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An electronic bell is a signaling device typically placed near an entry door to a building.
When a visitor presses a button the bell rings inside the building, alerting the occupant to the
presence of the visitor. Modern house bells are electric they are actuated by an electric
switch. In most wired systems, a button on the outside next to the door, located around the
height of the doorknob, activates a signaling device (usually a chime, bell, or buzzer) inside
the building. Pressing the electronic bell button, a single-pole, single-throw (SPST)
pushbutton switch momentarily closes the doorbell circuit. The function of the indicator is to
indicate when someone is pressing the button.
1
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
To cleanly understand the wood information technology and communication which is the life
communication technology easy and pleasant. And one of basic building block of a
communication system is the house bell indicating which serves as inter-call light to ensure
An electronic bell can be defined as dunce that can be used to alert signal for indicating of
The device is classified according to were types, mode of operation and the application there
are numerous types of alarming signals but for the purpose of this project an electric bell with
This device receives its input signal form an electrical device known as bell push. That was
connected at the wing board via joint box. The signal (current) passes through the wire and
fed into the bell which causes the bell to ring in order to alert the receiver.
Furthermore, the objective of this electronic bell is to provide a cheap and continent means of
The major different between inter- communication system using telephone and electric bell is
that the signal is transmitted by the call indicator system in place of speech as in the case of
the telephony.
In most wired systems, a button on the outside next to the door, located around the height of
the doorknob, activates a signaling device (usually a chime, bell, or buzzer) inside the
building. Pressing the electronic bell button, a single-pole, single-throw (SPST) pushbutton
switch momentarily closes the doorbell circuit. One terminal of this button is wired to a
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terminal on a transformer. A doorbell transformer steps down the 240-volt AC electrical
The objective of this electronic bell is to design a device that will provide a cheap and
continent means of communication between two or more people in the same premises. In
Electronic bell Provide a cheap and continent means of communication between two or more
people in the same premises. It can also be used in offices or industries as a mean alerting of
someone.
Electronic bell components include the outdoor button, wiring, battery, buzzer or speaker.
The electric doorbell functions when the door button, outside the home, is pushed, causing
electrical current to flow into a circuit. When visitors came to the house and want to inform
the occupant of the house of his presences, all he needs to do is to press the switch button.
Due to the switch connection to the circuit the wire ‘w’ develops resistance and gets
1. at railroad crossings,
2. in telephones,
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1.5 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into
five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project
Chapter one of this works is on the introduction to an electronic bell with indicating light. In
this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of an electronic
Chapter two is on literature review of an electronic bell with indicating light. In this chapter,
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
The idea of a device to announce callers at a door or gate is quite old. At least since medieval
including those operated by a twist of the wrist, were quite common in early Sears Catalogs.
The first remote electric signal device, having all the characteristics of early electric
doorbells, was in 1831. This invention is attributed to Joseph Henry, who later served as the
first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Doorbells trigger a sound that lets you know
that you have a visitor no matter where you are in your home. With a wide range of color,
style, and materials options, it can be hard to choose just a single doorbell for your front door.
Doorbells come in many shapes, sizes and methods of operation, with the most common type
of doorbell today being a simple push button. Doorbells were invented as another means of
alerting a homeowner know a visitor was at the door outside (prior to this door knockers were
This type of doorbell system is the simplest, due to the fact that it uses no electricity. Bells
are attached to the inside of the door and there is a level on the outside of the door. When the
level is turned, the bells ring inside. If you are going for an old fashion look to your curb
appeal, a mechanical doorbell is ideal. Mechanical doorbells became popular in the Victorian
era because of their simplicity of design and remain popular today for the same reason and
because they a unique addition to any front door. A mechanical doorbell is simple design that
is installed directly into the door (not adjacent to the door like most modern bells). A simple
"turn" knob on the exterior rings a bell that is located on the interior side of the door. These
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bells were usually ornate in design and varied styles were available.
