution variabres at faces computed using murti-
dimensional Taylor series expansion.
t
t
t
t
Solver Settings
lnterpolation Methods for Pressure inry,I.y.$:i
Training Manual
I
be used when steep pressure changes are present in the flow - pRESTO!
scheme should be used instead.)
- PRESTO! - Use for highly swirling flows, flows involving steep pressure
gradients (porous media, fan model, etc.), or in strongly curved domains
t -
*
Linear - Use when other options result in convergence difliculties or
unphysical behavior
Second-Order - Use for compressible flows; not to be used with porous
media, jump, fans, etc. or VOF/Mixture multiphase models
- Body Force Weighted - Use when body forces are large, e.g., high Ra
T natural convection or highly swirling flows
I
I @2009 ANSYS, lnc All iqhts reserved 5-9
T
r
Solver Settings
Pressure-Velocity Coupl ing ltlst$T?':i
fraining Manual
T
t
ANSYS, lnc
April 28,2oo9
[-
!
I
I
Solver Settings
lnitialization
. FLUENT requires that all Sold6r lnit.tiz.ti.n
solution variables be initialized. ffr: (6dtu
I$jq.{d4:_... ...:.
rru l
^:[11ffi:* ...,.i.. ...,,..,...i...-,
"r..r.*.Eq.q$l.,,..,....
1.::*'.r* il
cells in the Adaption panel) can bie used :
of the domain.
i,'ii
l ,.,,-,,,, ......,,,,,,: i i
Solver Settings
FMG lnitialization
' Full MultiGrid (FMG) lnitialization can be used to create
a better
initialization of the flow field.
- FMG lnitiarization is usefur {or comprex frow probrems
invorving rarge
pressure and velocity gradients on large meshes.
- Euler equations are sorved with first-order accuracy
on the coarse-rever
meshes.
- rt can be used with both pressure and density
based sorvers, but onry in
steady mode.
I
t
I Solver Settings
I
Profile
:
lpd€te Iniend
:^r
:i:l
I
soluton rs-"-G:'rnc""l.ll"r-.1
ignore.
M.!h i @situtusq.ndtdzdBl N.i.t j!|,{J
I I li *,u"i*ii+J"i";;;;;;;;;.
'tunHB
n
..
I
I
I
Solver Settings
Convergence i*N$KTi
Trcining Manual
I
at least qualitative convergence. At this point, the major flow features
should be established.
- Scaled energy residual should decrease to 10-6 (for the pressure-based
r
solver).
- scaled species residual may need to decrease to 10-s to achieve species
balance.
. Monitoring quantitative convergence:
r -
-
Monitor other relevant key variables/physical quantities for a
conlirmation.
Ensure that overall mass/heaVspecies conservation is satisfied.
r
in
Gonvergence Monitors - Residuals T@ining Manual
. Residual plots show when the residual values have reached the
specified tolerance.
! lDraq - off
cell zone Conditiont
8ound.ry Condilions ! iuommt - or
5olulion
3jN
solution IniGli?aiion
lSs
h*ralirnt
/\NSYS.
ce Monitors - Forces and Surfaces
. ln addition to residuals, you
can also
monitor lift, drag and moment coefficients'
g.l.ntr.d
!I
also check for overall heat and mass balances.
'The net flux imbalance (shown in the GUlas Net Resurts) should be
less than 1o/o oI the smallest f lux through the domain boundary
I
.8P,19't"
: F6r.e.
I
:,Vo
i samole
sumnarv UnEvnLabe
Heat tr-rarge . Und!.1aEe
Ir
Graphrs and Animations lm f 'e-*gjl:rj
G]
!I
r Solver Settings
Tightening the Convergence Tolerance iANSlrsi
r ' lf solution monitors indicate that the solution is converged, but the
solution is still changing or has a large mass/heat imbaiance, this
clearly indicates the solution is not yet converged.
t . ln this
-
case, you need to:
Reduce values of convergence criterion or disable check convergence
r
in the Residual Monitors panel.
- Continue iterations until the solution converges.
I
'conttuv i;6;
ir_: ,..j
Convergence Criterion I rdhLt, i1.. : :a.ddi
disables convergence
checking for all equations.
t t1g-qsqi
'@o l^'
Residd vEGs
il
rj
nmaze
s.ae
I
1_-_i! ..1 _-tg_r .-q-"lp''eEr- Ssrgr ..1 L-.ti",F J
t
I
f'
Solver Settings
Convergence Difficulties 1n$$xsi Trcining Manual
. Troubleshooting
Continuity equation
- Ensure that the problem is well-posed.
- Compute an initial solution using a
f irst-brder discretization schemel
- For the pressure-based solver, decrease
underrelaxation factors for eouations
having convergence problemb,
- For the density-based solver, reduce
the Courant number.
- Remesh or refine cells which have laroe
aspect ratio or large skewness.
. Flemember that you cannot improve
1[ 2! t[ r! 50 60 r! 9[ s!
Iterations
1!!
Solver Settings
Mod ityi ng Under-Relaxation Factors iffN$x$:i Ttaining Manual
I
I
steady state problems.
- The Courant number defines the
time step size.
. For density-based explicit solver:
Soldion Contols
I . Cannot be greater
.
(default value is 1).
than 2
:r
5$d
ii\""""""
-
I
having difficulty converging, I
I . Default value is 5.
h.'Fl
I
t
t Accelerating Convergence
. Convergence can be accelerated by:
itlnffiKi Ttaining Manual
t
- Gradually increasing under-relaxation factors or courant
number
' Excessivery high varues can read to sorution instabirity
convergence probrems
' You shourd arways save case and data fires before continuing
iterations
- Controlling MultiGrid solver settings (not generally recommended)
I
t
t
t
I
Solver Settings
Starting from a Previous Solution itlnLiYs, Tnining Manual
Solver Settings
Solution Accuracy ilWS1$'i Manual
!
ANSYS, lnc Proprid*y Aprt 28, 2009
@2009 ANSYS lnc. Allighb 6wed 5-25
t
tI
Solver Settings
Grid-lndependent Sol utions
/\NSYS i
Ir -
-
VERY IMPORTANT: Save the case and data files lirst.
I
Create adaption register(s) and adapt the mesh. Data from the original mesh is interpolated onto
the liner mesh. FLUENT oflers dynamic mesh adaption which automatically changea the mesh
according to user-def ined criteria.
2. Continue calculations until convergence,
3. Compare the results obtained on the different meshes.
4,
I
Repeat the procedure if necessary.
I
problem.
- Better initialization can be obtained via interpolation from existing case/data by
using solution data interpolation
A web-based training module is available to train users in replication of
I
case setup and solution data interpolation.
I
t
F=e
Solver Settings
Summary JNNSYSi
'solution- procedure for both the pressure-based d"n"ityJ""J
solvers is identical. "nu
- Calculate until you get a converged sotution
- Obtain a second-order solution (recommended)
- Refine the mesh and recarcurate untir a grid,independent
sorution is
obtained.
' All solvers provide toors for checking and improving accuracy.
