CHEM 100 – Lab

Third Shifting Exam – Sample Exercises/Reviewer

Experiment 8: Stoichiometry
2.50 g of sodium carbonate reacts with 15.00 mL of 1.50 M HCl
Atomic masses: Na: 23; C: 12; Cl: 35.45; O: 16; H: 1
_ Na2CO3 + 2 HCl  2 NaCl (aq) + _ H2O + _ CO2 (g)
1. Balance the equation
2. Identify the limiting and the excess reagent
- Assuming Na2CO3 is the LR
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 58.45𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
2.50𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 2.76 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
106𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
- Assuming HCl is the LR
1.50 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 0.015 𝐿 𝐻𝐶𝑙 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 58.45𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 1.32 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
1 𝐿 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙

*Since HCl produces less amount of NaCl, it is the LR and Na 2CO3 is the excess
reagent

3. Give the theoretical amount of NaCl produced in the reaction

- 1.32 g
*theoretical amount assumes the reaction will proceed with 100% efficiency;
therefore, it is the amount produced by the limiting reactant
4. Compute % yield if the mass of NaCl recovered is 1.17 g.
1.17 𝑔
%= 𝑥100 = 88.64%
1.32 𝑔
5. Compute the amount of unreacted excess reagent
- The amount of the excess reagent (Na 2CO3) that reacted with 15.00 mL of 1.50 M
HCl must be computed:
1.50 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 0.015 𝐿 𝐻𝐶𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 106𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 1.19𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
1 𝐿 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3

- This amount of reacted sodium carbonate must be subtracted from the initial
quantity of 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 used in the reaction:
2.50 𝑔 − 1.19 = 1.31 𝑔 𝑢𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3

Experiment 9: Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Double displacement reactions/ Metathesis

- Precipitation
Note: Just memorize the “insoluble” and the exceptions in the solubility rules
table (Appendix)
Common examples: If the reactants have AgNO3 and halides (F-,Cl-,I-.Br-),
precipitation occurs
Remember all Group IA elements (Li, K, Na, Cs, Fr) and NH4+ form SOLUBLE
compounds.

- Acid-Base
Be able to identify acids (H+ containing) and bases (OH-, HCO3-, CO32-)

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 Products: water and salt
Reaction of acids with HCO3-/CO32- produces CO2 gas, water and salt.
REDOX reactions
- Synthesis: A + B  AB
Clue: Reactants are in their elemental state and there is no byproduct formed in
the reaction

- Decomposition: AB  A + B
Reverse of synthesis reaction.
Combustion reactions (reaction with O2 that produces heat) fall under this type.
If hydrocarbons (compounds containing C and H) are combusted:
Complete combustion: C4H4 + 5 O2  4 CO2 + 2 H2O
Incomplete combustion: C4H4 + 2 O2  2 CO + 2 C + 2 H2O

- Single displacement: A + BX  AX + B
Prediction of product depends on activity series of metal/non-metal (Memorize!).
In this reaction, A should be more reactive (positioned higher in the activity
series) than B; otherwise, the reaction won’t proceed.
Examples:
Cu + 2 AgNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + 2 Ag (Cu is more reactive than Ag)
Cl2 + 2 KBr  2 KCl + Br2 (for non-metals, F > Cl > Br > I)
I2 + HCl  no reaction (I2 cannot displace Cl)
Zn + 2 HCl  ZnCl2 + H2 (Zn is more reactive than H)
Au + AlCl3  NR (Au is the least reactive metal, therefore, it cannot displace
any metal)

Balancing REDOX Reactions

LEORA: Lost of Electron, Oxidation, Reducing Agent
*Oxidation – increase in oxidation state; it becomes more positive, less negative
GEROA: Gain of Electron, Reduction, Oxidizing Agent
*Reduction – decrease in oxidation state; it becomes less positive, more negative

Assigning oxidation states:

- uncombined elements = 0 (e.g. Na(s), Mg(s), H2(g), O2(g), Cl2(g), Br2(g), I2(s))
- Common elements:
Element Usual oxidation state
Grp IA
(Li, Na, K) Always +1
IB - Ag
Grp IIA
Always +2
(Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)
Oxygen -2
Hydrogen +1

- sum of oxidation states of a neutral compound is O

e.g. In the formula HClO, the charge of H=+1, O=-2, charge of Cl is variable, so
we need to compute for it.
H+1ClxO-2 => 1+x+(-2) = 0; x=+1

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 For ions like MnO4--, charge of oxygen is -2, charge of Mn is variable, so compute
for it
x+(-8) = -1; x=+7

Examples:
Mg(s) + O2(g)  MgO
Ionic equation: Mg0 + O20  Mg+2 + O-2

In writing half reactions, remember: RR (reduction, electrons is reactant side); OP

(oxidation, electrons in product side)
REDUCTION: O20 + 4e  2 O2-
(Note: Balance the electrons and the elements. Since each O atom gains 2
electrons and there are 2 oxygens, total number of electrons=4)
OXIDATION: (Mg0  Mg2+ + 2e) 2
Note: Multiply the whole half reaction to 2 in order to cancel the electrons

Half reactions:
O20 + 4e  2 O2-
2 Mg0  2 Mg2+ + 4e
Net ionic reaction: O2 + 2 Mg  2 Mg+2 + 2 O2-
Net reaction: O2 + 2 Mg  2 MgO

Balancing in acidic medium:

Cr2O72- + NO2-  Cr+3 + NO3-

Half reactions:
Tip: Dichromates act as oxidizing agents in reactions, Cr is +6

Cr2O72- + 6e  2 Cr+3
- Since each Cr gains 3e (+6+3), and there are 2 Chromium, total number of electrons gained is 6
- The right side has a deficit of 7 oxygen atoms, add H 2O to balance the number of oxygen, then add
H+ ions on the left side to balance hydrogen
Cr2O72- + 6e + 14H+  2 Cr+3 + 7H2O
- Do the same in the other half reaction
NO2-  NO3- + 2e
- Charge of N in NO2 is +3, and +5 in NO3-, number of electrons lost is 2
-

- The left side has a deficit of 1 oxygen, add H2O to balance the number of oxygen, then add H+ ions
on the right side to balance hydrogen
NO2- + H2O NO3- + 2e + 2H+
- Balance the number of electrons so they can be cancelled. Multiply the whole half reaction to 3.
(NO2- + H2O NO3- + 2e + 2H+) 3
3NO2- + 3H2O 3NO3- + 6e + 6H+

- Write the net reaction. Cancel ions that can be found in opposite sides.
8 4
Cr2O72- + 6e + 14H+  2 Cr+3 + 7H2O
3NO2- + 3H2O 3NO3- + 6e + 6H+

Net ionic: Cr2O72- + 3NO2- + 8H+  2 Cr+3 + 3NO3- + 4H2O

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Experiment 10: Titration (% Purity)
Review terminologies:
- Titrant: solution of known concentration (buret)
- Analyte: sample; unknown concentration (Erlenmeyer flask)
- Indicator: organic compound that changes color depending on the pH of the
environment
o Methyl orange: Yellow – Base; Red - Acid
o Phenolphthalein: Pink – Base; Colorless - Acid
- Equivalence point: amount of titrant and sample are stoichiometrically equal
- Endpoint: point at which the indicator changes its color; approximates
equivalence point

Example: A baking powder sample was prepared by dissolving 2.5521 g in 250mL distilled
water. An aliquot volume (portion) of 10 mL was transferred to an Erlenmeyer flask,
together with 10mL water and 3 drops methyl orange. The sample was then titrated to
endpoint using 0.15 M HCl and % purity of NaHCO3 contained in baking powder sample
was computed.
Titration data:
Initial Volume: 25.00 mL (OR 25.00 mL, since buret graduation is reversed)
Final Volume: 17.75 mL (OR 32.25 mL, since buret graduation is reversed)

1. Mass of baking powder sample used

2.5521𝑔
𝑥 10𝑚𝐿 = 0.1021 𝑔
250𝑚𝐿
*Since not all 250mL sample was titrated, aliquot volume should be taken into
account in the computation
2. Balanced equation: NaHCO3 + HCl  NaCl(aq) + H2O + CO2(g)
3. Volume of titrant consumed: 25.00 – 17.75 = 7.25mL
*either volume reading results to 7.25mL difference
4. Mass of NaHCO3 in the baking powder sample
*refers to the amount of NaHCO3 that reacted with HCl
* V = volume of titrant consumed, in liters
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒
Formula: 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒 = 𝑀𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑥 𝑥 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 = 𝑀𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑥 𝑥 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 84𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 = (0.15𝑀)(0.00725𝐿)𝑥 𝑥 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 = 0.0914 𝑔
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙
5. % Purity
0.0914𝑔
% 𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑥100 = 89.52%
0.1021𝑔

Experiment 11: Electrochemistry

Review:
- Set-up (Part A: voltaic cell)
- Function of salt bridge
- Type of reaction involved: REDOX
- Recall the experiment (part B)
o In aqueous solution, KI ionizes into: KI  K+ + I-

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 o Upon electrolysis, iodide ion undergoes oxidation: 2 I-  I2 + 2e
water is reduced to H2 gas: 2H2O + 2e  H2(g) + 2OH-
*Which reaction occurs in the cathode? in the anode?
- What is responsible for blue-black coloration?
- What is responsible for pink coloration?
- Terms:
o Cathode: Reduction occurs (REDCAT)
o Anode: Oxidation occurs (OA)

Example:
Given the standard reduction potentials below, identify which reaction occurs in the cathode
and in the anode. Determine spontaneity of the reaction.
Sn4+(aq) +2e  Sn2+(aq) Eo = +0.13
Ag (aq) + 1e  Ag(s)
+
Eo = +0.80
- Higher values of standard reduction potential means ease of reduction (good OA)
- Since Eo of silver is higher, it will act as the OA. This reaction will take place in the
cathode. The reaction of Sn will be reversed since it will act as the RA. This reaction
will take place in the anode.
Cathode: 2 (Ag+(aq) + 1e  Ag(s)) => 2Ag+(aq) + 2e  2Ag(s)
Anode: Sn2+(aq) + Sn4+(aq) +2e
Net reaction: 2Ag (aq) + Sn2+(aq)  Sn4+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
+

Emf = E cathode - E anode

o o

Emf = 0.80 – (0.13) = 0.67; Since the EMF of the cell if (+), the reaction is
spontaneous

Experiment 12: Calorimetry

Terms:
- Heat = q: (+) = endothermic; (-) = exothermic
- C (heat capacity) = amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a certain
amount of substance by 1oC (J/oC)
- s (specific heat) = amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a
substance by 1oC (J/goC)
- The heat absorbed by the system is equal to the heat lost from the surroundings (1st
Law of Thermodynamics)
qsys = - qsurr
- Recall formulas used in laboratory to get Ccal, q reaction (Recall: ∆𝑇 = Tfinal - Tinitial)
- Clue to determine thermal process without computation of q:
- If final temp is greater than the initial = exothermic
- If final temp is lower than the initial = endothermic

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