These wired doorbells are the most common kind in use. The doorbell consists of the actual
doorbell unit and a transformer. The transformer reduces normal 120-volt power
This adaptation of regular current to a lower voltage makes it possible for the doorbell to
work. When you press the doorbell button, an electrical circuit closes, allowing the household
current to flow through the devices electromagnet through the use of the transformer. Most
homes have these. If you live in a small or medium sized house, then this type of doorbell s
ystem is perfect. For traditional wired systems, sometimes the wiring, a certain chime
mechanism or a transformer may get fuddled, so replacement is required with the help of a
professional. Often, homeowners don’t want to deal with all that fancy wiring or spending
more cash on repair services. Instead, they opt for wireless models. Sometimes, many
homeowners choose the sleek, elegant, contemporary finishes of a wireless receiver than a
traditional chime box that they deem unattractive. Wired Doorbells can be powered by
drops the voltage to between 8 - 12v a/c - a safe voltage for external bell pushes.
Transformers are normally external to the doorbell and are often positioned in the consumer
unit, but can be positioned anywhere (they are ugly boxes are not normally visible). Some
units have internal transformers which only require a mains connection. Battery wired
doorbells are perfectly acceptable and for typical use batteries should last about 3 years - but
they have the benefit of a simple DIY installation. Some units can either be powered by
produce a dingdong, ringing bell or buzzer sound, whilst electronic chimes have pre-recorded
melodies (up to a choice of 17 for some models). Unless they are sold as kits, a doorbell will
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need a bell push button and bell wire as well - the bell wire must be good quality to prevent
"voltage drop" at these low voltages (a symptom is that the doorbell will sound feeble).
Wired doorbells are hard-wired directly into your home’s electrical system and typically
consist of a switch located inside a button device. This switch connects to a terminal that is
such as your basement, and its function is to lower the voltage running to the switch. A wire
runs from the switch, and a second wire runs from the transformer, and these go to the
chiming unit. Wireless doorbells don’t require batteries, so maintenance is low, and because
Wireless doorbell systems use radio waves to connect a transmitter switch to the chime,
which makes wires unnecessary. This type of doorbell consists of a switch and transmitter
unit inside the button mechanism. A receiver unit is placed in your home so that when the
button is pressed, the transmitter sends a signal to the receiver, which chimes. In a wireless
doorbell, however, the receiver must be within range of the transmitter. The maximum
distance between the transmitter and the receiver is usually indicated on the product
label. With a wireless system, you can install multiple receivers around your home to expand
the sound range, and they’re portable. But because they’re often battery-powered, you have to
change or recharge the batteries regularly to ensure the bell works. Modern wireless doorbells
work greatly in large spaces because of their long frequency ranges of up to 300 feet and
more. These spaces include large residences, warehouses, farms, and office buildings without
any intricate wiring. Extended range wireless doorbells avoid performance issues in
terms of wiring and installation because there’s no wiring at all. Long range remote doorbells
are also beneficial especially if you have one or more entryways (like a garage or a garden).
They have multiple receivers set to the same frequency and come with multiple push buttons
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and chimes that connect to the same system.
The working range travels at great distances so you can hear the doorbell ring while you’re
working at your home office, in the attic or garage. If you live in a gigantic house, you can
benefit from a wireless doorbell kit that comes with add-ons. These add-ons help extend your
existing wireless range. Furthermore, long range doorbells have distinct chimes that you can
sound differently for each push button so you’ll know which entryway the doorbell is ringing.
Another advantage of long range doorbell systems is that they have portable ringers, meaning
that you can transport one with you anywhere you go. So whether you’re at home or in some
obscure area, you can have the bell ringer right in front of you.
The most widely used form is the interrupter bell, which produces a continuous sound when
current is applied. See animation, above. The bell or gong (B), which is often in the shape of
a cup or half-sphere, is struck by a spring-loaded arm (A) with a metal ball on the end called a
clapper, actuated by an electromagnet (E). In its rest position the clapper is held away from
the bell a short distance by its springy arm. When an electric current is enabled to pass
through the winding of the electromagnet (via a closing of the switch (K) i.e. pressing the
doorbell) it creates a magnetic field that attracts the iron arm of the clapper, pulling it over to
give the bell a tap. This opens a pair of electrical contacts (T) attached to the clapper arm,
interrupting the current to the electromagnet. The magnetic field of the electromagnet
collapses, and the clapper springs away from the bell. This closes the contacts again, allowing
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the current to flow to the electromagnet again, so the magnet pulls the clapper over to strike
the bell again. This cycle repeats rapidly, many times per second, resulting in a continuous
ringing
An electric buzzer uses a similar mechanism to an interrupter bell, but without the resonant
bell. They are quieter than bells, but adequate for a warning tone over a small distance, such
as across a desktop.
devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.