. Solqti.on.acguracV on the appropriateness of the physicat
ry!l_9"p"T9.
models that you choose ind the oounol'r-y ionditions ttrai'you
specify.
lhtrddUctoryr FLUENT
Training
l|M
ANSYS lnc. Propielny *4atWlip'sgl.ffi
@2009 ANSYS, lnc. Al ights reservd rMrsyiW
Turbulence Modeling
lntroduction to Turbulence Modeling l^n$#i
Trcining Manual
Apill 28,2009
@2m ANsYs, hc. An righls res**
Dissipation
r' of energy
Dissipating eddies
I rL
L
Cascade Richardson, 1 922)
I
I
r
I
Turbulence Modeling
ls the Flow Turbulent? t/ISlsYsj
t
External Flows
OUL
where Ret
Re" ) 500,000 along a surface lr
L= x,d,dn,elc.
> 20,000
I
Rea around an obstacle
Other factors such as free-
stream turbulence, surJace
Internal Flows conditions, blowing, suction, and
I Natural Gonvection
Ra
p, t to' where n^ BgL3LT p2coBgL3ar
-o = -t;- = ---!k- (RaYleigh number)
l
t v uc^
tt = ='i
; (Prandt number)
I
I Turbulence Modeling
I 150<Re<3x105
Laminar boundary layer up to
the separation point, turbulent
wake
I /,4__
V-,2{ \"'r=;
3x105 < Re < 3.5x106 Boundary layer transition to
turbulent
Turbulence Modeling
Plume in Cross Flow
}ANSYS
a (pu.)
af + 1k3u=
dxj
_
uF
I l' lgl*
dxr dx; lu
+ *16,:&*)l *. :uui
\ax; dx; 3 "dxm ) j axi
Turbulence Modeling
Reynolds Stress Tensor i/$lsY$l
Ttaining Manual
ww urwl
nv 77
E,l =
'I wrE w
n@
w'w'-
. F7 is a symmetric, second-order tensor; it comes from averaging the
convective acceleration term in the momentum equation
Turbulence Modeling
Eddy Viscosity Models
i,\NSYS
. Dimensional analysis indicates that eddy viscosity can be determined
if we have the necessary scales (velocity, length, etc.)
ut [r2l lrzl .ltl= ftl x tiJ
p='' Lrj =
Lej l-J
- For example, given the turbulence velocity scale and length scale, or
velocity scale and time scale, eddy viscosity is determined and the RANS
equations are closed
- These scales can only be prescribed for very simple flows (like fully-
developed turbulent pipe flow or Couette flow).
r .
diffusing momentum.
t
characteristic. unlike an isothermal laminar flow in which viscosity is
a constant which varies with position throughout the flow field
. EVMs are the most widely used turbulence models for CFD.
t -
hisltjy anisotropic (flows with,large streamline curvatu16, i mpingement,
and highly swirling flows, etc.).
E.dav viscosity moders do not incrude dependence of the Reynolds
stresses on the rate of rotation of the flow.
I - The assumption that Reynolds stress scales with the strain-rate tensor of
the mean velocity is not always valid.
t
I
I
Turbulence Modeling
Turbulence Models Available in FLUENT fruining Manual
I One-Equation Model
Spalart-Allmaras
Two-Equation Models
I Standard k-e
RNG k-a
0
lncrease in
Realizable k-s Computational
I
BANS based
models Standard k-ur Cost
SST k-ur Per lteration
4-Equation v2f *
I
I
I
The Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) Model
iITNSYS
. Spalart-Allmaras is a low-cost RANS model solving a transport equation for a
modif ied eddy viscosity
- When in modified form, the eddy viscosity is easy to resolve near the wall
. Mainly intended for aerodynamic/turbomachinery applications with mild
separation, such as supersonic/transonic llows over airfoils, boundary-layer
flows, etc.
. Embodies a relatively new class of one-equation models where it is not
necessary to calculate a length scale related to the local shear layer
thickness
. Designed specifically for aerospace applications involving wall-bounded
flows
- Has been shown to give good results for boundary layers subiected to adverse
pressure gradients,
- Gaining popularity for turbomachinery applications,
. Limitations:
- No claim is made regarding its applicability to all types of complex engineering
flows.
- Cannot be relied upon to predict the decay of homogeneous, isotropic turbulence.
Turbulence Modeling
The Standard k-s Model Muc Trcining
ttr
* PC yLtr/i = pC r+
M-4
t
F
t
T
The Standard k-s (SKE) Modet
T '9KE is the most widery-used engineering turburence moderi]
industrial applications
- Model parameters are caribrated by using data
F -
from a
benchmark experiments such as piir" iioil, lat ptaie, number of
Robust and reasonabry accurate for a wide range of
eicl"'--
apprications
- Contains submodels for compressibility, buoyancy, combustion, etc.
:
. Known limitations of the SKE model:
- fgrforls poorly l?.l,ll?_v1 *irtr targer pressure gradienr, srrong
T separarion, high swirring compon6nt'"na i"ij"tireamiii"'
- lnaccurate prediction of the spreading rate of round jets.
Juiu"rrr".
t - (for
Production of k is excessive. (unphysicar) in regions
with rarge strain rate
exampre, near a stagnaridn noiirii, 1g'slJiti"d'ii J".v'in"lllr","
predictions. moder
!
T
I
Turbulence Modeling
Standard k-ur and SST k-o Models itl|Itsy$
Training Manua
Turbulence Modeling
Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) i/\NSYS
' Recallthe limitations and weakness of eddy viscosity models:
- Linear algebraic stress-strain relationship resurts in poor performance
where srress transport is im_portant, including non-equilibrium
flows,
separating and reattaching flows, etc.
- lnability to account for extra strain due to streamline curvature,
rotation.
and highly skewed flows, etc.
- Poor performance where turbulence is highly anisotropic (e.g.,
in flows
normal stresses pray important a rore) anoror 3D effecis
"r" ir"""nt.
' Attempting to avoid these shoficomings, transport equations for the
six distinct Reynords stress components are derived Ly averaging
the products of velocity fluctuations and Navier-stokes
equations. a
turbulent dissipation rate equation is also needed.
- RSM is most suitabre for highry anisotropic, three dimensionar
flows
(where EVMs perform poorly). The computational
l" nigh"r.
- currently RSMs stit do_ "o"t
not arways provide indisputabre superior
performances over EVMs.
Turbulence Modeling
The Universal Law of The Wall :n$ffit Manual
u
v'- Ur
u Ut=
Ur
.L... i\ y is the normal distance
Gupper tos
timit of
from the wall.
Bufter law region depends
layer or on Reynolds number
blending Fully turbulent region
region (log law region) YUr
Y+=5 Y+=60 v
. Dimensionless velocity profiles plotted in lhe near-wall coordinates
. The linear section in the semi-log plot is called the universal law of the wall
layer, or log law layer, for equilibrium turbulent boundary layers (TBL)
ANSYS, hc. Proil€to April 28 2009
@20os ANSYS, lnc. Al riohts resetud 6-21
Turbulence Modeling
The Need for Near-Wall Treatment i,\NSYS-i
. In the near-wall region, the turbulent boundary layer is very thin and the
solution gradients are very high, but accurate calculations in the near-wall
region are paramount to the success of the simulation
. We can use a very fine mesh to resolve this region, but it is very costly for
industrial CFD applications
. For equilibrium turbulent boundary layers, the Universal Law of the Wall (or
"log law") can be used in order to alleviate the problem:
- Velocity profile and wall shear stress obtained from the log law are used to set the
boundary values ol stresses for the wall-adjacent cells.
