CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

In this time period, the development of science and technology is more

advanced. Among them is the development of transport in the urban world. But

along with the progress turns out to various problems that may arise unforeseen.

Rampant problem today is the problem of traffic congestion has been devastating

for the use of the highway.

The problem of traffic congestion transport is often the case in urban areas in

Indonesia. It happened because the concentration of vehicles accumulate many

urban diarea. So it is not surprising that urban areas often occur because of the

traffic congestion. Currently in urban traffic congestion is getting worse. As time

goes by congestion conditions that occur in urban areas are not getting better, but

getting worse. It happened because the number of vehicles continues to increase

and is not offset by the expansion of the highway area. Especially in urban areas

found many street vendors hawking wares on the roadside which of course it will

increase the volume of highway congestion. Due to their selling alongside the

road, it will be many motorists stopped to buy goods to street vendors. So that it

would interfere with the smooth traffic. Besides the five-foot sword roadside

selling can also interfere with the pedestrians. There are many losses that will be

incurred when there is congestion on the highway. One of them is the fuel that

must be wasted on the highway. Vehicle that runs slowly going to spend a lot of

wasted fuel. In addition to the loss of fuel wasted there will also be a loss of time.

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The time wasted on the road will reduce the level of human productivity, and the

impact will disrupt economic activity in a country.

1.2 Problem Formulation

Traffic congestion is a serious problem that must be addressed immediately.

The problem that will be studied in this paper are:

1. What are the causes of traffic congestion in urban transportation?

2. What are the negative impacts of traffic congestion?

3. How to solve the problem of traffic congestion in urban transportation?

1.3 Objectives and Benefits

1.3.1. Objectives This paper aims to determine the causes of traffic congestion in

urban transportation and how to overcome them.

1.3.2. Benefits of this paper is to add insight and knowledge about the

transportation problems of traffic congestion that occurs in urban areas.

This paper is also useful to broaden knowledge about the cause and how to

cope with the existing traffic congestion in urban areas.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATUR REVIEW

2.1 Definition of Congestion

Congestion is a situation or circumstance delays or even interruption of

traffic caused by the large number of vehicles exceeding the capacity of the road.

Congestion occurs in many large cities, especially who do not have good public

transportation or inadequate or unbalanced also needs roads with population

density. It can be said when congestion is stacked atmosphere existing vehicles on

the highway due to the capacity of the road that is not commensurate with the

number of vehicles available. Figures from the growing number of vehicles and

road capacity are still causing buildup julah highway vehicles in the net.

2.2 Definition traffic

understanding the traffic in Law No. 22 of 2009 is defined as the movement

of vehicles and people in the road traffic, was space is a road traffic infrastructure

that is intended for motion moving vehicles, people, and or goods in the form of

street and support facilities. In this case, the link between the space vehicle and

the road traffic is an entity whose existence is always side by side. In this case the

government has a goal to achieve traffic and road transport are safe, secure, fast,

smooth, orderly and organized, comfortable and efficient through traffic

management and traffic engineering. The procedure in road traffic is regulated by

laws and regulations concerning traffic direction, priorities using the roads, traffic

lanes, and traffic flow control at the intersection. In this connection the actual role

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of government in regulating the traffic is optimal. However, because of the

growing number of road users over time, is certainly a liability for the government

to continue to contribute to provide a good traffic.

2.3 Definition of Transportation

Transportation is removing the human or goods from one place to another by

using a vehicle driven by a man ataumesin. Transport used to enable people to

perform daily activities. In developed countries, they typically use the subway and

taxis. Residents there have rarely personal vehicles because they mostly use

public transport as their transportation. Transportation is divided into 3 namely,

land, sea, and air.

2.4 Definition of Urban

According to urban Cristaller is a region that has the function of organizing

the delivery of services to the local environment. City is not defined as a service

center. In this view, one can say if the urban area is the service provider for the

areas around it. If it is pulled towards the problems of traffic congestion there.

You could say the urban density occurs because cities provide implementation

services for the areas around it. Congestion that occurs in urban areas is the result

of stacking of vehicles around urban areas which hold activities in urban areas.

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 CHAPTER 3

DISCUSSION

In this discussion section will discuss the causes of traffic congestion existing

transportation urban region. Urban areas often traffic congestion, so it needs to

know the cause why it could happen. In addition, investigating on how to cope

with traffic congestion transport also needs to be done to find a solution to the

traffic congestion that occurs transportation in urban areas.