With the development of low cost electronics from the 1970s onwards, most buzzers have
now been replaced by electronic 'sounders'. These replace the electromechanical striker of a
The first commercial electric bells were used for railway signaling, between signal boxes.
Complex bell codes were used to indicate the types of train passing between signal boxes,
These were single-stroke bells: applying current to an electromagnet pulled the bell's clapper
against the bell or gong and gave one chime. The bell did not ring continuously, but only with
a single ring, until current was applied again. To sustain the tone, these bells were usually
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much larger than are used today with interrupter bells. Bells, gongs and spiral chimes could
A simple development of the single-stroke bell was the sprung bell. This had previously been
used, mechanically actuated, for servant-call bells in large houses. Instead of working a
clapper, the electromagnet shook the whole bell, which was mounted on a flexible spiral
spring. The inertia of the heavy bell on the light spring would continue ringing for some
seconds after the stroke. Although the sound would rapidly die away, the visible trembling of
the bell could indicate which bell had been rung, amongst a panel of several
Fire alarm bells are divided into two categories: vibrating, and single-stroke. On a vibrating
bell, the bell will ring continuously until the power is cut off. When power is supplied to a
single-stroke bell, the bell will ring once and then stop. It will not ring again until power is
turned off and on again. These were frequently used with coded pull stations.
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CHAPTER THREE
ANALYSIS AND COMPONENT USED
3.0 CONSTRUCTION
In nearly all electric appliances, particularly in those we are about to describe, the
electromagnet is an all important feature. It was early discovered that when a current of
electricity circulated through a coil of wire, magnetic poles, having the same properties of
attraction and repulsion as a permanent steel magnet, were developed at each end of the coil.
If a piece of iron be inserted in the coil, as in Fig. 1, the magnetic effects are much
intensified; one end N of the iron core becomes a North pole, the others a South pole,
corresponding to the polarity of the coil before the introduction of the iron core. To prevent
diversions of the current, the wire should be wrapped around with cotton or other insulating
substance.
Fig.3. 1: Electromagnetic
The intensity of magnetization depends on the amount of current flowing, also upon the
number of turns of wire; the current, then, being measured in amperes, the magnetization is
dependent upon the number of ampere-turns. Since the currents used in bell and in signal
work are very small, it is necessary to wind a large number of turns around the magnet cores,
thereby producing the same effect as would be obtained by a few turns of wire carrying a
heavy current. The most usual form of electromagnet for bells is that shown in Fig. 1, and is
made in three parts, namely, two iron cores, such as M, wound with the magnetizing coils,
and a straight bar of iron b joining the two cores. The current passes through the coils in
series, and should circulate around one core in the opposite direction to that taken around the
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other, producing a North pole at the free end of one core, and a South pole at the free end of
the other, as this condition will give the greatest attractive power for the bar of iron, called
the armature, which is generally used in connection with this form of electromagnet.
. The principle involved in the action of the electric bell is an alternate attraction and release
of a soft-iron armature placed in front of an electromagnet and carrying a hammer, the motion
being due to intermittent currents through the wire of the electromagnet. In Fig. 2 is shown a
type of skeleton bell, in which all the parts are visible. The battery wires are connected at the
terminals t, t', and the course of the current is as follows: From the terminal t to the
adjustment screw s, which is tipped with platinum in order to prevent oxidation of the contact
surface, through the spring l and the end of the armature a to the coils of the magnets m, m',
and out at the terminal t'. When no current is passing, the armature is held away from the
poles of the electromagnets, as in the position shown, but as soon as a battery is connected up
and a current sent through the coils, the magnets become energized and attract the armature a,
which swings about the pivot p, causing the hammer h to strike the bell. This movement
breaks the circuit at s and l, and the iron cores being thereby demagnetized, the spring c
draws the armature away, when the spring l again touches the screw s, completing the circuit.