- The equilibrium assumption is used to set boundary conditions for turbulent
kinetic energy (k), dissipation rate (e) or specific dissipation rate (rrl).
- Non-equilibrium wall function method attempts to improve the results for flows
with higher pressure gradients, separations, reattachment and stagnation
- Similar log-laws are also constructed for the energy and species equations
- Benefit: Wall functions allow the use of a relatively coarse mesh in the near-wall
region thereby reduce the computational cost.
buffs &
. sublal a
Enhanced Wall Treatment Option
I i N r rilti:::::::::: :
' lolJz6
. The distance from the wallto the centroid of the first fluid cell (Ay)
can be estimated by choosing the desired y+ with the estimated bulk
Reynolds number for the wall shear layer:
pU*L
{ * a.or Hel13zro Rer - (Bulk Reynolds number)
lr
.- _ 0.078
_r_ Av 4A
R# -i ar 5.06 dr, Re^."o dn=
P*,
(Hydraulic diameter)
ANSYS lnc. Prqriery
@2009ANSYS lnc All
Turbulence Modeting
Scalable Wall Functions
. ln practice, many users often failto maintain 30 < Ir' < 30_5OO
Turbulence Modeling
Summary on Near-Wall Treatment
'wall Functions are stillthe most affordable boundary treatment for
many industrial CFD applications
-Turbu]enceintensityandhydraulicdiameter(primarilylorinternalflows)
(primarily for external flows)
- Turbulence intensity and viscosity ratio
.Turbulentflowpastabluntflatplatewassimulatedusingfour
different turbulence models'
edge and reattachment
- 8,700 cell quad mesh, graded near leading
location'
- Non-equilibrium boundary layer treatment
I I-
ReD = 5o,ooo
Reattachment Point
Recirculation zone
a Blufl Rectangular
N. Diilali and l. S. Gartshore (1991)' "Turbulent.fl?Yljoynd
113' pp 51-59'
;i#.;"; l: Experimental lnvestigation, JFE vol'
=as
6-28
@2m9 ANSYS Iic All ighis ressvd
Contours of Turbulent Kinetic Energy (m?sr)
0.70
m
ffi
W o.os
lliswz
l*(s 0.s6
:t:_
RNG k-a
..::::
0.49
::.1, O.42
o.ss
N,l,i
lffio'" &T.#et$ds * ,
::'- o'21 *a{;:::::i: I'::::4r!:=$4/:: ii,ltrti\!
ffi:::
Turbulence Modeling
Example #1 - Turbulent Flow past a Blunt Flat plate iffiffiffij
Predicted separation bubble:
0t
I
SKE severely underpredicts the size ol Experimentally
the separation bubble, while RKE reattachment point is at
predicts the size exactly. x/D=4.7
I
t
I
Turbulence Modeling
Example #2-Turbulent Flow in a Cyclone i*ilffi.sj
Manual
Turbulence Modeling
Example #2 -Turbulent Flow in a Cyclone
. Tangentialvelocity profile predictions at 0.41 m below the vortex
finder
4 50er01
4.Soe+0r
3 90e+01
3 i0€+01
2 g0ar01
Tangential
Velocity 2 soe+o i
{nt's) j 90rr0]
1.00si.Di
5 ii0r+00
0.10€+00
$ 04 0.+g {t 0u 0 i 012
Position {m}
I
t Summary - Turbulence Modeling Guidelines l1\NSYS
. Successful turbulence modeling requires engineering judgment
of:
i
- Flow physics
I -
-
Computer resources available
Project requirements
. Accuracy
. Turnaround
t .
-
time
Choice of Near-wall treatment
Modeling procedure
- Calculate characteristic Reynolds number and determine whether or not
I
the flow is
turbulent.
- lf the flow is in the transition (from laminar to turbulent) range, consider
the use of
one of the turburence transition moders (not covered in thiJtraining).
- Estimate walr-adjacent ceil centroid )rr before generating the mesh.
- Prepare your mesh to use wall functions except for low-Be flows and/or
flows with
T complex near-wall physics (non-equilibrium boundary layers).
- Begin with RKE (rearizabre k-e) and change to s-A, RNG, sKW,
ssr or v2t it
needed. Check the tables in the appendixas a guide for your choice.
I -
-
Use RSM for highly swirling, 3-D, rotating flows.
Remember that there is no single, superior turburence moder for
all frowsl
t
I
I RANS Models Descriptions
I Asingletransportequationmodersorvingdirectyroramodifiedturburertviscosrty.
specificallyfor aerospace applications involving wall-bounded flows
FLUENT'. imprementation ailows the use of colrser meshes.
Designed
on a fine near-wall m-esh.
option to inctuoe strain rate in k
production term improves predictions of vortical
flows.
Thebaserinetwo-transport-equationmodersorvingforkande. Thisisthedefaurtk-r moder.
I 9^"^"I1"]"il.r "1"
heating, buoyancy,
derive_d; varid for futy iurburent frows onty.- options to
grpirica,y
and compressibility are shared with other k_a moiels.
A variant of the standard
account for viscous
I A variant of the standardk-€ moder. rts rearizabirity' stems rrom chmges tnat ailow certain
mathematicar constraints to be obeyed which urtimitery improves
the p'erformance of this moder.
Atwo-transport-equation moder sorving fork and o, the specific
diiffion rate (€ / k) based on
wilcox (1 998). This is the default k-o model. Demonstrut". arloio, p"rrormance
for wall_bounded
and low Reynolds number f lows. ShNs potentialfor predicting transiti;;.-O;;;;;.
transitional, free shear, and compressible {lows.
#J;*f;
k-o moder. combines the originar wircox mod"r io, ,s" n"u, *uil" and
A variant of the standard
t*
standardk-rmoderawayfromwailsusingabrendingfu-nction. Alsorimitsturburentviscosityto
guaranteethat Tr - k. The iransition and shearing options
are borrowed from stanOard k_o. No
option to include compressibility.
Turbulence Modeling
RANS Models Behavior
Model Behavior and Usage
Spalart - Economical for large meshes. performs poorry for 3D frows, free shear frows, frows
with strong
separation. suitable lor mildly complex (quasi-2D) external/internal flows and boundary layer
Allmaras iiows
under pressure gradient (e.g. airfoils, wings, airplane fuselages, missiles, ship hulls).
Standard k-e Robust. widely used despite the kno* rimitations of the moder. performs poorry for comprex
frows
involvingseverepressuregradient,separation,strongstreamlinecurvature. suit;bletorinitiar
iterations, initial screening of alternative designs, and parametric studies.
RNG K-s suitable for comprex shear flows invorving rapid strain, moderate swirr, vortices, and rocaily
t'"nsitionalflows(eg boundaryrayerseparation,massiveseparation,andvortexshedcingbenind
blutf bodies, stall in wide-angle difiusers, room ventilation).
Realizable k-e offers largely the same benefits and has simirar apprications as RNG. possibry more accurate
and
easier to converge than RNG.
Standard k-rrl superior performance for wail-bounded boundary rayer, free shear, and row Reynords number
flows.
suitable for comprex boundary rayer frows under adverse pressure gradient and separation (externar
aerodynmics and turbomachinery). can be used ror transitionarfrJws (though tends to predict
earry
lransition). Separation is typicallypredicted to be excessive and early.