3.1 Traffic Congestion Problems

The problem of traffic congestion is already a problem that often occurs in

urban areas. In fact it has become a serious problem of urban region. Because of

congestion always provide significant losses for the country. The problem of

traffic congestion is always difficult for the government in handling. All

government policies have done but in fact can not overcome congestion. This is

because awareness for motorists who are still not aware of the use of the road as a

means of transportation. In addition, the provision of public transport should be

able to reduce the amount of transport traffic congestion in highway transportation

is also very necessary. But again, because the public transportation is still far from

sufficient to make the vehicle more users choose to use private vehicles. Of course

this will obviously make the road will be jammed again.

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3.2 Occurrence Causes Traffic Congestion Transport traffic congestion is a

common

problem in urban areas. Many factors that cause why the traffic congestion

transport can occur. The factors that cause traffic congestion include:

1. The presence of the number of vehicles that exceed the capacity of the

road. This is often a problem in urban areas. Traffic jams occur because in

the city as a center of economic activities. So it is not surprising that the

capacity of the existing roads in the city could not accommodate all the

existing vehicles. So that congestion can not be avoided.

2. The presence of street vendors hawking wares on the roadside. One of the

factors that cause a transport of traffic congestion is the presence of street

vendors who sell dipinggri highway. Usually they take the sidewalk as a

place to sell. In addition to already causing traffic jams, street vendors

also have taken the rights of pedestrians. So that pedestrians no longer get

past the sidewalk, but walking through the streets. That would endanger

the safety of the pedestrians. Why is the presence of street vendors could

lead to traffic congestion. This can happen because a lot of highway users

who stopped alongside a road to buy goods to street vendors. In addition,

users who purchase goods in the street hawkers usually memakirkan

vehicle on the side of the highway so it could cause a traffic jam.

3. The occurrence of traffic accidents. Traffic accidents can also cause

traffic congestion transport. Because when there is an accident would

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 normally be many road users who slowed their vehicle so that it would

lead to traffic congestion.

4. The presence of vehicles parked haphazardly on the roadside.

This is certainly often leads to traffic jams. In urban areas the bias often

found in vehicles parked haphazardly. This can happen due to lack of

parking places for vehicles in urban areas. Vehicles parked on the side of

the road is certainly going to take a portion of the road where it will

trigger traffic jams occur transportation.

5. Shift of people from using public transport to private transport. The

transition of people using public transport to private transport has given

the world a new problem for traffic. Why it happens, there are many

factors that cause people prefer to use private transportation. Among them

is because the use of private vehicles is felt more quickly and cheaply.

Private vehicles are also much easier to reach the destination. However,

when everyone is trying to switch to using private transport. No one if

existing roads become congested at this time met by private vehicles.

Many factors other than the five factors (components) above which may

cause traffic congestion, for instance: erroneous application of the

policies and laws of the road freight traffic, where the mall (mall

entrance) on the edge of the highway so out of the vehicle, the and public

transport traffic will interfere moothness, lack of number of traffic control

officers, demonstrations, riots, and the weather (heavy rain and flooding).

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3.3 Negative Impacts on Urban Traffic Congestion

One of the problems that exist in the urban traffic congestion is a problem.

The problem of urban traffic congestion has made a loss for the operation of

the economy of a country. Not infrequently these congestion problems has

always been a difficult issue in a state government to make policy regarding

traffic. There are several kinds of impact or the impact of traffic congestion

transport, such as:

1. Wastage of fuel. It thus may happen because the vehicle runs quietly will

take a lot of time and energy.

2. The streets are jammed too easily cause air pollution, because at low

speeds higher energy consumption, and the engine is not operating at

optimum conditions.

3. Will disrupt economic activity, such as freight activity.

4. Emergency vehicle interfere. Such as: Ambulance and Fire Department at

the time of the crisis. There is still a lot of harm caused by the presence of

transport this traffic jam. In fact, the economy of a country could be

paralyzed because of the traffic congestion problem.

3.4 Efforts to Tackle Traffic Congestion Transportation

Actually there are many ways that can be done to address the problem of

traffic congestion. Among them is a policy decision made by the government.