As long, then, as the battery current is free to flow, this vibration of the armature and hammer
will continue. The tension of the release spring c may be changed to suit the strength of the
battery, by means of the regulating screw r, which is provided with nuts for this purpose on
each side of the supporting pillar. The bell mechanism is usually enclosed, to prevent
entrance of dust or insects, which may interfere with the working of the bell by lodging on
the contact points, thereby preventing the current from passing through the magnets.
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Fig. 3.2: Electromagnetic Coil
The bell just described is of the common vibrating class. When a bell is required to give a
single stroke each time the circuit is closed, that is, for each pulsation of current, a slight
difference in the connection of the ordinary bell is necessary. A wire is connected between
the end of the magnet coil m and the terminal t, so that the circuit is simply from one terminal
to the other through the coil. Hence, when a current passes through, the armature is attracted
and held, a single stroke being given to the bell; on interrupting the current, the armature is
The buzzer, Fig. 3, is used in places where an electric bell would be undesirable, as in small,
quiet rooms or on desks, and is constructed on the same principle as the bell, except that the
armature does not carry a hammer. In the illustration, the cover c is removed, showing the
magnet coils m, m' and the armature a. An adjusting screw s is provided to regulate the stroke
of the armature and the consequent intensity of sound. The wires from the push button and
battery are secured at d and e, and, on closing the circuit, the rapid vibration of the armature
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Fig. 3.3: Buzzer
The circuit-closing devices used for electric bells are quite different from those used on
lighting circuits, as the current and E. M. F. in the former case are very small, and there is no
burning of the contacts. The ordinary switch for closing the circuit of an electric bell is called
a push button, and is illustrated in Fig. 4. The ends of the line wire are brought up through a
hole in the wooden base a, and held under the screws on the brass contact springs b, c. The
cap d, in the lower view, when screwed in place, holds the ivory button e which, on being
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pressed down, forces the two springs together and completes the circuit, causing the bell to
ring.
Fig. 3.5:
An electric-bell switch may easily be arranged in connection with the ordinary bell pull of a
front door, in the manner shown in Fig. 5. The wires from the bell and battery are made fast
by the screws s, s' to the tongues t, t', which are insulated from each other by the block r to
which they are secured. The free ends press upon a rubber bushing b, and a brass washer w is
drawn between the brass tongues, thereby closing the electric circuit, when the knob k is
pulled.
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Fig.3.7 Battery
The battery used for electric bells is illustrated in Fig. 60. This is the Leclanche cell, and
consists of a porous cup P, containing the carbon electrode C, to which a binding post B is
attached; also a zinc rod Z, both being enclosed in a glass jar with a contracted top. The zinc
rod is provided with a binding screw B1 which serves as the negative terminal of the cell, B
being the positive terminal. Before the battery will furnish current, the jar must be filled to
the point shown in the cut with a saturated solution of sal ammoniac, and, in connecting up,
the zinc of one jar is joined by a short piece of wire to the carbon of the next. This gives a
series of grouping, which is usually required in bellwork. When, after considerable use, the
current from the cells becomes feeble, it will be necessary to replace the liquid, but it
frequently happens that the power may be restored by the addition of a little water to make up
for evaporation. The zinc will, in course of time, be consumed, and must be replaced, and the
sal ammoniac may also be renewed at the same time, although it should last longer than a
single zinc rod of the usual size (3/8 in. diameter). After five or six rods have been used, the
material inside the porous cup will no longer act effectively, and this means, practically, a
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new carbon and cup, since they may be procured very cheaply. In the case of renewal of a
large number of cups, they may be returned to the manufacturer, and recharged by him.
The electric circuit is completed with the battery and push switch connected to the terminal
T1 and T2. Once the ringer presses the push button switch of the circuit, so now, the circuit is
completed, and the electromagnet becomes in working condition and it attracts the hammer.