SST k-trl ofterssimilarbenefitsasstandardk-@. Dependencyonwaildistancemakesthisresssuitabletor
free shear flows.
Reynolds Stress Physically the most sound RANS moder. Avoids isotropic eddy viscosity
assumption. rvrore
-roughertoconvergeduetoctosecoupringofequations. cpu time
1!d_memoryrequired. suitaotetorcomptex
3D flows with strong streamline curvature, strong swirl/rotation (elg. curyed
duct, rotating,low
passages, swirl combustors with very large inlei swirl, cyclones).
#;;
..* :
;)
ry
:=ti{:,:=. I
fl':t:;::;1ti;;;;;
I The k Equation
. Turbulence kinetic energy k equation is used to determine the
il\NsYs i
'*, Axj
Pk
. Obviously
T term
P* needs to be modeled due to the presence of Fu in the
F
I
t Turbulence Modeling
The k Equation t^NSS;i
Ttainiog Manual
I
'The dissipation rate s refers to the viscous dissipation of kinetic
energy into internal energy:
iJ,;7
l l
t
€-'t/
dxr dx*
' Physically turbulence kinetic energy k is produced due to the mean
flow gradients, and is dissipated by viscous effects. lmbalance
between the production and the dissipation willcause keither to
T grow or to decay
I
I
I
Turbulence Modeling
Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) i/rNsYsTrcihing Manuat
' done
For simpre geometries and at modest Reynords
numbers, DNS
successfully. For example, tor a siiipte turbulent channelhas been
two plates: flow between
Re, = ggg, /V= (Re,)e/a 10,000,000 (cells), Af _ 10-s
= sec.
' PNS.
is equivarent to a "numerical wind tunner" for conducting
more
f undamental turbulence research
' details
For practic.ar engineering purposes, DNS is not onry too costry, but
arso the
of the simulation aie Jsually not retuired.
'
Iil""?"",f1"('."JLn)'Hff'il3ritsiJ3TJ"?;?"Ti,11i:aliJl::"ihTi,!i',flhT3'
Turbulence Modeling
Turbulent Heat Transfer lNNSYS
'The Reynords avera_ging of the energy equation produces
a crosure
term and we call it the turbulent (or heat flux:
- Analogous to the closure of Reynolds"AaVl
stress, a turbulent thermal
diffusivity is assumed:
thermal diff usivity
Trrurbutent
laT
-puit,= pcit:-
dxi
'A low-cost RANS model solving an eguation for the modified eddy
viscosity,
I o]
= o,{* + Cozp(#)'] - yv * s;i
[,'+eq #]
I . Eddy viscosity is obtained from
(fr/v\3
ltt = pfrfvt Jvl = ::t----t;-------
lv/v)' + Ci,
I ' The variation of i very near the wall is easier to resolve than kand e.
Turbulence Modeling
Menter's SST k-rrr Model Background lsls#i
Taining Manual
Outer layer
(wake and k-qr model transformed
outward) from standard k-a model
Inner layer
(sub-layer, Modified Wilcox
log-layer) k-ur model
Turbulence Modeling
Menter's SST k-ro Model Blended equations ?*ry$Y,$_l
Ttaining Manual
Blended law
of the wall
Wall
F
1/\NSYSi
1,,"...,,,,_*,.- "..
Reynolds Stress Model (RStVl)
-... -,,.,.,,,.....,.,, -,
Ttaining Manual
Turbulence Modeling
Standard Wall Functions
. Standard Wall Functions
- Momentum boundary condition based on Launder'spaulding law-of'the'
urcl/ak{
1
U*= 1ly*
{y* 'Y'l)
tn(Ey*)
ln ty* , yJ)
Pc'/o'tt/'v'
v - tJ
I +{cY
u?l {r. > rf }
ur}". {pr,;rr+ {pr* p,r)
-l-
. Species
Turbulence Modeling
Enhanced Wall Treatment ffiI$YSi
Training Manual
Wall
Wall
Turbulence Modeling
Large Eddy Simulation (LES) IAN-IXYl Taining Manual
I
I
Turbulence Modeling
Large Eddy Simulation
I,TNSYS ]
Turbulence Modeling
Stochastic lnlet Velocity BC
r]w$ffi
Ttaining Manual
Turbulence Modeling
lnitial Velocity Field for l/Iil-sYsi
' lnitial condition for velocity field does not affect statistically
stationary solutions
' Hourever, starting LES with a realistic turbulent velocity field can
substantially shorten the simulation time to get to statistically
stationary state
Turbulence Modeling
rFfTurbulence Model isl$Kii
Training Manual
' But r/f is still an eddy viscosity model, thus the same limitations still
apply
Effi,
i'
lntroductory FLUENT
Training
...j,.t!::-:
w;
ANSYS, hc- Boprituy
*,.w I
@2009 ANSYS, hc. At ighb r6swd ::::::i,:ii*Fril
w&
. Natural Convection
. Radiation Models
. Reporting - Export
Heat Transfer Modeling
Energy Equation - lntroduction
. Energy transport equation:
a{pE}
+V.[V(pE+pX=V. t"uvr -4n' li * r"x.vj
r1
af f
+ sn
Unsteady Condlction
"inll*on Ex*
Diffusion
ffi ."ifou
Dissipation Source/bint
- Energy E per unit mass is defined as:
py2
E=h-'+-
p2
- Pressure work and kinetic energy are always accounted
for with
compressible frows or when usirig the oen6iry-oas-o
pressure'based sorver, they are omitted ana sorveis.-for ilre
6an ue aJJ"Jil.,'i.,igr., il.,"
text command:
- h is the sensible
cd.r etq*-fu
enthalpy: r:Ti:i-.. ........ .....--.* _--,..i *_.: ::::.. ;l illana
T ''''' -....=-, ':r'alch$dtuie
i!!e!.n F! !i9!e1_*
f :dun]nM(d)
h= | codT
J
T,et
G(spe!frrFJtul
. Anisotropic conductivity lB?1
in solids (pressure-based
solver only)
v. (rsvr)
- Heat Flux
- Temperature
- convection - simurates an external convection environment
which is not
modeled (user-prescribed heat transfer coefficient).
- Radiation - simurates an externar radiation environment
which is not
modeled (user-prescribed
external emissivity and
radiation temperature).
- Mixed - Combination of
Convection and Radiation Radfu: qFr6i De I e6e G :
boundary conditions.
'\hd
. Wall material and thickness ^/
*a
*mm -,:t;i. l
can be defined for 1D or
shell conduction calculations.
:rrrr ::ut::.'tu_::ttt--..
lor llc"Er; h+ i
zoneNffi
ir;i#;il;ti--'-
t Temperature Contours
I
Heat Transfer Modeling
Gonjugate Heat Transfer Example }SNFY$
(externally cooled)
h = 1.5 Wm2'K
T-=298K
."...:::t
5Z' Electronic componeni
(one half is modeled)
k = 1.0 Wm.K
d2
Heat generation rate
watts (each componenQ
' An energy (heat) source is added to the solid zone to simulate the
heat generation by the heat-generating electronic components.
Heat Transfer Modeling
Meshed Wall vs. Thin WallApproach t$l!|sffij
Ttuining Manual
. Meshed wallapproach
- Energy equation is solved in a solid zone representing the wall.