But the policy has been issued by the government often diabaian by the use of

the highway. Every effort is made actually to reduce the volume of existing

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vehicles on the highway. But what power due to the number of vehicles per

day are not diminishing the problem of traffic congestion makes it

increasingly difficult to overcome. Here are some solutions that can be used to

address the problem of traffic congestion:

1. Provision of adequate public transortasi. This is done to attract the use of

roads in order to switch from private vehicles kekendaraan public.

2. The use of one-way path. The use of one-way lane on the highway is

needed to address the problem of traffic congestion. Because if used as a

one-way road allows vehicles to run more cleanly.

3. Restrictions on private vehicle ownership. This has become necessary

because the cause of congestion is the presence of many private vehicles

were piled up in the streets. This is due to the ease with which people

obtain personal vehicle. If the ownership of a private vehicle can be

done, then it will be able to reduce the number of transport traffic

congestion on the highway.

4. Unequivocal prohibition of street vendors who sell on the roadside and

illegal parking that often hamper the pace vehicle.

5. Mass reproduce adequate vehicle fleet. For example, as the busway in

Jakarta. Or maybe the subway. This is necessary so that the road users

want to use public transportation.

6. By increasing the capacity of the road, for example: widening roads,

adding traffic lanes if possible, reduce conflict at the junction turn right to

limit the current.

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7. Restrictions on private vehicles, this policy is not popular, but if

congestion gets worse then it should be done better management of

extreme traffic as follows: Restricted the use of private vehicles towards a

certain area will be limited traffic, the other form is the application of high

parking rates in the region, the system is managed in Singapore, London

and Stockholm.

8. Restrictions private vehicle ownership through increased cost of

ownership, fuel tax, motor vehicle tax, import duties are high.

9. Restrictions of certain traffic entering certain areas or roads by applying a

3-in-1 region, or other forms of restrictions bike motot incoming toll, and

restrictions on private cars entering the busway lane.

10. Applying different working hours, although this appears to be merely

move the rush hour but this solution can contribute to reducing traffic

congestion.

Here the evidence the government's efforts to tackle congestion that I

managed to get:

SOLO-traffic congestion in the area for a year Kerten Purwosari and will soon

unravel the signal line will be operated Makamhaji underpass in this month.

Head of the Department of Transportation Traffic Communication and

Information (Dishubkominfo) Surakarta, Sri Baskoro revealed, it will ensure

the Sukoharjo regency. Because the newly acquired information, if the

underpass project since 2012 will soon be completed and put into operation.

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For that, with the completion of the project, with a positive impact on traffic

Solo who had been an abundance of rider. '' Kemacetansegeraterurai,'' he said,

Wednesday (10/4). Said to him, since the construction of the underpass at

Makamhaji, two regions in the Solo affected the congestion in Purwosari

(Jalan Agus Salim, Samratulangi) and Kerten (Jalan Slamet Riyadi). Even

during the morning and late afternoon, the congestion could reach 1 km.

Although it only lasted half an hour. '' Because it makes barricade at Purwosari

and Kerten. In our Kerten already unloading. In Purwosari will dismantle after

the underpass could be passed,'' he explained. According Baskoro, flow

diversion occurred during the year in the way that is Agus Salim,

Samratulangi and Jalan Slamet Riyadi, the increase in volume of about 2,500

vehicles per hour, an increase of 50 percent.

SOLO - Anticipating increasingly congested traffic, the Department of

Transportation, Communication and Information (Dishubkominfo) Surakarta

installing traffic detectors on a number of critical points of jam. The tools

work the system to respond in full (full-responsive) traffic density, and then

set the flash duration lightmenyesuaikan traffic density occurs. The tool has

been tested over the last month, at 11 points. Among others in the intersection

stage, Gendengan, Pajang, Faroka, Kerten, Dawn Beautiful and Jalan

Sudirman. Head Dishubkominfo Soedrajad Yosca Herman explained, the

installation of a full responsive tool, then the countdown timer or countdown

tool traffic lightdicopot flame duration. "The application of this tool part of the

increase in traffic management, to parse congestion and minimize accidents,"

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said Yosca. According to him, the growth of the higher number of vehicles.