The hammer moves toward the magnet, striking the gong, but as it does so the circuit is
broken (the hammer is part of the second switch completing the circuit, remember!), and the
hammer falls back. Once it has fall back into the original place, the circuit is completed and it
moves forward, striking the gong and breaking the circuit again, which cycle is repeated until
the ringer releases their switch. The armature oscillates and hammer attached to it strikes the
transistors, capacitors, inductors and diodes, connected by conductive wires or traces through
which electric current can flow. The combination of components and wires allows various
simple and complex operations to be performed: signals can be amplified, computations can
be performed, and data can be moved from one place to another. Circuits can be constructed
of discrete components connected by individual pieces of wire, but today it is much more
(a printed circuit board or PCB) and solder the components to these interconnections to create
a finished circuit. In an integrated circuit or IC, the components and interconnections are
formed on the same substrate, typically a semiconductor such as silicon or (less commonly)
gallium arsenide.
Breadboards, perfboards or stripboards are common for testing new designs. They allow the
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An electronic circuit can usually be categorized as an analog circuit, a digital circuit or a
Analog electronic circuits are those in which current or voltage may vary continuously with
time to correspond to the information being represented. Analog circuitry is constructed from
two fundamental building blocks: series and parallel circuits. In a series circuit, the same
current passes through a series of components. A string of Christmas lights is a good example
of a series circuit: if one goes out, they all do. In a parallel circuit, all the components are
connected to the same voltage, and the current divides between the various components
i. Electromagnet
ii. Armature
iii. Spring
v. Hammer
vi. Gong
3.2.1 Electromagnet
current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off. Electromagnets usually
consist of insulated wire wound into a coil. A current through the wire creates a magnetic
field which is concentrated in the hole in the center of the coil. The wire turns are often
wound around a magnetic core made from a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material such as
iron; the magnetic core concentrates the magnetic flux and makes a more powerful magnet.
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Figure 3.8: Electromagnet
3.2.2 Armature
on either the rotor (rotating part) or the stator (stationary part) of the electric machine. The
armature interacts with the magnetic field (magnetic flux) in the air-gap; the field component
can comprise either permanent magnets, or electromagnets formed by a conducting coil, such
3.2.3 Hammer
A hammer is a tool or device that delivers a blow (a sudden impact) to an object. Most
hammers are hand tools used to drive nails, fit parts, forge metal, and break apart objects.
Hammers are basic tools in many trades. The usual features are a head (most often made of
steel) and a handle (also called a helve or haft). Although most hammers are hand tools,
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powered versions exist; they are known as powered hammers. Types of power hammer
include steam hammers and trip hammers, often for heavier uses, such as forging
3.2.4 Gong
A gong is an East and Southeast Asian musical percussion instrument that takes the form of a
When the circuit size is comparable to a wavelength of the relevant signal frequency, a more
sophisticated approach must be used. Wires are treated as transmission lines, with (hopefully)
constant characteristic impedance, and the impedances at the start and end determine
transmitted and reflected waves on the line. Such considerations typically become important
for circuit boards at frequencies above a GHz; integrated circuits are smaller and can be
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Fig. 3.12: Electric Bell Circuit Diagram
The electric circuit is completed through a battery and push switch button connected to the
terminal T1 and T2. When the push button is pressed the electric circuit is completed and
the armature is attracted towards the electromagnet as a result, the small spring gets
detached from the screw due to which the electric circuit is broken and the electromagnet
is demagnetized. Hence, the attraction disappears and the armature is brought back by the
spring to its original position. Contact of the spring with the screw is now remade, which
completes the electric circuit. The action is repeated over and over again consequently. The
armature vibrates and hammer attached to it strikes the gong and the bell rings and sound is
produced
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 DESIGN
The designing was divided into designing of the power supply unit, designing of the
monostable unit, transistor switching unit, the load power control unit and the alarm sounder
unit.
1. 220Vac / 9Vac.