- Wall thickness must be meshed.
- This is the most accurate approach but requires more meshing effort,
- Always uses the coupled thermal boundary condition since there are
cells on both sides of the wall.
Fluid zone
Solid zone
. Thin wallapproach
- Artificially models models the thermal resistance of the wall.
- Necessary data is supplied through wall boundary conditions (material
conductivity and thickness).
- Uses the coupled thermal boundary condition only lor internal walls.
-t
Wailzone_l I I I I )Ftuidzone
(no shadow)
J
Static Temperature
(cell value)
Virtual conduction cells
ffi'
acting on density variation.
'
':..,
:'..::.: ,'
:.::'::":rr* r Hi
. :ilii:r:i i il,,,',.'.,"',
/.:' a\::
1
,/,
. When gravity term is included, ,/,
/r.'
ApilL 28,2OO9
ANSYS lnc Proprieldy
@2oo9ANsYs nc Al ighbr€s*ed
ANSYS nc Proprieiary
@ 2009 ANSYS. lnc. Al rqhts reseNd
- Accuracy IhahreE i,
l
{.,
r:l
. DTRM and DOM arethe most hh.eE ,
'1r, -
{r
accurate.
- Optical thickness Hod
.Anumberofintermediateandadvancedtutorialsareavailableatthe
FLUENT User Services Center:
' htm
www. fluentuEers . com/ fluent/training/intermediate/tutorials/index
is
W
r\,\i:::!\
kfliry:'3ffi9$S!-r€
ANSYS lnc ProPriet4
@2009 ANS\S hc Al nghts rserued
Heat Transfer Modeling
jANSYSi
Solar Load Model ftaining Manual
Aprl 23,2OO9
HeatTransfer Modeting
Energy Equation Terms - Viscous Dissipation iffiffit,
I
ii^i,,nor,r"n,f,.
. Energy source due to viscous
dissipation:
tudel ..
(:!bq.eid
V.r"x.V t,\annar
?: spatar-Alretas tl eo)
il k-etribn (2
\': k-omqi "s)
{2 eqn}
Agil 28,2m9
@mANSre. hc. Alridbr€s€d 7-23
flows.
- Enthalpy of formation of all species.
- Volumetric rate of creation of all species.
. Energy source due to radiation includes radiation source terms.
. lnterphase energy source:
- Includes heat transfer between continuous and discrete phase
- DPM, spray, particles,..
d(oE) l- l-
f: + v. [v (pE +p)] = v. -- n, Jj * r"rt ."-J -f
lrerrvr T
Apdl 26, @
orc Nsre, ho. ru dshb r6M. 7-24
Temperature Definitions for Thin Wall
Model
. Thin.wall model applies
normal conduction only (no in+f"*
conduction) and no actual cells are created.
. Wall thermal boundary
condition is applied at the outer layer
Static temperatu
(cellvalue)
Wall temperature
(outer surface)
Thin wall
(no mesh)
Thermal
Wall temperature
condition on wall
(inner surface)
hc ProPr€tary
^NsYs ANSYS hc
@&9 AU nghts ressved.
L-+l outersurrace
| .l |
(carcurated)
H f*tnnersurface
| . | | condition
(ihermalboundary
I specified
a
FluidorJ
lhere)
soilo LJ
__N Flurd or
t<_-\jy solid Fluid or
cells cells solid
Thermal boundary condilions are cells
Thermal boundary conditions are
supplied on the inner surface of a thin
supplied on the inner surfaces of
wall uncoupled wall/shadow pairs
Discrete Ordinates Model
. The radiati r" tr"n=tfr-r"t-ti* is solved
for a discrete number of
ffi
finite solid angles, o":
+
AbsorPtion -/--l
Emission Scattering
. Limitations:
number of ordinates is CPU-intensive'
- Solving a problem with a large
HeatTransfer Modeling
Discrete Transfer Radiation Model
(DTRM)
.Mainassumption-naaiationleavingasurfaceelementwithinaspecified
ffi
angtes can u"
bv a single ray'
;;;;;tio "pptotimated
.Usesarartracingtechniquetointegrateradiantintensityalongeachray:
dI asTa
ds
-+aI= rr
. Advantages:
- RelativelY simPle model'
Gan increase accuracy by
increasing number of rays'
- optical thicknesses'
- Applies to wide range of
diffuse'
- Assumes all surfacesnotareincluded'
- Effect ol scattering
of rays is CPU-intensive'
- Solving a problem with a large number
tT
I Heat Transfer Modeling
I P-l Model
. Main assumption - The directional dependence in RTE is integrated
out, resulting in a diffusion equation for incident radiation.
in$sytri
frcining Manual
t . Advantages:
- Radiative transfer equation easy to solve with little CPU demand.
t - lncludes
-
effect of scattering.
. Effects of particles, droplets, and soot can be included.
Works reasonably well for applications where the optical thickness is
large (e.9. combustion).
. Limitations:
T - Assumes all surfaces are diffuse.
- May result in loss of accuracy (depending on the complexity of the
F -
geometry) il the optical thickness is small.
Tends to overpredict radiative fluxes from localized heat sources or
sinks.
. Limitations:
- The S2S model assumes that all sudaces are diffuse.
- The implementation assumes gray radiation.
- storage and memory requirements increase very rapidly as the number of
surface faces increases.
. Memory requirements can be reduced by using clusters of surface faces.
- Clustering does not work with sliding meshes or hanging nodes.
- Not to be used with periodic or symmetry boundary conditions.
1. ln ANSYS, go to General Postproc Data and File options and read the
file generated from FLUENT.
2. Go to Results summary and click on the first line in the upcoming panel'
you willsee some infoimation listed in the ANSYS-56_OUTPUT window
displaying geomtery information.
3. ln the small ANSYS lnput window, enter the following commands in
order:
SET, FIRST
/PP.EP7
E!,!,!42
The last command corresponds to FLOTRAN 3D element. lf your case is
2D, then this should be replaced by ET, t,!4!'
4. ln rhe ANSYS MULTIPHYSICS UTITLITY menu, select Plot and then
Nodes or Elements, including the nodal solution under Results in the
drop-down list.
Apdl 28,2009
ANSYS lnc Prcpnetary
o200e ANSYS. lnc AI nohb reserued 7-31
- Density, viscosity :,
- X, Y, Z velocity, Pressure,
temperature
- Turbulence kinetic energy'
turbulence dissiPation rate,
turbulent viscosity, effective
iiil*;-l .:!+
viscosity fcbq-l
' Export of data to Abaqus is available only for sD models and is valid
only for solid zones or for those surfaces that lie at the intersection of
solid zones.
' None of the fluid zone heat transfer properties will get exported
' ldeal only when you want to do some Fruid-sorid interface i.e., warl
analysis.
file/export/abaqus file-name list-of-Eurfacee O yeslno
list-of-scalars q
CGNS 2
NASTRA 2001
N
PATRAN 2001
TECPLOT
Heat Transfer Modeling
Reporting - Heat Flux ,nil$ysi Tnining Manual
\
-\.
\ \..
\\
\
\
l-\--
\/\ll( -'--
'l
lfi.trgductory
FLUENT Training
Start in Workbench
'€ q*"o*..
.
""-*'q,-*_ii,.
