Subject Symbol Meaning Page

Sequences ... and so forth 227

!n
ak the summation from k equals m to n of ak 230
k= m
n
"
ak the product from k equals m to n of ak 223
k= m

n! n factorial 237

Set a∈ A a is an element of A 7
Theory a∈
/ A a is not an element of A 7
{a1 , a2 , . . . , an } the set with elements a1 , a2 , . . . , an 7
{x ∈ D | P(x)} the set of all x in D for which P(x) is true 8
R, R− , R+ , Rnonneg the sets of all real numbers, negative real 7, 8
numbers, positive real numbers, and
nonnegative real numbers
Z, Z− , Z+ , Znonneg the sets of all integers, negative integers, 7, 8
positive integers, and nonnegative integers
Q, Q− , Q+ , Qnonneg the sets of all rational numbers, negative 7, 8
rational numbers, positive rational numbers,
and nonnegative rational numbers
N the set of natural numbers 8
A⊆ B A is a subset of B 9
A ̸⊆ B A is not a subset of B 9
A= B A equals B 339
A∪B A union B 341
A∩B A intersect B 341
B− A the difference of B minus A 341
Ac the complement of A 341
(x, y) ordered pair 11
(x 1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) ordered n-tuple 346
A×B the Cartesian product of A and B 12
A1 × A2 × · · · × An the Cartesian product of A1 , A2 , . . . , An 347
∅ the empty set 361
P(A) the power set of A 346

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 List of Symbols

Subject Symbol Meaning Page

Logic ∼p not p 25
p∧q p and q 25
p∨q p or q 25
p ⊕ q or p XOR q p or q but not both p and q 28
P≡Q P is logically equivalent to Q 30
p→q if p then q 40
p↔q p if and only if q 45
∴ therefore 51
P(x) predicate in x 97
P(x) ⇒ Q(x) every element in the truth set for P(x) is in 104
the truth set for Q(x)
P(x) ⇔ Q(x) P(x) and Q(x) have identical truth sets 104
∀ for all 101
∃ there exists 103
Applications
of Logic NOT NOT-gate 67

AND AND-gate 67

OR OR-gate 67

NAND NAND-gate 75

NOR NOR-gate 75

| Sheffer stroke 74
↓ Peirce arrow 74
n2 number written in binary notation 78
n 10 number written in decimal notation 78
n 16 number written in hexadecimal notation 91

Number d |n d divides n 170

Theory and d /| n d does not divide n 172
Applications
n div d the integer quotient of n divided by d 181
n mod d the integer remainder of n divided by d 181
⌊x⌋ the floor of x 191
⌈x⌉ the ceiling of x 191
|x| the absolute value of x 187
gcd(a, b) the greatest common divisor of a and b 220
x := e x is assigned the value e 214

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 List of Symbols

Subject Symbol Meaning Page

Counting and N (A) the number of elements in set A 518

Probability P( A) the probability of a set A 518
P(n, r ) the number of r -permutations of a set of 553
n elements
#n $
n choose r , the number of r -combinations 566
r of a set of n elements, the number of
r -element subsets of a set of n elements
[xi1 , xi2 , . . . , xir ] multiset of size r 584
P(A | B) the probability of A given B 612

Functions f: X → Y f is a function from X to Y 384

f (x) the value of f at x 384
f
x →y f sends x to y 384
f (A) the image of A 397
f − 1 (C) the inverse image of C 397
Ix the identity function on X 387
x
b b raised to the power x 405, 406
expb (x) b raised to the power x 405, 406
logb (x) logarithm with base b of x 388
F−1 the inverse function of F 411
f ◦g the composition of g and f 417

Algorithm x∼
= y x is approximately equal to y 237
Efficiency O( f (x)) big-O of f of x 727
!( f (x)) big-Omega of f of x 727
"( f (x)) big-Theta of f of x 727

Relations xRy x is related to y by R 14

−1
R the inverse relation of R 444
m ≡ n (mod d) m is congruent to n modulo d 473
[a] the equivalence class of a 465
x≼y x is related to y by a partial order relation ≼ 502
Continued on first page of back endpapers.

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.