Impact, increasingly congested traffic. Long lines of vehicles always occurred

at the intersection, when the traffic light turns red. "With this tool, the duration

of the traffic light could adjust conditions in the field. Nyala red light, yellow

or green depending on the number of vehicles that are set in line. If the line is

too long, then the red lights can be accelerated. When countdown timer,

programmable duration it," he explained . The system can run, because there

are detectors installed at intersections to figure out how long the queue of

vehicles at the intersection. "There are cameras that can rotate 360 degrees, to

detect the line of vehicles," he said. Yosca said, the system has been

implemented in many developed countries to parse traffic congestion. For

Indonesia, Solo is the first city to implement such a system.

Ungaran - Police Kasatlantas Semarang, AKP Gusman Fitra, said to parse

congestion on Line Bawen-Semarang, it imposes two conditionally system.

Namely the open-close system and a system of three-one or three lanes for

riders and one lane for concreting project. The main line connecting

Semarang-Solo is prone to jam the next few months, because the elevation of

the road project is still ongoing. Today most live one-lane path toward Bawen,

due to start concreted back. Police also opened two additional traffic posts

along the concreted road. That is around the entrance and around the landfill

Blondo Apac Inti. "The team at the command post to monitor traffic

conditions and adjust the system run. If the system is already in place, there is

a team that went to the vehicle to speed up the pace," he said on Tuesday

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(9/4). Congestion observed from the front of the mosque complex Apac Inti,

since the project started concreting around the site. Then around the entrance

ramp Blondo landfill, the junction Gembol be an alternative pathway

Ambarawa-Bawen and in Simpang Bawen that brings flow of Semarang and

Solo. From the observation of this day, dense traffic flow in both directions, a

truck broke down in the middle of the road, thereby increasing the density.

Traffic Volunteers Bawen Chairman, Jacob Praise, said vehicle from

Semarang direction should not be turned directly toward Ambarawa, but must

rotate to the next turn point. Density in Simpang Bawen occurred in the

morning and afternoon. "If the vehicle from Semarang immediately turn, will

add a standstill, so continue to rotate forward a little bit," he said. This

congestion is the impact of a national road works along the 22.5 kilometer

elevation of Bawen to Semarang.

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 CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 Conclusion

Transportation traffic congestion is a problem that is becoming more and

more complex in urban areas. The problem occurs because the number of

vehicles circulating on the road is increasing every year, in this case the

number of vehicles increases not matched by the capacity of the road that can

accommodate all existing vehicles. Many ways have been done by the

government to address the problem of traffic congestion. Diantanya is to issue

a policy limiting personal vehicle. But this is also not able to solve the

problem of traffic congestion. Seeing that congestion is getting worse from

year to year, it is a serious problem that must be solved all of society, and not

only the responsibility of government. With taxes on gains from motor

vehicles, should the development of roads in accordance with the growth of

the vehicle. Separti widening roads, repairing roads, fixing traffic signs and

traffic light repair damaged. The place is also supposed to stop in for a safe

and comfortable so that people waiting for public transport at the right place.

The congestion problem should be conscious of all elements of the community

that if this trend continues, then the various losses that will be caused new

problems for society in the future. Therefore, in order to overcome this

bottleneck problem, then all parties in the community, ranging from transport

users, providers, and government must work together to solve this problem

with a clear conscience. Not enough of one party alone, but all of which have

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 the common goal of realizing a good transportation system. All must begin to

realize that the entire solution was going to be tangible, if all people do start

from ourselves, ranging from small things, and starting from this moment.

Thus, a good transportation system that will be a carrying capacity for the

nation to compete in the world arena.

4.2 Advice

Means a transport safe and smooth is an ideal condition that is desired by

many people. Current condition of the transportation problems of traffic

congestion is increasingly complex. Efforts to address the problem of traffic

congestion transport is needed to be done so that the problems can be resolved

kemcetan traffic. Awareness to jointly use transportation facilities safely and

smoothly into the main thing that needs to be done. Thereby creating a means

of transport that can be achieved safely and smoothly. As for how that should

be done to address the city government kmacetan traffic caused by the

behavior of road users themselves. For example, Providing knowledge to the

public about the importance of obeying traffic laws and policies for the sake

of convenience and safety are also avoiding congestion, Giving priority to

mass transit or public transportation in order to reduce the density of vehicles

on the road, but with attention to the convenience of personal transportation,

and public kepeda appealed to Semarang mutual ill serobot in using the

vehicle on the highway.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic,

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