: r D. tuorrs-p-nUrs_ :,i: I ,
I
{e!tu.@@lil ?:&.!g:tr .,;
Ci[ ffiL
$ ry"" irD
. Double-click on Setup to
launch FLUENT ii ****. i
screen Redre |
FLUENT interface
inNsYs'j
-*;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;^.
Each item in the
One or more graphics
navigation pane brings
wrndows will be
up a new task page. displays text, and can
available (shown herd
A typical workflow wili accept TUI (Text User
lnterface) commands
.'r,."If ErcTffi
Some useful
commands have
toolbar buttons
I
a=
. Press'Display'
- select'Edge Type' to be'Feature', and press 'Display' and then 'Close'
- mesh has scaled, so press 'Fit to Window'Q
i:"4.a/ @. nE:,-.i.,.,,,.'- -
i d;, lii;;driil,l
r*i
N5Y6 FLUENTl?0 (3d pbns, afr)
jlG;.ad;;]
-lsg-'-ffi
D@fn i
s&a
litf : r:-:=
Iyre bhlv tudtun '
:
ll it't*
.afrssue-Eded 'Absdut€ : 1r:- l
.- hniby-B€€d . ret*e itemperalure-dif lerence
Facto, J- '
1 i ::, --:-'
..i,4€dy :themophorclE-diFf usivity
liime
J-91r"":"-
LGhuty .... .......-.-.-.
' i^*l
rl
**",*,r*-,1
Turbulence modeling is a
complicated area. The choice ol
model depends on the applicatton.
Here. the Realizable k_epsilon '9ddoutud6
model .M*arddrrturrb "d \;;, - -
_ l -
rs used. This is an improvement .,#* dra,r.fur "rp.cdrda
on :.1kretu;r{tu.6 i om
the well-established Standard , m"r'"vam,
k-epsilon model. Accept the
or
j*s-- - ";
coqtubb
remaining default settings. ';'*"'*.
iasys tnc propnetdv
C @ ANSYS tnc Ai rohts rBse,vd
- press'FLUENT Database...,
- -selec-! lyater-liquid,, press ,Copy,, then close
both windows
':6sup Mat.ri.ts
/,*
\E€'/
H*d*
9d
dtun,M
Rs._< r pr@.r6kt
€as a_\isys tnc Alt ights roseNed
a
iffil' @w
@i i D*"d,s-h
i nl*-"""nt"".
i
! o,"c".uat-
j"..""
l
i r I :_: :
i,'.
i' :. ruu,ij.::::i:::::::.r.
:,2{B}lo
BoundarY Conditionq
.ln.Boundaryconditions''double.clickthezonecalled.inlet.y'
- Velocity Magnitude 5m/s Turbulent lntensity 5%
iyA-t*il" Diameter 0.15m Temperature tO"9
: .""** "
Bound!ry cond$oni - lnlet tlows bring
turbulence with them.
i#J, The quantities dePend
I mifflroluemi+a*i w iruwl w i
on the upstream
z#r
\e--
'ndtud
ffi", y"6.61".6mui1 j;Ja,q9!-q.9gy-,,,r=.,.,..,;,,,,,i conditions, so they are
RferodF#iead. :
iI w,*n
e*amavduei il
l
user inputs. For flow in
itu1 pipes, turbulent
i su."ret"c l
i 5ofoicd'ds intensity is typically 5%
I q.[bnhtd'# to 10%, and the length-
I c.u*e.t"t* l
i e- c.H&d i scale of the turbulence
, o.*
' o'*."*** can be deduced trom
i:
!il.od, .oPa-* "i,: the piPe diameter.
! I or I l_(!aqi :,f!j
:| I tEllian -"4* '
i =+
.;,;;;:
I ']G;wdi*
w;M--'
The simulation may predict that flow enters the model through
parts o{ the outlet. This bacHlow will bring turbulence and
energy back into the model, but the model cannot predict how
much (because the flow is coming from outside of the model).
So, it is necessary lo specify backflow conditions.
ldeally, the geometry should be selected such that flow enters
the model only at well-delined inlets. The backflow settings then
do not affect the final solution (although they may be used in
intermediate iterations).
ANSYS, lnc Propietary
ApilL 28 2oo9
@2oosANsYS lnc. Arlriohlsreservs. WS1-13
. ln'Solution methods'
- Discretization'Second Order' for pressure
- Discretization 'Third Order MUSCL'for all other quantities
d[)es{"..__._-_
iiffi*-\ Wtl
*w\ ;;;;;ii#l'
leq&}-iF}:iq*
.... .11
-.;,i
'::
^#s"#* e"-**v(
h,.Fq
i.!!.,1
II
By default, FLUENT reports values of the residuals, which are
indications o{ the errors in the current solution. These should
decrease during calculation. There are guidelines on the I
Irl
reductions thal indicate a solution is 'converged'.
It is also recommended to observe other quantities, chosen to
be important in the simulation. ln the currenl case, we will look
at pressure drops and temperature as monitors.
I
I
WSl: Mixing Tee
Monitors
i
. In Monitors, press 'Create... 'for a Surface Monitor Not the default, 3 (which
puts the new monitor in a
- Name'p-inlet-z' Plot in window new window).
Area-Weighted Average Pressure
!
Here is an instance
where FLUENT does nol
I
convert units. Click OK.
I
--,
FMCt"'--.
WSl: Mixing Tee
lnitialization
ir\NsYs I
Calculate
. ln 'Run Calculation'
Problem setup has
- press'Check Case...' changed the mesh - lor
. see 'No recommendations to make at this time' example, the coordinates
changed by scaling.
- set'Number of lterations'to 200 There are many other
- press'Calculate' changes that FLUENT
can make - for example,
. OK to 'Continue after replacing settings file, adapting the mesh to
increase the number of
cells where the solution
requires it.
IJ No'..frdhbe*tutc
Calculating iANSYS'l
. While calculating, review residuals and monitors
- change graphic windows using the drop-down box
An alternative way to
stop calculation is to
E fld Mtu 5@:::q sdfrd @b w tu# lbc
press CTRL-C.
.." *t' tt r, :.f Glq, "r A. ), nq. O -
$!e!Fr!r!!t! ......:::: . . ln this case, 200
i-- -.,::r:::.'-,, iterations (or lewer) are
},qtrftdF. ld$lErl .
enough to reach low
...:rr residuals and stable
values ol monitors.
Most cases require
many more.
{. ."i*-1,
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114 6.6t77e-S 1_3?16e a5 I
lter contlnuit9 x uelocit! !
1156.6510e al 1.3155e-6 {
116 6.2a2f2 ea 1.t{51.-69 r
t17 9.9083e-t{ 1.6712e-69 I
114 5.5913e at 1.6166e !5 3
119 5.h13e-al 1.5651e-!5 3
t 120 sllutlon is con{erqed
12C 5.2114 a4 1.5252e-05 3
aoruqence hidoryoasbfi!temleEtue s. odpt
NSYS FLUEM12.0 {3d, pbn6,*e)
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1. Open the Workbench (Start > Programs > ANSYS 12.0 > ANSYS
Workbench)
2. Drag FLUENT into the project schematic
3. Change the name to Duct
4. Double click on Setup
5. Choose 3D and Double Precision under Options and retain the
other default settings
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eS Results
lmport Mesh
iffiffiffii
t, --,*.-.--...-
Workshop Supplement
-,.,..^
This starts a new FLUENT session and the first step is to import the
mesh that has already been created:
1. Under lhe File menu select Import> Mesh
2. Select the file duct.msh and click OKto import the mesh
3. After reading the mesh, checkthe grid using Mesh>Check option
or by using Checkunder Problem Setup>General
fto*m *rF C9..t4
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' I Dsh I :
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lorll(.cdl:kpl
;/ll\lsYS'r
Define the materials.