= 311.13V
= 31.1V
= 31.1-(4 x 0.7)
One diode drop is 0.7 for the four diode, it is (4 x 0.7) = 31.1 – 2.8 = 28.3
Since the peak output of the transformer is 311.13V, the diode should have a PIV greater than
(2 x 311.13) = 622.26
22
1. PIV (Peak Inverse Voltage) = 1000V.
F = Operating frequency = 50 HZ
RL = load resistance
Therefore, C = 1
4√3 x f x RL X
f = 50HZ
RL = 20MΏ
Y = 10% = 0.1
= 1.4434 X 10-9
= 1443.4 X 10-6
= 1443μf
The 1000μf capacitor which is the market available type is selected closer to 1443μf which is
a non-standard value.
I dc = Vr (rms) x 4√3 x fc
= Vrms x c
2.4
2.4
23
= 0.2224
= 200MA as required
Thigh = 1.1Rc
R= Thigh / 1.1 x c
= 1000
=10kΏ
=2/3 x 9 = 2 x 3 = 6V
So the timer cycle starts when pin 2 goes below 6V,the high value of 555 timer IC =Vcc – 1.7
=9-1.7 = 7.3V
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4.3 DESIGNING OF THE SWITCHING UNIT
The transistors used are the general purpose 2N2222 NPN and the 2N3900 PNP types
respectively.
i. Silicon Transistor.
Selecting R4;
When Q1 is ON,
Ic = Isat = 100MA
Ic = Vcc/R4
= 90Ώ
Selecting R3;
Ib = V1-0.7V/R3
R3 = V1-0.7V/Ib
But Ib = Ic/β
=100MA/260
=3.85 X 10-4A
= 66/3.85 x 10-4
25
= 17143Ώ
= 17kΏ
When Q2 is ON,
Ic = Vcc/R6//R7
R6=Vcc/Ic
= 9/100MA
=90Ώ
Ir7 x R6 + R7 = R6 x 100MA
R6 + R7 = R6 X 100MA/IR7
=10KΏ
The value should be double so a value of 22kΏ was used. The resistor should produce a
the alarm sounder unit is built around a piezo buzzer of the following parameters.
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2. Current demand 0.5A-1.5A
10MA
= 9-0.7
10 x 10-3
= 830Ώ
The construction of the electric bell was carried out in two ways. First was the construction of
the main electronic unit, while the second is the construction of the project casing.
The main electronic unit was constructed using the following tools:
1. Copper Coil
2. Plug
3. Switch
4. Ply Wood
5. Bread Board.
6. Connecting Wires.
7. Side Cutter.
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4.6 TESTING AND RESULT
The unit was tested after and before casing it. Before casing, the Vero board connections
were tested for any possible short and open circuit faults. The test was carried out using an
ohmmeter set to continuity (0.1ohms) range. None of such faults were found. After casing,
operational test was carried out on the unit. The power cord was plugged to ac main and the
power switch turned ON. The touch point was touched and an audible sound was heard.
The components used, their description, quantity and amount is analyzed in the table below:
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CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
The aim of the project has been the design and construction of an electric bell system. The
electric bell gives an audible sound when it is connected together. The necessary specification
was taken and the design was made according to this specification. The module was then
constructed and tested. It operated as required. It suffices me to say that the aim as stated
above has been achieved. However, a lot of difficulties were encountered in the process of
realizing the project work, one of which is due to first timer syndrome but with advices from
my supervisor and colleagues, most of it was conquered. Furthermore, the project work has
enabled me to gain experience in electronic circuit designing and construction. Also, it has
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
In realization of the project work, a lot of observations were made; this observation is what I
i. Such project work should be given to student on time to avoid rush and unnecessary
pressure.
ii. This killer initiative also, whoever wishes to embark on this project, should improve
on it. Such improvement can be by adding a circuit breaker to the electric bell and
also add more life time to its life time in order to facilitate durability.
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REFERENCES
Electronic Alarm Circuit Manual. Marston Raymond .BPB Publication New Delhi. First
Edition (1998).
Electronic Devices and Circuit theory by Robert L. Boylest and and Louis Nashelsky.
The Encyclopedia of Electronic Circuits bu Rudolf F. Graf. BPB Publication New Delhi.First
India Edition(1989).
Timer and its applications by M.C Sharma.BPB Publication New Delhi First Edition (2001).
Power Electronics Tata by P.C. Sen. McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited. New Delhi
24th Edition(2005).
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