Problem Setup > Materials
1. Double click on aftto open CreateiEdit Materials
panel
2. Density and Viscosity of air are set as j.225
f1!9fautt, kg/m3 and
1.7894e-05 kg/(m-s) respectivety
3. Retain those values and close the panel
rb{&edo4*as..
: o*Htu'qY9T
.. ....: *
e6ry(@)
r :tryd :"
i m;:r -
Operating Conditions
. Under Probtem Setup >Ceil
Zone Conditions (operating
conditions are also in BC panel)
Prcsse
II !*x?.rJ?J..u....g:si.ll,!t'i**,
lol3zs .... * --
li , i
, lelaftl plFfl]gkcdton ... ;
:x(ml'F*.."=*i i
iY{.}]6-it:
i L .... ..... ...... ..-.
I z('1:!-i. i
L or I ic6ftdi l-lbb I
WS3: Room Temperature Study
Boundary Conditions
Under Problem Setup > Boundary Conditions
1'select inletunder zone and choose pressure-rn/ef
from the drop
down menu under Type
2.Now double click on inlet under Zone
lnput allthe parameters in Momentum tab as
shown berow
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:tudOrd*
irtrp.4-5ili-qi u@et
itundoldd tlnind
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tutd Ords hnd
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Solution Controls
Under Solution>Solution Controls setup the parameters as
shown below
solution conrrors
se_ReErdBn Fdos .-. *.
irylsrl ,,,,"
**._*--
ANsYs. nc Propnerary
@2009 ANSYS, lnc All ilohls res€rved ws3-13 rc02601
Monitors
iI\NSYS":
WotkshoD supplemenl
Residual Monitoring
Solution > Monitors
l.Double click on Residuals (By default it is on)
2.Enable Plof under Options. Deselect Check Convergence for all
the variables.
Surface Monitors
i
during the
Monitor points are used to monitor quantities of interest
solution'Theyshouldbeusedtohelpjudgeconvergence.ln.thiscase
door. one
you will moniior the Velocity of the air that exits through the
measureofaconvergedsolutioniswhenthisairhasreachedasteady.
state temPerature.
Monitors
Select one of the vents as the Surfaces to be monitored
Click on OK to create the monitor and to close the panel
i-.rl @.'[@
. we can also write the above values to a file by clicking the check box
next to Write.
WS3: Room Temperature Study
You can now save the project and proceed to write a case file for
the solver:
lnitialization i/\NSYS
Wotkshop Supplement
I
Before starting the calculations we must initialize the flow field in the entire domain
Solution > Monitors > Solution Initialization
l.lnitializing the flow field with near steady state conditions will result in faster
convergence
2.ln this case, from the flow rate and the area of the duct we can get an estimate
of the velocity at steady state -- - .,--
';;i;;;;;;;;;;
(@ustu
3.Click on Initiatizeto initialize the solution
c;;;;,*
, ff*;""*'
8.v18................................... ......-.....
i0
.Lti*-v..!4.:1...............,..................".:...,,=.
gee.ryl!&l:_
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$di t6@m R*e !tr)
irts..Jftsir-llled
:rt it:,r :i,,t:,::tu =l r,
FMG lnitialization
rTWSYsi
Note: The FMG initialized flow fietd can be inspected using FLllENT,s
postprocessing tools.
w
{#
liid
i#ii=
i on. *
WS3: Room Temperature Study
Run Calculations
During the iteration process, both the residual plot and monitor
plots will be shown in different windows. lf the velocity monitor
is not changing we can stop the iterations. You may specify
further iterations if the monitors are still changing significantly.
. The magnitude of change of a monitor per iteration can be
observed from the console (enabled by clicking on Print to
Console while creating the monitor)
Note: lterations can be stopped in between using the Cancel button.
- :-':::ff-.t;
t
::::::::::::: a I
"._ ii
ffiffi'tr l \.li-:i'r:=
.1te i.
l;€a ' :
e@i
The results included are obtained after running for 37O iterations.
ru_E E :-ddry
a@ NE |rc. Alnghb reseNed
WS3: Room Temperature Study
we can check the mass balance at the inlet and outlet boundary as follows:
Results > Reports> Fluxes
l.Click on Sefup...
2.A new dialogue box for FIux Reports will come
3.Select Mass FIow Rafe under Options
4.Select i n I et, ve ntl,venf2 together under Bo u n daries
5.Click on Compute
6.Mass flow rate on all these boundaries will be printed and we can see that the wef
Results is in the order of e-06which indicates
we need to export the outflow velocity profile at the Vents to provide the
same as an input for the room case.
Exporting the Profile:
l.Export the velocity profile al venfl f rom the file menu
F i Ie> Ex po rt> p rof i I e...
2.Select ventl lrom Surfaces
3'select x,Y,z velocity and rurbulent Kinetic energy(k) and specific
dissipation rate (Omegafus lhe Values to be exported
4.Save the file as ventl.prof
WSS: Room Temperature Study
@4E,.-- ........::,.......
ll?o"n*,'lr**om"n i
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Retdtive r Velocty
FetEtive y Vetocty
iFekrve Z Velocry \
,-.:-
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Vent 2 Outlet
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I
I
WS3: Room Temperature Study
tffii I
lmport Mesh
This starts a new FL session and the first step is to import the
Wotkshop Supplehent
I
mesh that has already b/en created:
1. Under the File m
2. Select the fi
lmport> Mesh I
t
click OKto import the mesh
3. After reading the mesh, check the grid using Mesh>Check option
or by using Check under Problem Setup>General
I
l:S.e.IF$!.:,:,:'.: :.:,:,:,:,:,.......,.r........,:,,,:,:,.:,: 4, -
+*:rli:: : ::::::_
tt t_r
. t d"... ll.. +e+......j1R"s!q!ry j,
;:.'
igq,i,:r ir r..-..r,:
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irE kyh'6de
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:<lled :: : :::::'l
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!w l-lqli
I
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t
ANSYS lnc. Propir€t4 April 28, 2009
@2009 ANSYS, lnc. All riqhb resfld ws3-31
I
WS3: Room Temperature Study
{
WS3: Room Temperature Study
Iq4,l
Materials i/TNSYS-]
Wotkshop SupDlehent
6eM*;;;ti; ,..
tr.r;iiii.:..rr:i ;ii,:lr :.iiiiii": ..
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: Itc{3
6"cEd. q I o
NOTE The incompressible ideal gas law for density is used when pressure variations arc small
enough that the flow is fully incompressible but you wish to use the ideal gas law to express the
relationship between density and temperature
-
I
I
WS3: Room Temperature Study
i^Nwsi
I
Operating Conditions
Problem Setup >Cell Zone Conditions
Click on Operating Conditions... and set the Operating pressure
Wo*shop Supplement
I
(Pascal) Io 101325
' Enable Gravity and specify Z-componenl ol Gravitational Acceleration
as -9.81 m/s2
I
. Enter Operating Density as 1.225 kg/m3 €a4
r,eqbtullF4 ::
lm's
rttili""...
I
E6q
iidis--- --- i <bqer&.*r&n
<.tuer&"&,s.
.ii: xldard*--
---
Re;t;;;i;;; ...'_:.,,to",,i,,=t=-,,,t I
I
!{i)i'6 " "":: z@{:*--..r ''...r.:r::
zi') ib '
r !ry-.fr-ls:lY.1!-
: :L'tl:.........
: vjdah'{? Pqidqt
:iil$ed*,6qMe
I
, i :H.{jr.!9E-n.qqTtl,,..
I
Note: Enabling gravity will allow the solver to take into account the
buoyancy effect due to the change in the density of the air.
I
@2009 ANSYS, lnc. At rtghts reseNed ws3-35
t
II
t
WS3: Room Temperature Stucly
Boundary Conditions
Under Probtem Setup > Boundary
lffiiffii
Wotk'hop SuWtement
Conditions
6'similarly, serect vent2 under Zoneand
set ail the quantities. This time
choose the profile quantities starting
wini ient2
Boundary Conditions
Under Problem Setup > Boundary
ffiS:l
Wotkshop SuryIement
Conditions
1'Select outret under zoneand choose pressure-outret
down menu under Type. for tfiis-Lou1dary tromthe drop
parameters using we will specify the
the previously read profile file
2.Now double click on outtetunder
Zone
3.Go to Momentum fab, set Gauge pressure
(pascat) as O
4'set the backfrow conditions for the
turburence quantities to have a
Bacffitow Turburent tntensity i""xrto,
Ratio ol5olo and 5 respectively ^ia-
irriii"it'-viscosity
S'ln the Thermat tab, set a constant BacHIow Total
Temperatureof 2g4 K
WS3: Room Temperature Study
Boundary Conditions
Under Problem Setup > Boundary Conditions
fiffffii
Workshop Supplenent
Boundary Conditions
To save time, the conditions for computerl can
be copied over to the boundary
conditions for the other 3 computers in the simulation.
1' Make sure that the inrets for the other computers
are ail of type rnass-
flow-inlet
2' ln the Boundary conditions paner, crickrhe copy...button.
This wit open
lhe Copy BCs panel
3'ln the From zone rist, serect the zone that has
the conditions you want to
copy'. computerl intake
4. ln the To Zones list, select the zones to which you want
to copy the
co.n ns to : c o m p ute 12 i nta ke, c o m p u te r3 i ita ke,
d iti o
- click copy.
5. FLUENT will set a//of the boundary conditions ""
i piili+i ni"r"
for the zones
selected in the Io Zones list to be the sa
as the conditions for the zone selected in
lhe From Zonelisl. Hfui*#fu ; Itr,H*r.'.1*:
EH
ififri*i#,il
,:#$$ffS
dqiuFdoBldefduk *
']ffi'
:
r:
i
Fel ilEl{6-l
WS3: Room Tempidure Stud1
Boundary Conditions
Under Problem Setup > Boundary
iffiffii
*tr;;i;;#6;;;;;'
h"t*"tion" "orfi,r^
on the previous 2 srides in order to ser the conditions
,15:n|r:[: for
2.So, first make sure all vents
are of type ,mass_flow_inlet,.
3.Set the conditions for computerlvent
as in the image below.
4.ln the Thermal tab, set a constant
temperature of 313 K
5'Copy this boundary condition
from computerl vent to the
other 3 computers.
F@tud*yhm
iompufi*nuu-*;:
n@
j:co@uter2inLake ili:i:
:icompderzyeDt it:i
icomputer3ftake tt|:ti
r:co@ts3vent !l::tl
:icompuie4intake i
i#nd_trdomah{€fEdr ;
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I
I
WS3: Room Temperature Study
Boundary Conditions
I
. Under Problem Setup > Boundary
'l.select workers under
Conditions
Zone and serect wail f rom the drop down menu
^NSt$i
Wotkshop Supplement
I
under Type.
2.Double-click on workers under Zone.
3.On the Momentum tab, specify a stationary wall with
no slip.
I
4.on the Thermal tab, set a constant wail temperature of 310
K.
I
I
5pat€lDs*son
I fr:dbni
I : ctrn-Guss bde AEsed
:t
j : Eodl Forc Weiqhted
ln{i#ni6-- - -::
lis@ndords{&dnd
i 1*b.6iij iE F*sy ..'.'--
: +:rr.,rs.dril.*4...... ........
i t,f-fSs!1!F,'d,.... .....
I Ft!t91.. ... . ..:: ..
I :!e.1!oaara_1ta
WS3: Room Temperature Study
Residual Monitoring
Solution > Monitors
1. Double click on Residuals (By default it is on)
2. Enable Plot under options. Deserect check convergence
for ail
the variables.
WS3: Boom Temperature Study
Monitors itrsYSi
Wotkshop Supplement
Surface Monitors
Solution > Monitors > Surface Monitors
1. Click on Create to create a new surface monitor
2. Type'temperature-monitor' under Name
3. Enable Printing and Plotting of monitors by marking check boxes
under Opfions
4. select Area-weighted Average from the drop-down menu under
Report Type
5. Select Temperature... as the Field variable and select static
Tem peratu re u nder lemp eratu re
Monitors inil,$)gl
6. Select outlet under Surtaces
7. Click on OKto create the monitor and to close the panel
WS3: Room Temperature Study
sqtugsI ltlliali-ztlign
Solution > Monitors > Solution amDl*e Fr@
Initialization
SefsqEF f f !q!-e-......
1. lnitialize the flow field with inflow ,.iiJRelnlive lo cell Zore
: i
i.) Abelute I
Z Vehcity (m/s)
: n.agBz?g
TenF.dtue
j_r'-:
(k)
......--'i". . -.-...
. ?ca
WS3: Room Temperature Study
Run Calculations
016dil4m5Md0
lbrations
M{4,20@ NssFLusr
ASYS 4URT 12 0 (q +, pbn. snb) r2.o(s. +, r! sk)
The results included are obtained after running for 554 iterations.
You can now save the project and proceed to write a case file for
the solver:
2.Select Mesh... under Surface of constanf drop down menu and select Y-
Coordinate under Mesh
.
lf we click on Compute it will report the minimum and maximum
values
3.Enter 2.4 under lso-Values
4.Specify a sudace name under New Surtace Name
S.Clicking Create will generate the new surface
I
.Select Temperature... under Fietd Variable followed
by Static
Temperature
.Select fluid-l 9 under Cell Zones
'on clicking compute, the maximum value of the Temperature is
calculated. rekmmsxe
I
''qm
I u'n*r
jEa"mm
',' vone
'>H(
h (l)
tiir.to"i-
il vouffia€rry':$wodiltPe,"m*a
:. udurtnteEd
emFr€t0e
-::
i
I
I
'-
lc*rur.] irq,.q:i* rtE
Note: The location of Maximum temperature, say, can be found ouw creating
an
t
iso-surtace of temperature in the same process as mentionedin the stide-s4
I
I
WS3: Room Temperature Study
ffiffi
, .:
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Results Summary
lnNsYsl
Workshop Sumlement